brazell 3 25_2011

194
The Future is Here: Pathways to Success in the 21 st Century How The Future Works [email protected]

Upload: venturerampcom

Post on 15-Jul-2015

147 views

Category:

Entertainment & Humor


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Brazell 3 25_2011

The Future is Here:Pathways to Success in the 21st

CenturyHow The Future [email protected]

Page 2: Brazell 3 25_2011

What do you think of when I say?

Page 3: Brazell 3 25_2011
Page 4: Brazell 3 25_2011

John Hart / AP

Page 5: Brazell 3 25_2011

http://ae45ipb.wordpress.com/2009/12/31/masa-depan-pertanian-ada-di-tangan-robotikabisakah/

Page 6: Brazell 3 25_2011

http://ae45ipb.wordpress.com/2009/12/31/masa-depan-pertanian-ada-di-tangan-robotikabisakah/

Page 7: Brazell 3 25_2011

http://ilovesubstance.com/2007/transformers-movie-posters-optimus-prime-megatron/

Page 8: Brazell 3 25_2011

http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,663371_10,00.html

Page 9: Brazell 3 25_2011

http://www.cartoonscrapbook.com/03pics/jetsons09.jpg

Page 10: Brazell 3 25_2011

http://www.examiner.com/classic-movies-in-anaheim/top-5-classic-sci-fi-films

Page 11: Brazell 3 25_2011

http://robonaut.jsc.nasa.gov/iss/#issmission

Page 12: Brazell 3 25_2011

http://robonaut.jsc.nasa.gov/iss/#issmission

Page 13: Brazell 3 25_2011

http://robonaut.jsc.nasa.gov/iss/#issmission

Page 14: Brazell 3 25_2011

http://robonaut.jsc.nasa.gov/iss/#issmission

Page 15: Brazell 3 25_2011

http://robonaut.jsc.nasa.gov/iss/#issmission

@AstroRobonaut

Page 16: Brazell 3 25_2011

Software Computer

ElectricalMechanical

ROBOT

Relationships = Systems

Page 17: Brazell 3 25_2011

Your car is a robot.

TSTC West TX, Sweetwater, 10.31.2006

Page 18: Brazell 3 25_2011

http://www.calcars.org/photos.html

Page 19: Brazell 3 25_2011

Tesla256

MPGe

Page 20: Brazell 3 25_2011

http://www.cat.com/

Page 21: Brazell 3 25_2011

Silent Revolution

Page 22: Brazell 3 25_2011

1,000 MPG eq. Fuel Cell Car

Page 23: Brazell 3 25_2011

Software Computer

ElectricalMechanical

Chemistry

Relationships = Systems

Page 24: Brazell 3 25_2011

The New Face of Innovation

Page 25: Brazell 3 25_2011

KnowledgeJobs

SkillJobs

NextGenJobs

Post Industrial Workforce Transformation

Page 26: Brazell 3 25_2011

Specialized Knowledge &

Skills

Systems Knowledge &

Skills

Next Gen Jobs

Page 27: Brazell 3 25_2011
Page 28: Brazell 3 25_2011

What is technology?

Page 29: Brazell 3 25_2011

Answer in Haiku.

Page 30: Brazell 3 25_2011

Haiku is a Japanese poem composed of three

unrhymed lines of five, seven, and five syllables.

(5) The moment two are(7) united they both vanish

(5) A lotus blooms here.

Murakami, Kijo. (1865-1938), Adapted by Brazellhttp://www.toyomasu.com/haiku/#time

Bob Allenideas

Page 31: Brazell 3 25_2011

Haiku – Abilene, TX

(5) Technology’s nice,(7) Enhances teaching, learning too, but

(5) Human hands must type

Page 32: Brazell 3 25_2011

Or, if you twitter#radicalplatypus

@radicalplatypus

Page 33: Brazell 3 25_2011

Haiku – SLC

(5) Keystrokes on canvas(7) Mixed paints in a petri dish

(5) And murals of math

Page 34: Brazell 3 25_2011

Haiku - Christian Brothers, US

(5) While reaching for stars(7) keep Frankenstein at heart

(5) or worlds fall apart

Page 35: Brazell 3 25_2011

What is technology?5,7,5

Page 36: Brazell 3 25_2011

“There are kids on Maui who have never been to

the top of the mountain or to Hana much less have they traveled off of the

island.”

http://www.flickr.com/photos/fotographis/528878003/sizes/o/

When I say Maui, do you think science and technology

or innovation?

Page 37: Brazell 3 25_2011

http://www.flickr.com/photos/fotographis/528878003/sizes/o/

Page 38: Brazell 3 25_2011
Page 39: Brazell 3 25_2011
Page 40: Brazell 3 25_2011
Page 41: Brazell 3 25_2011

Hawiian Translation

Page 42: Brazell 3 25_2011

“Ahupua’a”

Page 43: Brazell 3 25_2011

http://www.3dnworld.com/users/1/images/UltimateEarth.jpg

Page 44: Brazell 3 25_2011

“I am looking at the intersection of these technologies—where they overlap.” --Mark Hoffman, ECET Program Coordinator, MCC

Page 45: Brazell 3 25_2011
Page 46: Brazell 3 25_2011

Software Computer

ElectricalActuator

Optics

Relationships = Systems

Page 47: Brazell 3 25_2011
Page 48: Brazell 3 25_2011
Page 49: Brazell 3 25_2011

“Alignment of culture and STEM is the underpinning of

everything we do.”

–Jeanne Unemori Skog, CEO, medb

Page 50: Brazell 3 25_2011

Dr. David Thornburg, Center for Professional Development, “Design” and “Culture” Adapted by Jim Brazell

CULTURE

Page 51: Brazell 3 25_2011

relevance = linking culture and

knowledge systems through meaningful

social action

Page 52: Brazell 3 25_2011

Hawiian Translation

Page 53: Brazell 3 25_2011

“Ho’ohanalima”

Page 54: Brazell 3 25_2011

.

Environmental impact study during the reconstruction of Koie’ie Fishpond located in north Kihei– Kihei Charter School

Page 55: Brazell 3 25_2011

Opihi Population Health Assessment Research Study– Kihei Charter School

Page 56: Brazell 3 25_2011

Waipulani Longitudinal Algae Research Project –Kihei Charter School

Page 57: Brazell 3 25_2011

AppliedProblem Solving

World

Knowledge

The key literacy of the 21st

century is transdisciplinarity.

Page 58: Brazell 3 25_2011

TransdisciplineInnovation is a function of moving beyond the disciplines, solving real

world problems and integrating theory and applied techniques to create new knowledge, tools, processes, systems,

environments, etc.

Page 59: Brazell 3 25_2011
Page 60: Brazell 3 25_2011

Define vocation…

Page 61: Brazell 3 25_2011

Vocation - from the Latin verb vocare, “to call.” In the modern

context it means a passion or an inclination for a type of work for which one is especially suited.

Passion-Meaning-Purpose-Calling

Page 62: Brazell 3 25_2011

Write a haiku about your

Passion-Meaning-Purpose-Calling

Page 63: Brazell 3 25_2011

Haiku – SLC

(5) Soil, garden flowering(7) Chemistry, art, genetics(5) Future gardens grow

Page 64: Brazell 3 25_2011

Or, if you twitter#radicalplatypus

@radicalplatypus

Page 65: Brazell 3 25_2011

If you draw, sing or have some other talent—use

it!

Compose a song, draw a school design…

Page 66: Brazell 3 25_2011

Write a haiku about your 5,7,5 or 2,4,6,8,2

Passion-Meaning-Purpose-Calling

Page 67: Brazell 3 25_2011

What do you think of when I say?

Page 68: Brazell 3 25_2011

Computer

Page 69: Brazell 3 25_2011

http://geeklit.blogspot.com/2007_03_01_archive.html

Nokia Research Center, Helsinki Finland in MIT Technology Review

How many of you have a cell phone in your pocket?

Page 70: Brazell 3 25_2011

http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/i

Page 71: Brazell 3 25_2011
Page 72: Brazell 3 25_2011

Mixed Reality

Page 73: Brazell 3 25_2011

…170 quadrillion computer chips… The total number of transistors… is approximately the same as the number neurons in your brain. And the number of links among files in this

network is about equal to the number of synapses in your brain… It has 3 billion artificial eyes plugged in, it processes

searches at the humming rate of 14 kilohertz and it is so large a contraption that it now

consumes 5 percent of the world’s electricity.

–Kevin Kelly, 2010, What Technology Wants

Page 74: Brazell 3 25_2011

Sea Land

SpaceAir

cyberSPACE

How do we cultivate innovation and innovators?

Page 75: Brazell 3 25_2011

Imagine the games we can

play…

Page 76: Brazell 3 25_2011
Page 77: Brazell 3 25_2011

Social Cognitive

ImaginaryPhysical

Cyberspace

How do we cultivate innovation and innovators?

Page 78: Brazell 3 25_2011
Page 79: Brazell 3 25_2011
Page 80: Brazell 3 25_2011

Social Cognitive

ImaginaryPhysical

Cyberspace

IMPLICATIONS?

Page 81: Brazell 3 25_2011
Page 82: Brazell 3 25_2011
Page 83: Brazell 3 25_2011

Social Cognitive

ImaginaryPhysical

Cyberspace

IMPLICATIONS?

Page 84: Brazell 3 25_2011
Page 85: Brazell 3 25_2011
Page 86: Brazell 3 25_2011
Page 87: Brazell 3 25_2011

Stuxnet – Cyber War?

Page 88: Brazell 3 25_2011

Social Cognitive

ImaginaryPhysical

Cyberspace

IMPLICATIONS?

Page 89: Brazell 3 25_2011

“Every 15 seconds a new life form is released on the Internet.” --Dr. Fred

Chang, University of Texas San Antonio

Page 90: Brazell 3 25_2011

Source: Harbor Research, 2003

85% of CI controlled by industry. –General Webber

Page 91: Brazell 3 25_2011

The cyber threat to the United States affects all aspects of society, business and government…

July 2010

Page 92: Brazell 3 25_2011

Sea Land

SpaceAir

cyberSPACE

The 5th World

Page 93: Brazell 3 25_2011
Page 94: Brazell 3 25_2011

What is the fundamental

challenge of the 21st

century?

Page 95: Brazell 3 25_2011

What is the fundamental challenge for the 21st

century… and what needs to change

(TURN)5,7,5 or 2,4,6,8,2

Page 96: Brazell 3 25_2011

Haiku – Silicon Valley (child)

(5) Platypus Speech(7) Parent University turn

(5) robot’s switch

Page 97: Brazell 3 25_2011

Or, if you twitter#radicalplatypus

@radicalplatypus

Page 98: Brazell 3 25_2011

Haiku – Silicon Valley (child)

(5) Platypus Speech(7) Parent University turn

(5) robot’s switch

Who are the robots = “Adults”

Page 99: Brazell 3 25_2011

What is the fundamental challenge for the 21st

century… and what needs to change

(TURN)5,7,5 or 2,4,6,8,2

Page 100: Brazell 3 25_2011
Page 101: Brazell 3 25_2011
Page 102: Brazell 3 25_2011

Special emphasis should be placed on the intersection of network and information technology (NIT) with the arts, cyber security, games and simulations, health, energy, transportation, environmental science, physical science and health science.

http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/pcast-nitrd-report-2010.pdf

Page 103: Brazell 3 25_2011

Stagnant scientific education imperils U.S. economic leadership:

U.S. mathematics and science K-12 education ranks 48th worldwide.

Page 104: Brazell 3 25_2011
Page 105: Brazell 3 25_2011

What is the fundamental

challenge of the 21st

century?

Page 106: Brazell 3 25_2011

SURVIVALENVIRO

SECURITY

LIFEQUALITY

WEALTHJOBS

INNOVATION

How do we cultivate innovation and innovators?

Page 107: Brazell 3 25_2011

KnowledgeOrganizations

IndustriesMarkets

Technical SystemsHuman Capital

Page 108: Brazell 3 25_2011

AppliedProblem Solving

World

Knowledge

What are you working on? And is the school supportive? Time, credit, IS, tools, labs,

mixers?

Page 109: Brazell 3 25_2011

What do you think of when I say?

Page 110: Brazell 3 25_2011

Video Game

Page 111: Brazell 3 25_2011

In 1994 a single super computer with the power of an X-box did

not exist.

Page 112: Brazell 3 25_2011

USC ISI and Tactical Language Training

(ITSEC 2005)

Page 113: Brazell 3 25_2011

$7.5 million project that immerses students in the hectic environment of a hospital's intensive care unit and places them in a first-person role as a health-care professional. Funded by the U.S. Office of Naval Research, Pulse!! is being developed by Texas A&M-Corpus Christi, which in turn hired Hunt Valley (Md.)-based BreakAway to produce and design the platform. –Business Week

http://www.businessweek.com/innovate/content/apr2006/id20060410_051875.htm

Pulse!!

Page 114: Brazell 3 25_2011

http://www-01.ibm.com/software/solutions/soa/innov8/cityone/index.html

Page 115: Brazell 3 25_2011
Page 116: Brazell 3 25_2011

Your body controls the computer

Page 117: Brazell 3 25_2011

Or, is the computer controlling us?

Who is controlling whom?

Page 118: Brazell 3 25_2011
Page 119: Brazell 3 25_2011

What happens when robot

meets cyberspace?

Page 120: Brazell 3 25_2011
Page 121: Brazell 3 25_2011

Sea Land

SpaceAir

robotSPACE

Relationships = Systems

Page 122: Brazell 3 25_2011

http://ces.cnet.com/2300-31045_1-10002192-9.html?s=0&o=10002192

Chevy Volt

Page 123: Brazell 3 25_2011

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-473040/The-car-stops-drink-driving.html

Page 124: Brazell 3 25_2011

In 1958, engineer Earl Bakken of Minneapolis, Minnesota, produced the first wearable external pacemaker

http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2007/10/29/batterypacemaker/

Page 125: Brazell 3 25_2011

A Pacemaker the Size of a Tic Tac -Medtronic is using microelectronics to make a pacemaker so small it can be injected. Technology Reviewhttp://www.technologyreview.com/biomedicine/32436/?nlid=4177

Page 126: Brazell 3 25_2011
Page 127: Brazell 3 25_2011

Social Cognitive

ImaginaryPhysical

robotSPACE

How do we cultivate innovation and innovators?

Page 128: Brazell 3 25_2011

Medtronic –Deep Brain Stimulation

Parkinson's disease, Essential Tremor and Dystopia

http://www.neurotexasinstitute.com/our-procedures/deep-brain-stimulation.aspx

Page 129: Brazell 3 25_2011

Electronics Machines

SoftwareComputer

21st Century Architecure

Physics Chemistry

Neurology Biology

Systems

Page 130: Brazell 3 25_2011

FIRST LEGO® LEAGUE

Over 80,000 middle-school students in 34 countries participate in the Nano Quest Challenge.

2006 NANO QUEST CHALLENGE

Page 131: Brazell 3 25_2011

What do you think of when I say innovation?

Page 132: Brazell 3 25_2011

Citizens’ initiative pavilion in Expo 2010

Page 133: Brazell 3 25_2011

daVinciThe West

ImaginationCreativity

Page 134: Brazell 3 25_2011
Page 135: Brazell 3 25_2011

National Endowment for Science Technology and the Arts

K-12 SchoolsBring computer science into the National Curriculum as an essential discipline.

Use video games and visual effects at school to draw greater numbers of young people into STEM and computer science.

Encourage art-tech crossoverand work-based learning through school clubs.

http://www.nesta.org.uk/home1/assets/features/next_gen

Page 136: Brazell 3 25_2011

http://www.philisoft.com/personal/misc/davinci/davinci-1600x1200.jpg

Page 137: Brazell 3 25_2011

The United States has entered into a significant national decline in the number of college graduates with

STEM degrees. The downward trend in college graduates with STEM majors is particularly pronounced in Computer

Science (CS).

http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2010/nsf10619/nsf10619.htm

Page 138: Brazell 3 25_2011

Of the two million U.S. arts jobs requiring significant technology proficiency:

• 10% architects• 11% artists, art directors and animators• 7% producers and directors and • 7% photographers

The products of these disciplines represent 6.4% of the U.S. economy and over $126 billion annually in revenue from foreign trade. Read more at Arts in the Workforce. http://www.nea.gov/research/ArtistsInWorkforce.pdf

Page 139: Brazell 3 25_2011
Page 140: Brazell 3 25_2011
Page 141: Brazell 3 25_2011

Economic Development

Arts-Culture

EducationWorkforce

How do we cultivate innovation and innovators?

SecurityCompetitiveness

InnovationCoordination

Page 142: Brazell 3 25_2011

STEM, IT, Arts Integration LeadersUS Digital Convergence

Centers

• New York City• Washington DC MSA• Central Florida• San Francisco/Silicon

Valley• Los Angeles• San Diego MSA• Phoenix• Denver• Las Vegas• San Antonio-Austin-

Waco, TX

Global Digital Convergence Centers

• South Korea• Finland• China• Taiwan• Sweden• Denmark• Germany• UK• Israel• Malaysia• Japan

Evans, Eliza, Michael Sekora, Alexander Cavalli, Kinman Chan, Jeeyoung Heo Kenneth Kan,

Yue Kuang, Prakash Mohandas, Xiaoxiang Zhang, and Jim Brazell. Digital Convergence Initiative:

Creating Sustainable Competitive Advantage in Texas. San Marcos, Texas: Greater Austin-

San Antonio Corridor Council, 2005.Full Report: http://www.dcitexas.org/DCI_report.pdf

Page 143: Brazell 3 25_2011

Source: Brazell, Jim, Nicholaus Kim, Honoria Starbuck, Eliza Evans, and Michael Bettersworth.Gaming: A Technology Forecast, Implications for Texas Community and Technical CollegesAustin, Texas: Texas State Technical College System and IC2 Institute, University of Texas Austin,2004. ISBN 0978677358Table of Contents: http://www.system.tstc.edu/forecasting/reports/dgames.asp

Page 144: Brazell 3 25_2011

transitioning from a manufacturing to an innovation economyhttp://mit.edu/cre/research/ncc/proceedings/ncc-casestudies.pdf

Page 145: Brazell 3 25_2011

http://www.flickr.com/photos/rosrusspix/3537368960/sizes/o/in/photostream/

Page 146: Brazell 3 25_2011
Page 147: Brazell 3 25_2011

Today, Finland’s progressive strategy includes: multi-disciplinary and multi-industry collaboration to integrate

nano science-, bio science-, information science- and cognitive science-based research and development (Tieke,

2005, p.9); converging design, art and science in the contexts of education and human development

(Tahkokallio and Koivusilta, 2004, p.1); national R&D policy and urban-rural development establishing

connected regional centers of innovation; partnering with global high tech markets and industries (Embassy of

Switzerland, Beijing, 2005, p.12); and leading the world in “Public-Private Partnership” (with efforts dating back to the year of their independence, 1917) (Tieke, 2005, p.12-

15).

Page 148: Brazell 3 25_2011
Page 149: Brazell 3 25_2011
Page 150: Brazell 3 25_2011

Ocoee Demonstration Middle School

Page 151: Brazell 3 25_2011

Orlando Tech – High School Program

Page 152: Brazell 3 25_2011

Orlando Tech – High School Program

Page 153: Brazell 3 25_2011
Page 154: Brazell 3 25_2011

Orlando FIEA University Program

Page 155: Brazell 3 25_2011

College University

Econ DevWorkforce

How do we cultivate innovation and innovators?

Page 156: Brazell 3 25_2011

Aerospace,Defense &

Security

Electronics &

Telecom

Medical Tech-LifeScience

Optics/Photonics

Edtech &MS&T

Film/ New Media

San Diego County

DCIMST&G

Page 157: Brazell 3 25_2011

RD&C

Art CHEM BIO INFO NEURO

Calit2

Page 158: Brazell 3 25_2011
Page 159: Brazell 3 25_2011

“…newer programs like Pre-engineering, Biomedical Sciences, Manufacturing Engineering Technologies, and Homeland Security and Emergency Preparedness are attracting more and more students.”Maryland Classroom: CTE: Educating Tomorrow’s Workforce Today, April 2008

Page 160: Brazell 3 25_2011

Maryland Classroom: CTE: Educating Tomorrow’s Workforce Today, April 2008

Page 161: Brazell 3 25_2011

Maryland Classroom: CTE: Educating Tomorrow’s Workforce Today, April 2008

Page 162: Brazell 3 25_2011

Maryland Classroom: CTE: Educating Tomorrow’s Workforce Today, April 2008

Page 163: Brazell 3 25_2011

http://www.marylandpublicschools.org/NR/rdonlyres/F8A34712-B21E-4DC2-A186-9144565375F2/18653/InteractiveMediaProduction1.doc

Page 164: Brazell 3 25_2011

College University

Econ DevWorkforce

How do we cultivate innovation and innovators?

Page 165: Brazell 3 25_2011

INFO UP

BIO

NANO

COGNO

SCIENCE

ARTS

“Roughly 100 million jobs… cross-disciplinary fields.” NII, Business Week, 10.11.2004

UTSA & UTHSC

“Latin Rennisance”George Cisneros

“$83M Integrated Sciences and Engineering Facility”

Page 166: Brazell 3 25_2011

Source, DIAC, Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR), Pattern Languages for the 21st Century, Brazell and Monroe, 2003

Page 167: Brazell 3 25_2011

Elementary

spaceTEAMSSan Antonio,TX

Robot competition plus career and

academic exploration and

history of science and technology.

Page 168: Brazell 3 25_2011

spaceTEAMSSan Antonio,TX

Middle School

Page 169: Brazell 3 25_2011

US First-EISDAndrew SchuetzeSan Antonio,TX

High School

Page 170: Brazell 3 25_2011

Holmes High School and San Antonio Cyber

Initiative

Page 171: Brazell 3 25_2011

How CyberPatriot works

• Multi-round competition– Qualifying rounds are virtual and teams

compete simultaneously– Teams download VMware images and attempt

to secure them over a given period of time– Teams connected to centralized scoring

platform– Teams graded against known solution sets

• Finals held in Orlando andWashington DC

Cyber Patriothighschoolcdc.com

Page 172: Brazell 3 25_2011

nationalccdc.org

Page 173: Brazell 3 25_2011
Page 174: Brazell 3 25_2011
Page 175: Brazell 3 25_2011
Page 176: Brazell 3 25_2011

What do you think of when I say?

Page 177: Brazell 3 25_2011
Page 178: Brazell 3 25_2011

1829

Page 179: Brazell 3 25_2011

“Discovery is the process of science;

invention is the work of art.”

–Jacob Bigelow, M.D., Elements of Technology 1829

Page 180: Brazell 3 25_2011

Technology are us…

Page 181: Brazell 3 25_2011

http://www.dentonrc.com/sharedcontent/utilities/clickedimage/index.html

Page 182: Brazell 3 25_2011

How CyberPatriot works

• Multi-round competition– Qualifying rounds are virtual and teams

compete simultaneously– Teams download VMware images and attempt

to secure them over a given period of time– Teams connected to centralized scoring

platform– Teams graded against known solution sets

• Finals held in Orlando andWashington DC

Page 183: Brazell 3 25_2011
Page 184: Brazell 3 25_2011
Page 185: Brazell 3 25_2011

AppliedProblem Solving

World

Knowledge

The key literacy of the 21st

century is transdisciplinarity.

Page 186: Brazell 3 25_2011

How do you teach biology different than when you learned it?

“When I was in school I did not do science in school.” At the

Citadel, students are in the lab with faculty doing researh.”

--Kathy Zanin, Professor, Biology

Page 187: Brazell 3 25_2011
Page 188: Brazell 3 25_2011

Georgia Aster (Symphyotrichum georgianum)research in Dr. Danny Gustafson’s research

laboratory.

Page 189: Brazell 3 25_2011

Dr. David Thornburg, Center for Professional Development, “Design” and “Culture” Adapted by Jim Brazell

CULTURE-Humanities-ARTS

Page 190: Brazell 3 25_2011

http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/30/magazine/30OLIN-t.html?_r=1

The Hands-On Approach: Building a different breed of engineer at Olin College.

By JOHN SCHWARTZPublished: September 30, 2007, New York Times Magazine

Page 191: Brazell 3 25_2011
Page 192: Brazell 3 25_2011

Align your learning experience at TSU, your passion and your 21st century

challenge: HAIKU

Page 193: Brazell 3 25_2011

The Future is Here:Pathways to Success in the 21st

CenturyHow The Future [email protected]

Page 194: Brazell 3 25_2011

Arts Health

STEMAcademics

CTE

NEXT – STEM Mainstreaming CTE