british history seen through art.pdf

B ritish History

Seen Through Art

Gina D. B. Clemen

Laura Stagno

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British History Seen Through Art - Blackcat © 2011 De Agostini Scuola S.p.A. - Novara

Gina D. B. Clemen

Laura Stagno

B ritish History

Seen Through Art

British History 2008 14-02-2008 10:25 Pagina 1


Editor: Alex SmithDesign: Nadia MaestriLayout: Simona CorniolaPicture research and authorisation: Laura LagomarsinoWeb research: Lorenzo Bagnara

Historical text and exercises: Gina D. B. ClemenArtistic text: Laura Stagno

© 2001 Black Cat Publishing, an imprint of Cideb Editrice, Genoa, Canterbury

First edition: September 2001

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the written permission of the publisher.

We would be happy to receive your comments and suggestions, and give you any other information concerning our material. [email protected]

ISBN 978-88-7754-752-1 BookISBN 978-88-7754-618-0 Book + CD

Printed in Italy by Stamperia Artistica Nazionale, Trofarello, Turin.

TEXTBOOKSANDTEACHINGMATERIALS

Thequalityofthepublisher’sdesign,productionandsalesprocesseshasbeencertifiedtothestandardof

UNIEN ISO 9001



ContentsContentsIntroduction 5

CHAPTER ONE The Beginnings 6

exercises 12

Internet activities 14

CHAPTER TWO The Normans and the M iddle Ages 17

exercises 25


CHAPTER THREE The Tudors 28

exercises 33


CHAPTER FOUR The E lizabethan Age 37

exercises 45


CHAPTER FIVE The S tuarts and the C ivil War 47

exercises 52


CHAPTER SIX The Restoration 58

exercises 64


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CHAPTER SEVEN The Georgian Age and the Industrial Revolution 66

exercises 72


CHAPTER EIGHT Wars in the Colonies and in Europe 76

exercises 81


CHAPTER NINE The V ictorian Age 85

exercises 91


CHAPTER TEN The Edwardian Age and World War I 95

exercises 100


CHAPTER ELEVEN World W ar II and the Post-war Years 102

exercises 107


CHAPTER TWELVE Moving Towards the Twenty-First Century 109

exercises 115


-STYLEEXITTEST 123

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IntroductionIntroduction

Whatbetterwaytolearnaboutthehistoryofacountrythanthroughitsart?Arthas

alwaysbeenavibrantexpressionoftheevolutionofacountry’sculture,itspeople

andtheiraspirations.

BritishHistorySeenThroughArt relatesthesignificanteventsofBritishhistorywitha

detailedcommentaryonthemostimportantworksofartoftheperiod.

StartingwiththearchitecturalachievementofStonehenge,whichismorethan

4,000yearsold,andlookingatCelticandAnglo-SaxonArt,weseehistoryunfold

beforeoureyes.WeobservehowthereligiousartoftheMiddleAgesbecamemore

secularafterHenryVIII,andhowartfromcontinentalEuropeinfluencedthe

paintingandarchitectureoftheBritishIsles.

WewitnessimportantchangesinBritishsociety.Withtheriseinpowerofthe

middle-classesintheGeorgianAge,artwasnotonlythepropagandaofamonarch

ornation,butalsoportraitsofwealthyfamiliesandpicturesoftheirproperty.The

economicandsocialchangesoftheIndustrialRevolutionproducedanewformof

artisticexpression:thepaintingasasocio-politicaldocument,andforthefirsttime

artinvolvedallsocialclasses.

Inthetwentiethcenturyphotography,filmandmoderntechnologywereallusedto

interpretandrepresentevents,andreflectedanewfreedomofartisticexpression.

Atthebeginningofthenewmillennium,Britishartisreinventingitselfoncemore

toreflecthowwelivetoday.

Bothstudentsandteacherswillenjoythiscross-curricularapproachtothestudyof

thehistoryofBritainanditsart.

BritishHistorySeenThroughArthasitsowninternetsite,www.britishhistoryart.com,

whereyoucanfindlinkstointernetsitesaboutBritishhistoryorBritishart.There

areinternetactivitieseitherattheendofthechaptersorontheinternetsite.

Thissymbolindicatestheinternetactivitieswhichyoucanfindat


Thistextisrecordedinfull.

Thesesymbolsindicatethebeginningandendoftheextractslinkedtothe

listeningactivities.END

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Stonehenge, Salisbury Plain.

Stonehenge is in fact a series of circles made of blocks of stone, some of which are very large. It was not completed as a single project but built over several generations.

CHAPTER ONE

The Beginnings

THE CELTS: BEFORE AND AFTER

PeopleprobablyarrivedintheBritishIslesabout300,000yearsagoduringthe

PalaeolithicAgeorOldStoneAge.Thisperiodisknownasprehistory:theperiodbefore

peoplekeptwrittenrecords.

NewsettlersfromEuropearrivedinBritainabout4000BC.Inabout3000BCthesepeople

startedusingstoneasabuildingmaterial.Stonehenge,anenormousstonecirclein

SouthernEngland,wasprobablybuiltataboutthesametimeastheGreatPyramidof

GizainEgypt–about2300BC!TodayastronomersthinkStonehengewasusedtomeasure

themovementsofthesun,moonandstars,andalsoforpaganreligiouspractices.

6

2



Desborough Mirror (1st century).

By looking at one of the best survivingexamples of Celtic mirrors we canappreciate the essential characteristicsof Celtic art. The surface of the mirroris made from brightly polished metal,but the back (shown here) is of muchgreater interest. Made from bronze, ithas been engraved using a sharpinstrument to produce decorative wave-

like patterns and finished with round,eye-shaped motifs using the cross-

hatching technique. Celtic art was abstract for the most part,

based on curved patterns. The Celts were notinterested in ‘representational’ painting and

sculpture (reproductions of reality, especially thehuman body), which were popular in classical Greek andRoman art. The Celts’ love of linear patterns and puredecoration was to continue to flourish for centuries in Britishart, long after the Roman conquest, and came to form one of itsdistinguishing features.

The Beginnnings

7

Seen Through Art

TheCelts,tribesoriginallyfromCentralEurope,arrivedinBritainafter700BC.They

werestrong,fearlesswarriorsandconqueredanextensivepartofEurope.Theywerealso

expertmetalworkersandmadeirontools,weapons,helmetsandarmour.Withbronze

andgoldtheycreatedcoins,mirrors,ornaments,smallstatuesandbeautifuljewellery.

TheCeltsdidnotwritetheirownhistorybutfortunatelytheGreeksandRomanswrote

aboutthem.TheirlanguageisstillspokentodaybecauseGaelicIrishandScots,Welsh,

CornishandBretonareCelticlanguages.

In43ADtheRomanEmperorClaudiusandhisarmyconqueredBritain,whichbecame

partoftheRomanEmpireandwascalledBritannia.



8

Hadrian’s Wall.

One monument in particular was so important that it came to symbolise RomanBritain. Hadrian’s Wall, one of the greatest feats of engineering in the Roman world,measures 80 Roman miles (120 km). It ‘cuts’ across the country from coast to coast,from the Solway Firth to the River Tyne. Hadrian, who visited the British colony in 122 AD, was the first emperor in Romanhistory to build a wall in order to ‘separate the “barbarians” (rebellious tribes whowere never brought completely under control) from the Romans’, as his biographersays. The wall was built mainly in stone with forts and turrets at regular intervals,and marks a fundamental change in how the Roman Empire was seen. It was nolonger thought to be without frontiers and in continual expansion (as Augustusbelieved in the first century BC), but now had specific borders and defences. Thegradual ‘Romanisation’ of the local people took place inside a well-defined area.

8

TheRomansbroughttheirlaws,theirreligion,awrittenlanguageandwrittennumbers.

Beingskilledengineers,theybuiltforts,townsandbeautifulhousesdecoratedwith

elaboratemosaicsandstatues,andexcellentroads,someofwhichstillexisttoday.

British History



The Beginnnings

Bacchus Mosaic (5th century).

British mosaics show how localcraftsmen were influenced byRoman works of art. They attempted to copyclassical models in their choiceof subject matter and style.They used them in a simplermore linear manner which wascloser to Celtic traditions. Themajority of these mosaics,which were made from tinysquares of brick and differentcoloured stone, were producedbetween the first and fourthcentury AD.

Mildenhall Satyr and Menade Plate(4th century).

We can reconstruct the complex processof the meeting of two civilisations, bothrich in traditions – by ‘reading’ works ofart from the period. Classical modelswere introduced to Britain in manydifferent ways. Roman coins, statues ofRoman gods and emperors, preciousobjects made in Rome, Constantinopleand Antioch were imported. Thisbeautiful silver plate, which shows thedetailed anatomy and elegant clothingtypical of Greco-Roman art, is part of afourth century treasure found inMildenhall, Suffolk.

Seen Through Art



THE ANGLO-SAXONS AND VIKINGS

In406AD,afteralmost400years,theRomansleftBritain,whichwassooninvadedby

theAnglo-Saxons,tribesfromGermanywhoweregreatwarriorsandtooktheCelts'land

andtreasures.Fromabout513ADto537ADaCelticleadernamedArthurfoughtbravely

againsttheAnglo-Saxoninvadersandbecamethefigureoflegend,KingArthur.

Purse lid (7th century).A lot of information on the traditions and characteristics of the Anglo-Saxons comes from objectsfound in 1939 at Sutton Hoo in Suffolk. Archaeologists discovered a ship, 25 metres in length,which was built to carry the dead, at least symbolically, into the afterlife. Inside the ship theyfound the burial effects of a seventh-century Anglo-Saxon king, including weapons, coins, clothing andjewellery. This purse lid comes from the treasure.At the bottom there is an image of an eagleseizing a duck, and at the sides a man beingattacked by two wild boars; 1 both are shown ingold, enamel and glass-like stones. Highly stylised hunting and animal motifs werecommon to ‘Barbarian’ art throughout Europe.Jewellery and metal decorations for weapons andclothes were among the favourite art works of theAnglo-Saxons because they were easy to transport.

1 wildboars :wildpigs.

British History

10



In597AD Augustine,amissionarysentfromRome,arrivedinKentandestablisheda

ChristianchurchatCanterbury,wherehebecamethefirstArchbishopofCanterbury.

Duringthisperiodmonasteries,wheremonksstudiedandcopiedreligiousbooks,were

beingbuiltallaroundBritain.

AttheendoftheeighthcenturytheVikingsfromScandinaviaattackedtheeastcoastofBritain.

TheseexpertnavigatorsandbravewarriorssoonsettledthroughoutmostoftheBritishIsles.The

Anglo-SaxonKing,AlfredtheGreat,foughtagainstthemsuccessfully,butafterhisdeathin899

theVikingsattackedagainandsoonBritainwasruledbyVikingkings.OneofthemwasKing

Canute,awiseandhonestking,whobroughtpeaceandprosperitytohispeople.

11

A page of the Lindisfarne Gospel, St Matthew chap. I, v. 18, (8th century)

The religious books produced bymonks – particularly in Ireland –are precious religious andartistic treasures in which thespirit of ancient Celticdecoration flourishes. On this page of the LindisfarneGospel (early eighth century),notice how the Greek letters ‘X’and ‘P’ (‘chi’ and ‘ro’, the firsttwo letters of the word ‘Christ’in Greek) are made up of acomplex system of braids 1 andspirals. This highly intricate,decorative form (without apictorial narrative) shows howCeltic art continued to thrive in asociety which had converted toChristianity.

The BeginnningsSeen Through Art

1 braids :(here)bandsofcottonorwool.



12

2 Readthedescriptionsandmatchthemwiththecorrectpersonorpeople.Writethecorrectletterinthebox.

1 Britain’snewnameunderRomanrule.

2 AnimportantAnglo-Saxonburialsite.

3 ThesepeoplecamefromGermanyandinvadedBritain.

4 TheywereexpertnavigatorsfromScandinavia.

5 Hebuiltawalltoseparatethe‘barbarians’fromtheRomans.

6 ThislegendarykingfoughtagainsttheAngloSaxonsfrom513ADto537AD.

7 Theirlanguagestillsurvives.

8 ThisSaxonkingfoughtsuccessfullyagainsttheVikings.

A TheCelts E TheAnglo-Saxons

B KingArthur F Britannia

C KingAlfredtheGreat G TheVikings

D SuttonHoo H EmperorHadrian

Go back to the text

1 Decideifeachstatementiscorrectorincorrect.Ifitiscorrect,tickA;ifitisnotcorrect,tickB.

A B

1 StonehengeisanenormousstonepyramidinSouthernEnglandbuiltabout2300BC

2 TheCeltscamefromCentralEuropein700BCandweregreatwarriorsandexpertmetalworkers.

3 Celticartwasmainlyabstract,basedoncurvedpatterns.

4 TheRomanEmperorJuliusCaesarandhisarmyconqueredBritainin43AD.

5 Britishmosaicswerecompletelyoriginalandwerenotinfluencedbyclassicalmodels.

6 WhentheRomansleftBritainin406ADtherewasanAnglo-Saxoninvasion.

7 ‘Barbarian’artischaracterisedbyveryrealisticprofilesofsoldiers.

8 ThefirstArchbishopofCanterburywasAugustine,aRomanmissionary.

9 Celticdecorationcontinuedtoflourishinthereligiousbooksproducedbymonks.

10 TheVikingsinvadedandsettledthroughoutmostofKentattheendoftheeighthcentury.

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3 YouaregoingtohearabiographyofKingArthur.ListentotheinformationandforeachquestionindicatethecorrectanswerA,BorC.

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1 InwhatcenturywasthelegendofKingArthurborn?

A thefifteenthcentury

B thesixthcentury

C thefifthcentury

2 WhodidKingArthurandhisknightsfightagainst?

A theVikings

B theCelts

C theSaxons

3 WhatwasthenameofArthur’smagicsword?

A Excalibur

B Excellence

C Guinevere

4 Whatwashiswife’sname?

A Camelot

B Guinevere

C Justine

5 WheredidKingArthurandhisknightsmeet?

A onthebattlefield

B inchurch

C attheRoundTable

6 HowmanynameswerepaintedontheRoundTable?

A 34

B 24

C 4

7 InwhatyearwasKingArthurkilled?

A 527AD

B 327AD

C 537AD

8 WhodiscoveredKingArthur’sgraveandwhendidtheydiscoverit?

A ThemonksofCamelotattheendofthe12thcentury.

B TheKnightsoftheRoundTablein537AD.

C ThemonksofGlastonburyattheendofthe12thcentury.

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Gotowww.britishhistoryart.com andclickon:

1 Herearesome frequentlyaskedquestionsaboutStonehenge.Use thewebsiteaddressforChapterOne.Explorethevarioussectionsofthewebsitetofindtheanswerstothesequestions.

1 HowoldisStonehengeandwhenwerethefirststonesputthere?

2 IsStonehengethelargeststonecircleintheworld?

3 Whydidpeopleputthestonesthere?

4 Whatarethebluestonesandaretheyreallyblue?

5 Wheredotheycomefrom?

6 IsitpossibletovisitallofStonehenge?

7 WhodoesStonehengebelongtonow?

8 WhatwerethethreestagesinwhichStonehengewasbuilt?Describetheminyourownwords.

2 Click on the interactive map of Stonehenge. You will find photographs and video clips.WatchhowStonehengehaschanged.Whatother sitesare there in thearea?Chooseoneofthemandwritesomeinformationaboutit.Remembertoinclude.

• Whenitwasbuilt

• Whereitwasbuilt

• Somemoreinformationaboutthesite

14

CHAPTERONE

INTER

NET ACTIVITIES



3 ReadthetextonRomanBritainandcompletethetable.

RomanInvasion1 ThenumberofsoldiersintheRoman ...........................................

invasionof43AD. ...........................................

2 TheareaofEnglandcontrolledbythe ...........................................Romansin60AD. ...........................................

3 ThenameoftheCelticleaderwho ...........................................rebelledagainstRomanrule. ...........................................

4 AnexampleofaRomanvillawhichhas ...........................................beenexcavated. ...........................................

5 ThedatesofconstructionoftheAntonineWall. ...........................................

6 ThelocationoftheAntonineWall. ...........................................

7 Thenamegiventotheperiodofpeace ...........................................underRomanrule. ...........................................

8 Thepersonwhowasresponsibleforremoving ...........................................theRomanarmiesfromBritain. ...........................................

9 WhathappenedaftertheRomansleftBritain?(useabout30words)...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

15

INTER

NET ACTIVITIES



Before you read

1 ListentothefirstpartofChapterTwoandforeachquestionindicatethecorrectanswerA,B orC.

16

1 EdwardtheConfessor,thekingofEngland,promisedhisthroneto

A DukeWilliamofNormandy.

B theEarlofWessex.

C HaroldGodwinsson.

2 WhenHaroldGodwinssonwascrownedking,hehadthesupportofthe

A Anglo-Saxonnobles.

B ArchbishopofCanterbury.

C Normannobles.

3 HowmanysoldierswerethereinWilliamtheConqueror’sarmy?

A 700

B 6,000

C 7,000

4 Whatdoesn'ttheBayeuxTapestryshow?

A buildingships

B cuttingtrees

C buildingcastles

5 WhatweretheNormanshipscalled?

A hauberks

B dragons

C drakkars

6 OnwhichdaywastheBattleofHastingsfoughtin1066?

A 13October

B 14October

C 15October

7 WhodidtheAnglo-SaxonarmyfightbeforetheymarchedtoHastings?

A aNorwegianarmy

B aScottisharmy

C aDanisharmy

8 HowwasKingHaroldkilled?

A byanarrowintheeye

B byaswordinthestomach

C byanaxeinthearm

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CHAPTER TWO

The Normans and the Middle Ages

THE BAYEUX TAPESTRY AND NORMAN CONQUEST OF ENGLAND

AveryimportanteventinBritishhistorytookplacein1066:theBattleofHastings.

ThephasesofthebattlearerecordedintheBayeuxTapestry,anexceptionallyrichsource

ofinformation,aswellasaremarkableworkofart.Theembroidered 1 chroniclebegins

withadescriptionofwhathappenedbeforethebattle.Itisquiteacomplicatedstory.

A detail from the Bayeux Tapestry.

The Bayeux Tapestry is a woollenembroidered linen canvas, made up ofmany panels. It was made in about1077. The tapestry was originally 70metres long, but unfortunately part ofit has been lost.It was a pictorial story for a public whocouldn’t read. It tells the story from theNorman point of view: William isshown as a hero, while Harold is atraitor who deserves his death.In this close-up you can clearly see thetechnique used to make the tapestry.Notice that the threads 2 have differentdimensions according to their function.For instance, the black thread thatgives the contour to the eyes and thenose is bigger than the others.

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1 embroidered :decoratedwithpatternsorpicturessewnontocloth.

2 threads:longpiecesofcottonorwool.

4



British History

Harold Godwinsson takes thecrown of England.

Notice that the manyinscriptions embroideredon the tapestry are inLatin, the language usedby all the educated classesin Europe.

EdwardtheConfessor,thekingofEngland,washalfNormanandhalfAnglo-Saxon.He

leftnosonofhisown.In1051hepromisedhisthronetoDukeWilliamofNormandy,who

washiscousinonhismother’sside.

EdwardsentHaroldGodwinsson,whowasthesonofoneofthemostpowerfulAnglo-

Saxonnoblemen,theEarlofWessex,toswearallegiance 1 toWilliam.However,in1066,

whenKingEdwarddied,HaroldtookthecrownofEnglandwiththesupportoftheAnglo-

Saxonaristocracy.

William the Conqueror.

1 swearallegiance:promiseunderoath.

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The Normans

WhenWilliamofNormandyheardthishewasveryangryandhedecidedtoinvade

Englandwithanarmyof7,000men.However,hisgreatestproblemwastoassembleabig

enoughfleet.TheBayeuxTapestryshowspeoplecuttingtrees,buildingshipsand

launchingthemintothesea.

Whenthefleetwasready,theNormansembarkedtheirweapons.Themailhauberks 1

weresoheavythattwopeoplehadtocarrythem.TheNormansalsotookhorses,food,

wineandothersupplies.TheNormanships,called‘drakkars’,crossedtheEnglish

ChannelandlandedontheSussexcoast.

Men carrying the mail hauberks and others pulling armsand armour.

Workers cutting trees to build ships.

1 mailhauberks :armourmadeofmanymetalrings.

The Norman Ships crossing the English Channel.

The Norman ships, whichwere technically veryadvanced, carried sails butwere so light that they couldalso be rowed at speed. Theywere easy to manoeuvre andto land on any beach.

19

Seen Through Art



20

On14October1066theNormansfoughttheAnglo-SaxonsatHastings.Itwasalong,

difficultbattle.AlthoughtheAnglo-Saxonsfoughtbravely,theywerefewinnumber.

TheywerealsoverytiredbecausetheydefeatedNorwegianinvadersinthenorthbefore

theymarchedtoHastings.

AftereighthoursofbattleHaroldGodwinssonwaskilledwhenanarrowstruckhimin

theeye.AfterthistheSaxonsweredefeated,andafterhisvictoryWilliamwascalled‘the

Conqueror’.HebecameKingofEnglandonChristmasDay1066.

The Norman cavalry charging the Anglo-Saxons.

The Normans had the advantage because some of them fought on horseback while the Anglo-Saxons fought on foot. Also, the Normans had better weapons than the Anglo-Saxons.

British History

END



21

1 adorn :decorate.

The NormansSeen Through Art

The Bayeux Tapestry was made for William’s half-brother, Odo, Bishop of Bayeux inNormandy, who used it to adorn 1 the choir of the cathedral of his city. Bishop Odo is depictedhere, on the right, blessing the food and drink before a meal. In its illustration of the themes of betrayal and punishment, the tapestry is very similar to theepics of the Knights of the Round Table. The precision and realism of the details representedgive us a huge amount of first-hand information about how people lived and fought at the timeof the Norman Conquest of England.



British History

AFTER THE CONQUEST

AworkofartasrichindetailastheBayeuxTapestryisrare. Wedonothaveanycomparable

worksofarttogiveusinformationfortheyearsthatfollowedandshapedEnglishmedieval

society.

WilliamtheConquerorbroughtthefeudalsystemtoEngland.Underthissystemthelandin

Englandwasownedbytheking.Thekingpermittedbaronstousehislandinreturnfor

militaryservice.Thebaronslivedinmanorhouses 1 andbuiltcastlesfordefence.These

baronshadprivatearmies,whichwerecommandedbyknights.Whenthekingcalledthem,

theywenttofightforhim.Thebaronspermittedtheirknightstousetheking’sland,which

theknightsdividedamongthefarmers,whowerefreemen.Thepeasantsorserfswereatthe

lowestlevelofthefeudalsystem–theywerethepropertyofthebaron.

WhenWilliamtheConquerorbecameking,healsobecamethedirectowneroftheland

whichbeforetheBattleofHastingsbelongedtoHarold,hisfamilyandhisAnglo-Saxon

allies.TheKingwantedtocarryoutasurvey 2 tofindoutexactlywhatheandtheother

landlordsowned:howmuchland,howmanyanimals,howmanymanors,howmany

castles,howmanychurchesandhowmanypeopletherewere.

In1086allthisinformationwaswrittenintheDomesdayBook.Theresultwasaunique

pictureofEnglishsociety,wherealmostallthepopulationworkedinagriculture,with

littleornoindustryorcommerce.Thesurveyshowedthatonefifthofthelandin

EnglandbelongedtoWilliam,aquartertotheChurchandtheresttoNormannoblemen.

ThepopulationofEnglandin1086wasaboutoneandahalfmillion.

Miniature showing William Marshal unhorsing Baldwin of Guinnes (1233)by Matthew Paris from his Historia Maior.

1 manorhouses :countryhousesoftheprovincialnobility. 2 survey:report.



2323

TheNormansbuiltfortsandcastlesonhills,nearriversorroads,inordertocontrolthe

territory.ThemostfamouscastlewastheWhiteTowerinLondon,todayapartofthe

TowerofLondoncomplex.

Miniature showing Charles Duke of Orleans writing in the Tower of London (c. 1415).

The complex of buildings which today is called the Tower of London was begun by William theConqueror around 1076. While the first Norman castles were made of earth and timber, theimpressive structure near the Thames was built in stone and its walls were whitewashed – andthis is how it got its name the White Tower. It soon became an architectural symbol of Normanmilitary supremacy. In the centuries that followed the original structure was added to, in thisminiature you can see the tower as it appeared at the beginning of the fifteenth century. Duringits long history, it has been a fortress, a palace, a prison and a royal mint. 1

1 mint :(here)agovernmentbuildingwherecoinsaremade.



Fromthetenthtothetwelfthcentury

westernEuropeanarchitecturewas

Romanesque.Normanarchitectsfrom

FrancedesignedbeautifulRomanesque

churchesandcathedralsinEngland.

AFTER WILLIAM

WilliamtheConquerorwaskinguntilhisdeathin1087.Thenhissonsbecame

kingsandhisgreat-grandsonwasHenryII,thefirstPlantagenetkingof

England.Theperiodfromthetenthtothefifteenthcenturyiscalledthe

MiddleAges.

Duringthisperiodreligionwasveryimportantineverydaylife.The

ChristianChurchwasrichandpowerful,andabbeysandmonasterieswere

importantcentresof

learning.

Bishopswerevery

powerfulandtheyoften

quarrelledwiththe

king.TheArchbishopof

Canterbury,Thomasà

Becket,didnotagree

withKingHenryII.

Theyhadaviolent

quarrelandin1170

fouroftheking’sknightskilledThomasà

BecketinCanterburyCathedral.

Durham Cathedral.

Durham Cathedral, which was built between theeleventh and the twelfth century, is a good exampleof the Romanesque style of architecture. It is animpressive but austere building. The interior issolemn and creates a deep sense of religious peace.

King Henry II.

St Thomas à Becket shown in a stained-glass windowin Canterbury Cathedral (c. 1220).

During the Gothic period, when windows inchurches became much larger, stained glassbecame fashionable.As you can see, they were made of a mosaic ofdifferent coloured pieces of glass in a lead frame.



25

Go back to the text

1 ReadthesentencesbelowandforeachquestionindicatethecorrectanswerA,B,C orD.

1 TheBayeuxTapestryisaremarkableworkofart

A andanimportanthistoricalpainting.

B andapreciousmanuscript.

C andanextraordinarysourceofinformation.

D andisnowkeptinamuseuminLondon.

2 TheBayeuxTapestrytellsthestoryof

A theBattleofHastingsfromtheNormanpointofview.

B lifeinmedievalEngland.

C theVikinginvasionofeasternEngland.

D theKnightsoftheRoundTable.

3 WhydidHaroldGodwinssongotoNormandy?

A todeclarewaronDukeWilliamofNormandy

B toaskforhelpfightingtheNorwegians

C tomarryaNormanprincess

D topromisetosupportDukeWilliamofNormandy

4 WhenHaroldGodwinssontookthecrownofEnglandin1066,afterKingEdward'sdeath,

A therewasahugecelebration.

B hemarriedaNormanqueen.

C WilliamofNormandypreparedtoinvadeEngland.

D hedeclaredwarontheNormans.

5 WilliamofNormandyhadastrongarmy,butheneeded

A betterweapons.

B morehorses.

C mapsoftheSussexcoast.

D abigenoughfleet.

6 TheBattleofHastings,whichtookplaceon14October1066,resultedin

A theEnglishCivilWar.

B anAnglo-Saxonvictory.

C thevictoryofWilliamtheConqueror.

D thevictoryofEdwardtheConfessor.

7 WilliamtheConquerorbrought

A ChristianitytoEngland.

B theBayeuxTapestrytoFrance.

C aprivatearmytoNormandy.

D thefeudalsystemtoEngland.

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26

2 WhatdoyourememberabouttheBayeuxTapestry?Lookatthestatementsbelowandindicateifeachstatementistrue(T)orfalse(F).AlltheanswersareinChapterTwo–don’tforgettocheck.

T F

1 Thethreadsaremadeofcotton.

2 Thepanelsaremadeoflinen.

3 Thetapestryismadeoftwopanels.

4 Thetapestrywasmadeinabout1077.

5 Itwasoriginally70metreslong.

6 Partofthetapestryhasbeenlost.

7 Thethreadshavedifferentdimensionsaccordingtotheircolour.

8 TheinscriptionsonthetapestryareinFrench.

9 Thelanguageusedonthetapestrycouldbeunderstoodbyeveryone.

10 BishopOdoputthetapestryupinthecathedralofBayeux.

8 TheDomesdayBookwas

A abookofprayer.

B thechronicleoftheBattleofHastings.

C thestoryofthePlantagenetkings.

D asurvey.

9 ThomasàBecket,ArchbishopofCanterbury,waskilledbyKingHenryII'sknightsbecausehe

A wastoopowerful.

B quarrelledviolentlywiththeKing.

C wasdishonest.

D wantedtobecomekingofEngland.



THEMIDDLEAGESIN ........................................................................................ (yourregion)

POPULATION ............................................................................................................................

HEADOFSTATE .......................................................................................................................

ETHNICGROUPS.......................................................................................................................

IMPORTANTBUILDINGS (choose2)

NAME DATE ARCHITECTURALSTYLE FEATURES/DESCRIPTION

ANIMPORTANTEVENT (Writeashortparagraphaboutanimportanthistoricalevent.Thiscouldbeamilitaryevent,orareligiousevent,orthemakingofasignificantworkofart.)

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27

Time Travel

3 Whatdoyouknowabout theMiddleAges inyourregion?Findoutsome informationand fill inthisfact-sheet.

@ Gotowww.britishhistoryart.com andclickon:

Followthelinksanddownloadthefiletocompletetheactivities.

CHAPTERTWO



28

CHAPTER THREE

The Tudors

THE HUNDRED YEARS WAR

FormorethanahundredyearsEnglandwasatwarwithFrance(1337-1453).Thiswas

calledtheHundredYearsWar,duringwhichfiveEnglishkingsfoughtagainstfiveFrench

kings!TheEnglishkingswantedtogetbacktheirlandsinFrance,butby1453England

hadlostallitslandsinFranceexceptforCalais.

The Battle of Crécy from the HundredYears War, 24th August 1346, showingthe English and French Armies,Froissart’s Chronicle (late 15th Century).

At the Battle of Crécy, one of theearliest battles of the HundredYears War, the English, seen hereon the right, defeated the French. The tiny figures of the soldiers arecrowded together in a mass ofbright colours, against abackground of hills. The soldiersare painted in an elegant style. The taste for detail and delicateforms, also shown in the elegantArabesque patterns surrounding thepage, is typical of the Gothic style.This style was an internationalartistic ‘language’ which united thecourts of Europe and accuratelyexpressed the chivalrous ideals ofthe age.

5



TheHundredYearsWarwasinterruptedin

1348bytheBlackDeath.Thisplague, 1 which

wascarriedbyratsfromAsia,killed

thousandsofpeoplealloverEuropeincluding

aboutonethirdoftheEnglishpopulation.

In1398GeoffreyChaucerpublished

TheCanterburyTales,themostimportant

workofliteratureinEnglishfromtheMiddle

Ages.Itisanexcellentaccount

offourteenthcenturylifeandcustomsin

medievalEngland.

THE WARS OF THE ROSES

AcivilwarbeganinEnglandin1455betweentworival

familieswhobothwantedtheEnglishthrone.Thewarwas

calledtheWarsoftheRosesbecausetheemblemofboth

familieswasarose–thehouseofLancasterhadaredrose

andthehouseofYorkhadawhiteone.Whenthewar

finallyfinishedin1485,HenryTudorofthehouseof

Lancasterwon,becomingKingHenryVII.TheTudors

wouldruleEnglanduntil1603.

1 plague :acontagiousdiseasewhichkillsmanypeople.

2 Woodcuts :Printsmadefromdesignscutinblocksofwood.

29

The Frontispiece of an early copy of Chaucer’s Troilusand Criseyde.

Chaucer is shown here reading a manuscript to thecourt of Richard II. Note the audience’s fashionableclothes, with their high collars, gold embroideryand vivid colours. The miniatures shown here andon the previous page were a valuable part of themost precious hand-copied texts. Each manuscriptwas a unique work of art. The invention of printing in the mid fifteenthcentury led to the decline of this art form. Chaucer’sCanterbury Tales was one of the first texts to beprinted in England by William Caxton. Woodcuts, 2

copies of which could be reproduced mechanically,eventually began to replace miniatures.

The TudorsSeen Through Art



30

British History

HENRY VIII

In1509HenryVIIIbecameKingofEnglandattheageof17.Hewasatall,robust,athletic

youngmanwhoexcelledatsports.Heplayedseveralmusicalinstruments,composed

music,spokeEnglish,Spanish,FrenchandLatin,andlovedreadingbooks.Hebecamea

powerfulleaderandbuiltupastrongarmyandnavy.HechosethefamousGermanartist

HansHolbeinasCourtPainterandHolbeinpaintedsplendidportraitsofHenryVIIIand

hisfamily.

Henrylovedluxuryandlavishedahugeamountofmoneyonsplendidroyalresidences

andpalaces,suchasWhitehallPalaceandStJames’sPalace,hometotheEnglishcourt

beforeVictoriamovedittoBuckinghamPalaceinthenineteenthcentury.

Henry'sgreatestdesirewastohaveasonwhowouldbekingafterhisdeath.Sincehis

firstwife,CatherineofAragon,didnotgivehimamaleheir,hedecidedtodivorceher.

TheCatholicChurchdidnotpermitdivorceandthisinfuriatedhim.In1534Henryleft

theCatholicChurch,foundedtheChurchofEnglandandbecameitsleader.

HenrythendivorcedCatherineofAragonandmarriedAnneBoleyn,whogavehima

daughter,Elizabeth,butnotason.HenrywasverydispleasedandaccusedAnneBolyen

oftreason 1 –shewassoonbeheaded.AsHenrygrewolderhehadseverehealthproblems

andbecameacrueltyrant,executingallthosewhodidnotpleasehim.Hehadfourother

wives,butwhenhediedhehadonlyoneson,Edward.

Deal Castle, Kent.

Henry built castles todefend the south coast ofEngland, among themDeal Castle in Kent. Itscircular walls wereparticularly effectiveagainst artillery attacks.They are also similar inshape to the symbol of theTudor rose.

1 treason :acrimeagainstthekingorcountry.



31

Portrait of Henry VIIIby Hans Holbein the Younger

(1497/8-1543).

Our clearest idea of HenryVIII’s personality comesfrom the magnificent full-length portrait kept atBelvoir Castle. The Germanpainter Holbein shows theking standing on an elegantrug with an elaboratetapestry in the background.The king is wearing lots offabric: embroidered velvet,gold cloth, a fur cape, heavyjewellery and precious stonesmaking his imposing figureeven more monumental. Thisdisplay of wealth is designedto show the king’s economicpower. To appreciate themessage in full, rememberthat precious fabrics took along time to produce andwere extremely expensive:formal clothing might cost asmuch as a ship. Once goldembroidery and preciousstones were added, the valueof the clothes wasincalculable. However, the king alsowanted to be seen as achivalrous king. This isshown by the dagger and the ancient French motto of the Knights of the Garter, part of which can be seen belowthe king’s left knee: honi soit qui mal y pense (‘evil to him who evil thinks’). Henry’s body is powerful, his legs are muscular, and his face dominates the painting. Athletic and handsome whenhe was young, Henry became an invalid in old age due to his increasing obesity. He could not walk and had to becarried in a special machine. Henry’s pensive eyes and firm mouth suggest his influence on international politics aswell as his cruel, troubled private life. The founder of the modern English state wanted to show all his power in thisexceptional portrait. However, the portrait is so good that it also shows us other sides of his personality and remindsus of Machiavelli’s description of the king as ‘rich, ferocious and greedy for glory’.



THE DISSOLUTION OF THE MONASTERIES

InHenry'stimetherewereabout850monasteriesinEngland.AsHeadofthenewChurch

ofEngland,Henryjudgedprieststobecorrupt,andherequiredthemonasteries’richesto

financehisextravagantlifestyle.Therefore,in1536hegaveorderstodestroythe

monasteriesinEnglandandtaketheirtreasures.Somemonasterieswereusedasprivate

homeswhileotherswereabandoned.Thiswascalledthedissolutionofthemonasteries.

DuringthisperiodmanypeopleweredisillusionedwiththeCatholicChurch,becauseit

wastoorichandpowerful.TheReformation,beganbytheGermantheologianMartin

Luther,dividedChristiansalloverEuropeandgaverisetotheProtestantChurch,which

HenryVIIIadoptedtosecurehisdivorce.

32

A monastery in ruins.

The introduction of Protestantism inEngland had a significant effect onEnglish art. The destruction of themonasteries and sacred images meantthat most medieval works of art werelost. Under Protestantism, religiousimages were banned and from thistime onwards English artists began tospecialise in portraits and, later,landscapes.

British History



Go back to the text

1 Decideifeachstatementiscorrectorincorrect.Ifitiscorrect,tickA;ifitisincorrect,tickB.

A B

1 EnglandwasatwarwithFranceforexactlyonehundredyears.

2 TheBlackDeathkilledaboutonethirdoftheEnglishpopulation.

3 Manuscriptswereprecioushand-copiedtexts.

4 TheCanterburyTales isanexcellentaccountoflifeandcustomsinfourteenth-centuryFrance.

5 ThehouseofLancasterwontheWarsoftheRosesandHenryTudorbecameKingHenryVII.

6 HenryVIIIwasaveryweakleader.

7 InHolbein’spaintingHenryVIIIdisplayshisgreatwealth.

8 HenryVIIIisportrayedasakindandpeacefulmonarch.

9 HenryVIIIdivorcedCatherineofAragonbecauseshedidnotgivehimanheir,andmarriedAnneBoleyn.

10 DealCastlewasbuiltintheshapeofacrown.

11 ThedissolutionofthemonasterieswasorderedbyKingHenryVIIIbecauseherequiredthemonasteries’wealth.

12 MostEnglishmedievalworksofartwerelostduetothedestructionofthemonasteries.

13 MartinLutherwasanEnglishpriestwhobegantheReformation.

14 TheReformationgaverisetotheProtestantChurch.

15 AllreligiousimageswerebannedintheProtestantChurch.

33

PET



Henry VIII: Facts and Figures

2 WhatcanyourememberaboutHenryVIII?Tryto fill inasmuchof this fact-file frommemory.Thengobackto the text for the informationyoucouldn’tremember.

FACT-FILE

NAME:HenryTudor;HenryVIIIofEngland ...............................................................

NATIONALITY: ...........................................................................................................

TOTALNUMBEROFWIVES:......................................................................................

SON’SNAME: .............................................................................................................

DAUGHTERS’NAMES:Mary(byCatherineofAragon)and .......................................

.....................................................................................................................................

HEIGHT: ......................................................................................................................

BODYBUILD: ..............................................................................................................

HOBBIES: ....................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

LANGUAGESSPOKEN: ...............................................................................................

FINANCIALSITUATION:............................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

GREATESTDESIRE: ....................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

LIKES:..........................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

DISLIKES: ....................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

3 Nowmakeafact-fileforasignificanthistoricalfigurefromthesixteenthcenturyinyourcountry.Whatsimilaritiesanddifferencescanyouseebetweenhim/herandHenryVIII?

34



1 Clickon TheTudorMonarchs andcompletetheinformationbelow.

INTER

NET ACTIVITIES

35


CHAPTERTHREEThe Tudor

HenryVIIBorn:1457

King:1485-(1).................

Married:(2).................

Namesoffourofhischildren:(3).............,..............,.............. and..............

EdwardVIBorn:(4).................

King:(5).................-.................

Sisters:(6)................. and.................

LadyJaneGreyBorn:(7).................

Queen:(8)in................. for.................days

Executed:(9).................

MaryIBorn:(10).................

Queen:(11).................-.................

Fatherandmother:(12)................. and.................



INTER

NET ACTIVITIES

2 NowgobacktothehomepageandclickontheSixWivesofHenryVIII.Thenclickonthenameofeachwife.Readabouttheirlivesandmatcheachwifetothecorrectinformation.

1 CatherineofAragon ShewasthesisterofaProtestant,GermanDuke,whowasanallyagainstthePope–divorced.

2 AnneBoleyn Shewasawidowwhowasintelligentandwelleducated–survivedashiswidow.

3 JaneSeymour Shewasneverformallycrownedasqueen–diedshortlyaftergivingbirthtothemaleheirHenrysodesperatelywanted.

4 AnneofCleves ShegaveHenryadaughtercalledMary–marriagedeclaredinvalidbytheArchbishopofCanterbury.

5 KathrynHoward ShehadaveryimpressivecoronationandwasthemotherofElizabethI–executed,falselyaccused.

6 KathrineParr Shecamefromanimportantaristocraticfamilyandwasmuchyoungerthantheking–executed,probablynotfalselyaccused.

F

E

D

C

B

A

36



Elizabeth I (c. 1592) by Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger.

This portrait is known as the ‘DitchleyPortrait’. It commemorates a visitof the Queen to Ditchley, nearOxford, the home of Sir HenryLee. For this reason, Elizabeth’sfeet touch Oxfordshire on the map.The sunshine coming out of thestormy clouds is a symbol of the Queen’s forgiveness for Lee, who had previously displeased her withhis love for the beautiful Anne Vavasour.However, the painting has other less private meanings, too. The Ditchley Portrait shows Elizabethstanding on a globe with her feet placed on a detailed map of her kingdom. Rarely in the history ofEuropean art has the actual 'contact' between a monarch and her territory been so explicitly depicted.The Ditchley Portrait gives us a clear picture of Elizabeth's power, which was also exceptional because it belonged to a woman in a male-dominated society.

CHAPTER FOUR

The Elizabethan AgeTHE VIRGIN QUEEN

Elizabethwasthedaughterof

HenryVIIIandAnneBoleyn.She

becameQueenofEnglandin1558

whenshewas25yearsold.Queen

Elizabethwasastrong,intelligent

anddedicatedqueen.Sheis

rememberedasoneofEngland's

greatestmonarchs.Shenever

marriedandwascalledtheVirgin

Queen.Shebroughtpeace,unity

andprogresstoEngland.

Elizabethcommissionedagreat

numberofportraitsofherself.

Theseportraitscontributedto

ensuringtheloyaldevotionof

hersubjectsandtoher

popularity.

6



38

Detail of the Queen’s feet touching the map of England.

1 setup:establish.

AtthattimetheEnglishoftenhadportraitsofElizabethintheirhomesandsomewore

miniaturesoftheQueenonnecklaces!ByanalysingElizabeth'sportraitswecanlearn

manythingsaboutherpersonalityandherhistoricalperiod.

DuringtheElizabethanAgemanyimportanteventstookplace.Englishexplorerssailed

theseasoftheworldtolookfornewlandstosetup 1 colonies.In1584SirWalter

Raleigh’sshipsexploredthesouthernpartoftheeastcoastofNorthAmerica.Hismen

foundedthenewcolonyofVirginiainhonourofElizabeth,theVirginQueen.They

broughttobacco,potatoesandotherrichesbacktoEngland.

SirFrancisDrakewasaseacaptainandagreatexplorer.HebecamethefirstEnglishman

tocircumnavigatetheworldbetween1577and1580.Drakewasalsoa'privateer';hetook

treasuresfromSpanishshipsthatreturnedfromAmericaandthengavetherichesto

QueenElizabeth.Shewasverypleasedandmadehimaknight!

MaryStuart,QueenofScots,wasElizabeth'scousinandadevoutCatholic.Elizabeth

knewthatmanyCatholicsinEnglandwantedMaryStuarttobetheirqueensosheput

Maryinprisonfor19years.In1587,Marywasaccusedoftreasonandwasbeheaded.

THE SPANISH ARMADA

WhentheCatholicKingPhilipIIofSpainheardthisnewshewasfurious.Hedecidedto

invadeEnglandandtakethethronefromElizabeth.

InMay1588anArmadaof130shipsandabout28,000menleftSpainforEngland.Duke

MedinaofSidoniacommandedtheSpanishArmada.Therewerebadstormsatseaand

manyshipslosttheirsupplies.

British History TBritish History 2008 14-02-2008 10:25 Pagina 38


39

Englandhadafleetof160smallershipsandabout14,000men.TheEnglishshipswere

fasterandhadbetterguns.LordHowardofEffinghamcommandedtheEnglishfleet.Sir

FrancisDrake,SirJohnHawkinsandMartinFrobisherweretheothercaptains.

TheEnglishfleetattackedtheSpanishArmadaatPlymouth,afterwhichtheArmadawent

toCalais,France.TheEnglishsent8fireships 1 intoCalaisharbour.WhentheSpanishsaw

theblazing 2 fireshipstheyescapedfromCalaisandtheEnglishattackedtheArmadaagain.

Thebattlewasalong,difficultone.Intheend,theArmadawasdefeatedandreturnedto

Spainwithonly67ships.ThiswasagloriousvictoryfortheEnglish,butitwasa

tremendoushumiliationfortheSpanish.AfterthisdefeatSpainslowlylostitsseapower.

Launch of Fireships Against the Armada (16th century) by anonymous painter of the Dutch School.

1 fireships:shipsdeliberatelysetonfiretoburnotherships.

2 blazing:burning.

The Elizabethan AgeSeen Through Art



The Armada Portrait of Queen Elizabeth I (c. 1588) by George Gower, Woburn Abbey.

The Armada Portrait was painted to celebrate England’s victory over the Spanish Armada. In this painting two different moments of the sea battle can be seen in the background. A daylight scene represents the Spanish fleet advancing on a clear sea, confident of victory. The night scene shows the defeat of the Armada in the English Channel.The Elizabethan painters were not interested in naturalism. They did not depict reality in theirpaintings, as artists did in the Italian Renaissance (Leonardo, Raffaello and Michelangelo). TheEnglish painters concentrated on the symbols and emblems present in their works.

40

British History TBritish History 2008 14-02-2008 10:25 Pagina 40


Elizabeth’s hand ison the globe. Herfingers are touchingthe Americas, whereSir Walter Raleighestablished theVirginia colony. A small statue of asea creature is shownon her left. In thispainting Elizabeth isrepresented as theruler of both land and sea.

DuringpartofherreignElizabethwasat

warwithothercountriestodefend

England'sgrandeurandpower.

However,aboveallelse,Elizabethloved

theartsandtherefinedlifeofhercourt,

whichprosperedduringtimesofpeace.

In the foreground you can see the Queen.Her face is eternally young and there are no shadows on it. No painting or drawing of the Queen circulated without herpermission. This explains why in most ofher portraits she looks more or less the same age. The Queen’s magnificent gown is made ofvelvet and silk and decorated with pearlsand gold.

41




42

THE ‘RAINBOW PORTRAIT’

Inkeepingwithhereleganttaste,Elizabethcommissionedthe‘RainbowPortrait’,oneof

hermostastonishingportraits.Theportraititselfisabitofariddle 1 whereeverydetail

hasasymbolicmeaning.

Elizabeth I (c.1600) attributed to Isaac Oliver.

In the ‘Rainbow Portrait’ Elizabeth wears a gown embroidered with wild flowers, a bright orange cloak and an extremely large transparent collar. She has a veryelaborate headdress and lots of pearls. The resulting image is that of an agelessgoddess (Elizabeth was in her late sixties when the portrait was made).

1 riddle :mystery.

TBritish History 2008 14-02-2008 10:25 Pagina 42


43

TherainbowthattheQueenholdsinherhandisaccompaniedby

theLatinmottoNonsinesoleiris(‘Norainbowwithoutthesun’).

Thesunisthesymbolofpeace,underwhichbeautycanflourish.

The serpent on the Queen’s left-hand sleeve, made of pearls andprecious stones, is the traditional symbol of wisdom. 1 The serpent isholding a ruby-shaped heart, meaning that the Queen's heart isdominated by wisdom.

Look at the eyes and ears thatappear on her orange cloak.They indicate fame sinceElizabeth was known all over theworld. However, according tosome experts, the eyes and earshave a more alarming meaning.They reveal her completeknowledge of all that washappening in her kingdom,thanks to her counsellors whoinformed her of everything.

QUEEN ELIZABETH AND THE ARTS

QueenElizabethwasapatronofthetheatreandthe

arts.Hercourtbecameacentreformusicians,

playwrightsandartists.TheatresopenedinLondon.

Peoplefromallsocialclasseswenttothetheatre,

whichbecameapopularformofentertainment.

WilliamShakespeare(1564-1616),thefamousEnglish

poetandplaywright,livedduringtheElizabethanAge.

HistheatricalcompanyperformedatthefamousGlobe

TheatreandatElizabeth'scourt.Shakespearewasthe

mostpopularplaywrightofhistime.Otherimportant

poetsandwriterswereEdmundSpenser,BenJonson

andChristopherMarlowe.


Notice that in these portraitsthe Queen is wearing extremelyexpensive gowns and a greatnumber of precious jewels.

1 wisdom :deepunderstandingandknowledgeoflife.



DuringElizabeth’srulethe

Englisheconomyexpanded.

London,Liverpool,Bristol

andotherseaportsgrewin

sizeandimportance.The

clothandcoalindustries

becameasubstantialpartof

theeconomy.Coalwas

usedintheproductionof

iron,bricksandglass.

QueenElizabethdiedin

1603.Shewasthelast

Tudormonarch.Shenamed

MaryStuart'sson,King

JamesVIofScotland,as

hersuccessor.Englandwas

nowaprosperousand

respectedEuropeanpower.

44

The Globe Theatre (c. 1600).

The name, the ‘Globe’, conveysthe sense of universal appealthat this open air theatre had.We know it attracted peoplefrom all social classes: fromservants to noble lords. It wasbuilt on the south bank of theThames in an area notorious forpublic entertainment, becausethe city authorities consideredplays immoral and so theatreswere built outside the city.

British History



45

Go back to the text

1 ReadthepassagebelowandchoosethecorrectwordA,B,C orD foreachspace.Thefirstisdoneforyou.

ElizabethI1.......queenwhenshewas25yearsold.Sheisprobablythegreatestmonarch2.......thehistoryoftheBritishIsles,andwhileshewasqueentherewerefamousexamplesofexpansionofherterritoryandofknowledgeoftheworld.SirWalterRaleighwasan3.......and4.......thecolonyofVirginiainNorthAmerica.SirFrancisDrakecircumnavigatedtheworld5.......1577and1580.

MaryStuart,Elizabeth'sCatholiccousin,was6.......oftreasonandbeheadedin1587.ThismadeKingPhilipIIofSpain7.......andhedecidedto8.......Englandin1588.TheEnglish9.......wasfasterandhadbetter10.......Afterseveral11.......theSpanishArmadawasfinally12....... .

Elizabeth’stimeisknownfortheartsaswellasforexplorationandmilitarysuccess.Theworld-famousplaywrightWilliamShakespearewrotemanyofhisplays13.......theElizabethanAge,whenthetheatrewas14.......apopular15.......ofentertainment.

Elizabethdiedin1603,andhersuccessorwasJamesVIofScotland.

1 A crowned B were C made D became

2 A of B during C in D for

3 A actor B explorer C engineer D artist

4 A founded B found C got D find

5 A in B between C from D among

6 A blamed B condemned C charged D accused

7 A happy B angry C worried D confused

8 A destroy B accuse C invade D go

9 A fleet B army C action D force

10 A captains B weather C supplies D guns

11 A voyages B battles C advances D quarrels

12 A defeated B lost C in D burnt

13 A between B from C during D among

14 A become B becoming C became D becomes

15 A space B shape C form D patron

D

PET



2 YouareasailorononeofSirWalterRaleigh’sshipswhichhavelandedinthenewcolonyofVirginia.

Youarewritingaletterhome.

YouwanttodescribetheseavoyageandthelandinginVirginia.

Completetheletterusingabout100words.

Dear ..................,

After many weeks at sea we have landed in the new colony of Virginia .............................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

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46

PET



CHAPTERFOUR



The title page of Francis Bacon’s Instauratio Magna(1620).

The illustration on the title page of InstauratioMagna by Francis Bacon shows a ship sailingpast the Pillars of Hercules, thought to be the endof the world in ancient times. This symbolisedman’s new interest in exploring the world.

A Map of the Western Hemisphere (1546).

In1604JamesIasked54scholars

towriteanewtranslationoftheBiblein

simpleEnglishsothatmorepeoplecould

readit.TheKingJamesBiblewasfinally

readyin1611.

Importantdiscoverieswerebeingmadein

science.FrancisBacon(1561-1626)

developedanewapproachtostudying

sciencethroughobservation,

experimentationandmeasurement,

amethodstillusedtoday.

TheVirginiaCompanywasestablishedby

JamesIwiththepurposeofexploringand

settingupcoloniesinNorthAmerica.In

1607CaptainJohnSmithandhismen

arrivedontheeastcoastofAmericaand

foundedthecolonyofJamestown,in

honouroftheking.Thiswasthebeginning

oftheEnglishcolonisationofAmerica.

WilliamShakespearewrotemanyofhis

mostfamousplaysduringKingJamesI’s

reign.Peoplefromallsocialclasses

enjoyedgoingtothetheatretoapplaud

Shakespeare'sandBenJonson'splays.

Industriesandtradegrewrapidly,

particularlyinthetownsofSheffield,

BirminghamandManchester.

48



The Stuart

1 banned:didnotallow.

2 banished :sentawayasanofficialpunishment.

3 upheavals :suddendisruptivechanges.

RELIGIOUS AND POLITICAL CONFLICT

ReligiousintolerancebetweenCatholicsandProtestantsgrew.SeverelawsagainstCatholics

werepassedthatbanned 1 religiousservicesandbanished 2 Catholicpriests.Agroupof12

Catholicssecretlyplannedtheirrevenge–theydecidedtoassassinateKingJamesandblow

uptheProtestantParliamenton5November1605.Inordertocarryouttheirplan,the

plottersplaced30barrelsofgunpowderundertheParliament.Guy(Guido)Fawkeswasa

Catholicsoldierwhowasgoingtolighttheexplosives.Thebarrelswerediscoveredina

cellarundertheParliamentandGuyFawkeswasarrested.Hewastortured,buthedidnot

revealthenamesoftheotherplotters.Later,someoftheotherswerecapturedandexecuted

togetherwithGuyFawkes.TheGunpowderPlothadfailedmiserably.

ThePuritans,astrictgroupofProtestants,werepersecutedbecauseoftheirreligious

beliefs;thereforetheydecidedtoleaveEnglandandgotoAmerica,wheretheycould

practicetheirreligionfreely.KingJamesagreedtoletthemgo,andinNovember1620

theyarrivedonthenorth-eastcoastofAmericawheretheyfoundedthecolonyof

Plymouth,whichflourishedandbecameaprosperousAmericancolony.ThePuritansare

consideredtheFoundingFathersoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica.

ReligiousproblemscontinuedbetweenCatholicsandProtestants.WhenKingJamesIdied

in1625hissonCharlesbecamethesecondStuartking.CharlesImarriedaFrench,

Catholicprincess,andParliamentdidnotapprovehischoiceastheywereafraidhe

wouldbringbacktheRomanCatholicreligion.ParliamenttriedtolimitKingCharles'

power,buthe,likehisfather,believedthatakingruledbyDivineRight.Therefore,in

1629hedismissedParliamentandruledwithoutitforelevenyears.

In1640CharlescalledParliamenttogetheragainbecausehewasindesperateneedof

moneytofightawaragainsttheScots.Parliamentdecidedtolimittheking'spowerand

refusedhimmoneyuntilhechangedhispolicies.Charleswasinfuriatedandin1642he

triedtoarrestcertainparliamentaryleaderswhoopposedhim,buttheymanagedtoescape

andsetuptheirownarmyoutsideLondon.TherivalrybetweenParliamentandthe

monarchygaverisetotheCivilWar,oneofthemostviolentupheavals 3 inBritishhistory.

Puritans,MembersofParliamentandworkingpeoplewhodislikedpayingtheking’s

taxeswereknownas‘Roundheads’andfoughtagainsttheKing.Theirmainareaof

supportwasinthesouthandeast.Catholics,thenobilityandpeoplewhoopposed

Parliamentwereknownas‘Royalists’or‘Cavaliers’andfoughtwithKingCharlesI.Their

mainareaofsupportwasinthenorthandwest.

TheleaderoftheparliamentaryforceswasOliverCromwell,aPuritanwithastrong

personality.AfterinitialRoyalistsuccesses,heledawell-organisedarmycalledthe‘New

ModelArmy’,andwonmanyimportantbattles.InJune1646theRoyalistssurrenderedat

OxfordandKingCharlesIwastakenprisoner.Afteraseven-daytrialfortreasonhewas

foundguiltyandexecutedinpublicon30January1649.

Seen Through Art



The Great Piece (1632) by Anthony Van Dyck.

This grand idealised painting shows the king with his wife and family, a pictorial document of theStuart dynasty. Van Dyck, painter at the court of Charles I, was excellent at capturing the truepersonality of his subjects, as well as their noble background. He shows the king and his family innatural poses with the young Prince of Wales at his father’s knee, and emphasises family ties aswell as royal connections.One of Van Dyck’s greatest talents was his ability to capture the spontaneity of the subjectswithout diminishing the dignity of their role. Although the king and queen are idealised, theyappear vibrant and very much alive.

50



Forthefirstandlasttimeinitshistory,Britainwasgovernedasa

republicknownastheCommonwealth.OliverCromwellwas

madeLordProtectorofEngland,Scotland,Irelandandthe

colonies.TheProtectoratewasaperiodofPuritanism–

dancinganddrinkingwereforbiddeninpublicand

theatreswereclosed.WhenCromwelldiedin1658his

son,Richard,becamethenewLordProtector.

However,hewasnotverypopular.In1660CharlesI’s

son,CharlesII,wasinvitedtoreturnfromabroadto

becomeKing.

The Execution of Charles I at Whitehall by Gonzales Coques (1614-1684).

The execution scene was painted from the point of view of the crowd. The king was taken to theBanqueting Hall, where the Baroque master Rubens had painted his father, James I, and then to thescaffold in front of a window of the palace, where he was executed. After the execution of Charles I, Britain broke off contact with the Baroque artistic culture of thecontinent. An era of very rigorous, ‘honest’ painting followed.

Oliver Cromwell (1649) by Samuel Cooper.

Oliver Cromwell had very different ideas on art from Charles I.He asked Cooper, who painted this portrait, to show all hisdefects, otherwise he would not pay him for his work. Hewanted to be seen as he really was.



Go back to the text

1 ReadthesentencesbelowandforeachquestionindicatethecorrectanswerA,B,CorD.

1 WhenKingJamesIascendedtheEnglishthronein1603he

A hadbeenvictoriousinmanywars.

B hadalreadybeenKingofScotlandfor36years.

C wasverypopularwithProtestantsandCatholics.

D hadalreadybeenKingofFrancefor36years.

2 JamesIsetuptheVirginiaCompanyand

A hisson,CharlesI,exploredtheeastcoastofAmerica.

B manyCatholicswenttoliveinAmerica.

C FrancisBaconfoundedJamestown.

D theEnglishcolonisationofAmericanbegan.

3 ThemostsignificantimagewehaveofJamesIisthepaintingby

A Holbein. B VanDyck.

C Rubens. D FrancisBacon.

4 TheartistwhopaintedJamesIused

A arealisticstyle. B asymbolicstyle.

C anabstractstyle. D aclassicalstyle.

5 GuyFawkesandotherCatholics

A plannedtheGunpowderPlot.

B passedseverelawsagainstProtestants.

C wantedtoassassinateKingCharlesI.

D hadanimportantgunpowderindustryinManchester.

6 AstrictgroupofProtestantsknownasPuritans

A plannedtoblowuptheParliament.

B werearrestedandlaterexecuted.

C leftEnglandandwenttoliveinthecolonyofJamestowninAmerica.

D leftEnglandandfoundedthecolonyofPlymouthinAmerica.

7 SinceKingCharlesIbelievedthatakingruledbyDivineRight,he

A spentalotofmoneyonbanquetsandfineclothes.

B dismissedParliamentandruledwithoutitforelevenyears.

C foundedhisownchurch.

D arrestedallCatholics.

52

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8 KingCharles’behaviourcreatedrivalrybetweenthemonarchyand

A theParliament,whichresultedintheCivilWar.

B theChurchofEngland.

C France,whichresultedinawar.

D theCatholicChurch.

9 VanDyckwasafamouspainter

A atthecourtofJamesI.

B atthecourtofCharlesI.

C ofOliverCromwell’sfamily.

D attheFrenchcourt.

10 TheartistwhopaintedCharlesIwasverygoodat

A depictinganimals.

B creatingwarscenes.

C paintinglandscapes.

D showingthetruecharacterofhissubjects.

11 Puritans,MembersofParliamentandworkingpeoplewereknownas

A Roundheads,andfoughtwithKingCharles.

B Royalists,andfoughtwithParliament.

C Royalists,andfoughtwithOliverCromwell.

D Roundheads,andfoughtwithParliament.

12 Catholics,theupperclasses,andpeoplewhoopposedParliamentwereknownas

A Royalists,andfoughtwithParliament.

B Roundheads,andfoughtwithOliverCromwell.

C Royalists,andfoughtwithKingCharles.

D Roundheads,andfoughtwithKingCharles.

13 InJune1646theRoyalistssurrenderedandKingCharles

A wasaccusedoftreasonandexecuted.

B wasaccusedoftreasonandlaterreleased.

C escapedtoFrancewithhiswife.

D becameLordProtectoroftheCommonwealth.

14 OliverCromwell,thestrongPuritanleader,wasmade

A LordProtectorofEngland.

B LordProtectoroftheCommonwealth.

C anhonoraryMemberofParliament.

D PresidentoftheProtectorate.

53



54

2 Lookattheseexamplesoftheactiveandthepassive.

Active –Shakespeare,BenJonson,JohnWebsterandotherswrotemanyplaysduringKingJames’reign.

Passive–ManyplayswerewrittenduringKingJames’reign.

We use the passive when we want to eliminate the subject. We sometimes want to eliminate thesubjectbecausewedonotwanttofocusonit(inthepassiveexampleabovethefocusisontheplays,notthewriters).Tomakethepastsimplepassive,usewas/were orcouldbe withthepastparticiple.

Changethefollowingsentencesfromactivetopassive.Eliminatethesubjects.

1 PeoplefromallsocialclassesenjoyedtheplaysofShakespeareandBenJonson.

.............................................................................................................................................

2 JamesIsetuptheVirginiaCompanywiththepurposeofexploringNorthAmerica.

.............................................................................................................................................

3 UnderJamesI,ParliamentpassedseverelawsagainstCatholics.

.............................................................................................................................................

4 Peoplecouldpractiseallreligionsfreelyinthecolonies.

.............................................................................................................................................

5 DuringKingJames’sreignscientistsmadeimportantdiscoveries.

.............................................................................................................................................

6 TheParliamentaryforcesfoundCharlesIguiltyoftreasonandexecutedhimon30January1649.

.............................................................................................................................................

7 Fortenyears,from1649till1659,OliverCromnwellandhisson,RichardCromwell,governedBritainasaCommonwealth.

.............................................................................................................................................

8 In1660RoyalistsympathisersinvitedthesonofCharlesItoreturnfromabroadandbecomeking.

.............................................................................................................................................

3 Rubens and Van Dyck were contemporaries. Go back to pages 47 and 50 and look at the twopaintingscarefully.

1 Whatarethesimilaritiesandwhatarethedifferences?

.......................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................

2 Whichpaintingdoyoupreferandwhy?

.......................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................



1 ClickonCromwelltime-lineandputtheeventsintherightorderwiththecorrectdate.

164416531642165016481616

164516571643164916401654

LieutenantGeneraloftheNewModelArmy

GeneralofarmysenttocrushScotland

ColonelintheEasternAssociationArmy

StudentatSidneySussexCollege,Cambridge

RefusesParliament’sofferofthecrownandremainsLordProtector

SupportstrialandexecutionofKingCharlesI

MemberofParliamentforCambridge

CrushesroyalistuprisinginsouthWales

MeetsfirstProtectorateParliament

BattleofMarstonMoor

DissolvesParliamentandbecomesLordProtector

RaisestroopsforParliament

WhereisCromwell’sbody?

.....................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................

INTER

NET ACTIVITIES

55


CHAPTERFIVE



INTER

NET ACTIVITIES

2 Clickon Cromwell–abriefbiographyandthenclickonCromwelltheSoldieranddecideifthesestatementsaretrue(T)orfalse(F).

T F1 Cromwellwasanofficerintheparliamentaryarmyfromthe

beginningofthewar.

2 In1643Cromwellbecameacolonelandwasgivenhisowninfantryregiment.

3 CromwelllostEastAngliaandtheEastMidlandstotheroyalistarmy.

4 TheEasternAssociationArmywasthemostcompetentoftheparliamentaryforces.

5 TheBattleofMarstonMoorgaveParliamentcontrolofthesouthMidlands.

6 Cromwell’scampaignintheHomeCountieswasnotverysuccessful.

7 CromwellwasgivencommandoftheNewModelArmybeforetheBattleofNaseby.

8 TheBattleofNasebywasthedecisivebattleofthewarintheMidlands.

9 CromwellwasnotverysuccessfulagainsttherebelarmyinSouthWales.

10 AttheBattleofWorcesterCromwellwasdefeatedbyaScottishRoyalistarmy.

11 CromwellalwaysbelievedthatGodwasresponsibleforhismilitarysuccesses.

12 HistoriansthinkCromwellwassuccessfulbecauseofhisuseofcavalry.

56



57

Before you read

1 ListentothefirstpartofChapterSixandforeachquestionindicatethecorrectanswerA,BorC.

1 WherewasCharlesIIexiled?

A Scotland

B Wales

C France

2 WhywastheRoyalSocietyfounded?

A tohelpyoung,talentedpainters

B toencouragethestudyofscience

C topromoteanewversionoftheBible

3 WhatdidRobertHookeinvent?

A thecompoundmicroscope

B thefirstfireengine

C thereflectingtelescope

4 TwodisastershitLondonbetween

A September1665andJune1666.

B June1665andSeptember1666.

C July1665andOctober1666.

5 Whatcarriedtheplagueof1665inLondon?

A rats

B cats

C fire

6 WheredidtheGreatFireofLondonstart?

A inachurch

B inabookshop

C inabakery

7 HowlongdidthefireinLondonburn?

A fifteendays

B fivedays

C ninedays

8 WhowasChristopherWren?

A anexplorer

B anarchitect

C amusician

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8



58

CHAPTER 6

The Restoration

SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS

CharlesIIreturnedtoBritain

afterhisexileinFrancein1660.

Themonarchywasrestored,

muchtothejoyoftheBritish

people,whowerehappytohave

akingafterthestrictPuritanrule

ofCromwell.

Theseventeenthcenturywas

markedbygreatprogressin

science.TheRoyalSocietywas

foundedtoencouragethestudy

ofscienceandoneofitsmost

illustriousmemberswasSir

IsaacNewton,whomade

outstandingdiscoveriesinthe

fieldsofmathematicsand

physics.

Hediscoveredthelawofgravity

andinventedthereflecting

telescope.Newtonalsoperformed

experimentstoshowthatsunlight

ismadeupofseparatecolours.

Duringthisperiodthecompound

microscopewasinventedby

RobertHooke,anotherfamous

scientist.

Charles II (1661) by Michael Wright.

The terrible battles fought before the Restoration meant thatCharles II wanted a highly symbolic portrait which would show that he had retaken the throne. This portrait shares some characteristicswith Holbein’s painting of Henry VIII (see page 31). Charles was painted sitting on his throne, wearing very expensiveclothes and priceless jewellery. They were made especially for hiscoronation in 1661 and cost more than £30,000, an enormous sum.Some of his clothes, such as the wide lace collar and ornate tights,were extremely fashionable. The orb 1 and cross reflect ancientroyal traditions, showing that the royal dynasty had now beenrestored following the beheading of Charles I.1 orb :agoldenglobewithacrossontop.

8



The Restoration

CATASTROPHE AND THE NEW CITY

BetweenJune1665andSeptember1666twoterriblecatastropheshitLondon.

Thefirstcatastrophewastheplagueof1665,carriedbyratsinthedirty,crowded

streetsofLondon,whichcausedthedeathofabout100,000Londoners.

ThenonSunday,2September1666afirestartedinabakeryinPuddingLane.Itsoon

spreadveryquickly.ItburntforfivedaysanddestroyedmostoftheCity’swooden

buildings,andSt.Paul’sCathedral.FollowingtheGreatFireallnewbuildingswere

builtofbrickandstone.

59

Newton (c. 1795) by William Blake.

Fifty years after his death, Newton’s genius was captured in this portrait by the visionary poet andpainter William Blake. It is not a realistic image, but instead symbolises the scientist’s greatability to rationalise and understand the workings of the universe. Inspired by classical modelsand Michelangelo, the young nude is holding a compass, which shows how we can understandNature by using reason and mathematics.

Seen Through Art



60

British History

The Great Fire of London (1666) by anonymous painter of the Dutch School.

In this painting, London is hidden by the terrible flames and thick black smoke of the Great Fire.On the right, people are escaping from the fire and trying to save their property. Samuel Pepys,who witnessed the event, wrote that he saw ‘poor people ... running into boats, sick people carriedaway in beds’. Although it is estimated that the Great Fire killed fewer than 20 people, itdestroyed about 460 streets, more than 13,000 houses and nearly 90 churches. It changed the faceof London forever.

KingCharlesIIaskedthegreatarchitectChristopherWrentodesignanewcapital.

Wrendesignedmanychurchesandpublicbuildingsintheclassicalstyle,buthis

masterpiecewasSt.Paul’sCathedral(started1675–finished1710)withitsmagnificent

dome.END



The Restoration

61

View of London: The Thames from Somerset Housetoward the City (1750-1) by Canaletto.

One of the best views of the River Thames was painted in 1750 by the Venetian artistCanaletto, who spent 10 years in London. On the left you can see St. Paul’s Cathedral,and in the background many of the otherchurches built by Sir Christopher Wren.An educated man and scientist from anaristocratic background, Wren was asked torebuild St. Paul’s Cathedral. St. Paul’s, aProtestant cathedral, is decorated in a muchsimpler style than Catholic churches. The wideempty spaces and pure architecture of the interiorare beautiful. Wren took his inspiration for thefacade from classical and Baroque art. The greatdome, inspired by the Italian Renaissance, nowdominates the City of London.

St Paul’s Cathedral.

Seen Through Art



THE GLORIOUS REVOLUTION

DuringtheRestorationtheBritishEmpiregrewinNorthAmericaandintheFarEast.

Newproductssuchascoffee,teaandsugararrivedfromthecoloniesandbecamevery

popular,creatingtradeandwealth.

KingCharlesIIdiedin1685andhisbrotherJamesII,aCatholic,becameking.Hekepta

largearmyandfavouredCatholicswithimportantjobs.Parliamentresented 1 thisand

whenJameshadasonin1688theking’sProtestantdaughterMaryandherhusband,

PrinceWilliamofOrange,wereinvitedtoruleBritain.JamesIIescapedtoFranceand

thisbecameknownasthe‘GloriousRevolution’.

PrinceWilliamwasnotlikedbythepeople,buthiswifeMarywasverypopular.

Uponherdeathin1694Williamruledaloneuntil1702,whenMary'ssister,Anne,

becamequeenbecausetheyhadnoheirstothethrone.

QueenAnnewasthefirst

monarchtoruleoverthe

KingdomofGreatBritain.

Scotlandwasformally

unitedwithEngland

andWalesin1707bythe

ActofUnion.Shewas

thelastStuartmonarch

asshediedin1714

withoutanheir.

British History

1 resented :didnotlike.

62

Despite her troubled anddifficult life, Anne was adedicated queen and helpedsupport the Church ofEngland. During her reign,parliamentary elections had adecisive effect on the life ofthe country for the first time.



The Restoration

63

Seen Through Art

Queen Anne at the House of Lords (c. 1710) by Peter Tillemans.One of the most important portraits of Anne shows her at the opening of Parliament. She is sittingon her throne, surrounded by officials and Members of the the House of Lords; the Members ofthe House of Commons can be seen standing in the foreground. The chamber is decorated withtapestries, which show one of England’s greatest moments, the victory over the Armada (see pages 39-40).



Go back to the text

1 ReadthepassagebelowandchoosethecorrectwordA,B,CorDforeachspace.Thefirstisdoneforyou.

In1660the1.......inBritainwasrestoredwiththereturnofCharlesII2.......France.Outstandingprogresswasmadein3.......:forexample,SirIsaacNewton4.......thelawofgravity.

Themid1660’sbroughtdisastertoLondon.The5.......of1665killedabout100,000Londoners.FollowingtheGreatFireof1666,ChristopherWren6.......thenewcapital.TheProtestantcathedralofSt.Paul’sisthe7.......importantofWren’schurches.Thegreatdomewas8.......bytheItalianRenaissance,andthefacadeby9.......andclassicalart.

Thiswasalsoatimeofexpansionoverseas.10.......theRestorationtheBritishcoloniesinNorthAmericaandtheFarEastincreased11.......withBritain.

AfterCharles’deaththerewastrouble.Parliament12.......KingJamesII,andin1688PrinceWilliamofOrangeandhiswifeMary(James’sdaughter)13.......invitedtoruleBritain.In1702Anne,James’sseconddaughter,becamequeen:shewasthe14.......Stuartmonarch.

1 A Protectorate B Republic C monarchy D reign

2 A from B in C at D of

3 A science B music C philosophy D literature

4 A invented B discovered C made D broke

5 A war B flood C earthquake D plague

6 A designed B designated C dreamed D thought

7 A more B least C much D most

8 A taken B inspired C borrowed D copied

9 A Protestant B French C Baroque D Venetian

10 A At B Before C During D Following

11 A friends B work C industries D trade

12 A disliked B dishonoured C punished D disrespected

13 A is B being C were D was

14 A ultimate B last C only D latest

C

64

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2 YouwereworkinginthebakeryinPuddingLanewhentheGreatFirestarted.

Youarewritingalettertoyourcousin.

Describehowthefirestarted,whathappenednextandwhatyoudid.

Completetheletterusingabout100words.

Dear.............,

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

65

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CHAPTERSIX



CHAPTER 7

The Georgian Age andthe Industrial Revolution

THE HOUSE OF HANOVER

In1714GeorgeofHanover

becameGeorgeI,Kingof

GreatBritain.Hewasagreat-

grandsonofJamesIanda

Protestant.Hespokeonly

Germanandhadlittle

understandingoforinterestin

Britainanditspeople.The

Stuartstriedtoregainthe

thronetwice,butfailed.

Heruledonlythankstohis

ministers.SirRobertWalpole,

whobecameBritain'sfirst

PrimeMinister,dominated

Britishpoliticsandbuiltup

Britain'stradeandwealth

duringGeorge'sreign.

George I (1716) by Sir George Kneller.

In this official portrait of George I,the artist emphasises the king’sornate robes and wig 1 to take ourattention away from his ratherordinary-looking, large face.

66

1 wig :anartificialcoveringofhairforthehead.

9



STYLE AND ART

TheperiodofGeorgeI’sreignandofhissuccessorsGeorgeII,IIIandIV,calledtheGeorgianAge,is

famousforitseleganceandstyle.ChippendaleandHepplewhitecreatedbeautifulfurniture,and

JosiahWedgwood'sfactoriescreatedfineceramics.

GreatartistssuchasWilliamHogarth,SirJoshuaReynoldsandThomasGainsboroughlivedinthe

GeorgianAge.Hogarth’ssatiricalengravingsandpaintingsattackedthecontrastsofluxuryand

squalorinGeorgianSociety.ReynoldsstudiedRenaissanceartinItalybeforebecomingoneof

Britain’smostimportantandsuccessfulportraitpainters.Gainsborough,whowasReynold’sgreat

rival,wasknownfortheeleganceandrefinementofhisportraitsandlandscapes.

Therewasareturntoclassicalstyleinarchitecture,andwealthyfamiliesbuiltsplendidcountry

houseswithlandscapedgardens.GreatwritersofthisagewereDanielDefoe,authorofRobinson

Crusoe,andJonathanSwift,authorofGulliver’sTravels.

Chiswick House (1725-29).

Classical art also inspired Georgian architecture. TheBritish adopted the style of the sixteenth century Italianarchitect, Palladio, taking their example from Inigo Jones,architect to James I. Many English country houses werebuilt in the ‘Neo-Palladian’ style. One of the best examplesis Chiswick House, built for Lord Burlington in 1725. Withtheir many artistic treasures, country houses were one ofthe most significant features of the English landscape anda symbol of the country’s social order.

Vase designed by John Flaxman for Josiah Wedgwood.

Wedgwood used new steam-powered machines to turn his family’straditional ceramic-making firm into a business which sold throughoutEurope. Wedgwood’s designs had simple, elegant lines (unlike Baroqueart) and were decorated with mythological figures. There are referencesto objects found in archaeological digs and to Greek, Etruscan andRoman art. The cameo technique, in which white figures appear on acoloured background, was often used. This beautiful blue cameo vase isdecorated with the classical motifs.

The Georgian AgeSeen Through Art



68

British History

Canvassing for Votes (1754-5) by William Hogarth.

As well as designing elegant classical buildings, the Georgians began to develop a realistic style of painting whichcan be considered truly British for the first time. Until the eighteenth century, the influence of foreign artistsmeant that it was difficult for a national style to develop. However, at this time, British artists began to paintdetailed images which give us a new understanding of important events in the country’s history. The great artist and satirist William Hogarth showed some of the less pleasant aspects of everyday life in hisrealistic works, one of the first artists to do so. By the middle of the century, elections had started to have asignificant influence on the country’s political life. Although this meant that the parliamentary system becamegradually more important, which in itself was a positive change, corruption became more widespread becausepoliticians needed to convince people to vote for them in order to be elected. In Canvassing for Votes we see the headquarters of the two political parties, the Tories (Conservatives) and Whigs.A farmer is surrounded by members of the two parties who are trying to offer him money to win his vote. Hogarthproduced many paintings and engravings which satirised the election process and revealed the hypocrisy of thetimes. He was the first artist to show all the social classes, and his work shares the same spirit as some of the greatliterary works of the day, such as those written by Defoe and Swift.



The Georgian Age

69

Seen Through ArtSeen Through Art

ch

s.th

at

Mr and Mrs Andrews (c. 1748) by Thomas Gainsborough.

Other artists give us a more positive image of Georgian times. SirJoshua Reynolds painted aristocratic ladies as classical goddesses.His rival, Thomas Gainsborough, preferred a more realistic style,although he also painted the nobility. One of his masterpieces, Mr and Mrs Andrews, shows a gentleman farmer and his wife. It is one of the most important images we have of the provincial nobility, who were one of the most important features of the Georgian social system. The couple, who are dressed in elegant but comfortable clothes, are shown surrounded by their land. There is a corn field, pastures and, in the background, a wood, reflecting the English landscape and the source of their wealth. The painting symbolises the agricultural world of the mid eighteenth century, which would soon be threatened by the changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution.



British History

THE BEGINNING OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Beforetheendoftheeighteenthcentury,mostBritishpeoplelivedandworkedinthe

countryside.Manywerefarmers,othersworkedintheirhomesascarpentersorweavers. 1

Newinventionsoftheeighteenthcenturybroughtradicalchangestothewaypeoplelived

andworked.Britainwasrapidlychangingfromanagriculturalsocietytoanindustrialone.

CommunicationandtransportationimprovedasaconsequenceoftheIndustrialRevolution.

Roadswereimprovedandcanalswerebuilttotransportgoods.Stagecoaches 2 begantravelling

regularlybetweenLondonandothertowns.

Coalbrookdale by Night (1801) by Philip de Loutherbourg.

Coalbrookdale, an important iron-producing centre, played a key part in the Industrial Revolution. It had manyfactories, furnaces and foundries. The painter Philippe de Louthenbourg was fascinated by the industrial landscapeand the ‘terrible’ forces produced by the new forms of energy. Like other painters, such as Joseph W. Turner, he wasinterested in portraying the ‘sublime’, that which inspires both terror and delight. In the late eighteenth centuryindustrial themes were considered a source of this kind of feeling. While in the mid nineteenth century they were nolonger considered ‘artistic’ or appropriate for the ‘fine’ arts.

1 weavers :peoplewhomakecloth.

2 stagecoaches :vehiclespulledbyhorsesthatcarriedpeopleorgoods.

IBritish History 2008 14-02-2008 10:26 Pagina 70


RichardArkwrightinventedaspinningmachine 1 thatdidtheworkoftwelvepeople.

Withthesenewmachines,factoriesandmillsopenedupandofferedemploymentto

manypeople–theIndustrialRevolutionwasbeginning.

Withtheinventionofthesteamenginethatcoulddrivefactorymachines,morefactories

openedup.Thecoal,ironandtextileindustrieswerethebasisoftheIndustrial

RevolutioninBritain.ThepopulationofindustrialtownssuchasManchesterand

Birminghamgrewrapidly,asdidthesmoke,noiseandpollution.

Workingconditionsweredangerousandunhealthy.Womenandchildren,aswellasmen,

workedlonghours(12to14hoursaday)andwerepaidverylittle.Theyendured

physicalhardshipsand,often,horriblemutilationsandaccidents.

71

The city of Stockport, near Manchester (c. 1850).

The reality of the Industrial Revolution was shown in prints, since ‘high’ art concentrated on morepoetic, idyllic subjects. This print is very similar to the description of Manchester given by QueenVictoria. After a visit to the city in 1851 she wrote in her diary that she had seen ‘nothing but chimneys’,and that Manchester was hidden by a ‘thick, black atmosphere’. This was the result of industrialdevelopment – one of the prices England had to pay for its exceptional new wealth.

1 spinningmachine:(here)amachineusedintheproductionofcottonandwool.

Industrial RevolutionSeen Through ArtSeen Through Art



2 AjournalistfromtheBirminghamBulletin interviewsayoungworkeratatextilemill.ListentotheinterviewandforeachquestionindicatethecorrectanswerA,BorC.

1 Whattimedoestheworkerstartwork?

A B C

Go back to the text


A B

1 KingGeorgeIcamefromtheHouseofHanoverandhewasveryinterestedinBritainanditspeople.

2 DuringtheGeorgianAgetherewasareturntoclassicalarchitectureandstyle.

3 Byusingnewmachinery,JosiahWedgewoodincreasedproductionandsoldhisbeautifulfurniturethroughoutEurope.

4 GeorgianarchitecturewasinspiredbyInigoJonesandadoptedthestyleofthefifteenth-centuryItalianarchitect,Palladio.

5 OneofthemostsignificantfeaturesoftheEnglishlandscapewerethecountryhousesoftheprovincialnobility,whichwerealsoasymbolofthecountry’ssocialorder.

6 Gainsborough’spaintingsrevealedthehypocrisyofthetimesandshowedallsocialclassesforthefirsttime.

7 MrandMrsAndrews,oneofReynold’smasterpieces,isanimportantimageoftheprovincialnobilityandtheiragriculturalworld.

8 Whenthepowerfulsteamenginebegantodrivefactorymachines,coal,ironandtextileindustriesopenedupandtheIndustrialRevolutionbegan.

9 WiththearrivaloftheIndustrialRevolution,workingconditionsandsalariesforallworkersimprovedgreatly.

10 AlthoughtheIndustrialRevolutioncreatedpollution,onepositiveaspectwasanimprovementincommunicationandtransportation.

72

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10



MAY 1870

1Sunday

MAY 1870

6Friday

MAY 1870

4Wednesday

From Monday

to Thursday

From Monday

to Saturday

From Saturday

to Wednesday

Lunch break

12.30-12.40

Lunch break

12.30-12.50

Lunch break

12.30-12.45

2 Whattimedoesshestopwork?

A B C

3 Whenisherfreeday?

A B C

4 Whatdoesshedoonherfreeday?

A B C

5 Howlongisherlunchbreak?

A B C

6 Howmanydaysaweekdoesshework?

A B C

73



The Georgian Age

CHAPTERSEVEN

INTER

NET ACTIVITIES

1 ReadabouttheGeorgianAge andcompletethepassagewithasuitablewordformthetext.

WhenGeorgeIbecameking,thereweremoresuitablecandidatesforthethronebutunfortunatelytheywere(1)...............................Georgewasimmediatelyfacedwitharivalclaimtothethrone,JamestheOld(2)...............................Jameswassoondefeatedandreturnedtoexilein(3)...............................In1745the(4)..............................madeafinalattempttoretakethethrone.BonniePrinceCharlie,JamesII’s(5)..............................,ledarebelarmyasfarsouthasDerbybutwasfinallydefeatedattheBattleof(6)...............................

DuringthereignofGeorgeIII,whowasthefirstking(7)..............................inBritainfor50years,thereweremanyexcitingchanges.Athomeasystemof(8)..............................wasbuilt.RobertAdamswasaveryfashionable(9)...............................JohnWilkesfoughtforthe(10)..............................ofthepeople.(11)..............................designedgardensforcountryhouses.Steamenginespowered(12)..............................machineryandtheIndustrialRevolutioncontinued.

Abroad,CaptainCookexploredthe(13)..............................OceanandtheBritishfoundednewcoloniesin(14)..............................and(15)...............................However,theBritishlosttheiroldestpossessions,the(16)..............................colonies,whentheymadethe(17)..............................ofIndependence.FollowingtheFrenchRevolutionin(18)..............................,Francebecamemorepowerful.AfterNelson’svictory,Britain(19)..............................theseasbutFrance(20)..............................thecontinent.

74




2 Scroll down the page to Artists: 1750-1900 and click on William Hogarth, JoshuaReynolds andThomasGainsborough tofindoutmoreabouttheirlivesandworksofart.For each artist scroll down the page to read the text about his life. Write a briefbiography of one of the artists (about 75 words). Include information about his mostimportantpaintingsandhisstyleofpainting.

Don’tforget:• towriteanintroductionandaconclusion• towriteeachnewideaorthemeinanewparagraph• touselinkingwordslikebefore,after,then,meanwhile,assoonas, etc.• whenyouhavefinished,checkyourbiographyformistakes

3 If you click on theArt Institutions, otherArtists 1750-1900,Artists 1900-1930 orArchitects,youcanfindoutmoreinformationaboutfamousBritishartistsorarchitects.

INTER

NET ACTIVITIES

75

Nowgotowww.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/art.htm



CHAPTER 8

Wars in the Colonies and in Europe

THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION

GeorgeIIIwasthefirstHanoverianKingborninEngland.Hewascrownedkingin1760,

andruledfor60yearsthroughaperiodofgreatchange.Hewaspopularwiththepeople,

wholikedhissimple,directmannerofspeaking.TheIndustrialRevolutioncontinued

duringhisreignandtheBritishcoloniesinNorthAmericawontheirindependence.

TheAmericanRevolutionwasthefirstcolonialrevoltintheBritishEmpire.Inthemid

eighteenthcenturytherewere13thriving 1 BritishcoloniesinAmericawithover2

millionsettlers.

ThecolonistsresentedpayinghightaxestothefarawayBritishGovernmentandwanted

theirindependence.In1770therewereprotestsandriots 2 inBoston,Massachusetts,during

whichBritishsoldierskilledfivecolonists.ThisbecamefamousastheBostonMassacre.

The Boston Massacre (1770) engraving by Paul Revere.

The Boston Massacre is illustrated inone of the most famous earlyAmerican prints by Paul Revere. It isa simplified image which shows theEnglish army (on the right) shootingat a group of respectable-looking,unarmed Bostonians, the innocentvictims of the events. In reality, theAmerican rebels were armed.Revere’s prints often altered the factsto help the fight against colonial rule.

1 thriving:prosperous.

2 riots:publicdisturbances,oftenviolent.

11



77

InDecember1773agroupofcolonists,disguised 1 asIndians,wentonboardthreeBritish

ships.Theythrew342boxesofteaintoBostonHarbour,therebydestroyingavery

valuablecargo!ThisisthefamousincidentwhichbecameknownastheBostonTeaParty,

andcausedunbearabletensionbetweenthecolonistsandtheBritish.

The Boston Tea Party (1856) by John Andrew from Ballou’s Pictorial.

Although there are famous oil paintings of episodes from the American Revolution, prints andnewspaper illustrations, which were available in much larger numbers, helped turn certain eventsinto legends for generations to come. Many historical engravings were still being made in thenineteenth century, including this illustration of the famous Boston Tea Party.

1 disguised:dressedupas.

Wars in the ColoniesSeen Through ArtSeen Through Art



KingGeorgeIIIdecidedtopunishthecolonistsbyorderinghissoldierstoclosetheport

ofBoston,whichseriouslydamagedthecolonies'economy.Thecolonistscalledthis‘an

intolerableact’andbegantorebelundertheleadershipofGeorgeWashington,wholater

becamethefirstPresidentoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica.

GeorgeWashingtonorganisedanarmyofcolonistsandinApril1775theAmericanRevolution

began.On4July1776thecolonistsdeclaredtheirindependencefromGreatBritainwiththe

DeclarationofIndependence,adocumentthatdeclaredthethirteencoloniestobefreeand

independentstates.GeneralCornwalliscommandedtheBritisharmy.Thewarcontinuedfor

sixyearsandwasfoughtonlandandatsea.InOctober1781theBritishweredefeatedand

surrenderedatYorktowninVirginia,andAmericabecameanindependentnation.

THE NAPOLEONIC WARS

ThepowerofGreatBritainwasalsothreatenedinEurope.Atthebeginningofthe1800s

theambitiousFrenchEmperorNapoleonBonaparte,amanofamazingleadership

qualities,ruledmostofEurope.TheNapoleonicWarsbetweenGreatBritainandFrance

beganin1803.

NapoleonmadeplanstoinvadeGreatBritainbysendinghiswarshipsintotheEnglish

Channel.ThegreatAdmiralLordNelson,famousforhisbraveryandleadership,

commandedtheBritishNavyanddefeatedtheFrenchduringthefamousBattleof

Trafalgar,wherehelosthislife.AtthisdecisivemomentGreatBritainregainedcontrol

oftheseas.

British History



Wars in the Colonies

79

The Death of Nelson (1806) by Benjamin West.

Horatio Nelson became one of England’s most popular heroes, part of the increasing nationalismof the time. His death was portrayed by Benjamin West, the court painter, as a noble tragedy.West’s paintings use history to teach a moral: the nobility of someone giving up his life for hiscountry. Instead of using allegorical figures and classical costumes, as was the tradition at thetime, West preferred to paint his subjects in modern uniforms and clothes. He believed that theartist should show the truth, although many critics did not agree with him.

Seen Through Art



In1815NapoleonfoughthislastbattleatWaterlooinBelgium,wheretheBritisharmy

wasledbytheDukeofWellington.Thebattlewasadesperateoneforbothsideswith

averyhighnumberofcasualties. 1 TheFrenchwerefinallydefeatedatWaterlooand

NapoleonwasexiledtotheislandofSt.HelenaintheSouthAtlanticOcean,wherehe

diedin1821.AfterNapoleon'sdefeatBritainremainedthegreatestmilitaryand

industrialnationintheworld.

British History

The Battle of Waterloo (c. 1824) by George Jones.

The Battle of Waterloo was described many times in famous paintings, novels and poems,although the historical accuracy often varied widely. This large painting is by George Jones, whohad direct experience of the battle as he served with the Duke of Wellington. The Duke is shownon his horse on the right, giving orders and surrounded by his men. The army is paintedaccurately, with detail and feeling. Jones’ paintings marked a new era in war painting, which untilthis time was considered a lesser form of art.

1 casualties:peoplehurtorkilled.



Go back to the text

1 ReadthesentencesbelowandforeachquestionindicatethecorrectanswerA,B,C,orD.

1 KingGeorgeIII

A wasborninEngland,unlikeGeorgeIandGeorgeII.

B sawalotofprogressinthesixteenyearsthathewasking.

C likedmakingspeechestohispeople.

D encouragedchangeinbothBritainandAmerica.

2 Inthemiddleofthe1700sBritishcolonistsinAmerica

A occupiedthirtydifferentcolonies.

B wereprosperous,butnotasmuchastheywantedtobe.

C weremorethan200,000innumber.

D didnotwanttocontinuepayingtaxestoLondon.

3 OneoftheeventsleadinguptotheAmericanRevolutionwas

A agroupofcolonistsdestroyingacargoofteain1770.

B thedeathoffivecolonistsinBostoncausedbytheBritisharmy.

C theBritisharmyshootingatinnocentcolonistsinBostonin1773.

D collaborationbetweencolonistsandIndiansattheBostonTeaParty.

4 TheearlyAmericanprintsbyPaulReverewerenotaccuratebecause

A peoplealteredthefactswhentheydescribedthemtoRevere.

B theywereusedforpoliticalpurposes.

C Reverecouldnotbepresentatalltheeventshedescribed.

D accuracywasnotimportantinartatthattime.

5 TheportofBostonwasclosed

A byanActofParliament.

B duringtheBostonTeaParty.

C asapunishment.

D bythecoloniststhemselves.

81

PET



6 GeorgeWashingtonorganisedanarmyofcolonists

A tothrow342boxesofteaintoBostonHarbour.

B tokillfivehundredBritishsoldiers.

C inYorktown,Virginia.

D andinApril1775theAmericanRevolutionbegan.

7 TheBritisharmywascommandedbyGeneralCornwallisandaftersixyearsofwar

A theBritishsurrenderedatYorktown,Virginia.

B thecolonistsweredefeatedatYorktown,Virginia.

C thecolonistswrotetheDeclarationofIndependence.

D theBritishwerevictorious.

8 Atthebeginningofthenineteenthcentury

A AmericadeclareditsindependencefromGreatBritain.

B theDukeofWellingtonbecamePrimeMinister.

C theNapoleonicWarsbetweenGreatBritainandFrancebegan.

D NapoleonBonaparteinvadedGreatBritain.

9 AtthebattleofTrafalgar

A AdmiralLordNelsondefeatedtheFrench.

B theDukeofWellingtondefeatedtheFrench.

C Franceregainedcontroloftheseas.

D AdmiralLordNelsonwasdefeatedanddied.

10 Althoughmanycriticsdidnotagreewithhim,BenjaminWest

A becameaverywealthyman.

B believedthatanartistshouldshowthetruthinhispaintings.

C usedallegoricalfiguresinhispaintings.

D refusedtopaintwarscenes.

11 AtWaterlooin1815

A Napoleonandhisarmywerevictorious.

B theFrenchdefeatedtheBritish.

C therewasalongnavalbattle.

D theDukeofWellingtondefeatedNapoleon.

82



What did they do?

2 Readthenameofthepersonandmatchitwiththewhathedid.Writethecorrectletterinthebox.

1 GeorgeWashington

2 NapoleonBonaparte

3 GeneralCornwallis

4 KingGeorgeIII

5 AdmiralLordNelson

6 DukeofWellington

7 PaulRevere

A HesurrenderedatYorktown,Virginia.

B HewasthefirstHanoveriankingborninEngland.

C HediedattheBattleofTrafalgar.

D HeorganisedandledanarmyofAmericancolonists.

E HeledtheBritisharmytovictoryatWaterloo.

F HemadeplanstoinvadeGreatBritain.

G HemadeprintsabouttheAmericanRevolution

3 Usingnomorethan40wordsforeach,explainwhathappenedduringtheseevents:

A TheBostonMassacre

.......................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................

B TheBostonTeaParty

.......................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................

83



CHAPTEREIGHT



84

Before you read

1 Listen to the first part of Chapter Nine and for each question indicate the correct answerA,BorC.

1 HowlongdidQueenVictoriarule?

A 64years

B 48months

C 60months

2 WhodidQueenVictoriamarry?

A AdmiralPeter

B PrinceAlfred

C PrinceAlbert

3 Howmanychildrendidshehave?

A nine

B five

C none

4 WhendidQueenVictoriadie?

A 1901

B 1900

C 1910

5 HowmuchoftheEarth'slandsurfacedidtheBritishEmpirecoverduringQueenVictoria'srule?

A onethird

B onequarter

C onefifth

6 WhatwasthepopulationoftheBritishEmpireduringVictoria’srule?

A 317millionpeople

B 370millionpeople

C 300millionpeople

7 Wheredidthemutinyof1857againstBritishruletakeplace?

A Burma

B India

C Indonesia

8 WhatwasanimportantfeatureoftheCrimeanWar?

A Itwasthefirstwartobephotographed.

B Tankswereusedforthefirsttime.

C Machinegunswereusedforthefirsttime.

PET

12



CHAPTER NINE

The Victorian AgeTHE YOUNG QUEEN

Victoriabecamequeenin1837attheageofeighteenandruledfor64years,longerthan

anyotherBritishmonarch,givinghernametotheVictorianAge.TheBritishlovedher

becauseshewasanintelligent,dedicatedandresponsiblequeen,whowasinterestedin

allaspectsofBritishlife.

Windsor Castle in Modern Times (1841-5) by Sir Edwin Landseer.Paintings and the new technique of photography helped bring everyday images of the royal family toordinary people. In Windsor Castle in Modern Times, Queen Victoria is shown welcoming her husbandback from a hunting party. Although the painting contains many signs of the couple’s wealth, contraryto tradition there are no royal symbols. The Queen and her husband look more like a middle-classcouple than royalty. The hunting dog represents the masculine world of hunting, while the puppiesrepresent femininity and the home: this reflects the division of roles in Victorian marriage.

12



86

British History

QueenVictoriamarriedPrinceAlbert,hergreatlove,andwasadevotedwifeandmother

ofninechildren.FamilyvaluesandmoralitywereextremelyimportanttoVictoriaand

Albert,andtheywereabletosetanexamplewhichthepeoplefollowed.WhenQueen

Victoriadied,in1901,thenationmourned 1 thelossofapopularandrespectedqueen.

THE BRITISH EMPIRE

TheBritishEmpirebecamethelargestempireintheworld,coveringonefifthofthe

earth'slandsurface,withapopulationofabout370millionpeople.QueenVictoriaruled

overCanada,Australia,NewZealand,India,Burma,largepartsofAfrica,Singapore,

Malaysia,partsofIndonesia,BorneoandNewGuinea.TheBritishEmpirecreatedtrade

andwealthformillionsofpeople,althoughtherewererebellionsagainstBritishrulein

thecolonies,suchastheIndianMutinyof1857.Duringthe1850sBritishsoldiersfought

intheCrimeanWarontheBlackSea,whichwasthefirstwartobephotographed.

1 mourned:feltsadnessbecauseofsomeone’sdeath.

END



87

INNOVATION AND INVENTION

Thefirstnationalpostalsystemwasintroducedin1840andwasknownasthePennyPost

becauseitcostonepennytosendaletteranywhereinGreatBritain.Communicationwas

completelytransformedwiththeinventionofthetelegraphandthetelephone.The

inventionoftherailwayrevolutionisedtravelandtransportation–industriesandfarms

wereabletotransporttheirgoodstoallpartsofthecountry.Thankstotherailway

Rain, Steam and Speed (1844) by Joseph W. Turner.The train symbolised modernity in Victorian times; the invention of the steam train meant thattravel was now much faster. The new sensation of speed was expressed brilliantly by Joseph W.Turner in his painting, Rain, Steam and Speed. Considered by some to be the greatest Englishartist, Turner was an expert at capturing light, which becomes the protagonist of his paintings.Instead of the details of the train and carriages we see a mass of golden colours. Turner shows the

train racing through the rain and clouds of steam, emphasising the feeling of speed. The artist wasfascinated by machines, factories and steamships, the inspiration for his most poetic works. For thisreason Turner was an exception in the Victorian Age; many other artists painted trains, but theywere mostly shown standing at stations surrounded by group portraits of Victorian society.

87

The Victorian AgeSeen Through Art



88

British History

Victoriansstartedgoingondaytripsandtakingholidaysattheseaside.Sailingships

weregraduallyreplacedbysteamships,makingoceantravelfaster.

The Inauguration of the Great Exhibition, 1 May 1851 (1852-4) by David Roberts.

During Victorian times, Britain became more prosperous than any other nation. The growth of the iron, steeland textile industries meant there were now great numbers of mass-produced goods to be sold in Britain,Europe and the Colonies. One of the best ways of publicising new goods was to show them at one of theUniversal Expositions, the most famous of which was the Great Exhibition, held in London’s Hyde Park in1851. It attracted 7,000 exhibitors from Britain, 6,000 from other countries, and over 6 million visitors. This painting shows the Queen and her husband on a visit to the Exhibition. It is a highly detailed recordof the event, which the royals checked several times to make sure it was true to life. The Exhibition washeld in the Crystal Palace, a spectacular new building made of sheets 1 of glass in a cast iron frameworkdesigned by Joseph Paxton. The architect built the structure around the huge trees of the park to savethem from being cut down. Crystal Palace, which was taken down and moved to a new site after theExhibition, was the first great building to be made from glass and a metal frame. The building opened anew era in architecture.

1 sheets:(here)large,rectangularpieces.



90

British History

Applicants for Admission to a Casual Ward (1874) by Sir Luke Fildes.

Artists did not begin to show the reality of Victorian povertyuntil the 1870s. Before this, members of the ‘lower’ classeswere only painted if they were considered ‘picturesque’. Fildes was one of the first artists to show social problems in hiswork. In Applicants for Admission to a Casual Ward, thehomeless of London are shown waiting for a bed in a shelter 1

on a cold winter’s night. The men, women and children arepainted in realistic detail, and we can imagine how cold theymust have felt.

1 shelter :abuildingdesignedtogiveprotection.

WorkhouseshadbeenintroducedforthepoorbythePoorLawActof1834.Conditionsin

theworkhouseswereterrible,familieswereseparated,foodwaspoorandtheworkhard

andboring.Tohavetogototheworkhousewasthenightmareofthepoor.Manypoor

peopleemigratedtoAmericatofindabetterlife.



Go back to the text


1.......QueenVictoria’s64-yearruletheBritishEmpire2.......one-fifthoftheearth’slandsurface.Thecolonies3.......wealthtothousandsofpeople.Technologymadeprogress:thetelegraphandthetelephone4.......communications,andtherailwaychangedthewaypeopleandgoods5........Morepeoplelivedincrowdedtownsandcities6.......inthecountrysidebecausemostjobswereinthetownsandcities.

Butifthousandsbecamerich,manythousandssuffered.CharlesDickensshockedpublic7.......withhisnovels8.......povertyandsocialinjustice.9.......workingconditionsandchildlabourremainedabig10.......duringtheVictorianAge.

Thepoorhadanextremelydifficultlifeandsome11.......toliveinworkhouses.Manyof12.......emigratedtoAmericaortothecolonies.

1 A After B During C At D Before

2 A defended B grew C took D covered

3 A bring B brought C bringing D brings

4 A transformed B transported C translated D transports

5 A move B moving C moves D moved

6 A rather B to C than D instead

7 A value B moral C opinion D world

8 A about B treating C attack D for

9 A Terrific B Tremendous C Terrible D Troubled

10 A program B problem C project D proposal

11 A went B gone C these D going

12 A their B them C it D they


A B

1 InLandseer’spainting WindsorCastleinModernTimes,QueenVictoriaandherhusbandlookmorelikeamiddle-classcouplethanmembersoftheroyalfamily.

2 PrecisedetailsaretheimportantelementsofTurner’spaintings.

3 Turnerwasfascinatedbymachines,trainsandsteamships.

4 ManyVictorianartistspaintedgroupportraitsofVictoriansocietyatrailwaystations.

5 TheGreatExhibitionof1851publicisedthemostimportantVictorianpaintings.

6 Untilthe1870s,artistsdidnotbegintoshowtherealityofVictorianpovertyintheirpaintings.

7 Fildeswasmoreinterestedinpaintingportraitsofthearistocracythanshowingsocialissuesinhiswork.

B

PET

PET



92

1

A Youcanbuyticketsafternine,butfromadifferentplace.

B Youcanbuyticketshereafternineinthemorning.

C Youcangetticketshereatanytimeuptillnine.

2

A Youcanvisittheexhibitionuntilnineintheevening.

B Theexhibitionisopennon-stop,allday,foreighthours.

C YoucannotvisittheexhibitiononSundays(morningorafternoon).

3

A Bicyclesmustnotbeusedanywhereneartheredgate.

B Bicyclesmustbeleftattheredgate.

C Bicylescanberentedattheredgate.

4

A Thisroadisfortraffic,notforhorse-riding.

B Youmustnotrideahorseonthissideoftheroad.

C Youmustgetoffyourhorse,andsendittotheothersideoftheroad.

5

A Youcannotsellanyticketsafterfiveintheafternoon.

B Youhavetobuyyourticket(s)beforefiveintheafternoon.

C Afterfiveintheafternoonentranceisfree.

6

A Youmustparkyourcar,getoutandgototheleft.

B Walkersmustleavesomeoftheroadfreefortraffic.

C Ifyouareonfoot,youarerequestedtobeverycareful.

TICKETS

AVAILABLE AT THIS

DESK FROM 9 A.M

EXHIBITION OPEN

9.00-6.00

EXCEPT SUNDAYS

PLEASE LEAVE

BICYCLES OUTSIDE

THE RED GATE

HORSES MUST USE

OTHER SIDE OF

THE ROAD

NO TICKETS

SOLD AFTER

5.00 P.M

3 LookatthesignsandforeachquestionindicatethecorrectexplanationA,BorC.

PEDESTRIANS TO

THE LEFT PLEASE

PET



INTER

NET ACTIVITIES

93

CHAPTERNINE


1 ReadthetextonBritainbetween1815and1914andanswerthefollowingquestions.

1 HowdidBritainbegin100yearswithoutfightingamajorwar?

A bygivingintoFrenchhopestoruletheworld

B bydefeatingtheFrenchattheBattlesofTrafalgarandWaterloo

C byjoininginanallianceofpeaceandcooperationwithFrance

D bysurrenderingtoNapoleon’sdominationofEurope

2 WhenGeorgeIVdied,TheTimes wrote

A anobituarywhichexpressedthenation’ssadness.

B anobituarywhichpraisedhisachievements.

C anobituarywhichcalledforarepublic.

D anobituarywhichsaidthekingwouldnotbemissed.

3 Theearlynineteenthcenturyisrememberedasacreativeperiodbecause

A oftheworkofpaintersandromanticpoets.

B oftheworkofactorsanddirectors.

C oftheworkoffashiondesigners.

D oftheworkofarchitectsandsculptors.

4 Whatimportantdiscoveriesweremadeinthenineteenthcentury?

A StephensondiscoveredelectricityandFaradayinventedthesteamtrain.

B FaradaydiscoveredelectricityandDavyinventedthesteamtrain.

C FaradaydiscoveredelectricityandStephensoninventedthesteamtrain.

D DavydiscoveredelectricityandFaradayinventedthesteamtrain.



INTER

NET ACTIVITIES

5 OneofBrunel’sgreatestengineeringachievementswas

A buildingtheGreatEasternrailwaylinetoBristol.

B buildingtheGreatWestern,whichwasthelargestshipafloat.

C buildingthebridgesandtunnelsoftheGreatEasternrailwayline.

D buildingtheGreatEastern,whichwasthelargestshipafloat.

6 WhywasanewparliamentbuildingbuiltatWestminster?

A Theoldonewasdestroyedinafire.

B Theoldonewastoosmall.

C tocelebrateQueenVictoria’sSilverJubilee

D tocelebrateBritishachievements

7 TheBritishinvolvementintheCrimeanWarwasconsideredaheroicdefeat

A becauseoftheterribleweatherandpoorequipment.

B becausetheBritishcavalryrodeintobattleagainsttheRussianartillery.

C becausetheRussiancavalrydefeatedtheBritishartillery.

D becausetheRussianarmywonmostofthebattles.

8 WhatwastheimportantchangeintheBritishArmyaftertheCrimeanWar?

A Officersreceivedpromotioniftheypaidforit.

B Officersreceivedpromotioniftheirfamilieswererich.

C Officersreceivedpromotionbecauseoftheirabilitiesandexperience.

D Itwaseasierforasoldiertobecomeanofficer.

9 DuringQueenVictoria’sreign,inthefieldsofexplorationandscience

A LivingstoneproducedhistheoryofevolutionandDarwinexploredAfrica.

B CharlesDarwinsailedhomein1847andLivingstoneexploredAfrica.

C LivingstonesailedtoAfricaintheBeagle.

D CharlesDarwindevelopedhistheoryofevolutionandLivingstoneexploredAfrica.

10 HowwastheBritishNavyusedoffthecoastofWestAfrica?

A totrytostoptheslavetrade B toprotecttheslavetraders

C totransportslavestoAmerica D tosafeguardthenewcolonies

11 HowdidtheBritishbuildupsuchabigempire?

A bynegotiatingwiththelocalpeople B bybuyingtheterritorytheywanted

C bysuperiormilitarystrength D ontheinvitationofthelocalpeople

12 Whatdoyouunderstandbythephrase‘onwhichthesunneverset’?

A TheBritishempirewassobigthatitwasalwaysdaylightinatleastonecolony.

B TheVictoriansthoughtthattheempirewouldexistforever.

C TheVictorianswantedtoshowtheimportanceofQueenVictoria.

D TheVictorianswantedtoshowtheimportanceofLondon.

94



CHAPTER TEN

The Edwardian Age and World War I

THE NEW CENTURY

AfterQueenVictoria'sdeathin1901,hersonEdwardVIIbecameking.GreatBritainhadjust

steppedintothetwentiethcentury.ThepopulationofGreatBritainwasnowabout40million.

DuringtheEdwardianAgethefirstcarsappearedontheroadsbutonlytherichcould

affordthematfirst.Telephonesandelectriclightingwerebeginningtoappearinthe

homesofthewealthy.Thefirstcinemaswithsilentfilmsopenedinthisperiodand

provedtobeahugesuccesswitheveryone.

In1903EmmelinePankhurstfoundedtheWomen'sSocialandPoliticalUnion(WSPU).

MembersoftheWSPUwerecalled

suffragettes,andfoughtfor

women'srighttovote(suffrage)by

protestinginthestreets.Theywere

oftentakentoprison!Womenover

30finallyobtainedtherightto

voteinthe1918elections.

Poster illustrating women’s fight for the vote.

As well as dramatic protests such ashunger strikes and women-onlydemonstrations, Mrs Pankhurst usedposters and prints to spread hermessage. In this symbolic poster fromaround 1910, a woman cannot enter theHouses of Parliament because she doesnot have the right to vote. The poster ismodern in style with heavy black linesand simplified images.

95

13



DuringtheEdwardianAgeaboutonethirdofthepopulationwaspovertystrickenand

livedinmiserableconditions.Thegovernmentpassedseverallawstoalleviatethe

sufferingofthepoor:itstartedgivingfreeschoolmealstopoorchildrenandpaid

pensionstopeopleover70yearsofage.TheNationalInsuranceActgaveworkersfree

medicalhelpandasmallamountofmoneywhentheywereill.

Atthebeginningofthe1900smilitaryrivalrywasgrowingbetweenGreatBritainand

Germany,aleadingindustrialandeconomicpoweroftheperiod.Bothcountrieswere

competingforterritoryinAfricafromthelatenineteenthcentury.WhenGermanystarted

buildingamassivenavyBritainfelthersuperiorityatseatobethreatened.Anarmsrace

beganbetweenGermanyandBritain.

InMay1910KingEdwardVIIdiedandwassucceededbyhisson,whobecameKing

GeorgeV.HeprovedtobeacapableanddedicatedleaderduringWorldWarIandduring

thedifficultpost-warperiodwhichfollowed.GeorgeV’sfamilynamewasSaxe-Coburg-

Gotha,butin1917hechangedittoWindsorbecauseofthestronganti-Germanfeelingof

theBritishduringWorldWarI.

AllofEuropewasworriedaboutthegrowthofGermanpower.Eventuallythegreat

Europeanpowerssplit 1 intotwoalliances:Britain,FranceandRussia,andGermanyand

Austria-Hungary.

Therewassomuchtension

thatevenasmallincident

couldleadtoawar.The

assassinationofArchduke

FerdinandofAustriain

Sarajevowastheincident

thatstartedWorldWarI.

British History

1 split:divided.

The assassination of Archduke Ferdinandof Austria (1914).

The assassination of ArchdukeFerdinand is shown here in dramaticstyle on the cover of an Italianmagazine.

96



World War IWORLD WAR I

On4August1914BritaindeclaredwaronGermany.TheBritishpopulationfeltpatriotic

andunitedbecausetheybelievedthatthiswasajustwar.Youngmenjoinedthearmed

forcesasvolunteers.Over100,000womenworkedasnursesandmostwerevolunteers.

However,noonecouldhaveimaginedthehorrorsofthiswar.Forthefirsttimemodern

technologywasusedinaconflictandtheresultsweredevastating.Thewarwasalso

photographedextensively.

ThebattleswerefoughtnotonlyinEuropebutalsoinTurkey,theMiddleEastandatsea.

TheGermanNavyattackedEnglishportsandGermanzeppelinairships 1 bombedLondon.

Everyone'slifewastouchedorchangedinsomeway.

TheGermansalsousedsubmarinesforthefirsttimetodestroyBritishandAmericanmerchant

shipsthatcarriedfoodandsuppliestoBritain.TheUnitedStatesofAmericaenteredthewar

in1917andaboutayearlaterGermanywasdefeated.Duringthewar750,000Britishsoldiers

werekilled,and21/2 millionseriouslywounded.Thehorrorandsadnessofthewarwerebest

expressedbytheBritishwarpoets,WilfredOwen,SiegfriedSassoonandLaurenceBinyon,

andthewarpainters,PaulNashandJohnSingerSargent.

THE BRITISH COMMONWEALTH

AfterthewartheTreatyofVersaillesgaveBritainseveralGermanandTurkishcoloniesand

theBritishEmpireincreasedinsize.However,duetothepost-wareconomicsituationandthe

worldwidedepression,Britaincouldnolongeraffordtokeepanempire.Countriessuchas

Canada,Australia,NewZealandandSouthAfricawantedgreaterindependencetogovern

theirownaffairs.In1931Parliamentpassedastatute 2 thatrecognisedthedominions’

completeindependencefromBritain.Thedominionsbecameequalmembersofthe

organisationknownastheBritishCommonwealth.Indiaalsowantedtoachieveself-

government,butitwouldhavetowaituntil1947tobecomeanindependentstate.

Afterinsistentdemandsforindependence,in1921IrelandwasdividedintotheIrishFree

State(Eire),whichwaspredominantlyRomanCatholic,andUlster(NorthernIreland),

predominantlyProtestant,whichremainedapartoftheUnitedKingdom.

Aswithmostmajorwars,WorldWarImarkedthebeginningofaperiodofgreatchange.

ThemostimportantchangewasthedeclineinBritishtrade,sinceBritainwasnolonger

theonlyinternationalindustrialpower.TheUnitedStatesandGermanyhadbecome

strongcompetitors.JapanandChinaalsoenteredtheworldmarket.

97

Seen Through Art

1 airships:largeaircraftfilledwithgasandpoweredbyengines.

2 statute:alaw.



98

THE DEPRESSION IN EUROPE

Thecoal,steelandammunitionsindustriesneededfewerworkersandthisresultedin

unemployment.Britishindustrywasresistanttoinnovationandchange,andthisattitude

damagedtheeconomy.FrustratedworkersorganisedTheGeneralStrikein1926toprotest

againstpaycutsandlongerworkinghours,butitdidnotsolvetheirproblems.

The Menin Road (1919) by Paul Nash.

The war artist Paul Nash experienced the brutality of the war for himself. He wanted to show thetruth about the suffering and stop the older generation from continuing the war. In this painting, thelandscape has been devastated by continuous bombing. There are craters 1 and ruined buildings, andthe trees have all been destroyed.At the time, war artists were not allowed to show dead people in their paintings, by order of thegovernment. Therefore Nash used an apocalyptic landscape and surreal light to represent theannihilation of the young soldiers who were killed there. To see how the attitude to war changed,contrast this painting with the heroic, idealised death of Nelson (see page 79).

1 craters:roundholesinthegroundformedbyanexplosion.

British History



99

InOctober1929theUnitedStatesofAmericasufferedaseverefinancialcrisisknownas

theWallStreetCrash.ManyAmericanbanksclosedandthousandsoffirmsand

individualswentbankrupt.Thiseconomiccrisisspreadthroughouttheworld.By1931

nearly3,000,000Britishworkers

wereunemployed.Thisdismal 1

periodwasknownastheGreat

Depression.

InspiteofBritain'ssocialand

economicproblems,themonarchy

remainedpopular,andin1936

EdwardVIIIbecamekingonthe

deathofhisfather.However,he

decidedtoabdicatethethrone

ratherthangiveupthewomanhe

loved.Hecouldnotbekingand

marryWallisSimpson,atwice-

divorcedAmerican.EdwardVIII’s

brother,GeorgeVI,becameking

andinspiteofinitialdoubts

abouthisleadershipqualities,he

becameapopularfigurebecause

ofhissolidaritywiththepeople

duringWorldWarII.

Highunemployment,hungerand

povertyweretheidealconditions

forthebirthoftheFascistPartyin

ItalyandtheNaziPartyinGermany.

Thousandsofdesperate,frustrated

peoplebegantofollowtwonew

leaders,AdolfHitlerinGermany

andBenitoMussoliniinItaly,who

promisedthemabetterlife.

Migrant Mother, Nipomo, California (1936) by Dorothea Lange.

The terrible conditions of this era are shown in manyphotographs. By the time of the Depression, photographshad replaced paintings as a way of recording socialconditions. The American government asked DorotheaLange to make a photo-report of the economic crisis andits effects on people. This photograph is a historicaldocument as well as a work of art. We notice the woman’stroubled face immediately, as the children lean on her forsupport.

1 dismal:sadandwithouthope.

World War ISeen Through Art



100

Go back to the text

1 Decideifeachstatementiscorrectorincorrect.IfitiscorrecttickA;ifitisnotcorrect,tickB.

A B1 Atthebeginningofthetwentiethcenturythepopulationof

GreatBritainwasabout40million.

2 Thefirstcars,telephonesandelectriclightingappearedinthehomesofallsocialclasses.

3 AlthoughEmmelinePankhurstfoughtforwomen’ssuffrage,Britishwomenwerenotallowedtovoteuntil1938.

4 EmmelineParkhurstusedprintsandposterstocommunicatehermessage.

5 Atthebeginningofthe1900sGermanywasastrongindustrialandeconomicpowerwhichwasbuildingahugenavy.

6 AtthebeginningofWorldWarItheEuropeanpowerssplitintotwoalliances:Britain,FranceandRussia;GermanyandAustria-Hungary.

7 TheassassinationofArchdukeFerdinandofAustriainSarajevostartedWorldWarI.

8 GermanydeclaredwaronBritaininAugust1914andsoonaftertheGermanNavyattackedEnglishports,whilezeppelinairshipsbombedLondon.

9 In1931thedominionsbecameindependentfromBritainandequalmembersoftheBritishCommonwealth.

10 Inhispaintings,thewarartistPaulNashshowedtheheroicaspectsofdeathinbattle.

11 TheUnitedStates,GermanyandJapanbecamestrongcompetitorsontheworldmarketandBritain’simportanceasanindustrialpowerdeclined.

12 Fortunately,theWallStreetCrashandGreatDepressionof1929affectedonlytheUnitedStates.

13 DorotheaLangepaintedtheeconomiccrisiscausedbytheGreatDepressionintheUnitedStates.

14 ThepopularityofItalianFascistPartyandtheGermanNaziPartywerethedirectresultofthepovertyandhighunemploymentthatfollowedWorldWarI.

2 Writesuitablequestionsforthefollowinganswers.

1 When ...........................................................................................................................................?

TheWomen’sSocialandPoliticalUnionwasfoundedin1903.

2 What ............................................................................................................................................?

Germanyusedsubmarinestodestroymerchantships.

PET



3 Who .............................................................................................................................................?

GermanywasBritain’sbiggestrivalatthebeginningofthetwentiethcentury.

4 Where ..........................................................................................................................................?

TheArchdukewasassassinatedinSarajevo.

5 Why .............................................................................................................................................?

Theworkerswerefrustratedbecausetheywereunemployed.

6 Howmany ....................................................................................................................................?

Over750,000BritishsoldierswerekilledduringWorldWarI.

Before you read

1 ListentothefirstpartofChapterElevenandforeachquestionindicatethecorrectanswerA,BorC.

1 WhendidBritaindeclarewaronGermany?

A 1September

B 2September

C 3September

2 WhichcountrydidGermanynotinvadeinApril1940?

A Norway

B Sweden

C Denmark

3 Duringthesummerandautumnof1940theGermansattacked

A Britisharmycamps.

B Britishports.

C Britishairfields.

4 DuringtheBattleofBritain,howmanyLondonerswerekilledeachday?

A between600and700.

B between300and600.

C between400and500.

5 WhatwasthedifferencebetweenthemenandwomenintheBritishArmy?

A Thewomendidnothavetofightinbattles.

B Thewomenwereolderthanthemen.

C Themenwerenotmarried.

6 WhendidfoodrationingbegininBritain?

A 1940.

B 1939.

C 1938.

101

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14



CHAPTERTEN



CHAPTER ELEVEN

World War II and thePost-war Years

GERMAN AGGRESSION

AdolfHitler,theleaderoftheGermanNaziparty,wasbecomingademagogue.Hehad

incrediblepowerandinfluenceovertheGermanpeople,whoweredisillusionedwiththe

statusofGermanyinEuropeafterWorldWarIanddesiredabetterfuturebothfor

themselvesandtheircountry.HepromisedthemprosperityinapowerfulGermany.

HitlerplannedtoretakethelandGermanyhadlostattheendofWorldWarI.Hebuiltup

theGermanarmedforces,whichhehadpromisednottodo.Germantroopsinvaded

Austriain1938,asHitlerbelievedthatallGerman-speakingcountriesshouldbepartof

Germany.ForthisreasonhealsotookoveranotherGerman-speakingarea,the

Sudentenland,inCzechoslovakia.AllofEuropewasworriedaboutGermanexpansion.

Couldthisbethebeginningofanotherwar?

Adolf, the superman, swallows gold and vomitsstupidity (1932) by John Heartfield.

Hitler is the subject of this photomontageJohn Heartfield produced for the oppositionmagazine Arbeiter Illustriert Zeitung, whichwas banned by the Nazis soon afterwards.Heartfield combined a photograph with an x-ray of Hitler’s body. The x-ray showsHitler’s body is full of money as he isswallowing gold, this refers to the financialsupport he was given by his politicalsupporters and German industry. The word‘superman’ in the title refers ironically to theNazis’ claim of racial superiority. The word‘stupidity’ is used to describe his speeches.Heartfield managed to escape from the Nazisand stayed in exile until the end of the war.

14



BRITAIN DECLARES WAR

In1939GermanyinvadedCzechoslovakiaandon1SeptemberofthesameyearPoland

wasalsoinvaded!AllofEuropewasenraged 1 andon3SeptemberBritaindeclaredwar

onGermany.ButthisdidnotstopHitler.

InApril1940GermanyinvadedNorway,thentheNetherlands,BelgiumandDenmark.

SoonafterGermanyattacked,defeatedandoccupiedFrance.Britainwasanallyof

France,buttheBritishforceswhoweresenttoFrancewerenotabletostoptheGerman

Battle of Britain: August-October 1940 (1940) by Paul Nash.

Hitler hoped to destroy the British defences by bombing them from the air and then to invade by sea. The Battle ofBritain lasted for nearly one year. It was the first great battle to be fought in the skies. In this work by Paul Nash (who also painted episodes from World War I), the open sky takes up two thirds of thepainting. He shows enemy aircraft fighting a dramatic duel. The sky is filled with the white smoke from the planes’engines, while grey smoke pours from an aircraft as it crashes into the sea.

World War IISeen Through Art

1 enraged :veryangry.



104

British History

Tube Shelter Perspective (1941) by Henry Moore.

London and Britain’s other major cities were bombed almost non-stop. Despite the dangerousliving conditions, the British did not give up hope. To escape the bombing, the people of Londontook shelter in the stations and tunnels of the Underground. The sculptor Henry Moore was askedby the Government to record these events. This drawing shows a crowd of people sleeping in theshadowy darkness of a tunnel. The artist uses simple white shapes to give the idea of sleepingbodies. His drawings are considered some of the most authentic images of the suffering andhardship of ordinary people in World War II.



105

advanceandhadtobeevacuatedfromDunkirk.Itwasahumiliatingdefeatandnow

BritainstoodaloneagainstGermany.

WinstonChurchill,abrilliantpolitician,anexceptionalleaderandamanofgreat

courage,becamePrimeMinisterin1940.DuringthatsummerandautumntheGerman

LuftwaffeattackedBritishairfieldsandthenbombedLondonandothercities.Eachday

between300to600Londonerswerekilled.Thisbattleoftheskieswasknownasthe

BattleofBritain.

TheentirepopulationofGreatBritainwasinvolvedinthewar.Allmenbetween19(later

18)and41yearsofagewerecalledup 1 tofight.Unmarriedwomenbetween20and30

yearsofagewerealsocalleduptoserveinthearmedforces,buttheydidnottakepartin

thefighting.Foodrationingbeganin1940andcontinuedthroughoutthewar.

THE GREAT POWERS AT WAR

InAugust1940ItalyenteredthewaronGermany'sside.Germanforcesinvadedthe

SovietUnioninJune1941,bringingRussiaintothewaronthesideoftheAllies:Britain

andFrance.

Japan,whichhadanalliancewithGermany,attackedtheAmericanfleetatPearlHarbor,

Hawaii,inDecember1941.TheUnitedStatesimmediatelydeclaredwaronJapanand,

shortlyafter,onGermanyandItaly.TheterribleeventsthatstartedinEuropenow

involvedthegreatpowersoftheworldinthedeadliestandcostliestwarinhistory.

TheJapaneseforcesrapidlyinvadedSoutheastAsia.Morethan80,000Britishand

CommonwealthtroopsweredefeatedwhenSingaporesurrenderedinFebruary1942.

ManyimportantseabattleswerefoughtinSoutheastAsiabetweentheAmericanand

Japanesenavies.InOctober1944theAmericannavywasvictoriousovertheJapaneseat

thedecisiveBattleofMidway.

InNorthAfrica,GermanandItaliantroopsjoinedtogetherandadvancedintoEgypt,

whichwascontrolledbytheBritish.In1942theBritishEighthArmy,underthe

commandofGeneralMontgomery,defeatedthematElAlamein.TheBritishforcesthen

joinedtheAmericanarmy,followingtheirlandinginAlgeria.TogethertheyinvadedItaly

in1944andtookRomeafteraverydifficultmilitarycampaign.

ThousandsofAmericansoldiersarrivedinBritainfrom1942onwards,andwiththe

BritishandCommonwealthsoldierspreparedforthehugeseaborneinvasionofFrance,

whichwasbeingcarefullyandsecretlyplanned.

1 calledup:orderedtojointhearmedforces.

World War IISeen Through ArtSeen Through ArtSeen Through Art

END



106

British History

On6June1944,(D-Day),thealliedforceslandedinNormandy.Theyfoughttheirway

acrossFranceandBelgiumtoGermany.TheGermanforcesweregraduallybeingpushed

backeverywhere.On15April1945BritishtroopsliberatedtheBergen-Belsen

concentrationcamp,oneofthemanyhorrificdeathcampswheretheNazisimprisoned

andmurderedtheJews,otherminoritygroupsandpoliticalopponents.TheHolocaust

attemptedtoexterminatetheJewishraceinEuropeandcostthelivesofnearly6million

innocentpeople.

TheRussianArmysurroundedBerlinon24April1945andsixdayslater,inviewofthe

Germandefeat,Hitlerkilledhimself.TheGermanarmysurrenderedtotheBritishGeneral

Montgomeryon4May1945.TheGermanswerefinallydefeatedandtheBritish

celebratedVEDay(VictoryinEurope)on8May1945.ThewarinEuropewasover,

althoughitcontinuedintheFarEastuntilAugust1945.

POST-WAR BRITAIN

UnliketheUnitedStates,Britainwasdevastatedbythewar.Theeconomywasexhausted,

thecountrywasheavilyindebt,thetaskofreconstructionwashugeandBritainno

longerhadanempire.ShereceivedseveralbilliondollarsfromtheUnitedStates

MarshallPlan,whichgreatlyhelpedtorebuildBritainandtheotherEuropeannations

destroyedbythewar.Britain’sroleintheworldwaschanging.

Thesituationathomewasalsochanging.TheBritishWelfareState,asystemofsocial

services,wassetupandby1948theBritishpeoplehadfreemedicalcare,socialsecurity

payments,freeeducationandmanyotherbenefitswhichwereunheardofacentury

earlier.TheLabourGovernmentnationalisedtheprivatelyrunrailways,ironandsteel

industries,coalmines,andgasandelectricityindustries.In1951theConservativeswon

theelectionsandremainedinpowerforthenextthirteenyears.Thestandardofliving

rosequicklyandwhenElizabethIIwascrownedqueenin1952theBritishoptimistically

talkedaboutBritainenteringa'NewElizabethanAge'.



2 AnswerthefollowingquestionsaboutpaintingsofWorldWarII.

1 Whyistheword‘superman’usedinthesubtitleofHeartfield’sphotomontageofHitler?

2 WhyisHitlershownswallowinggold?

3 WhatdoesPaulNash’spaintingoftheBattleofBritainshow?

4 WhatwasHenryMooreaskedtodobytheBritishgovernment?

5 WhyisHenryMoore’sworkconsideredimportant?

107

Go back to the text


1.......AdolfHitlerplannedtotakethelandGermanyhad2.......afterWorldWarI,heinvadedAustriain1938andCzechoslovakiaandPolandin1939.Britaindeclaredwar3.......Germany.4.......couldstopHitler.In1940heinvadedNorway,theNetherlands,Belgium,DenmarkandFrance!Thebrilliant5.......WinstonChurchillbecamePrimeMinisterin1940.

Londonandothercitieswereheavily6.......TheUnitedStatesenteredthewar7.......theJapaneseattackonPearlHarbor,Hawaii.Thegreat8.......oftheworldwerenowatwar.

OnD-DaythealliedforceslandedinNormandyandfoughttheirway9.......FrancetoGermany.InApril1945theGermanswere10.......andthewarinEuropewas11.......Britainhadbeendevastated12.......thewar.

1 A About B Again C Soon D Since2 A gained B lost C seen D attacked3 A on B in C to D for4 A Everything B Something C Nothing D Anything5 A general B politician C philosopher D banker6 A bombed B bombs C bombing D bomb7 A until B before C during D after8 A cities B powers C politics D colonies9 A by B at C across D to

10 A imprisoned B murdered C exterminated D defeated11 A off B up C over D down12 A at B by C to D on

D

PET



CHAPTERELEVEN



Before you read

1 ListentothefirstpartofChapterTwelveandforeachquestionindicatethecorrectanswerA,BorC

108

1 HowlongdidtheeconomicboomafterWorldWarIIlast?

A tenyears

B fifteenyears

C twentyyears

2 HowdidBritishcitiesimproveafterWorldWarII?

A Therewaslesspollution.

B Thenumberofpolicemenincreased.

C Thestreets,hospitalsandhousesimproved.

3 WhichconsumerproductdidtheBritishnotbuyinthe1950s?

A thedishwasher

B thewashingmachine

C thecar

4 Whendidfoodrationingend?

A 1954

B 1956

C 1958

5 Whenwasthewordteenagerfirstused?

A inthe1950s

B inthe1960s

C inthe1970s

6 HowdidMaryQuantchangefashion?

A Shedesignedformalsuits.

B Shedesignedpsychedelicshoes.

C Shedesignedtheminiskirt.

7 WhatshockedtheBritishpublicatthebeginningofthe1960s?

A Thebehaviourofthepolice.

B Thebehaviourofpoliticians.

C ThebehaviouroftheRoyalFamily.

8 WhatdidFrance,GermanyandJapanhaveincommoninthe1960s?

A TheireconomieswereallweakerthantheBritisheconomy.

B TheireconomieswereallstrongerthantheBritisheconomy.

C TheywerethemainexportersofBritishgoods.

15

PET



CHAPTER TWELVE

Moving Towards theTwenty-first Century

THE POST-WAR BOOM

InthetwentyyearsfollowingWorldWarIIBritainexperiencedaneconomicboom.

Thegovernmentwascommitted 1 totheWelfareStateandtomaintainingahighlevelof

employment.Moneywasspentonbuildingnewhouses,hospitalsandroads.Peoplespent

theirsalariesonconsumergoods,whichalsobenefitedBritishindustry.

Inthe1950smanypeoplehadtheirfirsttelephoneinstalledandboughttheirfirstcar,

recordplayer,portableradioandtelevision.Newlabour-savingdevicessuchasthe

washingmachineandthevacuumcleanerbecamecommonhouseholdgoods.TheBritish

consumerwasencouragedtobuyandnottosave.

Just what is it that makes today’s homes so different,so appealing? (1956) by Richard Hamilton.

The symbols of the new lifestyles became thesymbols of Pop Art, one of the most importantart movements of the second half of thetwentieth century. This collage by RichardHamilton makes use of the items which wereabout to turn Great Britain into a consumersociety. The television and vacuum cleaner aresymbols of modern technology. We can seeadvertising logos and brand names, such asFord on the lamp and Del Monte on the tin ofham and images taken from advertisements,such as the woman vacuuming the stairs. Thetwo people in the foreground represent the‘new man and woman’. The collage showshow consumerism and the American lifestyleinfluenced Britain after the hardships of the war.

1 committed :promisedtosupportacertaincause.

15



110

British History

Foodrationingendedin1954andbetween1956and1958,800newsupermarketsopened

inGreatBritain.Duringthe1950speoplefromthenewlyindependentCommonwealth

countriesemigratedtoBritainlookingforsecureemployment,andBritainstartedto

becomeamulti-racialsociety.

Thewordteenagerwasfirstusedinthe1950stoindicateanewgenerationofyoung

peoplewithbuyingpowerandnewrevolutionaryideasaboutentertainment,musicand

fashion.Theyouthcultureofthe1960sand1970swasimitatedbyyoungpeopleallover

theworld.PopgroupssuchastheBeatlesandtheRollingStoneshavehadanenormous

influenceonyouthculture.YoungdesignerslikeMaryQuantrevolutionisedfashionwith

theminiskirtandcolourful,informalclothes!

A scene from Yellow Submarine (1968) directed by George Dunning.

You can recognise the four Beatles and on the right there is the character from the film, CaptainFred. In this surreal cartoon, made around the Beatles’ music, the ‘Fab Four’ accompany CaptainFred in his Yellow Submarine to bring music and freedom to Pepperland. The psychedelictechniques, the ultra bright lights and the anarchic characters of this cartoon capture theatmosphere of the youth culture of the late 1960s.



111

ECONOMIC DECLINE

Atthebeginningofthe1960sBritainwasataturningpoint.Casesofimmoralbehaviour

amongpoliticianswerediscoveredandthepublicwasshocked.TheBritishwere

beginningtobuymorefromabroadthantheysold,andacountrythatspendsmorethanit

earnsgoesintodebt.Britain’snewprosperitywasveryfragile.Germany,Franceand

Japanwereeconomicallymorestable.Thebalanceofpowerintheworldhadchanged.

BritainwasnolongeraworldpoweroraEuropeanpower.Thetwosuperpowerswerethe

UnitedStatesandtheSovietUnion.WhatwasBritain’snewrole?

In1957BritainrefusedtojointheEuropeanEconomicCommunity,inspiteofthe

economicadvantagesitoffered:ahugeinternalmarketforbuyingandsellinggoodswith

minimaltariffs.AfewyearslaterBritainbecameawareofitsgrowingeconomicproblems

andappliedformembershipoftheEECbutwasrefusedtwice,in1961and1967.

BritainfinallysucceededinjoiningtheEECin1973,butthisdidnotimproveher

economicsituation.Whathadcausedthisdecline?Thegovernment,themanagementof

industryandtheworkershaveallbeenblamedfortheeconomicproblems.Thegovernment

didnottakeanactiveroleintheeconomy,themanagementofindustryusedold-fashioned

methodsfortoolong,andtheworkerswiththeirpowerfultradeunionsdamagedthe

economywithstrikes 1 thatparalysedtheentirecountryforlongperiodsoftime.

Cataract 3 (1967) by Bridget Riley.

This painting, which is based on astudy of optical laws and thepsychology of shape, has adeliberately hypnotic effect on theviewer. If you look at the wavy linesfor long enough, they appear to moveand the whole painting comes to life.The viewer’s perception becomes asource of disorientation. Thegeometric patterns typical of‘Op(tical) Art’ became very popular inthe 1960s and 1970s. The distinctionbetween ‘high’ and ‘low’ culturebecame ambiguous, as often happenedat the time, and the patterns were usedboth in painting and the fashionableclothes of the day.

1 strikes :stoppingworktodemonstrateforbetterpayorworkingconditions.

END



THATCHER TAKES OVER

InJanuary1979priceswerecontinuingtoriseandstrikeswerebecomingmoreandmore

frequent.OveronemillionpeoplewereunemployedandBritainwasdeepindebt.The

populationwastiredofthissituationandwantedachange.InMay1979therewasa

generalelectionandtheConservativePartywonundertheleadershipofMargaretThatcher.

Thatcherwasastrong-willedindividualwhofoughtsuccessfullyagainstthetradeunions,

dismantledtheWelfareStateanddenationalisedindustry.By1987manyofBritain’smost

importantindustrieshadreturnedtoprivateownership,amongthemBritishAirways,

BritishAerospace,theBritishshipbuildersandthetelecommunicationsindustry.

112

British History

Postcard Flag (Union Jack) (1981) by Tony Cragg.

The ‘Thatcher years’ were full of contradictions. After the decline of the post-war period and therevolutionary ‘counter-culture’ of the 1960s and 1970s, the British rediscovered a new sense ofnationalism. At the same time, a large part of the population was suffering serious economicproblems. This work by Tony Cragg gives a critical view of the situation: The British Flag,symbol of the new patriotism, is made up of blue and red plastic objects. Despite their brightcolours, these objects represent the rubbish which contemporary society throws away.



Thatcherbelievedthatthe‘cradletothegrave’ 1 philosophyoftheWelfareStatewasnot

workingforBritain.Shebelievedthatstimulatingcompetition,hardworkandself-help

weretheanswertothecountry’sindustrial,economicandsocialproblems.Manysocial

policieswerecutandpeoplelosttheirjobs.Someindividualswithoutworkbecame

entrepreneurs–theywentintobusinessforthemselves,andmanyweresuccessful.

Thiswasacontroversialperiodofgreatchange.

On10October1987therewasastockmarketcrash.Thismarkedthebeginningofarecession

whichhitallofEuropebutparticularlyBritain.Bytheendofthe1980sThatcher’scharismatic

leadershipwasbeingcriticised,therecessionwasgrowingandunpopularnewtaxeswere

introduced.In1990,afterelevenyearsofbeingPrimeMinister,sheresigned 1 andthe

ConservativeschoseJohnMajorastheirpartyleader.AftertheConservativeswerere-elected

in1992,MajorcontinuedThatcher’sprojectsbutwithmorerespectforsocialpolicies.

113

A scene from Riff-Raff (1991)directed by Ken Loach.

The celebrated film director KenLoach recreates the lives andliving conditions of the Britishworking classes in many of hisfilms. In Riff-Raff, as in otherfilms he made during the‘Thatcher years’, he analyses thenegative effect of the neweconomic policies by followinga group of workers employed ona building site in London. Theproblems they face and thedifficulty of their everyday livesis contrasted with the affluenceof the ‘nouveau riche’ for whomthey build or renovateapartments. In this image fromthe film you can see Larry, oneof the workers and a strongsupporter of the trade unions.

1 ‘cradletothegrave’:frombirthtodeath. 2 resigned :gaveupajoborposition.

Twenty-first CenturySeen Through ArtSeen Through Art



British History

A NEW ROLE FOR BRITAIN

AftertheThatchereranothingwasthesameagain.Therehadbeenmanychanges,some

positivebutothersnegative.Britishsocietywouldneverbethesameagain.Thepowerof

thetradeunionswasreduced.Privatisationprovedtobesuccessfulinsomesectors,and

wascopiedthroughWesternEuropeand,withthefalloftheCommunistempire,in

EasternEuropeaswell.

Britainwasemergingasaworldleaderinart,music,theatre,entertainmentandfashion.

London,withitssevenmillioninhabitants,wasnowoneoftheworld’smostimportant

bankingcentres.TheopeningoftheChannelTunnelin1994finallylinkedBritainto

continentalEurope.

InMay1997theLabourPartywithTonyBlairasitsleaderwonthegeneralelectionsafter

eighteenyearsofConservativegovernment.Blair,whoisconsideredamodernist,isthe

youngestPrimeMinistersince1812.

SomeofthemostsymbolicandsignificantchangesinGreatBritaincanbeseenin

London.TheTateModernisanoutstandingexampleoftheculturalandarchitectural

changestakingplaceinBritaintoday.Adisusedelectricpowerstationhasbeen

brilliantlytransformedintoaspaciousseven-floormuseumofcontemporaryart.

AnotherspectacularsignofchangeistheMillenniumBridge,thepedestrianbridgethat

connectsSt.Paul’sCathedral,symbolofthepast,withtheTateModern,symbolofthe

presentandthefuture.

AsGreatBritainstepsintothetwenty-firstcenturysheseemstohavefoundanewrole

asadynamicandinfluentialnationontheworldscene,readytomeetthemany

challengesofthefuture.

The Thames, the Houses of Parliament and the London Eye by night.



Go back to the text


1 Inthe20yearsfollowingWorldWarIIBritain

A wasinvolvedinadepression.

B experiencedaperiodofeconomicprosperity.

C experiencedaperiodofunemployment.

D spentmoneyonnewsubmarines.

2 TheBritishconsumerswereencouragedto

A spendmoneyonnewproductsforthemselvesandtheirhomes.

B saveasmuchmoneyaspossible.

C buildtheirownhomes.

D emigratetothecolonies.

3 Thewordteenagerwasusedtoindicate

A popgroupsofthe1960s.

B peoplewhodesignedmodernclothes.

C youngmenwhoboughttheirfirstcar.

D youngpeoplewithnewideasandtheirownmoney.

4 Inthe1960sBritainwentintodebtbecause

A itboughtmorefromabroadthanitsold.

B itwasnolongeraworldpower.

C itdidnotjointheEuropeanEconomicCommunity.

D itspoliticianswereoldfashioned.

5 Whathappenedwhenthebalanceofpowerintheworldchanged?

A Britainbecamethethirdsuperpower.

B BritainjoinedtheEuropeanEconomicCommunityin1957.

C Britainwentintopoliticalandeconomicdecline.

D Britishworkerswentonstrike

6 WhatwasblamedforBritain’seconomicdeclineofthe1970s?

A Therevolutionarymethodsemployedbythemanagementofindustry.

B Thetradeunionstrikeswhichcontributedtoaneconomicboom.

C BritainbecomingamemberoftheEECin1973.

D Thegovernment'seconomicpolicies.

115

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7 In1979theeconomicsituationwasgettingworse

A buteveryonehadajob.

B andBritainowedalotofmoney.

C butpriceshadstoppedrising.

D buttherewerefewerstrikes.

8 Atthegeneralelectionof1979

A theConservativePartywonandMargaretThatcherbecamePrimeMinister.

B theLabourPartywonandTonyBlairbecamePrimeMinister.

C theConservativePartywonandJohnMajorbecamePrimeMinister.

D theLabourPartylostandelectedTonyBlairasitsleader.

9 MargaretThatcherdenationalisedindustryandfoughtsuccessfullyagainst

A thetelecommunicationsindustry. B BritishAerospace.

C BritishAirways. D thetradeunions.

10 InThatcher’sopinion,whatwastheanswertoBritain’sproblems?

A Theimprovementofsocialpolicies.

B Thenationalisationofthecountry’sindustries.

C Peopletakingcontroloftheirownlives.

D The'cradletothegrave'philosophyoftheWelfareState.

11 Despiteagrowingeconomicrecessionandunpopularnewtaxes

A MargaretThatcherwasre-electedasPrimeMinisterin1992.

B TheConservativePartywonthegeneralelectionsof1992.

C MargaretThatcherbecamemoreandmorepopular.

D TheConservativePartyre-electedMargaretThatcherasitsleaderin1990.

12 Opticalartmakesuseof

A colouredglass. B brightcolours.

C geometricpatterns. D patrioticsymbols.

13 KenLoach’sfilmRiff-Raff follows

A agroupofworkersastheygetrichquickly.

B agroupofworkerswhoplayhardandworkhard.

C agroupofworkersastheystruggletosurvive.

D agroupofworkersfightingagainsttradeunionpower.

14 Today,Londonhasbecomewell-knownfor

A innovationinarchitecture.

B resistancetochange.

C innovationinpoliticsandgovernment.

D conservationofhistoricalbuildings.

116



LET’S IDENTIFY THEM!

2 Matchthepersonorgroupwiththedescription.

1 tradeunions

2 MargaretThatcher

3 JohnMajor

4 RichardHamilton

5 MaryQuant

6 TonyBlair

7 TonyCragg

8 BridgetRiley

9 KenLoach

10 industrialmanagement

A MargaretThatcher’ssuccessorasleaderoftheConservativeParty

B Britishfilmdirectorwhocriticisesthesocialandpoliticalsituation

C arevolutionaryfashiondesigner

D workers’organisationswhichfightforbetterpayandworkingconditions

E Britain’syoungestPrimeMinistersince1912

F astrong-willedConservativeleader

G aBritishartistwhocriticisesthesocialandpoliticalsituation

H partlyresponsiblefortheeconomicdeclineinthe1970sforusingold-fashionedmethods

I anartistwhousedthesymbolsoftheconsumersocietyandtheAmericanwayoflife

J anartistwhousedopticallawsandgeometricshapes

117



1 ClickonTateModernandthenclickonVisitingTateModern tocompletethefollowingsentenceswiththecorrectinformation.Usetheinformationonthemainpageandfromthelinksontheright.

TateModernisopenfrom(1)..............................and(2)..............................onFridayandSaturday.TateModernisclosedon(3)..............................,butisopenasusualonJanuary1.

Thecurrentexhibitionsare(4)...............................

TateModernissituated(5)...............................

Youcangettherebyaboatservice,whichsailsbetween(6)..............................every(7)...............................

Theclosestundergroundstationsare(8)..............................oryoucangetthereonfootfromStPaul’sCathedralbycrossing(9)...............................

TherearefourdifferentcafesatTateModern:TateModernRestaurant,whichisonlevel7withwonderfulviewsoverLondonandcafe2,onlevel2,whichserves(10)..............................,thekioskatthe(11)..............................andtheEspressoBaronlevel4,whichserves(12)...............................

INTER

NET ACTIVITIES


CHAPTERTWELVE

118



2 NowclickonTheBuilding.Read the textandanswer the followingquestionsabout theTateModern.

1 HowistheTateModernlinkedtoSt.Paul’sCathedral?

2 Whowasthearchitectoftheoriginalbuilding?

3 Whatotherbuildingsishefamousfordesigning?

4 Howmanybrickswereusedintheconstructionofthebuilding?

5 Whywasthecentralchimneyonly99metreshigh?

3 NowclickonTheBuildingand thenBankside.Read the textanddecide if the followingstatementsaretrue(T)orfalse(F).

T F

1 TheTateModernislocatedonthenorthbankoftheRiverThames.

2 ItisonlyashortwalkfromLondonBridge.

3 LondonBridgewasbuiltbytheAnglo-SaxonsontheirarrivalinBritain.

4 IntheMiddleAgesBanksidewasaverypoorarea.

5 BanksidebecamethehomeoftheBishopofWorcester.

6 AtthetimeofShakespeare,BanksidewasthemaincentreforgamblinginLondon.

7 Shakespeare’stheatreopenedinBanksidein1598.

8 ThetheatreswereclosedduringtheEnglishCivilWar.

9 Inthelate1900slotsoffactoriesopenedinBankside.

10 LiketherestofLondon,BanksidewasheavilybombedinWorldWarII.

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4 UsetheTateModernwebsiteto findoutmoreabouttheexhibitionsyoucanfindthere.Youcanevensearchthesiteforinformationonanartistoraparticularworkofart.

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5 YoucanlookattheexhibitionsattheTateBritain,whichisthenationalgalleryofBritishartfrom1500tothepresentday.IthasthelargestcollectionofBritishartintheworld.Click on Tate Britain Collection Displays, then click on one of the different displaythemestofindoutmoreinformationaboutthedifferentexhibitions.

6 Now click onTateCollection. If you enter the name of an artist and painting, you canseethatpainting.Forexample,enterVanDyckand/orALadyof theSpencerFamily,thenclickonSearch.Clickonthepaintingtoseeaclose-upof it.Lookforapaintingbyone of the artists in this book or by one of your favourite artists and write a shortdescriptionofit.Also,includeyourthoughtsandfeelingswhenyoulookatthepainting.

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7 NowwearegoingtolookatJosephW.Turner’spaintings.ClickonTateCollectionandthen cl ick on Turner. Cl ick on Tate’s Turner highlights and choose one of thecategories.Chooseapaintingandwriteashortdescriptionofit.

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8 You can find out about Turner’s life, art and travels by returning to the main Turnerpage.Followthelinktohisbiographicaldetailsandwritealistofthe5mostinterestingeventsinhislife.

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P E T - S T Y L E E X I T T E S T

1 Decideifeachstatementiscorrectorincorrect.IfitiscorrecttickA;ifitisnotcorrecttickB.

A B

1 After700ADtheVikings,originallyfromScandinavia,leftBritain.

2 TheEmperorHadrianbuiltawallacrossthecountrytoseparatethe‘barbarians’fromRomanBritain.

3 HaroldGodwinssonandhisarmywerevictoriousatthebattleinthenorthofEnglandbeforetheBattleofHastings.

4 ThewarbetweenthehouseofLancasterandthehouseofYorkwasknownastheWarsoftheRosesbecausetherosewastheemblemofbothfamilies.

5 UnderElizabeth’sreignEnglandwasdefeatedbytheSpanishArmada.

6 GeoffreyChaucerlivedduringtheElizabethanAgeandhistheatricalcompanyperformedattheGlobeTheatre.

7 SirFrancisDrakeandSirWalterRaleighweretwoleadingplaywrightsinQueenElizabeth’scourt.

8 JamesIwasthefirstStuartkingofEngland.

9 TheStuartbeliefinthedivinerightofkingstoruleisthesubjectofRubens’paintingofJamesI.

10 OutstandingdiscoveriesinthefieldsofmathematicsandphysicsweremadebyWilliamBlake.

11 ManychurchesandpublicbuildingsinLondonweredesignedintheclassicalstylebyChristopherWrenintheVictorianAge.

12 Intheeighteenthcenturyindustrialthemeswereconsideredtobeasourceofinspirationforpainters.

13 GeorgeWashingtonledtheAmericancolonistsduringtheAmericanRevolutionandthenbecamethefirstPresidentoftheUnitedStates.

14 AftertheBattleofTrafalgar,whereAdmiralLordNelsonlosthislife,Franceregainedcontroloftheseas.

15 TheDukeofWellingtonwaspaintedattheBattleofWaterloobyGeorgeJones.

16 QueenVictoriaruledlongerthananyotherBritishmonarchandgavehernametoanagecharacterisedbythelossoftheBritishEmpire.

17 CharlesDickens’novelsportrayedthesocialinjusticesandproblemsoftheVictorianAge.

18 MilitaryrivalrybetweenGreatBritainandGermanycreatedgreattensioninEuropeatthebeginningofthetwentiethcentury.

19 TheUnitedStatesofAmericaneverenteredWorldWarI.

20 PaulNashpaintedepisodesfrombothworldwars.

21 WinstonChurchillwasBritain’sPrimeMinisterduringWorldWarII,butheprovedtobeaweakleader.

22 MargaretThatcherbroughtonaperiodofgreatchangeinBritain’spoliticsandsociety.

23 TonyBlair,whoisconsideredtobeaconservative,istheyoungestPrimeMinistersince1812.

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1 ForthemostpartCelticartwas

A abstract.

B realistic.

C classical.

D religious.

2 WhoinvadedBritainaftertheRomansleftin406AD?

A theAnglo-Saxons

B theVikings

C theNormans

D theCelts

3 TheBayeuxTapestryisanembroideredchronicleof

A theRomaninvasion.

B theVikingattacks.

C theBattleofHastings.

D KingArthur’sheroiclife.

4 ThemostimportantworkofliteratureinEnglandfromtheMiddleAgeswas

A theKingJames Bible.

B TheCanterburyTales.

C theLindisfarneGospel.

D theDomesdayBook.

5 InthesixteenthcenturyMartinLutherbegantheReformation,whichgaverisetothe

A BaptistChurch.

B HundredYearsWar.

C WarsoftheRoses.

D ProtestantChurch.

6 QueenElizabethIwasapatronoftheartsand

A hadtheGlobeTheatrebuilt.

B wasatalentedpainter.

C commissionedagreatnumberofportraitsofherself.

D encouragedherchildrentostudymusic.

7 WhywasQueenMaryinvitedtoruleBritainin1688?

A Thecountrywasworriedaboutherfather’sreligiousbeliefs.

B Herfatherwaskilledinbattlethatyear.

C Herhusband,PrinceWilliamofOrange,wasverypopularwiththepeople.

D Herfatherabdicatedtheyearbefore.

8 TheGeorgianAgeisfamousfor

A theexplorationofIndia.

B itseleganceandclassicalstyle.

C theGreatFireofLondon.

D theinventionofthecompoundmicroscope.


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9 PaulReverechangedthefactsinhisprintsoftheAmericanstruggleforindependence

A becausehesupportedtheBritish.

B becausetherealityofthefightingwastooviolent.

C becausehesupportedthecolonistswhowantedindependence.

D becausehewasworriedabouttheeffectofthefightingonthepublic.

10 WhichindustrieswerethebasisoftheIndustrialRevolutioninBritain?

A coal,furnitureandsugar

B ceramics,ironandtextile

C textile,teaandcoffee

D coal,ironandtextile

11 TheBritishEmpirebecamethelargestempireintheworld

A duringtheVictorianAge.

B duringtheGeorgianAge.

C afterWorldWarI.

D duringWorldWarII.

12 AfterthehorrorsofWorldWarI,GreatBritainandothernationswereinvolvedin

A aGeneralStrike.

B aninternationaltradeagreement.

C aneconomicboom.

D theGreatDepression.

13 BritaindeclaredwaronGermanyon3September1939because

A GermanyinvadedNorway.

B Germanybuiltahugenavy.

C GermanyinvadedCzechoslovakiaandPoland.

D GermanyoccupiedFrance.

14 WorldWarIIwasfoughtin

A Europe.

B Europe,NorthAfricaandSoutheastAsia.

C NorthAfricaandSoutheastAsia.

D SoutheastAsiaandAmerica.

15 Britain’seconomicboomwasfollowedbyaperiodofeconomicdeclinecausedmainlyby

A thegovernment’seconomicpolicies.

B membershipoftheEEC.

C dishonestpoliticians.

D internalprotestsandriots

16 AdisusedelectricpowerstationinLondonhasbeentransformedintoa

A moderncathedral.

B pedestrianbridge.

C museumofcontemporaryart.

D museumofnaturalhistory.

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HenryVIIIbecamekingjust1.......hiseighteenthbirthdayin1509.Hewasatall,athleticyoungman2.......practisedsports.He3.......severalmusicalinstruments,4....... musicandspokeEnglish,Spanish,FrenchandLatin.

5.......hisreignHansHolbeinwas6.......tobethecourt7.......

Henrywasapowerfulleaderandanambitiousman.Hespentagreatdealofmoneyon8.......

HisfirstwifeCatherine9....... didnotgivehimthe10....... hewantedsomuch,soHenrydecidedto11.......her.

In1534Henry12.......theCatholicChurchand13.......theChurchofEngland.AnneBoleyn,Henry’ssecondwife,gavehimadaughter,who14.......becameQueenElizabethI.15....... ,Henrywasverydispleased,heaccusedAnneBoleynoftreasonandshewas16........

Henryhadsevere17.......problemsashe18.......olderandoftenexecuted19.......whodidnotagree20.......him.21.......hehadfourotherwives,whenhediedhehadonlyoneson,Edward,heirtotheTudorthrone.

1 A following Bafter Cbefore Dearlier

2 A who Bwhich Cthat Dwhom

3 A designed Bplayed Cperformed Dinvented

4 A constructed Bcreated Ccollected Dcomposed

5 A During BWithin COn DAfter

6 A preferred Bmade Cchosen Delected

7 A musician Bpainter Cplaywright Dpoet

8 A schools Bhorses Cpalaces Dsports

9 A ofAragon BParr CHoward DSeymour

10 A loyalty Bson Cdaughter Dlove

11 A exile Bimprison Cbehead Ddivorce

12 A left Bestablished Cclosed Ddestroyed

13 A dissolved Bsustained Cdiscovered Dfounded

14 A next Bconsequent Csubsequent Dlater

15 A Until BWhile CHowever DThough

16 A imprisoned Bbeheaded Cexiled Dtortured

17 A marriage Bhealth Ceconomic Dpolitical

18 A were Bhad Cgrew Dwent

19 A those Bthey Cthem Dthese

20 A at Bon Cbeside Dwith

21 A Yet BSince CBecause DAlthough

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E X I T T E S T – W R I T I N G T A S K S

1 Whichhistoricalperiodinterestedyouthemostandwhy?

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2 Whichartistorworkorartdidyoulikebestandwhy?

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3 Ifyouweretochooseahistoricalperiodinwhichtolive,whichwouldyouchooseandwhy?

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Picture Credits

Abbreviations:b=bottom;t=top;c=centre;l=left;r=right.

Cover,fromlefttoright:ByspecialpermissionoftheCityofBayeux;BykindpermissionoftheMarquessofTavistockandTrusteesoftheBedfordEstate;TheBoardofTrusteesoftheNationalMuseumsandGalleriesonMerseyside(WalkersArtGallery,Liverpool);TheImperialWarMuseum,London.

©TheBritishMuseum:7;9tl,br;10tc,br;44;48tl.

BypermissionoftheBritishLibrary,London:11;23.

ByspecialpermissionoftheCityofBayeux:17;18tl,br;19tl,tr,bl;20;21;26.

TheMasterandFellowsofCorpusChristiCollege,Cambridge:22;29.

BibliothèqueNationaledeParis/BridgemanArtLibrary:28.

BelvoirCastle,Leicestershire,UK/BridgemanArtLibrary:31.

BycourtesyoftheNationalPortraitGallery,London:37;38;51bl;66.

©NationalMaritimeMuseum,London:39.

BykindpermissionoftheMarquessofTavistockandTrusteesoftheBedfordEstate:40;41tl,tr,bl.

BycourtesyoftheMarquessofSalisbury:42;43tl,cr,bl.

Crowncopyright:HistoricRoyalPalaces.ReproducedbypermissionofHistoricRoyalPalacesunderlicencefromtheControllerofHerMajesty’sStationeryOffice:47.

BibliothèqueNationaledeParis:48br.

TheRoyalCollection©2001,HerMajestyQueenElizabethII:50;58;61t;62;63;80;85;88.

MuséedePicardie,Amiens:51t.

©Tate,London2001:59.

CourtesyoftheMuseumofLondon:60.

©CityMuseumandArtGallery,Stoke-on-Trent,UK:67cr.

BycourtesyoftheTrusteesofSirJohnSoane’sMuseum,London:68.

©NationalGallery,London:69;87.

NationalMuseumofPhotography,FilmandTelevision/Science&SocietyPictureLibrary:70.

HultonGettyArchive–LauraRonchi:71.

TheBoardofTrusteesoftheNationalMuseumsandGalleriesonMerseyside(WalkersArtGallery,Liverpool):79.

RoyalHollowayandBedfordNewCollege,Surrey,UK/BridgemanArtLibrary:90.

TheImperialWarMuseum,London:98;103.

CollectionofSusieTompkinsBuell:99.

StiftungArchivderAkademiederKünste,Berlin,Heartfield2261,RomanMärz:102.

ReproducedbypermissionoftheHenryMooreFoundation/©Tate,London2001:104.

KunsthalleTübingen,SammlungG.F.Zundel/©RichardHamilton,bySIAE,2001:109.

BFICollections:110;113.

LeedsMuseumandGalleries(CityArtGallery),UK/BridgemanArtLibrary:112.

BritainonView:114.



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