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TRANSCRIPT
BrIEf ConTEnTsPreface xix
PArT 1 UnDErsTAnDInG InTErPErsonAL CoMMUnICATIon
ChAPTEr 1 ● An Orientation to Interpersonal Communication 3
ChAPTEr 2 ● Forming and Using Social Perceptions 37
ChAPTEr 3 ● Intercultural Communication 69
ChAPTEr 4 ● Verbal Messages 101
ChAPTEr 5 ● Nonverbal Messages 129
ChAPTEr 6 ● Communication in the Life Cycle of Relationships 159
PArT 2 DEVELoPInG InTErPErsonAL CoMMUnICATIon sKILLs
ChAPTEr 7 ● Listening Effectively 195
ChAPTEr 8 ● Holding Effective Conversations 225
ChAPTEr 9 ● Supporting Others 257
ChAPTEr 10 ● Communicating Personal Information: Disclosure and Privacy 291
ChAPTEr 11 ● Using Interpersonal Influence 325
ChAPTEr 12 ● Managing Conflict 357
PArT 3 UsInG CoMMUnICATIon sKILLs To IMProVE rELATIonshIPs
ChAPTEr 13 ● Communicating in Intimate Relationships: Families, Friendships, Marriages, and Other Life Partnerships 395
ChAPTEr 14 ● Communicating in the Workplace 429
Glossary 467
References 480
Photo Credits 493
Index 494v
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ConTEnTsPreface xix
PArT 1 UnDErsTAnDInG InTErPErsonAL CoMMUnICATIon
ChAPTEr 1 ● An Orientation to Interpersonal Communication 3
Interpersonal Communication Messages 6Canned Plans and Message Scripts 7
Interpersonal Communication Is a Complex Process 8
The Purposes of Interpersonal Communication 10We Share Meaning 10We Meet Social Goals 12We Manage Our Personal Identity 13We Conduct Our Relationships 14
Characteristics of Interpersonal Communication 14Interpersonal Communication Is Continuous 14Interpersonal Communication Is Transactional 15Interpersonal Communication Is Irreversible 15Interpersonal Communication Is Situated 15Interpersonal Communication Is Indexical 16
Ethics and Interpersonal Communication 17
The Dark Side of Interpersonal Communication 18
Diversity and Interpersonal Communication 19
Diverse Voices: Lessons from American Experience 20
Interpersonal Communication Competence and You 21Acquire Interpersonal Communication Knowledge 22Increase Interpersonal Communication Skill 22Be Motivated to Demonstrate Competence 23Develop Behavioral Flexibility 24Develop Interpersonal Communication Improvement Plans 24Understanding Social Media and Interpersonal Communication 25Traits of Social Media Technology 27
A Question of Ethics: What Would You Do? 29
Summary 30
Chapter Resources 31
The Social Media FacTor
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What You Should Be Able to Explain 31What You Should Be Able to Do 31Key Words 32Apply Your Knowledge 32Skill Practice 33Inter-Act with Media 33What’s on the Web 35
ChAPTEr 2 ● Forming and Using Social Perceptions 37
The Perception Process 38Attention and Selection 39Organization 40Interpretation 40Dual Processing in Perception 41
Perceiving Others 42Reducing Uncertainty 42Impression Formation 43Making Attributions 44Understanding and Overcoming Person-Perception Biases 45
Self-Perception: Self-Concept and Self-Esteem 50Self-Concept 51Self-Esteem 52Culture and Self-Perceptions 54Accuracy of Self-Concept and Self-Esteem 55
Diverse Voices: I Am . . . 56
Improving Self-Perception 58The Effects of Self-Perception on Communication 59
Human Factors in Using Social Media 60Digital Self-Disclosure 61Digital Social Connection 61Convenience 61Digital Apprehension 61Miscommunication 62
A Question of Ethics: What Would You Do? 62
Summary 63
Chapter Resources 64What You Should Be Able to Explain 64What You Should Be Able to Do 64Key Words 64
The Social Media FacTor
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Apply Your Knowledge 64Skill Practice 65Inter-Act with Media 66What’s on the Web 67
ChAPTEr 3 ● Intercultural Communication 69
Culture and Communication 71
Dominant and Co-Cultures 73Gender 73Race 74Ethnicity 74Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity 75Religion 75Social Class 76Generation 76Cultural Identity 77
How Cultures Differ 77The Value of the Individual vs. the Group 78
Diverse Voices: Individualism and Collectivism 80
Attitudes toward Predictability and Uncertainty 82Attitudes about Social Power Distribution 83Masculine vs. Feminine Orientation 84Time Orientation 85The Importance of Context for Sharing Meaning 86
Developing Intercultural Communication Competence 88Barriers to Effective Intercultural Communication 88The Pyramid Mode of Intercultural Competence 91
A Question of Ethics: What Would You Do? 94
Summary 95
Chapter Resources 96What You Should Be Able to Explain 96What You Should Be Able to Do 96Key Words 96Apply Your Knowledge 97Skill Practice 97Communication Improvement Plan: Intercultural Communication 97Inter-Act with Media 98What’s on the Web 99
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ChAPTEr 4 ● Verbal Messages 101
Verbal Message Fundamentals 103What Is a Language? 103Characteristics of Language 105
Diverse Voices: “Mommy, Why Does Raj Talk Funny?” 106
Meaning in the Language Itself 109Understanding Semantics 109Guidelines for Improving Message Semantics 110
Verbal Meaning Within the Conversational Context 115Guidelines for Improving Pragmatic Understanding 117
Meaning Within the Social and Cultural Context 119Guidelines for Improving Sociolinguistic Understanding 122
A Question of Ethics: What Would You Do? 123
Summary 124
Chapter Resources 124What You Should Be Able to Explain 124What You Should Be Able to Do 124Key Words 125Apply Your Knowledge 125Skill Practice 125Communication Improvement Plan: Verbal Communication 126Inter-Act with Media 126What’s on the Web 127
ChAPTEr 5 ● Nonverbal Messages 129
Characteristics and Functions of Nonverbal Messages 131Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication 132Functions of Nonverbal Messages 133
Types of Nonverbal Communication 135Body Language 135Paralanguage 139Spatial Usage 140Self-Presentation Cues 143
Cultural and Gender Variations in Nonverbal Communication 145
Variations in Body Language 145Variations in Paralanguage 147Variations in Spatial Usage 147
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Diverse Voices: Latin American and Anglo American Use of Personal Space in Public Places 148
Variations in Self-Presentation Cues 150
Guidelines for Improving Nonverbal Messages 151Sending Nonverbal Messages 151
A Question of Ethics: What Would You Do? 152
Interpreting Nonverbal Messages 153
Summary 153
Chapter Resources 154What You Should Be Able to Explain 154What You Should Be Able to Do 154Key Words 155Apply Your Knowledge 155Skill Practice 155Communication Improvement Plan: Nonverbal Communication 156Inter-Act with Media 156What’s on the Web 157
ChAPTEr 6 ● Communication in the Life Cycle of Relationships 159
The Functions of Communication in a Relationship 161The Constitutive Function 161The Instrumental Function 161The Indexical Function 162
Describing Relationships 163Types of Relationships 163Dimensions of Relationships 165
Self-Disclosure and Feedback in Relationships 168Understanding Self-Disclosure and Feedback: The Johari Window 168The Role of Self-Disclosure in Relationships 170Guidelines for Self-Disclosure 171
Relationship Life Cycles: How Relationships Change 172Turning Points 172Stage One: Beginning Relationships 173
Diverse Voices: Modern Love: Close Enough to Touch Was Too Far Apart 174
Stage Two: Developing Relationships 176Stage Three: Sustaining Relationships 179Stage Four: Relationship Decline 183
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Social Media and Relationship Closeness 186Media Richness and Social Cues 186
A Question of Ethics: What Would You Do? 187
Summary 188
Chapter Resources 189What You Should Be Able to Explain 189Key Words 189Apply Your Knowledge 190Skill Practice 190Communication Improvement Plan: Relationships 192Inter-Act with Media 192What’s on the Web 193
PArT 2 DEVELoPInG InTErPErsonAL CoMMUnICATIon sKILLs
ChAPTEr 7 ● Listening Effectively 195
Challenges to Effective Listening 197Personal and Cultural Styles of Listening 197Listening Apprehension 200Dual Processes in Listening 201
Diverse Voices: How I Learned to Shut Up and Listen 202
The Active Listening Process 202Attending 202Understanding 205Remembering 209Critically Evaluating 211Responding 213
Digital Listening Skills 214Attending and Understanding Digital Messages 215Critically Evaluating Digital Messages 215Recognizing Underlying Motives, Values, and Ideologies 216Avoiding Overdependence 216
Summary 216
A Question of Ethics: What Would You Do? 217
Chapter Resources 218What You Should Be Able to Explain 218What You Should Be Able to Do 218Key Words 218
The Social Media FacTor
The Social Media FacTor
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Apply Your Knowledge 218Skill Practice 220Communication Improvement Plan: Listening 221Inter-Act with Media 221What’s on the Web 223
ChAPTEr 8 ● Holding Effective Conversations 225
Conversation: Definition, Structure, and Variation 227Characteristics of Conversation 227Variation in Conversation 229
Guidelines for Effective Conversationalists 234General Conversation Guidelines 234Skills for Conversing with Strangers 238
Cultural Variation in Conversation 244
Digital Conversation Skills 245Awareness of Audience 245
Diverse Voices: Conversational Ballgames 246
Conversational Spontaneity 248Abruptness of Disengagement 248Multiplicity of Conversations 249Managing Privacy 250
A Question of Ethics: What Would You Do? 250
Summary 251
Chapter Resources 251What You Should Be Able to Explain 251What You Should Be Able to Do 251Key Words 252Apply Your Knowledge 252Conversation 252Skill Practice 253Communication Improvement Plan: Conversation 254Inter-Act with Media 254What’s on the Web 255
ChAPTEr 9 ● Supporting Others 257
Empathizing 259Three Types of Empathy 261Guidelines for Improving Empathy 262
Supportive Messages 263
The Social Media FacTor
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Characteristics of Effective and Ineffective Support Messages 264Supporting Positive Feelings: Celebratory Messages 265Supporting Negative Feelings: Comforting Messages 266
Supportive Interaction Phases 267
Supportive Message Skills 268Clarifying Supportive Intentions 268Buffering Face Threats 270Using Other-Centered Messages 273
Diverse Voices: “Which Is My Good Leg?” 274
Framing Information 276Giving Advice 278
Gender and Cultural Similarities and Differences in Supporting 280
Using Social Media to offer Empathy and Support 281Increased Social Distance 281Increased Presence of Others 281Benefits for Apprehensive Individuals 282Ease of Management 282Memorializing Others through Digital Communication 283
A Question of Ethics: What Would You Do? 284
Summary 284
Chapter Resources 285What You Should Be Able to Explain 285What You Should Be Able to Do 285Key Words 286Apply Your Knowledge 286Inter-Action Dialogue: Supporting Others 286Conversation 286Skill Practice 287Communication Improvement Plan: Empathizing and Supporting 288Inter-Act with Media 288What’s on the Web 289
ChAPTEr 10 ● Communicating Personal Information: Disclosure and Privacy 291
The Disclosure-Privacy Dialectic 293
Communication Privacy Management Theory 294Factors that Influence Disclosure and Privacy Rules 295
Effects of Disclosure and Privacy on Relationships 297Effects on Intimacy 298
The Social Media FacTor
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Effects on Reciprocity 298Effects of Disclosure and Privacy on Information Co-ownership 299
Self-Disclosure and Privacy Management Skills 299Self-Disclosure Skills 299Protecting Privacy 306
Personal Feedback Messages 308Asking for Personal Feedback 309Praising 310Constructively Criticizing 312
Digitally Managing Your Personal Information 314Blurred Public and Private Distinction 314Ability of Others to Alter Digital Presence 315
Summary 315
A Question of Ethics: What Would You Do? 316
Chapter Resources 317What You Should Be Able to Explain 317What You Should Be Able to Do 317Key Words 317Apply Your Knowledge 317Inter-Action Dialogue: Disclosure 317Conversation 318Skill Practice 319Communication Improvement Plan: Developing Relationships through Disclosure and Feedback 322Inter-Act with Media 322What’s on the Web 323
ChAPTEr 11 ● Using Interpersonal Influence 325
Interpersonal Power 326Sources of Power 327Principles of Power 329
Interpersonal Persuasion 329Processing Persuasive Messages: The Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) 329Persuading Automatic Processors 331Persuading Extensive Processors 334
Asserting Rights and Expectations 337Approaches to Communicating Rights and Expectations 337Assertive Message Skills 341Assertiveness in Cross-Cultural Relationships 347
The Social Media FacTor
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Summary 347
A Question of Ethics: What Would You Do? 348
Chapter Resources 349What You Should Be Able to Explain 349What You Should Be Able to Do 349Key Words 349Apply Your Knowledge 349Inter-Action Dialogue: Interpersonal Influence 350Skill Practice 351Communication Improvement Plan: Influencing Ethically 354Inter-Act with Media 354What’s on the Web 355
ChAPTEr 12 ● Managing Conflict 357
Types of Interpersonal Conflict 359
Styles of Managing Interpersonal Conflict 360Withdrawing 362Accommodating 363Forcing 363Compromising 364Collaborating 364
Face Negotiation in Conflict 366Cultural Differences in the Meaning of Face 366Face Negotiation Theory 367Face Negotiation and Conflict Styles in American Co-cultural Groups 368
Destructive Conflict Patterns 369Serial Arguing 369Counterblaming 370Cross-complaining 370Demand-Withdrawal 371Mutual Hostility Pattern 371
Guidelines for Effective Conflict Management 372Breaking Patterns of Destructive Conflict 372Creating a Collaborative Conflict Conversation 373
Diverse Voices: The Power of Wastah in Lebanese Speech 378
Forgiveness: Repairing Relationships Damaged by Conflict 378Managing the Dark Side of Digital Communication 381Compulsive and Excessive Internet Use 381Inappropriate Self-Disclosure 382
The Social Media FacTor
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Flaming 383Cyber stalking and Cyberbullying 384
A Question of Ethics: What Would You Do? 385
Summary 386
Chapter Resources 387What You Should Be Able to Explain 387What You Should Be Able to Do 387Key Words 387Apply Your Knowledge 388Skill Practice 390Communication Improvement Plan: Conflict Management 392Inter-Act with Media 392What’s on the Web 393
PArT 3 UsInG CoMMUnICATIon sKILLs To IMProVE rELATIonshIPs
ChAPTEr 13 ● Communicating in Intimate Relationships: Families, Friendships, Marriages, and Other Life Partnerships 395
The Nature of Intimacy 397Intimacy Is an Interaction Pattern 398Characteristics of Intimate Relationships 399
Families 401
Diverse Voices: Performing Commitment 402
Parent-Child Communication 403Communication in Other Types of Family Relationships 407Guidelines for Improving Family Communication 408
Friendships 410Gender Differences in Same-Sex Friendships 411
Marriage and Long-Term Romantic Relationships 412Factors Defining Long-Term Relationships 413Characteristics of Successful Long-Term Relationships 415Positive Communication for Stronger Romantic Relationships 415
The Dark Side of Intimacy 417Relational Uncertainty 417Possessiveness 418
Using Digital Communication Skills to Improve Relationships 420Digital Communication Skills in Personal Relationships 420Initiating Relationships 421
The Social Media FacTor
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A Question of Ethics: What Would You Do? 422
Summary 423
Chapter Resources 424What You Should Be Able to Explain 424What You Should Be Able to Do 424Key Words 424Apply Your Knowledge 424Communication Improvement Plan: Intimate Relationships 426Inter-Act with Media 426What’s on the Web 427
ChAPTEr 14 ● Communicating in the Workplace 429
Finding a Job 431Locating Job Openings 432Résumés and Cover Letters 433Interviewing 437
Communicating in Workplace Relationships 442Communicating in Managerial Relationships 442Communicating in Co-worker Relationships 445Communicating in Customer, Client, and Vendor Relationships 448
Communicating in a Diverse Workplace 449Culture-Based Work Style 449
Diverse Voices: The Group: A Japanese Context 451
Gendered Linguistic Style in the Workplace 452Intergenerational Communication Issues 454
The Dark Side of Workplace Communication 455Aggression at Work 455Sexual Harassment 457
Digital Communication Skills in Professional Relationships 458Enabling Digital Communication between Colleagues 459Implications for Privacy in Professional Relationships 459Digital Communication Etiquette in Your Profession 460
A Question of Ethics: What Would You Do? 461
Summary 462
Chapter Resources 463What You Should Be Able to Explain 463What You Should Be Able to Do 463Key Words 464
The Social Media FacTor
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Apply Your Knowledge 464Skill Practice 464Communication Improvement Plan: Workplace Communication 465Inter-Act with Media 465What’s on the Web 466
Glossary 467
References 480
Photo Credits 493
Index 494
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