brazilian work on ghg lca of bioenergy in brazil€¦ · institute for international trade...
TRANSCRIPT
Brazilian work on GHG LCA of bioenergy in Brazil
Capacity Building Workshop on GHG LCA and Policy Applications
Tokyo, Japan
Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica
Departamento de Energia
Joaquim E. A. Seabra
Example for sugarcane products
• Reference: Seabra et al. (2011).
• The main objective of the work was the assessment of life cycle energy use
and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions related to cane sugar and ethanol,
considering bagasse and electricity surpluses as coproducts.
• GREET 1.8c.0 model was used to evaluate energy use and GHG emissions
in the ethanol life cycle, with recent production parameters of the Brazilian in the ethanol life cycle, with recent production parameters of the Brazilian
Center-South Region.
– Some default parameters were changed to better reflect Brazilian conditions.
• Parameters based on the CTC database (2008/2009 season).
– For some parameters, the sample consisted of 168 mills.
Example for sugarcane products
Example for sugarcane products
Agr. chemicals
FuelsChemicals
ATR mix
ATR eq
Chemicals
Sugar
productionSUGAR
ATR eq
FuelBy-products
By-products
Sugarcane production
- Farming
- Harvesting
- Transport
FuelsChemicals
Hydrous etOH
production
HYDROUS
ETHANOL
Ethanol
T&DFuel use
ATR eq
Chemicals
Anhydrous etOH
production
ANHYDROUS
ETHANOL
Ethanol
T&DFuel use
ATR eq
Fuel
FuelBy-products
By-products
Seabra et al. (2011)
Example for sugarcane products
Seabra et al. (2011)
Example for sugarcane products
Sugar Ethanol
Fossil energy use GHG emissions Fossil energy use GHG emissions
(kJ/kg) (g CO2eq/kg) (kJ/MJ) (g CO2eq/MJ)
Sugarcane farming 1,109 85 88 6.8
Trash burning 48 3.8
Field emissionsa 85 6.7Field emissions 85 6.7
Agr. inputs production 508 48 40 3.8
Sugarcane transportation 237 18 19 1.4
Sugarcane processing 37 31 4 2.6
Ethanol T&D 22 1.8
Tailpipe emissions 0.8
Credits
Electricityb -754 -46 -60 -3.7
Bagassec -416 -35 -33 -2.7
Total 721 234 80 21.3
Seabra et al. (2011)
Example for sugarcane products
Seabra et al. (2011)
Example for sugarcane products
Different methods to allocate
sugarcane emissions between sugar
and ethanol.
Different methods to deal with sugar
and ethanol coproducts allocation
(electricity and bagasse surplus).
Seabra et al. (2011)
Example for sugarcane products
Seabra et al. (2011)
Direct effects of land use change
Macedo and Seabra (2008)
Indirect land use change
• ICONE developed an allocation methodology to assess the GHG emissions
associated with land use change.
• The study estimated a LUC+ILUC factor of 7.63 g CO2 for each additional
MJ of ethanol produced, for an ethanol production expansion of 248 million
GJ.
Nassar et al. (2010)
LCA (GHG/Energy) studies for sugarcane ethanol
1978 Silva, J.G.; Serra, G.E.; Moreira, J.R.; Gonçalves, J.C.; Goldemberg, J. Energy balance for ethyl alcohol production from crops. Science, v. 201, No. 4359, pp. 903-906, 8 September1978.
1985 Macedo, I.C.; Nogueira, L.A.H. Balanço de Energia na produção de açúcar e álcool nas usinas cooperadas. Boletim técnico Copersucar, 31/85; pp. 22-27, 1985.
1992 Macedo, I.C. The sugar cane agro-industry and its contribution to reducing CO2 emissions in Brazil. Biomass and Bioenergy, 3(2), pp. 77-80, 1992.
1998 Macedo, I.C. Greenhouse gas emissions and energy balances in bio-ethanol production andutilization in Brazil (1996). Biomass and Bioenergy, 14 (1), pp. 77-81, 1998.
2004 Macedo, I.C.; Leal, M.R.L.V.; da SILVA, J.E.A.R. Balanço das emissões de gases do efeito estufa na produção e no uso do etanol no Brasil. Secretaria do Meio Ambiente, Governo de São Paulo. 19 pp + anexos. Abril de 2004.
2008 Macedo, I.C.; Seabra, J.E.A.; Silva, J.E.A.R. Green house gases emissionsin the production and use of ethanol from sugarcane in Brazil:the 2005/2006 averages and a prediction for 2020. Biomass and Bioenergy,32, pp. 582-595, 2008.
LCA (GHG/Energy) studies for sugarcane ethanol
2008 Macedo, I.C.; Seabra, J.E. Mitigation of GHG emissions using sugarcaneBioethanol, in Zuurbier, P.; van de Vooren, J. (editors) Sugarcane Ethanol:Contributions to Climate Change Mitigation and the Environment.Wageningen Academic Publishers, the Netherlands, 2008.
2009 Soares, L.H.B.; Alves, B.J.R.; Urquiaga, S.; Boddey, R.M. Mitigação dasEmissões de Gases Efeito Estufa pelo Uso de Etanol da Cana-de-AçúcarProduzido no Brasil. Circular Técnica 27, Embrapa, Seropédica, RJ, 2009.
2010 Galdos, M.V.; Cerri, C.C.; Lal, R.; Bernoux, M.; Feigl, B.; Cerri, C.E.P. Net greenhouse gas 2010 Galdos, M.V.; Cerri, C.C.; Lal, R.; Bernoux, M.; Feigl, B.; Cerri, C.E.P. Net greenhouse gas fluxes in Brazilian ethanol production systems. GCB Bioenergy, 2, pp. 37-44, 2010.
2010 Nassar, A.M.; Antoniazzi, L.B.; Moreira, M.R.; Chiodi, L.; Harfuch, L. An allocationmethodology to assess GHG emissions associated with land use change. Final report, Institute for International Trade Negotiations (ICONE).
2011 Figueiredo, E.B.; La Scala Jr, N. Greenhouse gas balance due to the conversion of sugarcane areas from burned to green harvest in Brazil. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 141(1-2), pp. 77-85, 2011.
2011 Seabra, J.E.A.; Macedo, I.C., Chum, H.L., Faroni, C.E., Sarto, C.A. Life cycle assessment of Brazilian sugarcane products: GHG emissions and energy use. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining, 5, pp. 519-532, 2011.
Example for biodiesel
Nogueira (2011)
Examples of institutions working with LCA-bioenergy
U.S. – Brazil MOU to Advance Cooperation on Biofuels
• Bilateral Sustainability Project
Part 1. Harmonization of GHG Measurements
– Brazil sugarcane ethanol and bagasse power/ethanol
– U.S. corn ethanol and future improvements
– Comparison between the two countries – share best practices– Comparison between the two countries – share best practices
• Pos-doc at NREL
• Joint publication – Unicamp/CTBE/NREL/CTC
Seabra, J.E.A.; Macedo, I.C., Chum, H.L., Faroni, C.E., Sarto, C.A. Life cycle
assessment of Brazilian sugarcane products: GHG emissions and energy use.
Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining, 5, pp. 519-532, 2011.
Collaboration KTH-CTBE
• PhD student (Dilip Khatiwada, from Nepal) at the ECS and visiting
researcher at the Brazilian Bioethanol Science and Technology Laboratory
(CTBE).
The research project evaluates sugarcane bioenergy system in the least
developing countries with the case study of Nepal.
Publications:Publications:
– Power generation from sugarcane biomass – a complementary option to
hydroelectricity in Nepal and Brazil.
– Accounting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the lifecycle of Brazilian
sugarcane bioethanol: Methodological references in European and American
regulations
Unicamp/CTBE (Brazil) – SASRI/SMRI (South Africa)
• Publication:
Seabra JEA, Macedo I, Eustice T, van Antwerpen R. Sugarcane energy
production and climate change mitigation: a case study for South Africa
(Chapter 13). In: Johnson FX, Seebaluck, V. Bioenergy for Sustainable
Development and International Competitiveness: The Role of Sugar Cane in
Africa. Earthscan, 2012 (forthcoming).Africa. Earthscan, 2012 (forthcoming).
Unicamp/CTBE (Brazil) – SASRI/SMRI (South Africa)
Unicamp/CTBE (Brazil) – SASRI/SMRI (South Africa)
• The GHG emissions were estimated for rain-fed and irrigated conditions
considering two hypothetical industrial configurations: an adjacent distillery
and an autonomous distillery.
• Three alternative scenarios were proposed for an autonomous distillery in
order to investigate impacts on ethanol environmental performance: without
coal, electricity surplus, unburnt cane.coal, electricity surplus, unburnt cane.
• Estimations suggest that ethanol could mitigate emissions in comparison to
gasoline in South Africa.
• High mitigation potential exists when combined with the export of excess
electricity generated from bagasse, which would contribute in diversifying
the national electricity mix thereby favouring exploitation of renewable
energy sources in the country.
Thank you
Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica
Departamento de Energia
Joaquim E. A. Seabra