BRAZILIAN OVERVIEW ON KEY ISSUES

Brazil UK Startup Meeting Oxford Brookes – May 18 2010

Structure

• Some general features of the Brazilian urban and regional development trajectory

• Territorial and productive restructuring and the emergence of new state spaces – some observations on Brazil

• Issues for discussion – the network

Brazilian cities

Population range

No. of Municipalities Population GDP

More than 350.000 61 64.144.341 1.154.239.615,82

50.000 – 350.000 505 56.339.642 722.094.340,97

20.000 – 50.000 994 29.986.945 247.262.066,34

Less than 20.000 4.003 33.513.562 246.178.486,09

Total 5.563 183.984.490 2.369.774.509,21

% of Municipalities

% of population % GDP

1,10% 34,86% 48,71%

9,08% 30,62% 30,47%

17,87% 16,30% 10,43%

71,96% 18,22% 10,39%

100,00% 100,00% 100,00%

Concentration, polarization and

uneven development

The Brazilian UrbanNetwork – (IBGE)

Human Development

% of people older than 15, with less than 4 years of school - (Base – 2000)

Participation of cities in the GDP (2006)

25% of the national GDP is located in 5 cities

50% of the national GDP is located In 50 municípios

75% of the GDP in 300 cities 85% of the GDP in 751 cities

Participação dos Municípios no PIB Brasileiro

95% of the GDP in 2202 cities 99% of the GDP in 4205 cities

Participação dos Municípios no PIB Brasileiro

Participation (%) of the main city networks in the GDP, agro-bussiness, industry and services – 2002/2006

Economic development has spread over the last decades, but there are limits to macro-spatial

deconcentration outside the

south-eastern/southern states

Red dots:IntenseDynamism(% growthof city GDP)

Red dots: very low income cities with very high dynamism

NOME_UF MUNICMaranhão AnapurusMaranhão Bom JardimMaranhão Centro Novo do MaranhãoMaranhão Igarapé do MeioMaranhão Luís DominguesMaranhão PirapemasMaranhão Porto FrancoMaranhão Serrano do MaranhãoPiauí Assunção do PiauíPiauí Baixa Grande do RibeiroPiauí CurraisPiauí Manoel EmídioPiauí Santa FilomenaPiauí Santo Antônio de LisboaPiauí Sebastião LealSergipe CapelaBahia BarrocasBahia Sátiro DiasMinas Gerais Grão MogolMato Grosso Curvelândia

Red dots - Very high income cities with a very high level of dynamismdinâmicos

NOME_UF MUNICRio Grande do Nort GuamaréMinas Gerais AraporãMinas Gerais Nova PonteMinas Gerais Ouro BrancoMinas Gerais São João Batista do GlóriaMinas Gerais São José da BarraEspírito Santo AnchietaRio de Janeiro Armação dos BúziosRio de Janeiro Campos dos GoytacazesRio de Janeiro QuissamãSão Paulo AlumínioSão Paulo AriranhaSão Paulo Estrela d'OesteSão Paulo JaguariúnaSão Paulo MotucaSão Paulo São Caetano do SulSanta Catarina Treze Tílias

Red dots:High incomecities withdynamism

Very lowIncome Cities With dynamism

These are 454 cities concentrated in the NE states and the Amazonia

Other features of the urban development trajectory Growth and increasing density of the periphery of the

metropolitan areas, state capitals and larger urban poles in the country, characterized by a pattern of unequal acess to land and urban services, and environmental degradation

Deterioration and derelict areas in the central areas of larger cities and metropolitan areas

The opening up of new urban-peri-urban rural frontiers in the central–eastern and Amazone regions (agrobusiness etc.) triggers environmental and land based conflicts, lack of urbanity and conflicts with indigenous population

Other features of the urban development trajectory (ctd) Urban economic growth and population inflow of

cities located in resource rich areas (minerals, agro-business, petrol), frequently generating environmemntal degradation, intense land based conflicts and relocation of indigenous communities

Urban economic growth of city regions that polarize, both along the coastal zones as well in the interior regions of the country (satelite – platforms?) – cities located along the Amazon river, along the highway Brasília-Cuiabá-Porto Velho-Rio Branco, Belém-Brasília and, more recently, the highway, Cuiabá-Santarém.

Territorial and productive restructuring and the

emergence of new state spaces – some

observations on the Brazilian scenario

From Spatial keynesianism...

Spatial KeynesianismSTATE SPATIAL PROJECTS STATE SPATIAL STRATEGIES

SCALAR DIMENSION

State administrative and regulatory capacities are centralized around the

national scale: regions and localities are subordinated to the macroeconomic and macro-redistributive imperatives of the

(national) center

The national scale is promoted as the most essential level of political-

economic life: the national economy thus becomes "the essential

geographical unit of economic organization, accumulation, and

regulation over which the state is the sovereign actor"

TERRITORIAL DIMENSION

Relatively uniform structures of territorial administration are established throughout the national space-economy:

"consistent standards of social welfare and social infrastructure provision (are

established) across regions and localities, thereby incorporating them into an increasingly collective or public

space-economy"

Redistributive policies are mobilized in order to equalize the distribution of

industry and infrastructure investment across the national space-economy: "in

most countries, postwar Keynesian interventionism was a key factor behind

the steady process of regional convergence in per capita incomes that characterized most advanced capitalist

nations until the late 1970s"

Source: Brenner, 2004: 132, Figure 4.2

To rescaled, competitive state spatial regimes....?Urban locational Policies in Western-Europe

STATE SPATIAL PROJECTS STATE SPATIAL STRATEGIES

SCALAR DIMENSION

Tendential decentralization of state administrative arrangements towards subnational tiers of national authority.

Regional and local state institutions aquire new responsabilities in the

development, financing and implementation of economic

development p

Increasing localization of socioeconomic assets as national, regional and local state institutions attempt to enhance

territorial competitiveness within strategic urbanized spaces. Cities and city-

regions are viewed as key geographical engines of economic

TERRITORIAL DIMENSION

Increasing customization of state spatial arrangements according to place and jurisdiction-specific conditions and

priorities. This generates an increased differentiation of local and regional institutional forms and an enhanced

divergence of local and r

Increasing differentiation of national political-economic spaces as state

institutions attempt to channel major socioeconomic assets and advanced

infrastructure investments into the most globally competitive urban and regional

spaces. This generates an in

Source: Brenner, 2004: 214, Figure 5.8

Brazil in the 1990s

Opening up of the Brazilian macroeconomic framework, without compensating industrial, technological and regional development policies

Colapse of the national developmental regime

Neo-localist regimes, tax wars, regulatory downgrading, federal government laissez-faire

Competitive federal relations (states, cities)

More recently, however.....

Advances in federal housing and urban development policies – creation of the ministry, statute of the city, institutionalization of participatory structures (conselho das cidades), substantial increases in financial resources for the housing and urban development sector (PAC, Minha casa minha vida);

Metropolitan agenda is being taken up again (new law on public consortia etc.)

Nevertheless, progress is said to be slow.... Application of the statute of the city is slow –

vested interests in real estate markets

Federal programs and financial resources often “bypass” the institutional and participatory structures that have been created;

There is no national program for metropolitan governance

Issues for the network and the research Urban environmental justice – combining the

urban/housing and the green agenda in an inclusive and sustainable manner – last few years – after convergence there are increasing conflicts (e.g environmental versus the housing movements);

Metropolitan governance and nation building in a post – keynesian scenario? – going beyond socio-institutional engineering – multi-scalar policies;

Regional development in an increasingly fragmented national space economy – archipelago economies in resource rich frontier regions – urban-peri-urban rural linkages without a national framework – from “macro-regional” to new regionalist regional policies?

Last but not least.... Linking the urban policy agenda with climate change Limits, potentials, threats and risks – what is the

role of cities in the debate (the scalar issue); How to set goals and targets Instruments – economic and regulatory

instruments – leakages associated with city activism;

Welfare economic considerations – where to tax (production chains and resource intensive regions)/how to evaluate policy instruments?

Political economy framework – who gains/who loses?