british cede kashmir including ladakh to the hindu dogras in 1846 hindu rule in kashmir continued...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: British cede Kashmir including Ladakh to the Hindu Dogras in 1846 Hindu rule in Kashmir continued until Independence in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c765503460f9492b009/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: British cede Kashmir including Ladakh to the Hindu Dogras in 1846 Hindu rule in Kashmir continued until Independence in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c765503460f9492b009/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: British cede Kashmir including Ladakh to the Hindu Dogras in 1846 Hindu rule in Kashmir continued until Independence in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c765503460f9492b009/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: British cede Kashmir including Ladakh to the Hindu Dogras in 1846 Hindu rule in Kashmir continued until Independence in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c765503460f9492b009/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: British cede Kashmir including Ladakh to the Hindu Dogras in 1846 Hindu rule in Kashmir continued until Independence in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c765503460f9492b009/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: British cede Kashmir including Ladakh to the Hindu Dogras in 1846 Hindu rule in Kashmir continued until Independence in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c765503460f9492b009/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: British cede Kashmir including Ladakh to the Hindu Dogras in 1846 Hindu rule in Kashmir continued until Independence in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c765503460f9492b009/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: British cede Kashmir including Ladakh to the Hindu Dogras in 1846 Hindu rule in Kashmir continued until Independence in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c765503460f9492b009/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: British cede Kashmir including Ladakh to the Hindu Dogras in 1846 Hindu rule in Kashmir continued until Independence in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c765503460f9492b009/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: British cede Kashmir including Ladakh to the Hindu Dogras in 1846 Hindu rule in Kashmir continued until Independence in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c765503460f9492b009/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: British cede Kashmir including Ladakh to the Hindu Dogras in 1846 Hindu rule in Kashmir continued until Independence in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c765503460f9492b009/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: British cede Kashmir including Ladakh to the Hindu Dogras in 1846 Hindu rule in Kashmir continued until Independence in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c765503460f9492b009/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: British cede Kashmir including Ladakh to the Hindu Dogras in 1846 Hindu rule in Kashmir continued until Independence in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c765503460f9492b009/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: British cede Kashmir including Ladakh to the Hindu Dogras in 1846 Hindu rule in Kashmir continued until Independence in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c765503460f9492b009/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: British cede Kashmir including Ladakh to the Hindu Dogras in 1846 Hindu rule in Kashmir continued until Independence in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c765503460f9492b009/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: British cede Kashmir including Ladakh to the Hindu Dogras in 1846 Hindu rule in Kashmir continued until Independence in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c765503460f9492b009/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: British cede Kashmir including Ladakh to the Hindu Dogras in 1846 Hindu rule in Kashmir continued until Independence in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c765503460f9492b009/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: British cede Kashmir including Ladakh to the Hindu Dogras in 1846 Hindu rule in Kashmir continued until Independence in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c765503460f9492b009/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
British cede Kashmir including Ladakh to the Hindu Dogras in 1846
Hindu rule in Kashmir continued until Independence in 1947Ladakh part of India until today
1840-1: Kashmir vs. Tibet War
Dogra invasion of Tibet repulsed;
Tibetans defeated in Ladakh, territory remains with raja of Kashmir
![Page 19: British cede Kashmir including Ladakh to the Hindu Dogras in 1846 Hindu rule in Kashmir continued until Independence in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c765503460f9492b009/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: British cede Kashmir including Ladakh to the Hindu Dogras in 1846 Hindu rule in Kashmir continued until Independence in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c765503460f9492b009/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Maharaja of Kashmir, 1900
![Page 21: British cede Kashmir including Ladakh to the Hindu Dogras in 1846 Hindu rule in Kashmir continued until Independence in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c765503460f9492b009/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
British in the Himalayas:Sahibs Hunt
![Page 22: British cede Kashmir including Ladakh to the Hindu Dogras in 1846 Hindu rule in Kashmir continued until Independence in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c765503460f9492b009/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: British cede Kashmir including Ladakh to the Hindu Dogras in 1846 Hindu rule in Kashmir continued until Independence in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c765503460f9492b009/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
British Develop Himalayas Hill stations for monsoon and heat seasons
Western Himalayas:
Shimla, Mussoorie, Darjeeling, Ooty, Jammu, Kashmir.
Eastern Himalayas
Darjeeling, Gangtok, Kalimpong,
Kurseong, Mirik, Shillong, Imphal
![Page 24: British cede Kashmir including Ladakh to the Hindu Dogras in 1846 Hindu rule in Kashmir continued until Independence in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c765503460f9492b009/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
British Military Recruitment:Employment of “Hill Men” of India and Nepalese “Gurkhas”
![Page 25: British cede Kashmir including Ladakh to the Hindu Dogras in 1846 Hindu rule in Kashmir continued until Independence in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c765503460f9492b009/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Modern Nepal:Pan-regional conquests and Final formation after British conflicts
![Page 26: British cede Kashmir including Ladakh to the Hindu Dogras in 1846 Hindu rule in Kashmir continued until Independence in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c765503460f9492b009/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: British cede Kashmir including Ladakh to the Hindu Dogras in 1846 Hindu rule in Kashmir continued until Independence in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c765503460f9492b009/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Mughal Influences
![Page 28: British cede Kashmir including Ladakh to the Hindu Dogras in 1846 Hindu rule in Kashmir continued until Independence in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c765503460f9492b009/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Rana Rule: 1846-1950
Autocratic Era: Country closed to outsiders. No national treasury, only Rana family holdings. Few efforts to develop infrastructure, including public schools, roads, etc.
Aggressive Hindu nationalism, including Hindu law imposed. Non-Nepali languages and cultures repressed.
![Page 29: British cede Kashmir including Ladakh to the Hindu Dogras in 1846 Hindu rule in Kashmir continued until Independence in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c765503460f9492b009/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Over 100 Rana Palaces built, importing Italian architects, materials.
![Page 30: British cede Kashmir including Ladakh to the Hindu Dogras in 1846 Hindu rule in Kashmir continued until Independence in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c765503460f9492b009/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: British cede Kashmir including Ladakh to the Hindu Dogras in 1846 Hindu rule in Kashmir continued until Independence in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c765503460f9492b009/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Younghusband Expedition to Lhasa1903-4
Massacres, surrender, forced pact to open roads, telegraph, mail service, Resident in Lhasa
![Page 32: British cede Kashmir including Ladakh to the Hindu Dogras in 1846 Hindu rule in Kashmir continued until Independence in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c765503460f9492b009/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: British cede Kashmir including Ladakh to the Hindu Dogras in 1846 Hindu rule in Kashmir continued until Independence in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c765503460f9492b009/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
![Page 34: British cede Kashmir including Ladakh to the Hindu Dogras in 1846 Hindu rule in Kashmir continued until Independence in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c765503460f9492b009/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Expedition to Gyantse, and Lhasa, negotiations with Dalai Lama
![Page 35: British cede Kashmir including Ladakh to the Hindu Dogras in 1846 Hindu rule in Kashmir continued until Independence in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c765503460f9492b009/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Sikkim
In 1642
Persecution of the Nyingmapa sect in Tibet lead to their leaders fleeing the country and taking refuge in Sikkim and Bhutan.
Phuntsog Namgyal, the grandson of Khye Bumsa is consecrated as the first Chogyal
1850-present
Darjeeling separate from Chogyal as part of British India; becomes “hill station”, tea growing area.
1973Indian Annexation
![Page 36: British cede Kashmir including Ladakh to the Hindu Dogras in 1846 Hindu rule in Kashmir continued until Independence in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c765503460f9492b009/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Darjeeling as Hill Station
![Page 37: British cede Kashmir including Ladakh to the Hindu Dogras in 1846 Hindu rule in Kashmir continued until Independence in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c765503460f9492b009/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
![Page 38: British cede Kashmir including Ladakh to the Hindu Dogras in 1846 Hindu rule in Kashmir continued until Independence in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c765503460f9492b009/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
![Page 39: British cede Kashmir including Ladakh to the Hindu Dogras in 1846 Hindu rule in Kashmir continued until Independence in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c765503460f9492b009/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
BhutanA FRONTIER NON-GELUGPA TIBETAN
STATE
in 1616, the Shabdrung Lama repelled numerous Tibetan invasions, unified the many warring regional feudal overlords, and brought all of Bhutan under the influence of the Drukpa Kagyud School.
![Page 40: British cede Kashmir including Ladakh to the Hindu Dogras in 1846 Hindu rule in Kashmir continued until Independence in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c765503460f9492b009/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: British cede Kashmir including Ladakh to the Hindu Dogras in 1846 Hindu rule in Kashmir continued until Independence in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c765503460f9492b009/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
NEW COUNTRY:
In 1907, Ugyen Wangchuk was unanimously elected by all Regional Governors and the Central Monastic Body, at the Punakha Dzong and crowned "Druk Gyalpo" (literally, precious ruler of the dragon people). The present king, the fourth hereditary monarch, is Druk Gyalpo Jigme Singye Wangchuk,
![Page 42: British cede Kashmir including Ladakh to the Hindu Dogras in 1846 Hindu rule in Kashmir continued until Independence in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c765503460f9492b009/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Dzong-s as centers of society
![Page 43: British cede Kashmir including Ladakh to the Hindu Dogras in 1846 Hindu rule in Kashmir continued until Independence in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c765503460f9492b009/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Domestic Culture
120
met
ers
![Page 44: British cede Kashmir including Ladakh to the Hindu Dogras in 1846 Hindu rule in Kashmir continued until Independence in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c765503460f9492b009/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Recent Issue: National Development based on “Gross National Happiness”
and the problem of Ethnic/Cultural Nationalism
Responding to new laws requiring proof of citizenship, national dress [gyo] and language [dzong-kha], Nepali-speaking residents fled Bhutan around 1990. Most of the 100,000 were stripped of land and denied claims to citizenship and expelled.
As of 2008, most remain in refugee camps in Nepal, the only country that would grant refuge.
![Page 45: British cede Kashmir including Ladakh to the Hindu Dogras in 1846 Hindu rule in Kashmir continued until Independence in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c765503460f9492b009/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Useful recent Bhutanese Movies
![Page 46: British cede Kashmir including Ladakh to the Hindu Dogras in 1846 Hindu rule in Kashmir continued until Independence in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c765503460f9492b009/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
NE Himalayas: Assam and Arunachal Pradesh
![Page 47: British cede Kashmir including Ladakh to the Hindu Dogras in 1846 Hindu rule in Kashmir continued until Independence in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c765503460f9492b009/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Great national Hindu temple of Kamakhya, Gauhati
![Page 48: British cede Kashmir including Ladakh to the Hindu Dogras in 1846 Hindu rule in Kashmir continued until Independence in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c765503460f9492b009/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
MODERNITY
![Page 49: British cede Kashmir including Ladakh to the Hindu Dogras in 1846 Hindu rule in Kashmir continued until Independence in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c765503460f9492b009/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Himalayan Frontier as Region of Uprisings:
Hill people vs. Plains elites
Nepal
![Page 50: British cede Kashmir including Ladakh to the Hindu Dogras in 1846 Hindu rule in Kashmir continued until Independence in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c765503460f9492b009/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Kashmir
![Page 51: British cede Kashmir including Ladakh to the Hindu Dogras in 1846 Hindu rule in Kashmir continued until Independence in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c765503460f9492b009/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
NE Himalayas
Darjeeling and Assam
Gorkhaland State
Secession from India Movement
![Page 52: British cede Kashmir including Ladakh to the Hindu Dogras in 1846 Hindu rule in Kashmir continued until Independence in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c765503460f9492b009/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Media and its opening new vistas
![Page 53: British cede Kashmir including Ladakh to the Hindu Dogras in 1846 Hindu rule in Kashmir continued until Independence in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c765503460f9492b009/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Extreme Poverty and the Challenge of Community Uplift
![Page 54: British cede Kashmir including Ladakh to the Hindu Dogras in 1846 Hindu rule in Kashmir continued until Independence in](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062712/56649c765503460f9492b009/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Himalayan Buddhism beyond ethic and national
borders