brasil and the semi periphery

8/2/2019 Brasil and the Semi Periphery

1/22

Globaliation from a World-SystemPerspective: A New Phase in the CoreA NewDestiny for Brail and the Semiperiphery*

journal of world-systems research, xii, , december , ://..

issn 1076156x K C. Sz

G . L , , -, . T z , ff , , , , .Bz z . I - , , , - , , q .

I - z. M

. M q (2005:2), fi z. T - ff . I - ff z fi. I .

z, , -. I , I - - .

W ,

- - . I Bz , ,

.

abstract:* T R B, M B,

H, W R, R R, -. T U AzF Offi V P R.

K C. SzD SU AzS S B R 4, PO , AZ @.z.://.z.//_z.

Kthleen C. Schwrtzmn
http://www.jwsr.org/mailto:[email protected]://fp.arizona.edu/soc/kathleen_schwartzman.htmhttp://www.jwsr.org/archive/vol12/number2/index.phphttp://www.jwsr.org/http://fp.arizona.edu/soc/kathleen_schwartzman.htmmailto:[email protected]


2/22

Kthleen C. Schwrtzmn266 Globaliation from a World-System Perspective

T , z . T Bz ff q .

G ff . W , ,

z , , , . M - -z . I 1950, fi ( U S, C, G), 1988, oecd fl (Q I 1997: 805). E , -, , z, - .

B , -

z . T Gz D (1992) ff .T z ff / , , . M - -

T , - . F-G B() ff , , -

. F ( ) fi (:).

T .S E () Q I () , , .H Mfi () z .

T ff . T - . L , Gz D () . T z z , -. T ff

, -, (, -, z , ).

. P , , - - (S M 1993; M . 1997; B T 1999). F , ff-. I, , , ,

z, . T / . T ( z, INGO, ),, , . I ,, , fl - - (S M 1993:90). T - , fi z(M 1993:97), z ff (1993:93). A

, . T ff- - z, , (1993:95).Sfi , z ff fl - (1993:500).I -.

W

, . I - ff - (H Mfi 1999), M . (1997:17, 167). T

T ff W, - , , z, q . W I z ff

. W ff (:). I W , .


3/22


( ), ( ), ( ) .

P fi . P z q . P,

, , - . S (1996) fi . I - q -, S - ( NC) - . O, P (1997) . H , ( ) , , , .H fi , imf -

.C , Gz-D ,

. I fi, z , , , . M , - , , , , , (Q I 1997). T

, - , . I , - - . N z, ,

S S () q S P.

. B , I . C, , ff . T Gz-D ff .

I ff z ff, . G, , A,S, S K. K W - z (2001). I , z M S -(J 2003). O, (S E 200).

O z q

q. T q q -. T , , . T . A, q q. T q z- ( z M . [1997:161]). I ff - - , , --

. I - , ( ) . T

T G . O z . T, - fi ff . F G, .

G () B M.T (-

z z) .F G M, .


4/22


- q z . F - , ( ) ( )(R 2000; B 1996).

S

q, fi . T -n - . S qfi z , .., (K W 2001). C --fi z z . T - (G 2001;S F-G 2001), (S 2005). S , z- . T -

ff z (P1997). D , .

Dff ff. . F, , .I , - z. T ff , ff - . A -

(, , .), , . D fl ff - . R ff . P fi , z - z , . G, , - z ff z. H fi - fi -

fi , fi, - . H , , ,

fl. Q I fi - fi oecd fi, - 1980 (1997:793, 801). W z- , q . T -

z . L, S z S (1998:137), . Gz ff .T z q , . T - q z .

S, , - - . Gz

q . C - q , q . S - . A - . O irg ( IR G, ), , G C R C, ff US W E (jcr-vis 2006). O

. I z ( ) . W ff q, I q. Gz

M fi . B even fi, .

F (:). Q I () oecd .


5/22


. W q gnp, - q z .

W ?I 1992 , Gz D -

. T , z q . R . O , -N ff fi z q fi, - . C . I , fi . E . C

, (B1991:2). W z , S - (2005). U z ff.

H , z ff?T Bz -. I Bz ff .A -/- - , I ( -

, ) ( 1). B Bz - q , ff . T q, Bz - , .

E F-G B() ,

G (), ff, H Mfi () I, C, M, S K.

I 1, I fi . F, ; , / / ; , ; , - ff ; fi, - , . E z, , , Bz L A -

. I , q .

Tle 1 Two Idel Type

Consensus (Diffusion) Model Coercion (Coercion) Model

Social origins of new

models

New idea (typically) in developed

nation

New phase of globalization: ties

core to semiperiphery/periphery in

new way

Frame offered by agents Superior theory, virtues in terms ofstandard notions of efficiency, justice

or progress

To reduce the transactionaluncertainty of international

markets

Agents/promoters Neutral: Disinterested (public)

experts, technicians who are

economists, theorists, with an

abstract concern for better, more

efficient models. Institutionalized,

could be INGOs

Vested interests: (Private)

technicians are closely linked to

actors with a vested interest in

capital flows.

Frame offered to

potential adopters, the

compelling logic

Universal. Benefits include increased

productivity or gains in national

legitimacy.

Country-specific. Exhort

emerging markets with scores

to conform under threat of lossof capital flows.

Degree and nature of

link between

disseminators and

adopters

Agents and adopters weakly related,

decoupled. Identify with others who

are ultimately similar: adopters have

a consensus regarding the models.

Theorization may substitute for direct

contact.

Agents and adopters tightly

linked. Promoters speak directly

to prospective adopters.

Penalty for ignoring Non-compliance may have

observable outcomes of a

nonmaterialist nature. Loss of

legitimacy

Non-compliance has observable

outcomes of a materialist nature

outlined by agents. Loss of

capital


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brazils convergence capital and rules

I 2000, I R Mz . L-A q q , (PR N 2000). ; fi LA , , -

. I z, . T , U S, z, ff, ,, . T ff fi () -. I z ff

fl. G, 1980 1990 (M 200:28). N, , , , .

Bz , z fl. Bz - . T Bz A . I 2001, B R, , fi -

(B W 2002). A 55 Bz 1998 2000 8 1. I 1998 1999, . B 2000, 12.7 . T ff A (Az 2001). T . O

Bz ( -) 2000 N M B.

N M (N M), q q (V 2005). I ff . Cff N M fl Bz fi u.s. . Bz u.s. -

(2002, 1806).T fi . A (, , ) - , . A - . B [] , fi Bz- - (petrobras) fi (G N W 1999).I 2000, C B

, C B - (G N W 2001). N L A . A P H T , , (1999:361).

Bz z . M (200) Bz , 1996 imf 1983. H fi 1983 1996 - 1997 (200:285). B, M ,

-fi z , Bz 1 ( z) 1997, z 1992. I , . I 1995, , fl. G F, D C B 1995 .F fl 7 , , Bz (W 1995). T 1997 z P C N 2001. H Bz , ,

() . I , Bz


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.

N, fi (1) (2) q . T Bz

z fi , . F , I - , ( ) fi . I , q fi . T Bz fi ff , Bz - , q z -

.

i. the social origins of a new model: the new globalization

New Ide

W ? S - q ff , -fi. J, , ff M S , A (2003:120). H

, - z (S M 1993:502). B , . I -, . I , ff - ff .

O , ( - -) ;

. I , - z . A A, fl . T -wwii fi : , z. T -

(- ). A -, 1970 , 1985. T W C .I , (A nd:6). W , , - ff.

The New Phe Conveing Dependen Nion ino Emeging Mke

T z z fi. T z ff fl (fpei). P q fi . I .A L A A q. F 1990 199 fl fi fi , (C . 1996:123).

F , z - . P - , fi . I - (fdi), - . I 1950 1960 - fl fl , ffi , . T -. A - 1970, z, imf. T -- 1970 1980 (B 1996:86).


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I - , ff . T - z . A, , fi .W - , q fl . T

K S fi (2003:35). A, C , 1990, - ( ) fdi - (1998:95). R u.s. -- , bea , - fi (2002). T bea 1990 fi- fi , fi q , (u.s. bea 2002).

Bz . , ,

, fpei. F Bz fl ( 71 1980 55 1990) (C 1998:99). C -, , - , -. B- (1998:8).I 1989, (C ) .5 gdp. I 199 9.. A , 3 1996, .C fl Bz fi S P

(B). I S P, E- , B 1993 100- - (ML 1993). F B 15 1993 27 2001 31.9 2005. A - fl fl, fl .

Why New Phe?

W ? S -, -, . A U S ,

. ff, . I . I 1993 L - , . T fl . B

1992 1960[] - - A L A (C . 1996:126).

S, u.s. ff , - A . F - , , , - (C . 1996:127).

T,

(C 2000). T , - . D 1950 gm fi . W fi , gm . B 1975,50,000 , 197, 30 u.s. . , 0 , -z

(D 1996:106). T A - . D P S.U, q, :P D A, - fi (1996:259). T fi, , 16 1965 6 1990. A, u.s. . D,

E , , ( R )

L A fi ( US D) (C ).


9/22


, I Eq F J 1993[] P N, D , - . I u.s. I - (U 1996:263). T ,

A (C 2000:3). T ff. L fl . D , .

M z z fi (P H1999:355). T z , F-G B , - wwii (2002:537). T

. F : A , (1995).H ff . P H z fi fi , ff , , - fi z (1999:355). O . U

A 1990(A 9 fi J , 98 J ) (1996:263). B fi (1996:200). I , D 1960 fi (1992:36). W ff , 1990 fi .

F - ().

T z - . I q, fi . I . I z

, fi , - ff . T q .

ii. the frame: the social construction of emerging markets

Peequiie fo Cpil Moiliy: Lielim nd Tnpeny

T , , z - . A R

, L -fi z (1990:16).E -. I q . A , , , , ff (B 1996:199). F fl 1997, R , - (2000:179). N

fl . T q - : (1) , (2) . W z, , z ( ) -, / . P

T fl . H C, uncitral ff -

fi (:). T


10/22


z - . O - , . L .

I z , , . F - q , , -

. I 199, , E fi - . A , S M L ff ffi , fi , ff (C1995). T z q . L, Bz q . C Bz fi, PR N I - fi, z Bz fi ff B B,

, P, , (1999). T Bz z (G V 2000:151).

P , , fi . F L-A (B N Y S S,B B, C, S, ), , , . O fi z q. I . T - , , fi. T ; q . I 1992, , -C

J.P. M C -

z . R - ,

. T , , (:).

H K . H W I , , W (W 1992).T C 1983 W S C .

T q ( )

fi I. B 199, 0 E (C 1995). I fi fi I, fi q (PR N 2001). T I 80 , 22 1996 (PR N 1999). C - -. T, fi fi

.A ff z -

fl . T - z fi, z . T fi C E . T ( ) ( z) .

Ceing Vouly fo Single Wold-Cpil Mke

T fl q - . , . , , . T -

C E, - -, . F, -, , (:). S, , ff - . A ,

, , q (:).


11/22


-q q . W , q 1990. I

. A : -, z, , , z, .

O z z - fi . I (ti) PE 1993. D ffi W B L A A, .ti ,

ffi (E 1993).F ti C P I (cpi), . 2 .

T fl . gaap2001, fi, fi-- -q I

Tle2 Refeene o he em Tnpeny*

Year Frequency

1985

1990

1995

2000

24

106

395

2,283

Note: The frequencies in Table 2 are based on a count of the word transparency when used in referenceto budgets or accounting practices of governments or companies. They were taken from the Businessnews sections of online LEXIS-NEXIS. These estimations are only suggestive because they are based onthe population of journals and news services included in the LEXIS-NEXIS data base.

A Sz ().

A S (ias). T - fi (ifa 2001). T IA S A - 62 - q (PR N 2001).

T , ,

- - . T z . A, ( ). I , .

iii. the agents: the modern emissaries of globalization

A fl - -, , , , q z- . D P , C I ( ) Bz A ( ) - . T C I, P Bz. T C , , ffi -. O q , z - fl z. I 1970, fl, / imf . T imf

. B 1980 L A imf fi (B 1996:7780).W -

? U , , , -. F, z . E imf, W B, aid, u.s. , u.s. S ffi z , . I

(


12/22


). A 1996 oas, -, A. B [] u.s. - (1996). A. B oas P D , , . L F A A

2005, U S z - . G, ned ffi (N E D), H I R C A $32 fy2000 q, - ffi - . I L A ned ffi (G1999:1,6). A g-20, z g-8. I 2000, M F M g-20, (B 2000). B

F M g-20 fi fi , z, . I z , g-20 M . T , - fi .

A z fi, fl. G fl - , fi . T M sp. O - , fi z, z, , , , . T , S , -

I , U S (G C ).

(EKN) fi (ifa) (2001:1).

I fl , 1990 z fpei T W (L 1993). I 1996, sp

fi -, (K 1996).K S M sp ( F ) u.s. (2003:38). N, z z. A L-A , fi . F , 50 U S, E, L A. dcr LA 1990 ffi C, M, P,

Vz, A C. I 1996, L A, 87 u.s. fi . sr fi Bz 1993 , RP fl, Bz (PRN 1996). F 1996 2000, dcr.

I , S ekn z (fi fi) . T fi fi M (ff E z-); I R z B ( L A - ) (PR N 2000); sp ( 1999, fi (BBB) M , M 1995 fi ff) (B W1999). T . I 2002, CPERS ( u.s. - ) C q. CPERS fi , , (B W 2002). I fi . T -

-, z, - .


13/22


I , imf, wb, ned ffi , S&P, M, F, Dff P C R(dcr) . A q- , . T -

, -, . T . O , -, L-A ,

, , .

T , , - z . T , fi . T z,

.

iv. the frame disseminated to the recipients

T . T fi - -, . I , I ( ) q - z- . A ,

, . A - , -fi. T - ; ,

sp, , , , , (BW )

S (EKN) - fi ( q , A fi , U

S). T ff , (:).

. T ff . S, , - .

A New Kind of Soing

S . S

-. F 1930 1980, S E C z . I U S, q (S 2001:5).T fi - fi U S.T -1980 - . G . E fi , q . [W] fi - .T (PR N 1997). R , , , , fi , ,, . C ( ) . T , , . D , 1990 ff. I q ( EKN), (),

( q, qfi, -).

Couny-Speifi Inepeion

A fi , - z , , . H ? S q . A , , , fi . A

- . T , . A


14/22


( A A ). I - , : B P I(bpi) P C I (cpi). PC O-F, O I 2001 (B W 2001). B O-F, ( 35 ).S , z -

Eq q . S, O R P . C . A PC (O LA ) usd$0 fdi ( Bz) . T L A - . S .

Fme wih Pophei EdgeT , ,

, . F, z - . S fi , . S, ff . A , ( ) q .F , A ,

fi, (PR N 1999). A ff - . W F B R Bz bbb bbb, B R 2001 fi (B W 2002). T z, fi, .

B , ? F , - . T -

, . T q, S ,

(2001:19). I - , . M . I B (1996), fi .

Bzil Reeive Couny-peifi Fme wih he Pophei Edge

T Bz. F,Bz ( , , , , ). A Bz 3. S, - , , q . T , , ff q .

W C - fl. F MC, dcr Bz -, [R] , , q , , (PRN 1997). dcr MC : T Bz imf- , z , fi .H, 2000 (PR N 1999). R

Bz fi ( 3.8 gdp 1999), fi, - (PR N 1999). O

Tle 3 Smple Indie Evluing Bzil nd Sele Counie*

Brazil Chile Mexico USA

Growt h Competi tiv eness I ndex Ranki ng 2003 54 28 47 2

35.5356.7456.5358.06)1002(xednIyticapO

%5%51%5%52)1002(tnelaviuqExaT

Opacity Risk Premium (2001) 645 3 308 0

Corruption Perceptions Index (2002) 4.02 7.5 3.6 7.7

Corruption Perceptions I ndex (1997) 3.56 6.05 2.66 7.61

Note: See Appendix A for detail on these and other indices.


15/22


fl, , Bz fi , , - (PR N 1999). I , Bz .

I B

, B CM S P , , fi - (C 2000).

T -fi - - . A - . I - ff, - z M E . O ,

M E. I , M. H, fi z. T - -fi , z, -fi .

v. degree and nature of link

The Emeging Mke Repond o he Ulimum

I - ff, ff - zz. S , , q - . H Mfi - - z ff (1999:35). I - . T -fi fl . T -

/ . T -fi -fi .

L A fi -fi, z . C- fl fi ff .

T . T q . B ? D ( ), Bz -

. C - q qz, (C I 1999). T C I - fl , Bz , . I 2001, O Bz q . H , 1976 ,Bz Bz , fl . A 2001, B B (C B) . T 200 BA R Bz , 25 - . I 200, 27.3 (B 200).

T B S P S

E , B (O G ).

Tle 4 Go Domei Sving Re Peen of GDP

Brazil Latin America Mexico OECD

1990 21.40 21.46 22.04 23.21

1995 20.52 20.38 22.48 22.25

1999 19.33 19.16 21.94

Source: World Bank. 2001. World Development Indicators. CD-ROM.

22.57


16/22


T , . T . T -fi . F, L A z (A, E E, .) - . S E z, - ff . T (,, ) (200:173177). T - . I, , , . F, , S 1998 Bz R (E 1988). I 1996, W

S J S P , B, AANP-CBS G N, A M I, HK H S. I , sp ff - fi , -, , (S E 200).

S ff . C - . A q , - ff z . S, q - , fi Bz.

F A, fl

L A E, A, M E (EM D R ).

Conenu o Conen?

T Bz . B, .T - (Bz P ), -

(C 1998), (R 2002:1056). F-G B z - . I C, - A C (2002:52), M, fi (2002:557). I , () . S , . I, I fi : , ff , , ff , .

conclusion and discussion

F , . T -z fi . I ff . T , / -

W , -, (S 2003:29). D ( ) z-. W ? O , ff . A - , ff - [] -

q - ff- (M 1998:115). S


17/22


M z q ff- (1993:500). F M, I z q . H M L S11, 2001 u.s. fl (nyt 2001)?

I / --fi. P , , , . I , , - . A - - z. F, fi fl fl. R, z. S, ff . T . T ff - , .

Benefiil o Hmful?

N . A M . , z-z - ff (1997:15). T q, ffi q. H, /

. R . O, - fi ,

A , , (S M :), . A I - ff . B -

ff -- ( ) .

. I , ff - .

T fi fi . W fi ? C , - () z ( - ff , ). H, - ff , - . A, , .R , F , ff , - (2003:195). M q fi fl. E fi -fi .A A , , fi fi (B W2002). T

ffi fi .P . P ( z) - fi .

B . M F A , . T , , (1998). I L A, q . Pz Bz, , fi. A, , (R 2002). T , - -, - . I , P C S 1998 - fl, (C I1999). O q

Q I () ff -q, .


18/22


(0 1998) - ff (C 1998). O , z . T q ffi , .

The Remking of Dependeny Relion nd he Lul-Mee

F - , .T ff z . I , quid-ro-quo - fl, ff , , .

T q . S fi fi

z , , fi (H Mfi 1999). R fi ( - , fi , ) ( - , -, ) (2000:180). T - , , , -z S z (1997:32), E . W q -, . A, . E , A-A (1997:6365). I , S - , , (2003:13).A z - -

( , , .), - fl.

D , fl, ff Bz . W Bz fi , -z ( ) . W Pq W (1997). R, - fi , q, - Bz C .T 2002 . T EKN P (W P) : M L M S DW ; Bz B , C- 80 ; , JP M , 825 ( , 700 ); G S L-,

fi L . I , . C Bz ff, B A.T , , Bz (R 2002). T W-S 2002 P . N, , , P L S - .

T - P Lz I L S. F - (Q I 1997:773). A pt,

G S ff C F R I R, R , , A , Bz . R Bz , F S. P, Bz S Bz S L S( ). I J S , S , , fi . T,

, (R ).


19/22


z. A P , . G - , L A fl. T Bz ( ) - . , .

W - fi , , , z . Gz (K1998). T - z - , , - , . Bz , z

: .

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Appendix A Seleion of Indie

Founded

[or Year 1]

Unfavorable

Score

Good score Source/ Brief description

CPI Corruption

Perceptions Index

1993 0' h igh ly

corrupt

10' highly

clean

Transparency International

GCI GrowthCompetitiveness

Index

2001/2002 102 [rankedworst -based

on number of

countries]

1 [rankingmost

competitive]

Evaluates factors that will contributeto growth: environment, institutions,

policies, technology, and structures.

Based on Data and Executive Opinion

Survey. World Economic Forum. Jeffrey

Sachs & John McArthur (Blanke 2004).

GCS Global Civil

Society Yearbook

2002 mul tipl e

scores

Evaluation of infrastructure needed to

promote democracy and development.

Anheier, Helmut. Study of Global

Governance and the Centre for Civil

Society at the LSE (with the Center for

Civil Society at UCLA) p. 17.

GCSI Johns Hopkins

Global Civil

Society Index

2004 0 100 Scores countries for the capacity,

sustainability and impact of their civil

society (nonprofit) sectors. Lester

Salamon and Wojciech Sokolowski. At

John Hopkins University

GI Globalization

Index

2001 62 ( lowest

ranked)

1 (highest

ranked)

Composite levels of international

integration: 1) trade, payments and

receipts, flows of FDI & portfolio flow,

convergence of domestic & world

prices; 2) personal contact: travel,

tourism, telephones; and 3)

technology. A.T. Kearney, ForeignPolicy Magazine and Global Business

Policy Council.

-trade policy,IEF Index of

Economic

Freedom

1995 5 (most

economically

repressed)

1 (freest) 10 categories measured

fiscal burden of government,

government intervention in the

economy, monetary policy, capital

flows and foreign investment, banking

and finance, wages and prices,

property rights, regulation and

informal (or black) market

activity-tend. Wall Street Journal and

The Heritage F oundation. 155-161

countries

OI Opaci ty I ndex 1 /2001 150

(completely

opaque)

0

(completely

transparent)

The five-dimension scale is based on

extensive interviews with global elites

such as CFOs, bankers, equity

analysts, and their own in-countryconsultants. PricewaterhouseCoopers.

Opacity Risk

Premium

2001 Based on the OI. Indicates the

increased cost of borrowing faced by

national governments due to their own

opacity (100 basic points = one

percent point increase in interest).

PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC)

Tax Equivalent 2001 Based on the OI. Opacity will raise the

cost of doing business, an estimated

amount called Tax Equivalentthe

equivalent of a surtax on investment.PricewaterhouseCoopers.

Appendix A Seleion of Indie (Coninued)

Founded

[or Year 1]

Unfavorable

Score

Good Score Source/ Brief Description

brasil and the semi periphery

Documents