bricks fin
DESCRIPTION
bricks finTRANSCRIPT
BRICKS
IST SEMESTERMO 2012
A PICTURE
BRICK POSITIONS
BRICK POSITIONS• Positions• Bond: a pattern in which brick is laid.• Stretcher: a brick laid horizontally, flat with the long side of the
brick exposed on the outer face of a wall.• Header: a brick laid flat with the short end of the brick exposed.• Soldier: a brick laid vertically with the narrow ("stretcher") side
exposed.• Sailor: a brick laid vertically with the broad side exposed.• Rowlock or Bull Header: a brick laid on the long, narrow side with
the small or "header" side exposed.• Shiner: a brick laid on the long narrow side with the broad side
exposed.
This is the most commonly used bond, for all wall
thicknesses. This bond is considered to be the strongest.
The bond consists of alternate courses of headers and
stretchers. In this bond, the vertical joints of the header
courses come over each other; similarly, the vertical joints
of the stretcher courses also come over each other. In
order to break the vertical joints in the successive courses,
it is essential to place queen closer after the first header
(quoin header) in each heading course. Also only headers
are used for hearting of thicker walls.
Q
,
1
3. In the stretcher course, the stretchers have a min. lap of 1/4th their length over
headers.
4.There is no continuous vertical joint.
5.Walls of even multiple. of half bricks (i.e. 1 brick thick wall, 2-bricks thick
wall, 3-bricks thick wall) present the same appearance on both faces. Thus a course
showing stretchers on the front face will also show stretchers on the back face.
6. Wall of odd multiple of half bricks (i.e. 1 1/2 brick thick wall, 2 1/2 brick thick
wall etc.) will show stretchers on one face and headers on the other face.
7. The hearting (middle portion) of each of the thicker walls consists entirely
of headers.
8.At least every alternate transverse joint is continuous from face to face.
1. Alternative courses will show either headers or stretchers in elevation.
2. Every alternate header comes centrally over the joint between two stretchers in
course below.
8. A header course should never start with queen's closer, as it will get displaced.
9. The queen's closer should be placed just next to the quoin header. Queen's
closers are not required in stretcher courses.
10. Since the number of vertical joints in the header course are twice the number
of vertical joints in the stretcher course, the joint in the header course are
made thinner than the joints in the stretcher course.
ENGLISH BOND
FLEMISH BOND
In this type of bond, each course is comprised of alternate headers
and stretchers.
Every alternate course starts with a header at the corner (i.e .. quoin
header). Quoin closers are placed next to the quoin header in
alternate courses to develop the face lap. Every header is centrally
supported over the stretcher below it.
Flemish bonds are of two types :
(i) Double flemish bond (ii) Single flemish bond.
In the double flemish bond, each course presents the same
appearance both in the front face as well as in the back face. Alternate
headers and stretcher are laid in each course. Because of this, double
flemish bond presents better appearance than English bond.
DOUBLE FLEMISH BOND
Special features of double flemish bond
1. Every course consists of headers and stretchers placed alternately
2. The facing and backing of the wall, in each course,
have the same appearance.
3. Quoin closers are used next to quoin headers in every
alternate course.
4. In walls having thickness equal to odd multiple of half bricks, halfbats
and three-quarter bats are amply used.
5. For walls having thickness equal to even multiple of half bricks, no bats are
required. A header or stretcher will come out as header or stretcher on the same
course in front as well as back faces.
. Single flemish bond : Single flemish bond is comprised of double
flemish bond facing and English bond backing and hearting in each
course. This bond thus uses the strength of the English bond and
appearance of flemish bond. However, this bond can be used for
those walls having thickness at least equal to 1 1/2 brick. Double
flemish bond facing is done with good quality expensive bricks.
However, cheaper bricks can be used for backing and hearting.
Comparison of English Bond and Flemish Bond
1.English bond is stronger than flemish bond for walls thicker than 1
1/2 brick.
2.Flemish bond gives more pleasing appearance than the English
bond.
3.Broken bricks can be used in the form of bats in Flemish bond.
However, more mortar is required.
4. Construction with Flemish bond requires greater skill in
comparison to English bond.
ENGLISH CROSS BOND H
This is a modification of English bond, used to improve the
appearance of the wall. This bond combines the requirements of
beauty and strength. Special features of the bond are as follows:
1. Alternate courses of headers and stretchers are provided as
in English bond.
2. Queen closers are placed next to quoin headers.
3. A header is introduced next to the quoin stretcher in every
alternate stretcher course.
ENGLISH CROSS BOND
RAT TRAP BOND / SILVERLOCK BOND
This type of bond uses stretcher bricks on edges instead of bed. This bond is
weak in strength, but is economical. Hence it is used for garden walls, compound
walls
etc. Bricks are kept standing vertically on end. The bricks are arranged as headers
and stretchers in such a manner that headers are placed on bed and stretchers are
placed on edge thus forming a continuous cavity. Due to this, the bond consumes less
number of bricks.
RAT TRAP BOND
DUTCH BOND
"This is another modified form of English bond. In this bond the
corners of the wall are strengthened. Special features of this type of
bond is as follows :
1.Alternate courses of headers and stretchers are provided as in
English bond.
2.Every stretcher course starts at the quoin with a three-quarter
bat.
3.In every alternate stretcher course, a header is placed next to the
three-quarter brick bat provided at the quoin.
. RAKING BOND This bond is used in thick walls. In this type of bond, the bonding bricks are kept
at an inclination to the direction of the wall. Due to this, the longitudinal stability of
thick wall built in English bond is very much increased. This bond is introduced at
certain
intervals along the height of the wall. Following are special features of raking bond:
1. The bricks are arranged in inclined direction, in the space between the external
stretchers of the wall.
2. The raking or inclination should be in opposite direction in alternate courses
of raking bond.
3. Raking bond is not provided in successive courses. It is provided at a regular
interval of four to eight courses in the height of a wall.
4. The raking course is generally provided between the two stretcher courses
of the wall having thickness equal to even multiple of half-bricks, to make the bond
more effective.
1.Diagonal bond In this type of bond, bricks are arranged at 45° in such a way that extreme
corners of the series remain in contact with the external line of stretchers.
Bricks cut to triangular shapes and of suitable sizes are packed in the small tri-
angular spaces at the ends. This bond is best suited for walls which are 2 to 4 bricks
thick. The bond is introduced at regular vertical interval, generally at every fifth or
seventh course. In every alternate course of the bond, the direction of bricks is
reversed.
2. Herring-bone bond . This bond is more suitable for walls which
are thicker than four bricks thick. Bricks are arranged at 45° in two opposite directions
from the centre of the wall thickness.. The bond is introduced
in the wall at regular vertical interval. In every alternate course, the directions of bricks
are changed. The bond is also used for ornamental finish to the face work, and also for
brick flooring
ZIG ZAG BOND
This bond is similar to herring-bone bond,
except that the bricks are laid in zig-zag fashion, . This
bond is commonly used for making ornamental panels
in the brick flooring.
• This type of bond is used for the construction of garden walls, boundary walls, compound walls, where the thickness of the wall is one brick thick and the height does not exceed two metres. This type of bond is not so strong as English bond, but is more attractive. Due to this reason, it is sometimes used in the construction of outer leaves of cavity walls.
GARDEN WALL BOND
Garden wall bonds
• Garden wall bonds are of three types: • • (I) Garden wall English bond
(ii) Garden wall Flemish bond • (iii) Garden wall Monk bond.
Garden wall English bond
• Garden wall English bond : In this bond, the header course is provided only after three to five stretchers courses. In each header course, a queen closer is placed next to quoin header, to provide necessary lap. In stretcher courses, quoin headers are placed in alternate courses.
Garden wall FIemish bond
• Garden wall FIemish bond : In this bond, each course contains one header after three to five stretchers continuously placed, throughout the length of the course. Each alternate course contains a three-fourth brick bat placed next to the quoin header, develop necessary lap, and a header laid over the middle of each central stretcher. This bond is also known as scotch bond or Sussex bond.
Garden wall Monk bond
• Garden wall Monk bond• This is special type of garden-wall
Flemish bond in which each course contains one header after two successive stretchers. Every alternate course contains a quoin header followed by a 3/4 brick bat. Due to this, the header rests over the joint between two successive stretchers.
Bonds at connections
• Connection is the place where two walls coming from different directions meet.
• The walls should be properly united at the connecting point through some proper bond. The following three requirements should be satisfied by the bond at the connection.
Bonds at connections
• (i) There should be no continuity in the vertical joints,(ii) use of brick bats should be as minimum as possible, and (iii) the connection should be structurally strong to resist differential settlement, if any. Connections are of the following two types :
• (a) Junctions (b) Quoins.
Junctions• Junction is that connection which is formed at the
meeting of one (subsidiary) wall at same intermediate position of another wall. When both these walls meet at right angles, we get a tee-junction. If the subsidiary wall crosses the main wall and continues beyond the junction, we have a cross-junction or intersection. However, if the subsidiary wall meets the main wall at some intermediate point, and if the angle formed between the two is other than a right angle, a squint junction is formed.
Quoin
• Quoin is the connection formed when two external walls meet. Alternatively, quoin is the connection which is formed when a wall takes a turn. When the two walls meet at 90°, we have a right angled or square quoin. If the angle at the connection is other than 90°, a squint quoin is formed.
Tee Junctions
• (a) External and Internal walls in English bond
• Tee-junction is formed when the internal wall at its end meets external wall at some intermediate position. Tee-junctions can be either in English bond or in Flemish bond.
Tee junction in one brick thick external wall and ½ brick internal wall
Tee junctions
• The picture in previous slide shows the Tee- junction between a one-brick thick external wall and a half-brick thick internal wall (partition wall), both walls being constructed in English bond. Bond is obtained by making alternate courses of internal wall entering into the stretcher course of the main wall. Due to this, lap of half brick is obtained through the brick (shown shaded). Alternate courses of both the walls remain unbonded.
Tee junctions• The picture in the next slide shows a Tee- junction
between a 1 ½ brick thick external wall and one brick thick internal (cross) wall, both the walls being constructed in English bond. Here, the header course of the internal wall centres the stretcher course of the main wall through half of its width. Due to this, lap of quarter-brick is obtained through the tie-brick, which is placed near the queen closer (Q). Alternate courses of both the walls remain unbonded
Tee junction in 1 1/2 brick thick external wall and 1 brick internal wall
Tee Junctions
The picture in the next slide shows the Tee-junction between 1 1/2 brick thick external wall and 1 1/2 brick thick internal wall, both the walls being constructed in English bond. In alternate courses, the header brick at the junction enters the stretcher course of the main wall. The tie-brick (shown shaded), placed near the queen closer (Q) furnishes a lap of quarter brick. Additional lap is obtained in the same course, through placing a 3/4 brick bat as shown. Alternate courses of both the walls remain unbonded.
Tee junction in 1 1/2 brick thick external wall and 1 1/2 brick internal wall
Tee Junctions
• The picture in the next slide shows the Tee-junction between 2-brick thick main wall and 1 1/2 brick thick cross-wall, both the walls being constructed in English bond. Here, the header course of internal wall enters the stretcher course of the main wall through half of its width. Due to this, lap of quarter brick is obtained through the tie-brick (header brick) Which is placed near the queen closer (Q). Additional lap is obtained in the same course, through placing a 3/4brick bat as shown. Here also, alternate courses of both the walls remain unbonded.
Tee junction in 2 brick thick external wall and 1 1/2 brick internal wall
External wall in Flemish bond and Internal wall in English bond.
• The picture in the next slideshows the Tee-junction for an 1 1/2 brick thick external wall in Double Flemish bond and one brick thick internal wall in English bond. The header course of internal wall enters into the main wall, thus getting a lap of one-quar- ter brick. The tie-brick (header course) is placed adjacent to a queen closer. Alternate courses of both the walls remain unbonded.
Both external and internal walls in double Flemish bond
• The picture in the next slide shows the Tee-junction for a 1-brick thick main wall and t brick thick cross wall, both being constructed in Double Flemish bond. The stretcher bricks of alternate courses of the cross- wall enter into the main wall through half brick length. Due to this, it is necessary to place a half-brick bat adjacent to it, in the main wall. The alternate courses of each wall remain unbonded.
Both external and internal walls in double Flemish bond
• The picture in the next slideshows the tee-junction for a 1 ½ brick thick main wall and one-brick thick cross-wall, both being constructed in double Flemish bond. In alternate courses, the stretcher bricks of the cross wall enter into the main wall through quarter brick. A queen closer (Q) is placed next to it in the main wall as shown. Alternate courses of both the walls remain unbonded
Cross-junction or Intersection
• Cross-junction or Intersection • A cross-junction is formed when two internal
walls cross each other at right angles. One of the walls may be called as the main wall while the other of lesser thickness as cross-wall.
Cross-junction or Intersection
• The picture in the next slide shows a cross-junction between 1 ½brick thick main wall and 1 brick thick cross-wall, both being constructed in English bond. The header course of cross-wall enter into the main wall : the tie bricks thus give a lap of quarter brick on both sides. Alternate courses of both the walls remain unbonded.
Cross-junction or Intersection
• The picture in the next slide shows a cross-junction between two walls, each of 1 ½ -brick thick constructed in English bond. A lap of quarter brick is obtained through header courses, on both the sides. Alternate courses thus remain unbonded.
Squint junction
• A squint junction is formed when an internal wall meets an external continuous wall at an angle other than 90°. Usually, the angle of squint is kept at 45 degrees, thoughsquint junctions are not very common in brick work.
Squint junction in English bond
• The next slide shows a squint junction between a 1 1/2 brick thick external wall and a 1-brick thick internal wall, (a) both being constructed in English bond. The header courses of the cross-wall is taken inside the main wall, thus getting the required bond. Alternate courses of both the walls remain unbonded.
SQUINT JUNCTION IN ENGLISH BOND
Squint junction in English bond
The next slide shows a squint junction between two (b) wall each of 1 ½ brick thickness and constructed in English both. The header bricks are taken inside the main wall. Alternate courses remain unbonded.
SQUINT JUNCTION IN ENGLISH BOND
Squint junction in Double Flemish bond
• The picture in the next slide shows the squint junction for the walls constructed in Double Flemish bond. These junctions are quite difficult to be constructed.
SQUINT JUNCTION IN DOUBLE FLEMISH BOND
SQUINT JUNCTION IN DOUBLE FLEMISH BOND
QUOINS
• Quoin is the connection formed when two external walls meet. Alternatively, quoin is the connection which is formed when an external wall takes a turn. Quoins are of two types :
• 1. Right-angle or square quoin. • 2. Squint quoin
Squint Quoins
• Squint quoins can be of two types: • (a) Acute squint.
(b) Obtuse squint.
Acute squint
• (a) Acute squint:• This is formed when the enclosed angle on the
inside of the two walls is less than 90° . Generally, the acute angle is kept equal to 60° .
ACUTE SQUINT JUNCTION IN ENGLISH BOND
ACUTE SQUINT JUNCTION IN DOUBLE FLEMISH BOND
Obtuse squint
• Obtuse squint :• This is formed when the enclosed angle on the
inside of the two walls is more than 90° . The angle generally varies from 105° to 135° , the more common being 120°
OBTUSE SQUINT JUNCTION IN ENGLISH BOND
OBTUSE SQUINT JUNCTION IN DOUBLE FLEMISH BOND
BOND IN BRICK PIERS
• Piers of brick masonry are provided to have supports for beams, trusses or other structural members. Piers are also known as columns or pillars. These piers may be of two types, depending upon their location with reference to the adjoining load bearing wall (if, any):
• (a) Detached or isolated piers. • (b) Attached piers.
ISOLATED PIERS
• Though piers may be constructed in any type of bond, generally English bond or double Flemish bond is adopted. The size of the pier as well as its shape (i.e., square, rectangular or circular) depends upon the magnitude of the load as well as architectural requirements.
ISOLATED PIERS IN ENGLISH BOND
ISOLATED PIERS IN ENGLISH BOND
ISOLATED PIERS IN DOUBLE FLEMISH BOND
ISOLATED PIERS IN DOUBLE FLEMISH BOND
ATTACHED PIERS
• Attached piers are constructed along the wall for two purposes:
• (i) to provide larger bearing. area for supporting heavy girders, roof etc. and (ii) to provide stiffness to the wall.
BOND IN FOOTINGS
• Footings distribute the load of wall or pier, to a wider area at its base, through the provision of steps or offsets. Each step of the footing can be constructed either in single course of bricks or in double or more courses. Footings of single course of brick in each step is adopted for light loads. In such a case the bricks are laid as headers on the outside. This would make it possible to give greater bearing to the projecting portion (offset) inside the wall or pier. In the case of double or multiple courses, the method of construction and bonding is similar. to that adopted for the wall or pier.
BOND IN FOOTINGS
• The previous shows an isometric view of wall footing in which each step consists of one brick course only and the offset is equal to brick. Each alternate course consists of header bricks only.