brian child university of florida 31 august – 3 september 2009 morogoro, tanzania
TRANSCRIPT
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Brian ChildUniversity of Florida
31 August – 3 September 2009
Morogoro, Tanzania
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1.1. How do we measure How do we measure production of production of environmental environmental services?services?
2.2. Who pays? For what?Who pays? For what?
3.3. Economic institutions Economic institutions for sustainabilityfor sustainability
4.4. GovernanceGovernance
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Illustrates economic principles through:
An example of how we turned an environmental services (wildlife biodiversity) into real value
How we made sure sure that landholders (who are deterministic of land use) benefit
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IF resource is valuable (PRICE) AND value gets to landholder (PROPRIETORSHIP) AND landholder controls decisions
(SUBSIDIARITY)
THEN, natural resource will be conserved
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London Convention 1933 Established protected areas Banned commercial use Centralized control in state agencies
Effect - Made wildlife valueless so replaced by cow and plough
So now we are undoing the London Convention (and conventional conservation dogma) by …. Promoting highest value uses Giving wildlife back to landholders (i.e.
communities)
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1960s1960s – – CroppingCropping(Scientists; failed)(Scientists; failed)
1970-2000 1970-2000 Safari HuntingSafari HuntingIndustry; succeeded Industry; succeeded and evolved)and evolved)
1990s – restocking & 1990s – restocking & major land major land transformation back transformation back to bio-experience to bio-experience economyeconomy
Tourism Tourism (and (and hunting)hunting)
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10-14,000 properties Major shift from livestock
to wildlife Increases :
Jobs 4.5 timeWage bill 32X
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1980S, LIVESTOCK 1990S, WILDLIFE
Economic TransformationEconomic Transformation• JobsJobs• Economic growthEconomic growth• Environmental servicesEnvironmental services
Environmental servicesEnvironmental services• CarbonCarbon
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Range Economics, Zimbabwe, 1990
Wildlife EnterprisesWildlife Enterprises
(48% were profitable) (48% were profitable)
But … decades of previous subsidization
Livestock EnterprisesLivestock Enterprises
(5% were profitable) (5% were profitable)
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$0
$500
$1,000
$1,500
$2,000
$2,500
$3,000
Draw(1969-73)
Tender(1976-84)
Auction(1986-88)
Sale of Hunting in Zimbabwe
Per Animal
Dangerous Game
Increase in prices Increase in prices related to:related to:
1. Shift from 1. Shift from administrative to administrative to open-competitive open-competitive pricingpricing
2. Innovation 2. Innovation and product and product development on development on 10,000 properties10,000 properties
LESSONS FOR INCREASING PRICES LESSONS FOR INCREASING PRICES OF ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICESOF ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES
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Devolved rights to manage, benefit, sell to landholders: 100% of income (stopped licenses, reduced
regulations etc)
Open, competitive marketing replaced administrative pricing
10-14,000 people experimenting rapidly drives up price of wildlife
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Applying the same Applying the same principles to rural principles to rural communities – led communities – led to CAMPFIRE to CAMPFIRE
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Devolutionary Policy/ Governance
Making Money
Spending Money
NRM Mgmt / Control
Capacity Building
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Sell hunting Sell hunting openly, openly, competitivelycompetitively
Pay 80-100% Pay 80-100% of income to of income to communitycommunity
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1. Defined membership
2. Made a list of members and checked it
3. Listed animals shot and values
4. Worked out potential share per person
5. Agreed on allocation
• $200/HH
• $100 cash
• $ 70 grinding mill
• $ 30 school
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Debating choices
Participatory Participatory Governance Governance
(NOT Representational governance)
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Clinic
Wildlife Management
Take Home Cash
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1.1. Conceptual Foundation: Conceptual Foundation: Maximize benefits to land Maximize benefits to land occupieroccupier
2.2. PolicyPolicy (Price and Proprietorship) (Price and Proprietorship) Devolved use rightsDevolved use rights Encourage commercial use, open-competitive Encourage commercial use, open-competitive
marketingmarketing Governance (tomorrow)Governance (tomorrow)
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Government
District
CBO
Individual
REDD Payment
REDD Payment
REDD Payment
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Rangeland Production System
$ Primary Production
Secondary Production$ Profit $
Soil, water, sunlight
Agricultural Production System
Primary Production$ Profit $
Soil, water, sunlight
Rainfall (land productivity)
Profi
tabi
lity
of la
nd u
se
Wildlife more profitable according to ‘natural’
prices
Agriculture more profitable a in areas of
high rainfall & soil fertility
Policy failures drive down price of wildlife
Subsidies inflate profit of livestock
+- 600-700mm
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No rig
hts
Policy failures drive down price
of wildlife
Policy failures drive down price
of wildlife
+- 600-700mm
Bans o
n U
se
RainfallWildlife Area
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
700000
1977
1982
1987
1992
1997
2002
Cattle Shoats All wildlife
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+- 600-700mm
Rainfall
Land Conserved by Wildlife
Combine carbon payments with
hunting & tourism
Combine carbon payments with
hunting & tourism
Healthy, Unconverted Natural Habitats
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Rainy season reduced by Rainy season reduced by 20%!20%!
Areas at most risk of climate change
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Environmental conservation Environmental conservation Wildlife Wildlife Economic driverEconomic driver
Biodiversity Carbon Nobody pays for these Water (positive externality)
Economic developmentEconomic development Household benefitHousehold benefit Community income and projectsCommunity income and projects Jobs, economic multipliersJobs, economic multipliers
Mechanism for rural democratization and Mechanism for rural democratization and empowerment (tomorrow)empowerment (tomorrow)
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Thank you