Brief Response

• What made the Axis seem undefeatable to the rest of the world? Why didn’t the great powers try to aggressively stop them?

• Their militaries grew at fast rates• their expansion was sudden and frightening.• Britain and France wanted peace and had cut

back their militaries.• The League of Nations had no military power to

stop Italy, Japan, and Germany

Axis Victories

p. 466

Technology once again made this war as surprisingly horrible as WW I.

• Blitzkrieg:• “lightning war”. • German fast style of attack in WW

II.–Hitler did not want a trench war like

WW I.

Technology once again made this war as surprisingly horrible as WW I.

• Advantage of the Blitzkrieg• The Germany military used fast, shocking

vehicles and aircraft, teamed with powerful, long-range artillery.– Entrenched armies were surrounded and

bypassed. – They would surrender when they ran out of

food, supplies, or the will to fight.

Luftwaffe:

• The German Air Force.

• Using small and medium, fast fighters and bombers.

• They worked in unison with the ground forces, making the blitzkrieg effective.

• File: the blitzkrieg

1939: Germany and the Soviet Union finished Poland in a month.

• Stalin then invaded (4)– Lithuania, – Latvia, – Estonia, – part of Finland (with permission from Hitler).

• Hitler sent most of his armies back through Germany to meet the coming attack from the British and French (the Allies).

“the Sitzkrieg”

• AKA: The “Phony War”

• Britain and France did not attack Germany at all.

• They set up fortified positions along the French border from the English Channel to Switzerland.

April, 1940 (Hitler mocks FDR’s letter):

• Germany takes (4)– Denmark, – Norway, – the Netherlands, – Belgium.

May, 1940:

• German troops invaded ____ , bypassing the Maginot Line from the Ardennes Forest in Belgium.

• France– with Italy invading in the south.

• Colour doc….. (covers 1939-Fall of France)– (Need to click file in folder)

• France Falls in one month, France is forced to sign the surrender in the same rail car Germany signed the World War I armistice in.– Hitler then tours Paris, visits Napoleon’s tomb.

Vichy:

• Hitler took control of northern France,

• but allowed a “puppet” French government to rule southern France.– Led by General Philippe Petain

1940, Britain’s new Prime Minister, ___

• Winston Churchill • vowed never to surrender to or

compromise with Hitler.

Operation Seelowe (Sealion):

• After France fell, Hitler reluctantly planned an invasion of ______.

• Great Britain

• Britain had two forces that protected it…..Germany would have to defeat both.– The Royal Navy– The Royal Air Force (RAF)

Battle of Britain:(1st two mins if time)

• What was the Outcome? (3)

• the Luftwaffe tries and fails to destroy the RAF

• Operation Seelowe was cancelled by May, 1941.

German frustration with England

• Hitler ordered day and night bombings of British cities and military targets.

• The British expression for the bombing campaign was ____

• The Blitz: – For the next four years Germany will bomb London: -- handout, if

time.

• Soon, the British retaliated with night bombings of Berlin and other cities.

• Though there was much destruction and loss of life, it was again an heroic moment for the British people.

The Free French

• Some French troops and officers escaped and formed a “Free French” government in England

• _____________________ rose to be the recognized leader.

• Charles de Gaulle• Resistance (guerrilla) forces organized in

France, – with Free French and British aid and training.

Erwin Rommel:

• Brilliant leader of Hitler’s small Afrika Korps. – EC: Allied troops called him the ______– “Desert Fox”

• His troops pushed the British back into Egypt.

Nazi-Soviet Peace

• Lasted two years….. All looked good.

• What does the caption in the cartoon mean? (2)

• In old gangster terms, “taking someone for a ride or walk” meant they were going to be killed.

• Both are hiding pistols while “smiling” at each other.

June, 1941:

• Having subdued the Allies in western Europe, Hitler turned East.

• A sudden attack on eastern Poland, opened the war on _____

• the Soviet Union. – Stalin seemed genuinely surprised.

• His gigantic, well-armed border forces melted before the blitzkrieg.

• Stalin had purged (executed) his best officers in 1936

Russia is Gigantic

• The Germans killed and captured four million troops, – but there were millions more retreating.

• The Soviets retreated, relying on two familiar “weapons”:– destroying everything, repeating the

“scorched-earth” tactics that stopped Napoleon.

– Winter (“General Winter”)

Concentration camps:

• Large facilities holding millions of Jewish detainees and other prisoners of war.

Jews:

• Jews, by this time, were slated for death.– At first wherever they were found, shot by SS

(einsatzgruppen)• Hanged as well.

– Many were forced into overcrowded neighborhoods called ____ to wait for transport to concentration camps.

– ghettos

Genocide for many unwanted groups

• Besides Jews, other inferior peoples: (5)

• Gypsies (Romas)• Disabled/mentally ill (many euthanized in

hospitals)• Homosexuals• Slavs• Poles

January, 1942:Wannsee Conference decides the _____, the German plan to kill all the Jews from captured Europe, in organized death camps.“Final Solution”

–organized death camps» converting current concentration camps » building model death camps in Poland» secure railroad entrance» barracks for » workers (tattooed with serial numbers) » detainees (old, mothers, children, ill/weak)» gas chambers (showers)» crematoria (ovens to burn bodies to ash)» storage for useful items taken from prisoners» luggage » clothes» any metals» hair» gold fillings» medical experiments on human subjects (illegal without permission)» often fatal» Most notorious: Josef Mengele»Hitler ordered that his trains continue taking Jews to camps even when his own troops needed supplies to fight the Allies.

Holocaust:

• The Jewish term for the German genocide against them.

• Some 6 million+ Jews were killed by the end of the war– 2/3 of all Jews living in Europe

• Another 9 million+ Slavs, Gypsies, and others died as well.

August, 1941:

• The Atlantic Charter: – Roosevelt (US) and Churchill (Britain) agree

to: (2)• Destroy Nazi Germany• Protect all people’s right to self-determination.

1941, “Four Freedoms” Speech:

• FDR made the speech to ask Congress to end the Neutrality Acts and pass the ____.

• Lend-Lease Act

1941, FDR’s “Four Freedoms”

• Freedom of speech and expression…. anywhere in the world

• Freedom of religion …. anywhere in the world

“Four Freedoms”

• Freedom from want …. anywhere in the world

• Freedom from fear …. anywhere in the world

FDR asked Congress to do something.

• Lend-Lease Act:

• January, 1941: Congress approved FDR supplying countries that “protect” democracy – with military support (equipment only). – He could either sell it or lend it (free).

Japan Contemplates War :• Japan knew that American media told its people to be anti-

Japanese long before the war.• 1940: FDR moves to stop Japanese aggression.• Roosevelt places a trade __________ of contraband goods to

Japan • embargo

– to protest the war in China and Japanese aggression into French Indochina and the Dutch East Indies.

• Petroleum• Scrap metal (steel, tin)• rubber

• He also moves the Pacific Fleet from San Diego and Los Angeles to ____, Hawai’i.– Pearl Harbor

• Japan sees both moves as a threat.

Japan’s attitude was mixed:

• Pro-peace politicians negotiated with US.

• Most of the military supported war with the US and Britain.– They secretly planned, trained and quietly

dispatched attack fleets to (4)• Singapore, • the Philippines, • key American-held Pacific Islands. • Hawai’i,

Talk and War

• The Japanese military gave the diplomats until early December to negotiate a solution with the US, but nothing happened.– The attacks began on ____ (Japan date) – December 8th– US (Hawai’i) date– December 7th

The US is at War Again.

• On December 8, FDR asked Congress to declare war . – All but one voted for it.

• __________ and _____________ declare war on the US on December 11th.

• Italy

• Germany

Japan’s Early Gains

• By June, 1942, Japan took control of: (8)– the Philippines, – British Malaya, – Singapore, – Guam, – Wake Island, – New Guinea – Hong Kong– Dutch East Indies– They were poised to invade Australia and Hawai’i.

hwk

Image, p. 467

• Question:

• By using repetition and showing determination.

images, 468-9.

• Questions

• 1– To be resourceful– To be cooperative– To be defiant of the enemy

• 2

• The bombings angered the British people and rallied their support for their country

Standards Check, p. 469

Fallen to Axis

• Poland• Norway• Denmark• The Netherlands• Belgium• France• Parts of North Africa• Greece• Yugoslavia

Joined Axis

• Bulgaria• Hungary

Standards Check, p. 470

• Question

• Soviet resistance

• Harsh winter

• Stalin’s orders to destroy equipment, crops, resources useful to Germans.

Thinking Critically, 470-1

• 1• In Poland, near work camps• Shows how prisoners could quickly be

moved to death camps– Shows ruthless Nazi attitude to Slavs and Jews

• 2• Depicts a dramatic drop in European Jewish

population.

Standards Check, 473

• Question:

• Hitler considered non-Germans to be inferior

• They had no right to respect, fair treatment, or even life

Standards Check, p. 474

• Question:

• The United States banned the sale of war materials to Japan

• This hampered Japans war efforts in China and Southeast Asia

Image, 474

• Question:

• The United States ended its isolationist policies and entered the war.

Brief Response

• The Nazis used this poster during the 1932 Reichstag election.

• It reads “Work and Food.”

• What is the message conveyed in this poster?

• Why do you think the Nazis viewed this as one of their most effective posters?