British soldier eating his dinner in the trenches during World War I.

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World War I,1914–1920

World War I breaks out in Europe, the United States gets involved in the war, and President Wilson attempts to shape the peace.

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SECTION 1

SECTION 2

SECTION 3

War Breaks Out in Europe

America Joins the Fight

Life on the Home Front

SECTION 4 The Legacy of World War I

World War I,1914–1920

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After World War I breaks out, the United States eventually joins the Allied side.

Section 1

War Breaks Out in Europe

Causes of World War I

War Breaks Out in Europe

• Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand starts World War I

1SECTION

• War has many underlying causes:- imperialism- nationalism- militarism—belief that nations need a large

military force- alliances

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Image

1SECTION

continued Causes of World War I

• European nations are divided into twoopposing alliances:- Central Powers—Austria-Hungary, Germany,

Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria- Allies—Serbia, Russia, France, Great Britain,

Italy, 7 other countries

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Interactive

1SECTION

Stalemate in the Trenches

• German army invades Belgium, advances into France (1914)

• French, British troops stop German advance, 1st Battle of the Marne

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• Fight for 3 years in trenches stretches across France, neither side wins

• Trench warfare—troops fight in trenches, use artillery, machine guns

• Area between opposing trenches called “noman’s land”

• Battle of Somme, 1.2 million casualties, Allies gain about 7 miles

Image

1SECTION

A War of New Technology

• New technology raises death toll

• Tanks, British invention, smashes barbed wire, crosses trenches

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• Machine guns fire 600 bullets a minute, poison gas burns, blinds

• WWI 1st major conflict that uses fighter airplanes• U-boats—submarines used by Germans to block

tradeImage

1SECTION

America’s Path to War

• U.S. President Woodrow Wilson announces policy of neutrality

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• neutrality—refusing to take sides in a war• Britain sets up naval blockade of German ports• U-boat sinks British passenger ship Lusitania, kills

1,198 total, 128 Americans

• Wilson demands that Germany stop unrestricted submarine warfare

• Germany at first agrees, Wilson wins reelection• Germany resumes submarine warfare,

January 1917

Continued . . .

Image

1SECTION

• British intercept Zimmermann telegram:- sent by German foreign minister

Arthur Zimmermann- proposes that Mexico join the Germans- Germany will help Mexico get back “lost”

territories in U.S.

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• U.S. furious about telegram, U-boats sink 3U.S. ships

• President Wilson asks for declaration of war, Congress votes for war

continued America’s Path to War

1SECTION

Revolution in Russia

• Russian army is outfought by smaller German army (1915)

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• Food shortages, inflation lead to strikes by angry Russian workers

• Czar Nicholas II of Russia steps down (1917)• Communists led by Vladimir Lenin overthrow

temporary government• Lenin makes peace with Germany (1918)• German troops turn from Russia to the

Western front

Image

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U.S. forces help the Allies win World War I.

Section 2

America Joins the Fight

Raising an Army and a Navy

America Joins the Fight

• Congress passes Selective Service Act May 1917:- males, ages 21 to 30, sign up for military service- by 1918, 3 million men are drafted

2SECTION

• Serve under General John J. Pershing as American Expeditionary Force

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• 50,000 U.S. women serve, mostly nurses, some do other work

• 400,000 African Americans serve, face discrimination

Image

2SECTION

American Ships Make a Difference

• Convoy system—heavy guard of destroyers escort merchant ships

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• Reduces loss rate of U.S. supply ships from German U-boat attacks

• North Sea minefield prevents U-boat access to North Atlantic

2SECTION

American Troops Enter the War

• About 14,000 U.S. troops arrive in France(June 1917)

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• Germans launch offensive, smash through French lines (March 1918)

• One million U.S. troops arrive ready for combat• Take Cantigny from Germans, help French troops

stop German advance• Defeat Germans at Belleau Wood

2SECTION

Pushing the Germans Back

• Second Battle of the Marne, turning point, Allies force Germans back

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• Meuse-Argonne offensive, final battle of war:- leaves 26,000 Americans dead- Germans retreat

• U.S. soldier Alvin York kills 25, captures 132 German soldiers

• U.S. pilot Eddie Rickenbacker shoots down 26 enemy planes

• 4 African-American combat units receive recognition for battle valor

Interactive

2SECTION

Germany Stops Fighting

• Germany’s navy mutinies, its allies drop out, the Kaiser steps down

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• Germany agrees to armistice—an end to fighting (November 11, 1918)

• 8.5 million soldiers die in war, 21 million are wounded

• Millions of civilians die from starvation and disease during the war

Chart

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The war requires sacrifice for Americans at home and changes life in other ways.

Section 3

Life on the Home Front

Mobilizing for War

Life on the Home Front

• Americans buy war bonds, pay for two-thirds of war costs

3SECTION

• War bonds—low interest loans by civilians to government

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• Patriotic citizens limit food intake, save gas, have scrap drives

• Government limits civilian use of steel, other metals

Continued . . .

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• President Wilson sets up War Industries Board:- buys, distributes war materials, sets production

goals, sets prices

3SECTION

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• Committee on Public Information produces war propaganda

• Propaganda—opinions that influence the actions of others

continued Mobilizing for War

Intolerance and Suspicion

• Patriotic propaganda wins war support, fuels prejudice

3SECTION

• Espionage Act (1917), Sedition Act (1918),laws that:- set heavy fines, prison terms for doing antiwar

activities- make it illegal to criticize war

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Continued . . .

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• Schenk v. United States—upholds EspionageAct (1919)

3SECTION

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• Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. argues that:- free speech can be limited especially during

wartime

continued Intolerance and Suspicion

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New Jobs and the Great Migration

• Northern factories hire workers they hadonce rejected

3SECTION

• Many African Americans move North, jobs, better life—Great Migration

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• Mexican revolution causes many Mexicans to flee to American Southwest

• Wartime labor shortage makes new jobs available for women

• Women’s contributions during war help them win the vote

Map

The Flu Epidemic of 1918

• Flu epidemic is spread by soldiers around theworld (1918)

3SECTION

• Kills more than 20 million people worldwide, takes 500,000 U.S. lives

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• In the army, more than one-quarter of soldiers catch the disease

Image

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After the war, Americans are divided over foreign policy and domestic issues.

Section 4

The Legacy of WorldWar I

Wilson’s Fourteen Points

The Legacy of World War I

• President Wilson’s Fourteen Points, goals for peace:- smaller military forces- end to secret treaties- freedom of the seas- free trade- change in national boundaries- organization of a League of Nations

4SECTION

NEXT

• League of Nations—international group, settle conflicts by negotiation

Treaty of Versailles

• Peace treaty ending World War I—Treaty of Versailles:- forces Germany to accept full blame for war- strips Germany of its colonies, most of its

armed forces- burdens Germany with $33 billion in reparations

4SECTION

NEXT

• Reparations—money defeated nation pays for war destruction

Continued . . .

Chart

• Treaty of Versailles:- divides up Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire- creates Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, recognizes Poland’s independence- creates a League of Nations

4SECTION

NEXT

continued Treaty of Versailles

• Republican-run U.S. Senate against treaty, League• Wilson campaigns for treaty, U.S. does not ratify

treaty, joins League

Map

Map

Strikes and the Red Scare

• Shortly after war, U.S. has several labor strikes

4SECTION

NEXT

• Strikes spark fear of Communist revolution in the U.S.—Red Scare

• Palmer raids—U.S. agents arrest at least 6,000 suspected radicals

• Anarchists Nicola Sacco, Bartolomeo Vanzetti arrested for killing 2 men

• Sacco, Vanzetti claim innocence, foundguilty, executed

Image

Racial Tensions Increase

• Great Migration brings half million African Americans, Northern cities

4SECTION

NEXT

• Whites, blacks compete for jobs, cause race riot in East St. Louis

• African-American soldiers returning from war face discrimination

• Black resentment about unfair conditions, race riots in 25 cities (1919)

Longing for “Normalcy”

• Americans worn out by strikes, riots, Red Scare, World War I

4SECTION

NEXT

• Republican presidential candidate is Warren G. Harding

• Promises a return to normalcy, wins a landslide victory

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