Alan Brinkley,Alan Brinkley,AMERICAN HISTORY 13/eAMERICAN HISTORY 13/e

Chapter Thirty: Chapter Thirty: The Crisis of AuthorityThe Crisis of Authority

Chapter Thirty: Chapter Thirty: The Crisis of AuthorityThe Crisis of Authority

The Youth CultureThe Youth Culture ““Liberation” Liberation”

– The New LeftThe New Left Sources of the New LeftSources of the New Left SDS-1962SDS-1962 The Weathermen-Most RadicalThe Weathermen-Most Radical Arson and College BombingsArson and College Bombings Free Speech MovementFree Speech Movement Strong Opposition to the Vietnam WarStrong Opposition to the Vietnam War People’s ParkPeople’s Park

2

Memorial to the Free Speech Movement at the University of California, Berkeley

Chapter Thirty: Chapter Thirty: The Crisis of AuthorityThe Crisis of Authority

The Youth CultureThe Youth Culture– The CountercultureThe Counterculture

““Hippies”Hippies” Haight-Ashbury DistrictHaight-Ashbury District Growing Influence of Rock ‘n’ RollGrowing Influence of Rock ‘n’ Roll Protest Music-Counterculture PhilosophyProtest Music-Counterculture Philosophy Woodstock Music Festival-1969Woodstock Music Festival-1969

3

Chapter Thirty: Chapter Thirty: The Crisis of AuthorityThe Crisis of Authority

Chapter Thirty: Chapter Thirty:

The Crisis of AuthorityThe Crisis of Authority The Mobilization of MinoritiesThe Mobilization of Minorities

– Seeds of Indian MilitancySeeds of Indian Militancy Native American GrievancesNative American Grievances Failure of “Termination”Failure of “Termination”

– The Indian Civil Rights MovementThe Indian Civil Rights Movement AIM-1968AIM-1968 Focused on Militant ActionFocused on Militant Action Occupation of Wounded Knee-1973Occupation of Wounded Knee-1973 Site of 1890 Massacre of SiouxSite of 1890 Massacre of Sioux Important Legal VictoriesImportant Legal Victories

5

Chapter Thirty: Chapter Thirty:

The Crisis of AuthorityThe Crisis of Authority

6Aboriginal Territories and Modern Reservations of Western Indian Tribes

Chapter Thirty: Chapter Thirty: The Crisis of AuthorityThe Crisis of Authority

The Mobilization of MinoritiesThe Mobilization of Minorities– Latino ActivismLatino Activism

Surging Latino ImmigrationSurging Latino Immigration Latino Population TriplesLatino Population Triples ““Chicano” ActivismChicano” Activism Cesar ChavezCesar Chavez

– Challenging the “Melting Pot” IdealChallenging the “Melting Pot” Ideal Cultural PluralismCultural Pluralism Affirmative Action and Ethnic StudiesAffirmative Action and Ethnic Studies

7

Chapter Thirty: Chapter Thirty:

The Crisis of AuthorityThe Crisis of Authority The Mobilization of MinoritiesThe Mobilization of Minorities

– Gay LiberationGay Liberation ““Stonewall Riot”-1969Stonewall Riot”-1969 Beginning of Gay Liberation MovementBeginning of Gay Liberation Movement Impact of the Gay Liberation MovementImpact of the Gay Liberation Movement Strong Conservative and Fundamentalist Christian BacklashStrong Conservative and Fundamentalist Christian Backlash ““Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell”Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell”

8

Chapter Thirty: Chapter Thirty: The Crisis of AuthorityThe Crisis of Authority

The New FeminismThe New Feminism– The RebirthThe Rebirth

The Feminine Mystique-1963The Feminine Mystique-1963 Voice for Women’s RightsVoice for Women’s Rights Civil Rights Act of 1964Civil Rights Act of 1964 Title VII Legal ProtectionsTitle VII Legal Protections NOW Founded-1966NOW Founded-1966 Focused on Rights in the WorkplaceFocused on Rights in the Workplace

Betty Friedan (Library of Congress)

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Chapter Thirty: Chapter Thirty:

The Crisis of AuthorityThe Crisis of Authority

“There is no civil rights movement to speak for women as there has been for Negroes and other victims of discrimination.”

National Organization for Women

10

Chapter Thirty: Chapter Thirty:

The Crisis of AuthorityThe Crisis of Authority The New FeminismThe New Feminism

– Women’s LiberationWomen’s Liberation New Directions in theNew Directions in the

Women’s MovementWomen’s Movement

11 .

Women in the Paid Work Force 1940-2000

Gloria Steinem

Chapter Thirty: Chapter Thirty:

The Crisis of AuthorityThe Crisis of Authority The New FeminismThe New Feminism

– Expanding AchievementsExpanding Achievements Political and Economic SuccessPolitical and Economic Success Justice Sandra Day O’ConnorJustice Sandra Day O’Connor V.P Candidate Geraldine FerraroV.P Candidate Geraldine Ferraro Failure of ERAFailure of ERA Conservatives and the Christian Right Conservatives and the Christian Right

Opposed ERAOpposed ERA

ERA YES Button12

Phyllis Schlafly in 2011

Chapter Thirty: Chapter Thirty: The Crisis of AuthorityThe Crisis of Authority

Chapter Thirty: Chapter Thirty: The Crisis of AuthorityThe Crisis of Authority

The New FeminismThe New Feminism– The Abortion ControversyThe Abortion Controversy

Roe v. Wade(1973)-Roe v. Wade(1973)-AbortionAbortion Griswold v. Conn.(1965)-Griswold v. Conn.(1965)-Birth ControlBirth Control 9th Amendment’s Unenumerated Rights9th Amendment’s Unenumerated Rights Right to PrivacyRight to Privacy Opposed by Christian ConservativesOpposed by Christian Conservatives ““The Pill” Introduced in 1960The Pill” Introduced in 1960

Contraceptives

14

Chapter Thirty: Chapter Thirty:

The Crisis of AuthorityThe Crisis of Authority Environmentalism in a Turbulent SocietyEnvironmentalism in a Turbulent Society

– The New Science of EcologyThe New Science of Ecology Idea of an Interrelated WorldIdea of an Interrelated World Ecology’s Postwar GrowthEcology’s Postwar Growth

– Environmental AdvocacyEnvironmental Advocacy New Professional Environmental ActivistsNew Professional Environmental Activists

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Chapter Thirty: Chapter Thirty:

The Crisis of AuthorityThe Crisis of Authority Environmentalism in a Turbulent SocietyEnvironmentalism in a Turbulent Society

– Environmental DegradationEnvironmental Degradation Water and Air PollutionWater and Air Pollution

– Earth Day and Earth Day and BeyondBeyond The First The First

“Earth Day”“Earth Day” EPA Established by President EPA Established by President

Nixon-1970Nixon-1970

Air Pollution (Royalty-Free / CORBIS)

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Chapter Thirty: Chapter Thirty:

The Crisis of AuthorityThe Crisis of Authority Nixon, Kissinger, and the WarNixon, Kissinger, and the War

– VietnamizationVietnamization Henry Kissinger-National Security AdvisorHenry Kissinger-National Security Advisor Consequences of “Vietnamization”Consequences of “Vietnamization” ARVN Assumes Greater Combat RoleARVN Assumes Greater Combat Role

– EscalationEscalation Kent State Shooting-1971Kent State Shooting-1971 Invasion and Bombing of Cambodia-1970Invasion and Bombing of Cambodia-1970 ““Pentagon Papers” Leaked to Pentagon Papers” Leaked to New York Times-New York Times-19711971 Anti-war Movement RechargedAnti-war Movement Recharged My Lai Massacre-1971My Lai Massacre-1971 Easter Offensive-March 1972Easter Offensive-March 1972

17 .

Chapter Thirty: Chapter Thirty: The Crisis of AuthorityThe Crisis of Authority

Former Defense Official Daniel Ellsberg

Chapter Thirty: Chapter Thirty:

The Crisis of AuthorityThe Crisis of Authority Nixon, Kissinger, and the WarNixon, Kissinger, and the War

– ““Peace with Honor”Peace with Honor” ““Christmas Bombing”-1972Christmas Bombing”-1972 1972 Presidential Election -“Peace is at Hand”1972 Presidential Election -“Peace is at Hand”

– Defeat in IndochinaDefeat in Indochina Fall of Saigon-April 1975Fall of Saigon-April 1975 President Gerald FordPresident Gerald Ford Domino TheoryDomino Theory Fall of Cambodia and Laos-1975Fall of Cambodia and Laos-1975 Genocide of the Khmer RougeGenocide of the Khmer Rouge

19 .

The skulls of Cambodian citizens form a haunting memorial to the brutality of theKhmer Rouge during the 1970s

Pol Pot 1925-1998

Chapter Thirty: Chapter Thirty:

The Crisis of AuthorityThe Crisis of Authority Nixon, Kissinger, and the WorldNixon, Kissinger, and the World

Toward a “Multi-polar” WorldToward a “Multi-polar” World– China and the Soviet UnionChina and the Soviet Union

Nixon’s China Visit-Feb.1972Nixon’s China Visit-Feb.1972 Taiwan Expelled from U.N.-1971Taiwan Expelled from U.N.-1971 SALT I-1972SALT I-1972 Nuclear Arsenals Frozen at Current LevelsNuclear Arsenals Frozen at Current Levels

– The Problems of Multi-polarityThe Problems of Multi-polarity Nixon DoctrineNixon Doctrine Volatility of the “Third World”Volatility of the “Third World” U.S. Supported Authoritarian RegimesU.S. Supported Authoritarian Regimes ““Six-Day War”-June 1967Six-Day War”-June 1967 Yom Kippur War-Oct.1973Yom Kippur War-Oct.1973 Arab Oil EmbargoArab Oil Embargo

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Chapter Thirty: Chapter Thirty: The Crisis of AuthorityThe Crisis of Authority

Easing Relations Between the United States and China Historical Background — After its Communist takeover in 1949,

the United States refused to recognize the People’s Republic of China, viewing the government of Taiwan as the legitimate Chinese rulers.

Steps to Ease Relations — During the early 1970s, relations eased between the United States and the People’s Republic of China. Nixon referred to the nation by name, travel and trade restrictions were lifted, and American table-tennis players visited China, beginning “Ping-Pong diplomacy.”

Nixon’s Visit to China — In February 1972, Nixon became the first American President to visit China. Touring Chinese sites in front of television cameras, Nixon established the basis for future diplomatic ties during his visit.

Recognizing the Chinese Government — The United States decided to join other nations in recognizing the Chinese government. In October 1971, Taiwan lost its seat in the United Nations to the People’s Republic of China.

Nixon DoctrineElection of Chilean President Salvador Allende-1970*First Democratically Elected Socialist President in South America

*Military Junta led by General Augustin Pinochet Overthrows Allende-1973

*CIA backs Right-wing Elements and the Catholic Church in Support of the Coup d’etat

*Allende killed in Coup and Pinochet Becomes Dictator of Chile Until 1990

I don't see why we need to stand by and watch a country go communist due to the irresponsibility of its

own people. The issues are much too important for the Chilean voters to be left to decide for

themselves." — Henry Kissinger

Chapter Thirty: Chapter Thirty:

The Crisis of AuthorityThe Crisis of Authority Politics and Economics Under NixonPolitics and Economics Under Nixon

– Domestic InitiativesDomestic Initiatives Dismantling the Great SocietyDismantling the Great Society Elimination of Social ProgramsElimination of Social Programs

– From the Warren Court From the Warren Court to the Nixon Courtto the Nixon Court Baker v. Carr(1962)Baker v. Carr(1962)-Apportionment-Apportionment Engel v. Vitale(1962)-Engel v. Vitale(1962)-Public School Prayer UnconstitutionalPublic School Prayer Unconstitutional Gideon v. Wainwright(1963)Gideon v. Wainwright(1963)-Right to an Attorney-Right to an Attorney Miranda v. Arizona(1966)-Miranda v. Arizona(1966)- “Miranda Rights” “Miranda Rights” Furman v. Georgia(1972)-Furman v. Georgia(1972)-Capital PunishmentCapital Punishment Bakke v. Board of Regents Bakke v. Board of Regents

of California(1978)-of California(1978)-Affirmative ActionAffirmative Action

Richard M. Nixon

25

Chapter Thirty: Chapter Thirty: The Crisis of AuthorityThe Crisis of Authority

Chapter Thirty: Chapter Thirty:

The Crisis of AuthorityThe Crisis of Authority Politics and Economics Under NixonPolitics and Economics Under Nixon

– The Election of 1972The Election of 1972 George McGovernGeorge McGovern Assassination Attempt Assassination Attempt

on George Wallace on George Wallace Nixon’s LandslideNixon’s Landslide

– The Troubled EconomyThe Troubled Economy InflationInflation OPEC-1973OPEC-1973 Embargoed Nations That Embargoed Nations That

Supported IsraelSupported Israel Raised Prices 500%Raised Prices 500% Energy CrisisEnergy Crisis DeindustrializationDeindustrialization

– The Nixon ResponseThe Nixon Response ““Stagflation”Stagflation” Inflation and Stagnant EconomyInflation and Stagnant Economy27

George McGovern

Chapter Thirty: Chapter Thirty:

The Crisis of AuthorityThe Crisis of Authority The Watergate CrisisThe Watergate Crisis

– The ScandalsThe Scandals The Changing PresidencyThe Changing Presidency The Watergate Break-InThe Watergate Break-In Offices of the Dem. Nat. CommitteeOffices of the Dem. Nat. Committee ““Cover-Up” of the Break-inCover-Up” of the Break-in ““Saturday Night Massacre”Saturday Night Massacre”

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“What did the president know and when did he know it?”

Senator Howard Baker

H. R. Haldeman — After campaigning tirelessly for Nixon, advertising executive H. R. Haldeman became Nixon’s chief of staff.

John Ehrlichman — Lawyer John Ehrlichman served as Nixon’s personal lawyer and rose to the post of chief domestic advisor.

John Mitchell — Asked to be Attorney General after working with Nixon’s campaign in New York, Mitchell often spoke with Nixon several times a day.

Henry Kissinger — Although he had no previous ties to Nixon, Harvard government professor Henry Kissinger first became Nixon’s national security advisor and later his Secretary of State.

Nixon’s Close Advisors

Chapter Thirty: Chapter Thirty:

The Crisis of AuthorityThe Crisis of Authority The Watergate CrisisThe Watergate Crisis

– The Fall of Richard NixonThe Fall of Richard Nixon U.S. v. Richard M. NixonU.S. v. Richard M. Nixon Nixon Resigns-1974Nixon Resigns-1974

“Our long national nightmare is over.”

Gerald Ford30

Patterns of Popular Culture:Patterns of Popular Culture:

Rock Music in the SixtiesRock Music in the Sixties

Chapter Thirty: Chapter Thirty:

The Crisis of AuthorityThe Crisis of Authority

31

Where Historians Disagree:Where Historians Disagree:

WatergateWatergate

Chapter Thirty: Chapter Thirty:

The Crisis of AuthorityThe Crisis of Authority

32 © 2010, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.