BREAST CANCER

Presented by:-

Nikita DavidManali DeshmukhMrunal AmbadeMukesh SarojCRM Prist 42009-11

ContentsIntroduction

Breast Anatomy

Breast cancer - types and causes

Statistics

Risk factors

Signs and Symptoms

Staging

Diagnosis

Treatment Options

Prevention

Cancer

Cancer is uncontrolled division of cells because of abnormal changes and mutation leading to formation of tumors.

Types of tumor

I.Benign 2. Malignant

Common types:

• Bladder Cancer

•  Melanoma

• Breast Cancer

   • Colorectal Cancer    •  Oral cancer 

• Prostate Cancer     

• Skin Cancer

• Leukemia

• Lung Cancer

Introduction

It is the most common form of cancer

1 out of 10 women are diagnosed with breast cancer every year

86% of women with breast cancer are alive 5 years after diagnosis

70% of breast cancer cases occur in women with no identifiable risk factors

Second leading cause of death among women after lung cancer

Incidence of male breast cancer is 1 in 100

Anatomy of Breast

A Ducts

B Lobules

C Dilated section of duct to hold milk

D Nipple

E Fat

F Pectoralis major muscle

G Chest wall/rib cage

Breast cancer - types

Breast cancer may originate from either the glands or the ducts of the breast

Ducts – ductal carcinoma

Glands – lobular carcinoma

Cancer extends beyond its surrounding – infiltrating, invasive cancer

More than one member of the family – familial carcinoma

Cancer that has not crossed the involved lobule – in situ carcinoma

Cancer and its causes

Gender – women at a higher risk

Age – highest risk at 60-70 years

Race – white women at a higher risk

Personal history of cancer

Genetic causes

Hormonal causes

Environmental causes

Statistics

0

50

100

150

200

250

1975 1978 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005

Cancer Incidence Rates* Among Women, US, 1975-2005

Breast cancer

Colorectal cancerLung and bronchus cancer

Risk Factors

Family History Personal History

Lifestyle

Additional risk factors

Women who start menstruation at a young age (before 12 years)

If a woman has children at the age of 30 or older or in women who do not have children

If a woman menopauses at 55 or older

If one takes Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)

A higher risk is associated with women having higher estrogen levels

Birth control pills

Obesity

Signs and Symptoms

Lump in the breast or underarm that persists after menstrual cycle

Swelling in the armpit

Flattening or indentation

Pain or tenderness

Change in size, contour, texture and temperature

Itching, burning sensation or ulceration

Unusual discharge

Marble like area under the skin surface

Diagnosis

• Mammogram

• Ultrasound

• MRI

• Biopsy :

a. Fine-needle aspirationb. Core Biopsyc. Skin Biopsyd. Surgical Biopsy :

• Lab tests :

I.Hormone receptor testsII.HER2/neu test

- specks of calcium

- Shows lump

- detailed pictures

- Thin needle to remove cell or fluid from breast lump- Wide needle to remove a sample of breast tissue- A small sample of skin of breast is taken

Incisional biopsy

Excisional biopsy

- A part of the lump or abnormal area is taken

- Entire lump or abnormal area is taken

- To detect of Estrogen & Progesterone

- To detect HER2/neu protein

• Self examine - Examined by self

Stages

• Stage 0

- Not invasive

• Stage I

- Early stage of invasive breast cancer

• Stage II

•Stage III

- Locally advanced

- Spread to lymph nodes under the arm (< 2 cm)

- Not spread to the lymph nodes under the arm (b/w 2 & 5 cm)

- Spread to the lymph nodes under the arm (b/w 2 & 5 cm)

- Spread to the lymph nodes the underarm (> 5 cm)

Ductal carcinoma

•Stage IIIA

- Attached to each other or other structures (< 5 cm)

- Spread to underarm lymph nodes

• Stage IIIB

Stages

- Either alone or attached to each other or other structures (> 5 cm)

- Any size, grow into chest wall or skin of breast

- Tumor may have spread to :◊ Lymph nodes under the arm ◊ Underarm Lymph nodes attached to each other or other structures ◊ Inflammatory breast caner

• Stage IV

- Spread to other parts of the bodyCancer cells spreading outside the duct

• Stage IIIC

- Spread to above or below the collarbone

Non invasive

Early stage breast cancer

Treatment Therapies for Breast Cancer

Local Therapy Systemic Therapy

Surgery Radiation

Chemotherapy hormone therapy

biological therapy

Breast-sparing surgery

Mastectomy

External radiation Internal radiation (implant radiation)

Surgery - It is the most common treatment for Breast Cancer

- Breast-sparing surgery: o An operation to remove the cancer but not the breasto It is also called breast-conserving surgery, lumpectomy,

segmental mastectomy, and partial mastectomyo The underarm lymph nodes is removed – this procedure is called

an axillary lymph node dissectiono Radiation treatment destroys cancer cells that may remain in the

breast- Mastectomy:o An operation to remove the breast is a mastectomyo removes the underarm lymph nodes

Studies have found equal survival rates for breast-sparing surgery (with radiation therapy) and mastectomy for Stage I and Stage II breast cancer

Radiation Therapy –

Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells. Some women receive radiation therapy after a mastectomy. Radiation destroys breast cancer cells that may remain in the area

External radiation: The radiation comes from a large machine outside the body. Treatments are usually 5 days a week for several weeks

Internal radiation (implant radiation): Thin plastic tubes (implants) that hold a radioactive substance are put directly in the breast. The implants stay in place for several days. The implant is removed before discharge

Chemotherapy - Chemotherapy utilizes chemicals that interfere with the cell division process - damaging proteins or DNA - so that cancer cells will commit suicide

Hormone therapy - Hormone therapy keeps cancer cells from getting or using the natural hormones they need. These hormones are estrogen and progesterone

Biological therapy - Biological therapy helps the immune system fight cancer. Women with breast cancer receive a biological therapy called Herceptin. It is a monoclonal antibody

Many more patients use CAM in addition to conventional treatment, and many use CAM primarily to treat symptoms or side effects or to maintain general health and well-being

Patients are rationally concerned about the effect of any such measures on their prospects for survival and disease-free survival

Although CAM practitioners may distinguish healing from curing, most patients with cancer want a cure

Many women say that CAM helps them feel better. However, some types of CAM may change the way standard treatment works

Prevention

Tamoxifen for high risk women

For consideration:

Early childbearing

Prolonged lactation

Weight reduction

Regular exercise, especially during adolescence

LATEST NEWS• Multivitamin pills lead to breast cancer

(Published on 8th April 2010, Times of India)

• Simple blood test can now help detect breast cancer

(Published on 5th April 2010, Times of India)

• Chemicals in food can trigger early puberty in girls increasing risk of breast cancer

(Published on 8nd April 2010, Reuters)

•Younger women with mutation at high risk of breast cancer(Published on April 6th 2010, Reuters)

http://www.webmd.com/breast-cancer/guide/understanding-breast-cancer-symptoms

http://www.slideworld.org/slideshow.aspx/Breast-Cancer-ppt-3248

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tutorials/breastcancer/htm/_yes_50_no_0.htm

http://www.slideworld.org/slideshow.aspx/Risk-factors-for-Breast-Cancer-ppt-3249

http://www.emedicinehealth.com/breast_cancer/page9_em.htm

www.breastcancer.gov

References

NATIONAL BREAST CANCER MONTH IS OCTOBER