© - Copyright Bureau Veritas

Breda, JUNE 20 th 2011

Environmental regulations ; not a must but mandatory !

&

The possible launch of LNG in a surprising way.

Herman Spilker , Bureau Veritas Netherlands

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First a glance from a different perspective !!

1.500.000.000 cattle

18 % of Greenhouse gas

Fertilizer & food 9 % CO2

Methane (CH4) compared with CO2 warms up the earth 23 times faster.

1 liter of milk requires 990 ltr water

Water Vapor 36-70 % (without clouds)

CO2 9-26 %

Ozon 3- 7 %

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Perhaps ??

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The Solution

If a COW eats 300 gr GARLIC each week gives a reduction of 15 %

Methane. Shipping accounts for 3 % of CO2 which gives an

equivalent of 3:23 METHANE >> reduction of 2.7 % in

Greenhouse Gas.

Shipping Problem solved!!

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Emission & environmental regulation, a comprehensiv e overview

Consequence for New Buildings Existing vessels

CO2 Durban COP Y Y

NOx Tier III 1.1.2016 Y Y

SOx (S)ECA Y Y

Ballast water D1 or D2 Y Y

SHIP RECYCLING IHM Y Y

SMUT UNDER DISCUSSION

SOUND under water EC UNDER DISCUSSION

Fuel Oil Content UNDER DISCUSSION

Ambient Lighting EC UNDER DISCUSSION

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CONCLUSION

NO ESCAPE

SO YOU HAVE TO JOIN FORCES

© - Copyright Bureau Veritas

The main energy sources.

1/ HFO/MGO 2/ LNG3/ Energy Storage / Optimalisation Energy Balance4/ Fuel cells5/ Batteries6/ Ultra Capacitors

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HFO/MGO

► Availability Still ok

► Sulphur requirement Availability poor

Flashpoint issue

► Environmental constraints growing

Particulate matter

Cutter stock

� Price

� Emission Diesel Dilemma NOx disadvantage

CO2 disadvantage

� 34 Molecules H to 16 Molecule C (C16H34)

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LNG

� LNG 450 kg/m3 50 MJ/kg 1 M3 > 22500 MJ

� HFO 950 kg/m3 40 MJ/kg 1 M3 > 38000 MJ

� ratio 1.7 LNG is IMDG class 2.1, no toxicity known, can replace oxygen and some safety data sheets mention “narcotic effect”.

� NOx reduced by 80-90 % lean burn principle

� “SANDIA REPORT”

� No Sox emission

� PM close to zero

� Methane slip factor 23 !!

� Abundant locations

� Proven reserve 62.8 years, for oil 45.7 years ( source BP).

� 4 Molecules H to 1 Molecule C (CH4 )

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LNG vs FUEL OIL with regard to Greenhouse Gas

LNG

► 100 Oxygen Atoms will combine with four Isooctane Molecules which will give 32 Carbon Dioxide molecules and 36 Water Molecules

HFO

► For 100 Oxygen Atoms combined with 25 Methane Molecules will produce 25 Carbon Dioxide molecules and 50 Water Molecules.

►Saving in CO2 22 %, compensated for higher caloric value appr. 25 % less.

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Example of abundant location Barrow Island Australi a

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LNG

� LNG price linked to OIL, for how long?

� Acceptance Heavy Fuel Oil?

� Logistic challenge LNG supply

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LNG

►Major Yards Pushing LNG

►Samsung LNG Fuel Cell by 2020

►Daewoo 13.500 TEU on LNG Cryogenic Type B Tanks

►STX Passenger Ferry on LNG with use of latent heat of LNG for HVAC

► LNG 15.600 m³ tanker for 25 years charter in Baltic

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ARTIST IMPRESSION OF 15.600M³ LNG MEYER WERFT

► In operation first Q 2013

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LNG Rules & Regulations

► IMO “ Interim Guidelines on safety for natural gas fuelled engine installations in ships” IMO res. 285 (86), adopted 1 June 2009

►NR 481 Design and Installation of dual fuel engines using low pressure gas.

►NR 529 Safety rules for gas-fuelled engine installations on ships.

►BLG Development of IGF Code with IGC overlap.

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LNG Rules & Regulations BLG15

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LNG principles

Fuel supply/ combustion process

• Lean Burn 2.5 -3.5 bar (more air than needed for combustion)

• High Pressure up to 300 bar

• Safety Zones

• Gas Safe Zone Double Wall pipe

• Emergency Shut Down up to 12 bar single wall

> hazardous area

> Segragation between storage and manned area

> distance between ventilation outlets and inlets

Storage (boil off too small , compressors, cryogenic pumps needed)

•Containers

•Pressure tanks B/5 side B/5 or 2 m from bottom

•Cryogen/trapezium tanks

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LNG Container

• 60 days for a 60% filled container to rise up to 8 bars appr. 200 kg/day

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LNG other issues

Heat recovery form latent heat energy LNG into gas

Heat recovery from exhaust gas due to lower dew point and absence of (almost) sulphur.

Combination of techniques: peak shaving, batteries

Alternative use of LPG

Risk Analysis

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LNG pro’s & con’s

► Availability “Poor” , coming up

► Sulphur requirement None

► Storage Spacious??

► Environmental Methane SlipLess NOx up to 92 % reduction within limits Tier III

25 % less CO2 / no Sox / almost zero PM

► Price Linked to FO How long?

according trade experts 10 % less is a

conservative approach

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DO NOT FORGET !!!

The two stroke engine starting the power range from 1800 Kw and “low” revolutions.

Example; Akasaka Diesel Japan

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And of course the

Wartsila RT Flex 35 engine.

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The misunderstanding

Rpm No. cyl. Power(Kw) Dimensions

142 5 3475 3888 x 2265 x 5445

167 8 6960 5724 x 2265 x 5445

158 6 1680 5610 x 1900 x 4276

119 5 2400 5445 x 2560 x 5660

120 8 10640 9394 x 3220 x 7330

215 7 2970 5186 x 2255 x 5062

And no and no

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Examples LNG propulsion

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Energy Storage / Optimalisation Energy Balance

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Energy Storage / Optimalisation Energy Balance / Transition Techniques

PTO / PTI

DC/AC

Parallel Hybrid propulsion

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Example Hybrid Drive

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Ultra capacitors

Do not use the di electric principle, but use two layers of the same substrate, the so called electric double layer, resulting in a very thin layer (nanometers), the separation and thus a high power density

The voltage they can withstand is low compared to a “conventional”battery. The voltage varies with the energy stored, thus electronic control needed.

Long life cycle charge-discharge > millions compared to traditional batteries 200-3000.

High output power.

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From Battery to Ultra capacitors

Early 1800’s

Galvani / Volti

Zilver & zink foliemet papier.

Wet cell

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Overview of battery types and key indicators

Type

Power density (Wh/kg)

Operating temperature life cycle at % DOD

Sodium Sulphur 91 high 1500 90Sodium Cloroalumiate 100 300 °C 1500 80Sodium Metal Halide 100 up to 350 °C 4500 85Lithium Ion 103 70 °C 3000 100Nickel-Metal Hydride 70 up to 70 °C 3000 100Lead acid 25 25 °C 300 80

DOD = depth of discharge

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Hybrid / battery pro’s & con’s

►Availability Reasonable , coming up

►Sulphur requirement Optimum

►Storage Spacious, becoming less

►Environmental Good, butBattery production & recycling

►Price High Capex

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Fuel Cell

Green Tug Project

Power 100 Kw No real (ship born) reference yet

Size 1 m³ Reliability

Weight 1200 kg Opex cost

Efficiency 50 % compared to D/G max 42 % additional saving on CO2

20%.

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Fuel Cell

Chemical energy directly transferred into mechanical energy.

And thus no efficiency loss, normal efficiency around 50 %.

Compared to a battery open system, fuel can be supplied continuously.

Naming fuel cell is based on active substance electrolyte.

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Direct methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC)

►Same technology as PEMFC; micro-FC►Consume methanol and oxygen►More energy by unit of volume stored, less efficient

Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC)

►Most common FC for mobile application/small stationary►Consume hydrogen and oxygen►Poisoned by CO, membranes need hydration

Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC)

►Transportation and stationary application►Consume methane, LNG or hydrogen and oxygen►Not poisoned by impurities, cogeneration possible

Temp Max Power

90-120°C

50-90°C

70-120°C

150-200°C

600-650°C

700-1000°C

1 kW

10 kW

100 kW

500 kW

1-10 MW

1-10 MW

Fuel Cell

• Oxygen ions are separated easier

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Fuel Cell pro’s & con’s

Challenge SOFC Solid Oxyde Fuel Cell

- Lifetime

- Reliability , especially the sealing of the cells if oxygen and fuel mix this will decrease the efficiency

- Cost

- When ? According Samsung 2020 SOFC fuelled by LNG

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The future ???

D/G

ULTRA CAPACITOR

WIND

SOLAR

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Conclusion 2030

"old fashioned diesel"

Permament Magnet Drive

Variable speed engines

and other available techniques such as

Energy recovery

Wind

Solar

in combination with supplementary energy sources such as

FUEL CELL driven by LNG in combination with ultra capacitors

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