british the country and its people rusian

. ..

1

BRITAINTHE COUNTRY AND ITS PEOPLE:

AN INTODUCTION FOR LEARNERSOF ENGLISH

by James ODriscoll I II

2009

Unit 1 . .. ,

Unit 2 . .. ,Unit 3 . .. ,

Unit 4 . .. ,Unit 5 . .. ,

Unit 6 . .. ,Unit 12 . .. ,

Unit 13 . .. ,Unit 14 . .. ,

Unit 16 . .. ,Unit 22 . ..

, ,

..

, ..

, 2009

. .

12.09.09. 6084/16.. . 5. 500 .

- - , , - Britain the country and its people: anintroduction for learners of English by James ODriscoll. - -, .

, , - , - . - , - , .

, , , - Britain the country and its people: an introduction for learners of Eng-lish. , -. - , , , - - .

, : - ( Suggest English equivalents of the following expressions and re-produce the situations in which they are used) (Answer the following questions).

, - -. -

22

3

. : ; - ; - , , (); - .

- - .

- I II , I II , -, . - , .

..

Chapter 1

Country and people

I. Suggest English equivalents of the following expressions and re-produce the situations in which they are used:

II. Suggest Russian equivalents of the following expressions and re-produce the situations in which they are used:

III. Give the concept described by the following definitions:

1. to legally control a country or its people and be responsible for intro-ducing new laws;

4

(.8), (. 8) (.9) (.10) (.10) (.11) (.11), , (.11), (.12)

, (.12) , (.12) (.13) () (.13) (.13) (.13) (.13) (.13)

Arrangement (p. 8)Harp (p. 8)Renowned (p.8)Embodiment (p.9)Trident (p.9)Evoke (p.10)Ancestor (p.11)Omission (p.12)Embarkation card (p.12)

Deviation (p. 12)To detect (p.12)Origin (p.12)Loyalty (p.13)Contest (p.13)Highland (p.13)To become blurred (p.13)

2. a small raised platform that a person stands on to make a speech;3. a particular good quality or habit, behavior or attitudes that show high

moral standards;4. connected with the countryside;5. the act of not including smb./smth. or not doing smth.;6. to join people, things, parts of a country together ;7. the point from which smth. starts, the cause of smth.;8. the quality of being faithful in support of smb.;9. the process of officially counting smth., especially a countrys popu-

lation;

IV. Give definitions to the following words and word combinations:

1. to refer to2. renowned3. to evoke4. ancestor5. deviation6. to detect7. descent8. contest9. indicative

V. Translate the following sentences from English into Russian:

1. There are two small parts of the British Isles which have special politi-cal arrangements.

2. Britannia is the name given to the female embodiment of Britain, alwaysshown wearing a helmet and holding a trident, hence the patriotic songwhich begins Rule Britannia, Britannia rule the waves.

3. Albion is a word used in some poetic or rhetorical contexts to refer toEngland; it was the original Roman name for Britain.

4. At one time the four nations were distinct from each other in almost everyaspect of life; in the first place they were different racially.

5. Although there is only one government for the whole of Britain, andpeople have the same passport regardless of where in Britain they live,

5

some aspects of government are organized separately in the four partsof the United Kingdom.

6. The Irish are supposed to be great talkers, the Scots have a reputation forbeing careful with money, and the Welsh are renowned for their singingability.

7. John Bull is a fictional character who is supposed to personify English-ness and certain English virtues.

8. The practice is to label anything that pertains to England and usuallyWales as though it were the norm and anything Scottish as though it werea deviation from it.

9. Most aspects of everyday life are organized according to English customand practice but the political unification of Britain was not achieved bymutual agreement.

10. When you are talking to people from Britain, it is safest to use Britainwhen talking about where they live and British as the adjective to de-scribe their nationality, this way will be less likely to offend anyone.

11. People of Caribbean or south Asian descent do not mind being describedas British, but many of them would not like to be called English.

VI. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English:

1. -- ; , , .

2. - , , .

3. , , , - -, - .

4. - , , , , , -, .

5. , , - .

6

6. , , -, , , -.

7. , , , , , , , , - .

8. , ,, - , , -, .

9. , , - , -, : , .

10. , - , .

VI. Answer the following questions:

1. What are the islands known as the British Isles?2. What are the two states in the British Isles?3. What parts of the British Isles have special political arrangements?4. When is the word Albion used?5. When is the name Britannia used?6. Why is it not correct to call Britain England?7. What were the distinctions between the four nations living in Britain?8. Who is John Bull?9. What are the stereotypes of national character in Britain?

10. In what context is the word Briton used?11. What is the dominant culture of Britain today, and why?

7

12. Where does English dominance manifest itself?13. What is a result of the long history of migration to England?14. What are national loyalties reflected in?15. How can the complicated division of loyalties among the people living

in Britain be accounted for?

Chapter II

History


8

(.15) (.16) (.7) (.17) (.18) (.18) () (.19) / (.19) - (.20) - (.21) (.22)

- - (.23) - (.24) - (.25) (.25) (.26) (.26) (.27) -, - (.28) (.29)

9


III.Give the concept described by the following definitions:

1. something that is impossible to understand or explain or about which lit-tle is known (p.15)

2. buildings, roads, etc that are in bad condition because they havent beenlooked after (p16)

3. to make smth. happen; cause (p.17)4. the most usual way of thinking about something or doing smth. (p.18)5. to use a particular style of speaking, writing or behaving, especially one

that you do not usually use (p.19)6.a sudden appearance or start of war, fighting or serious disease (p.20)

Religious practices of prehistoricBritain ( p.15)The Romans imposed their ownway of life and culture (p.16)Large-scale settlement (p.16)Self-sufficient villages (p.17)The most powerful political force inthe British Isles (p.18)To begin..gradual evolution intothe democratic body (p.19)The shortage of labour (p.20)To become the majority religion inEngland (p.21)The glamour of the English court(p.22)To ban theatres and other forms ofamusement (p.22)

To hold government posts (p.23)The political descendant of the par-liamentarians (p.24)To retain its own system of law(p.24)Many technical innovations (p.25)To accentuate the differences be-tween (p.25)To predominate in (p.26)To have complete internal self-gov-ernment (p. 26)A sense of supreme confidence(p.27)To establish the set of values (p.28)To die for ones beliefs (p.29)

10


1. to intermingle with2. to exert (an influence)3. self-sufficient (villages)4. to impose smth. on smb./smth.5. to flee6. confidence7. a gulf8. an ally9. famine

10. burden

V. Translate the following sentences from English into Russian.

1. For people in Britain today the chief significance of the prehistoric pe-riod is its sense of mystery.

2. The division of the Celts into those who experienced direct Roman rule(the Britons in England and Wales) and those who did not (the Gaels inIreland and Scotland) may help to explain the development of two dis-tinct branches of the Celtic group of languages.

3. The Celtic Britons were either Saxonized or driven westwards, wheretheir culture and language survived in south-west Scotland, Wales andCornwall.

4. In the 8 th century the invaders known as Vikings, Norsemen or Danescame from Scandinavia.

5. Anglo-Saxons and Danes led roughly the same way of life and spoke twovarieties of the same Germanic language.

6. The political independence of Scotland didnt prevent a gradual switchto the English language and customs in the lowland.

7. Unlike the rest of Europe, the direct cause of the rise of Protestantism inEngland was political rather than doctrinal.

8. The Glorious Revolution followed, in which Prince William of Orangeand his Stuart wife Mary, accepted Parliaments invitation to becomeking and queen.

11

9. In the 18 th century in the south of England, London came to dominate,not as an industrial center but as a business and trading centre.

10. In the 19 th century there were not only political reforms, but also re-forms that recognized some human rights; slavery and the laws againstpeople on the basis of religion were abolished.

VI. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English.

1. , ( , ,), , - .

2. 6 - - , -.

3. - .

4. - .

5. I , - .

6. - , , - .

7. . - , .

8. , - , , - .

VII. Answer the following questions:

1. What culture was there throughout the British Isles 2000 years ago?2. What historical period and places have a special importance for people

in Britain and why?3. Why is Stonehenge considered to be one of the most mysterious archae-

ological sites inthe world?4. Why was the Celtic group of languages divided into 2 distinct branches?5. Why did the Roman Britannia disappear quickly?6. What tribes occupied the South East of the country?7. In what way is the name of the legendary king Arthur connected with the

Anglo-Saxon invasion?8. What effect did the Anglo-Saxons have on the South East?9. How did Christianity spread throughout Britain?

10. Who invaded Britain in the 8 th century?11. What made Anglo-Saxons and Danes unite into one Kingdom?12. Why is 1066 regarded as a crucial date in English history?13. What did the Norman invasion of England bring Britain into?14. Why did the Anglo-Norman Kingdom become the most powerful polit-

ical force in the British Isles?15. In what way did the culture of this period develop?16. What system of government did the Tudor dynasty establish in the 16 th

century?17. Why was the rise of Protestantism in England political rather than doc-

trinal?18. Why is Elizabeth I considered to be one of the most prominent monarchs

in Great Britain?19. What did the union of the Scottish and English crowns lead to?20. Why did Parliament establish its supremacy over the monarchy in

Britain?21. What did the Civil war result in?22. What political situation made Parliament draw up the Bill of Rights?23. What was the political situation like in the 18 th century?24. What cultural and economic changes did Britain go through in the 18 th

century?

12

25. What were the sections of the British Empire at the beginning of the 19th century?

26. How did the attitude towards colonization change in the 19 th century?27. How did the economic and social structures change in the 19 th century?28. Why did Queen Victoria become a popular symbol of Britains success?29. What was the political and economic situation like by the beginning of

the 20 th century?30. What political changes took place in the twentieth century?

Chapter III

GEOGRAPHY



13

(.32) (.37), (.35), (.35) (.32) (.36) (.36) (.37) (.37) (.39) (.36)

(.36) () (.31) (. (.38); (.37); (.38); (.33) (.39), - (.38) (.39)

Moorland (p.38)Upland (p.39)Highland (p.39)Lowland (p.39)

To make up for (p.37)To make front-page headlines (p.32)Lack (p.31)Rattle (p.31)

14


1. land on which grass for livestock is grown and which Britain has in agreater proportion than any other country in Europe except the Republicof Ireland;

2. a line of bushes planted along the edge of a field or road, especially inBritain;

3. the natural world, world around us including animals, plants, sky, seas,oceans, people, air;

4. damage caused to the environment by harmful chemicals and waste; theprocess of making air, water, etc. dirty; the state of being dirty;

5. containing people of different types or from different countries, and in-fluenced by their culture;

6. the central counties of England;7. the official line separating two countries or regions.

IV. Give definitions to the following words and word-combinations:

1. Climate2. Headline3. Island4. Population5. Merchant6. Boundary7. Inhabitant8. Immigrant9. Scholarship

10. Topography

Vanish (p.33)Steep slope (p.38)Residential area (p..38)Outwards(p.35)Dairy produce (p.37)Clifftop (p.33)

Iron ore (p.38)Mining (p.38)Muck (p.38)Brass (p.38)Forecast (p.35)Crop (p.37)


1. Generally speaking, the further west you go, the more rain you get.2. The temperature makes front-page headlines.3. People behave as if they were in the Sahara.4. These things happen so rarely that it is not worth organizing life to be

ready for them. .5. What it lacks in grandeur it makes up for in variety.6. Human influence has been extensive.7. It was in Britain that the word smog was first used to describe a mix-

ture of smoke and fog.8. The problem of air pollution has become so serious that the TV weather

forecast now regularly issues warnings of poor air quality.9. Like many large cities, London is in some ways untypical of the rest of

the country in that it is so cosmopolitan.10. Where theres muck theres brass.

V. Translate from Russian into English:

1. , - .

2. , , .

3. - .

4. , , -.

5. .6. ,

- .

7. , , - , .

15

8. , - .

9. - .

10. , - .

VI. Answer the following questions:

1. What parts does the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ire-land consist of?

2. What did the British love for compromise result from? / What is the rea-son for the British love for compromise?

3. Why do the land and climate in Britain have a notable lack of extreme?4. Is the popular belief that it rains all the time in Britain true? What is the

popular stereotype of the British climate on the whole?5. What does the amount of rain that falls on a town in Britain depend on?6. Why has Britains climate got such a bad reputation?7. Is the landscape in Britain boring? What parts of the country consist of

flat plains and hills? And where are the mountains to be found?8. In what way has human influence been extensive?9. Why is most of the land in Britain used for human habitation?

10. Is Britain densely or sparsely populated?11. Where do most British people live in towns and cities or in villages

and the countryside?12. What do the words smog and pea-soupers mean?13. What caused an increase in air pollution in the twentieth century?14. What is London home for, what is it the centre of?15. Which are the most well-known areas of London?16. Where do the majority of Londoners live?17. What makes London cosmopolitan?18. What facts go to prove that London is losing its role as one of the worlds

biggest financial centres?19. Which area has the reputation of a commuter land?20. How the country of Kent is otherwise called?

16

17

21. What are the Downs used for?22. What is the south-east of England famous for?23. Which region has an attractive image of rural beauty in the British peo-

ples minds?24. What is widespread in different parts of the West Country?25. What popular holiday area was called the English Riviera?26. What do you know about East Anglia?27. What area is popular for boating holidays?28. Which is the second largest city in Britain?29. What are other industrial areas in the Midlands besides Birmingham?30. What region is famous for producing china?31. What industrial centres are there in the East Midlands?32. Where in Britain has tourism traditionally flourished?33. What mountains run up the middle of Northern England?34. What are the main cities of Scotland associated with?35. Which cities are the capitals of Wales and Northern Ireland?36. Which parts of Britain would you choose to visit for a holiday? Why?

Chapter IV

Part IIdentity

(pp. 4247)


(.42), (.42), (.44) (.45)

, (.45) (.45) (.45) (.46) (.47)

II. Suggest Russian equivalents of the following expressions andreproduce the situations in which they are used:


1. the characteristics, feelings or beliefs that distinguish people from others;2. a song which has a special importance for a country and is sung on spe-

cial occasions ;3. done in an open way and not secretly;4. a family that consists of father, mother and children, when it is thought

of as a unit in society;5. lacking knowledge or information about something, not educated;


1. loyalty2. household3. heritage4. to foster


1. For some people living in England who call themselves Scottish, Welshor Irish, this loyalty is little more than a matter of emotional attachment.

2. A genuinely Scottish Gaelic sense of cultural identity is, in modern times,felt only by few tens of thousands of people in some of the western islesof Scotland and the adjoining mainland.

3. As for English identity, most people who describe themselves as Englishusually make no distinction in their minds between English andBritish.

18

Ethnic identity (p.42)Cultural split (p.42)To foster (p.42)Nature (p.44)To make no distinction (p.45)

Mixed cultural background (p.45)To imply (p.46)Children born outside marriage(p.46)To reinforce (p.47)

4. This pride seems to be increasing as their cultural practices, their every-day habits and attitudes, gradually become less distinctive.

5. In addition, it is notable that about three-quarts of all births outside mar-riage are officially registered by both parents and more than half of thechildren concerned are born to parents who are living together at the time.

6. Although their boundaries and names do not always conform to the mod-ern arrangement of local government, they still claim the allegiance ofsome people.


1. , .

2. -, .

3. , , -.

4. - .

5. , - , - , , .

6. , .

7. , - , .


1. Are national loyalties with the people in Britain whose ancestors were notEnglish strong or weak?

2. For what purpose are different sporting and social clubs created?3. Is the way in which ethnic identity expresses itself the same for the peo-

ple of the four nations?

19

4. What are the reminders of distinctiveness of the Scottish?5. What are the symbols of Welshness?6. What are the signs of English identity?7. Are the differences between the peoples of the four nations of the British

Isles very distinct? Why? /Why not?8. In what way are non-Whites born in Britain different from the natural

born British?9. How do these manage to preserve their ethnic identity?

10. Is overt racism common in Britain?11. Is family identity in Britain as strong as national identity? What proves

that?12. How is geographical identity expressed? Is it still strong enough?13. What are the stereotypes of a Northerner, and a Southerner?

Part IIIdentity

( pp. 4855)



20

(.48) (.48) - (.48) (.50), (.50)

(.50) (.51) (.52) (.54)

to have smth To do with (p.48)Values (p.48)To be indicative of (p.48)Segregation (p.50)As far as roles are concerned (p.51)

Objection to (p.52)Over-emphasize (p.52)To apply (p.52)To refer to (p.54)Vulnerability (p.54)

21


1. the standard form of British pronunciation, based on educated speech insouthern England ;

2. the attitude that disapproves of everything connected with high socialstatus and that is proud of low social status;

3. an indication or sign of something;4. bringing up of children until maturity;5. an organization of workers that exists to protect their interests, improve

conditions of work, etc.;


1. snobbery2. gender3. egalitarian4. elocution5. chauvinism


1. The most obvious and immediate sign comes when a person opens his orher mouth, giving the listener clues to the speakers attitudes and inter-ests, both of which are indicative of class.

2. In this egalitarian climate, the unofficial segregation of the classes inBritain has become less rigid than it was.

3. On the other hand, society no longer overtly endorses differences in thepublic and social roles of men and women, and it is illegal to discrimi-nate on the basis of sex.

4. A comparison of child-rearing habits of the 1950s and 1980s showed thatthe proportion of men who never changed a babys nappy had remainedthe same.

5. Since British people do not spend more of their free time out of the housethan most other Europeans do, these means of self-identification shouldnot be over-emphasized.

6. In Northern Ireland ethnicity, family, politics and religion are all inter-re-lated, and social class has comparatively minor role in establishing iden-tity.

7. This is perhaps why the British cling so obstinately to certain distinctiveways of doing things, such as driving on the left and using different sys-tems of measurement.


1. - , - .

2. , , , , - .

3. , , .

4. - , .

5. - - .

6. - , - , , , - , .

7. , - , .


1. Why do you think the class system has survived in Britain?2. What are the differences between social classes?

22

3. Do most people approve of class divisions?4. What are the reliable signs of class distinction?5. Which is the most prestigious accent in Britain? What is it indicative of?6. Can the British be regarded to be snobs? Why? /Why not?7. What shows that the segregation of the classes has now become less rigid

than it used to be?8. What are the differences between the social roles of men and women in

Britain?9. What is the situation like at the public level?

10. Are religion and politics still important parts of peoples social identity?11. What is considered to be an important part of social identity? Why?12. What has a significant role in establishing identity in Northern Ireland?13. How are the lives of the two communities in Northern Ireland segre-

gated?14. Do the members of these communities mix easily?15. How important is it to the British the very fact that they are British?16. Are they a patriotic nation?17. What do the British do not to lose their identity in the European Union?18. Is chauvinism common? How does it express itself?

Chapter V

Attitudes

part IStereotypes and change. English versus British.

Pp. 5658


23

.-. ,

.-. , -,

24



1. Exact copy, especially one made by an artist of one of his own pictures2. Keeping smth safe and alive for the future3. Something done regularly for enjoyment rather than work4. The state of being continuous, the logical connection between the parts

of smth5. Opposite of too great reliance on or use of the intellect, ignoring feelings

or practical considerations

.-. .-. .-.-- , .-.

- .-.

To be supposedly typicalTo be cautious of doing smthTo lag behindTo be regarded asTo derive fromPopular beliefTo be inclined to do smthTo follow customsOn special occasionsIn additionIt should be noted that

To precedeTo cut outVast majorityOut of dateResortTo form queuesAverage waitApparentlyPatienceTo decreaseNevertheless

25


1. Customs2. Habits3. Attitudes4. Traditions5. Cereal6. Stereotype


1. Many things which are often regarded as typically British derive frombooks, songs or plays which were written a long time ago.

2. Likewise, the changing of the guard outside Buckingham Palace neverchanges.

3. The British as individuals are probably less inclined to follow traditionsthan are the people of most other countries

4. The stereotyped image of the London city gent includes the wearing ofa bowler hat.

5. Everyday habits, attitudes and values among the four nations of theBritish Isles are very similar.

6. This is especially true with regard to one notable characteristic anti-intellectualism.

7. Nobody normally proclaims their academic qualifications or title to theworld at large.


1. , , - .

2. , .

3. , , - .

4. -, .

5. , , .


1. Why should one be cautious about the British reputation for tradition?2. How many expressions for tradition can be found on page 56?3. What do most tourists brochures claim?4. What is this claim based on?5. What are supposedly typical British habits?6. Which of them seem to be currently out of date?7. Which traditions still survive? Why?8. Which culture predominates on the British Isles?9. What is the traditional British attitude towards education? Which ways

is this displayed?10. Is this attitude specifically English or is it characteristic of in all the na-

tions of the British Isles as well?

Part IIMulticulturalism. Conservatism. Being different.

Pp. 58 60


26

, .-. - .-. ; , .-.

( C ) 200 $, .-.



1. Turning away from a plan, standard2. Belonging naturally to a place, being native3. Opposition, rejection4. Sign, symbol or evidence of smth5. Any terrible or inevitable fate6. The decimal measuring system, using the metre, the kilogram and the

litre as basic units


1. Academic title2. Academic qualifications3. Consciously4. Predominate5. To value6. Pound7. Ounce8. Celsius9. Fahrenheit


1. However, the divergence from indigenous British attitudes in new Britishcommunities is constantly narrowing.

27

Relate toHardly everTo depictTo promote the metric systemTo be obliged to do smth

To think in FahrenheitTo promote the pride inVoluntaryDraught beer

2. In general, the British value continuity over modernity for its own sake.3. They have a general sentimental attachment to older, supposedly safer,

times.4. Moreover, a look at childrens reading habits suggests that this attitude

is not going to change.5. In other words, they are most irrelevant to modern life.6. The British government has been trying for years and years to promote

the metric system and to get British people to use the same scales that areused nearly everywhere else in the world.

7. British governments sometimes seem to promote the pride in being dif-ferent.


1. , -, , - .

2. .

3. - , , - .

4. , , , .

5. , , - - .

6. , , - , - .


1. What is the third reason for being cautious about traditions in the UK?2. What is the difference in the effect produced on peoples life style and

countrys culture by immigrants in the UK and the US?

28

3. Which way do immigrants contribute to British life and attitudes?4. What symbols do the British appreciate?5. Why are the British so attached to older times?6. How is it revealed in everyday life?7. What are the British traditional family values?8. What are specifically British characteristics which the British are partic-

ularly attached to?9. Is the pride in being different promoted by British governments? Why?

Part IIIThe love of nature. The love of animals.

Pp. 6062




1. State of being poor

29

- .-.

(-) ( )

Thatched cottageA village greenPeople of limited meansTo grow plantsCemetery

GravePlotCasket of ashesHeadstoneBurial

30

2. Circumstances, equipment etc that make it possible, or easier, to do smth3. Amount of unused labour4. Tunnel linking Britain and France under the English Channel, constructed

by a partnership of British and French companies5. The people living in one place, district or country, considered as a whole6. Tendency to resist great or sudden change (esp. in politics)7. Area of countryside or historic interest whose natural beauty is main-

tained by the government for the public to enjoy

IV. Give definitions of the following words and word combinations:

1. Hostel2. Charity3. Local authority4. Household5. Wildlife6. Species7. Mammal


1. Nowadays such a village is not actually very common, but it is a stereo-typical picture that is well-known to the British.

2. On the French side of the channel, communities battled with each otherto get the new line built through their towns.

3. Large areas of the country are official national parks where almost nobuilding is allowed.

4. Walkers often stay at youth hostels.5. Nearly half of the households in Britain keep at least one domestic pet.6. It is, for example, illegal to run over a dog in your car and then keep on

driving.7. There is even a special hospital which treats injured wild animals.8. Many people are prepared to pay quite large sums of money to give their

pets a decent burial.


1. -.

2. , - , .

3. , .4. -

, , , , .

5. , , , -.

6. , , .

7. , , .


1. What are the two great affections of the British?2. What is an idealized image of a British village?3. Why is it so easy to travel about the country?4. How can British people indulge their passion for gardening if they do

not have a garden?5. What do you think of the British love of animals?

Part IVFormality and informality. Public spiritedness and amateurism.

Privacy and sexPp. 6268


31



1. Willingness to assert oneself, courage, liveliness, being full of spirit(p.64)

2. Idea which a word makes one think of in addition to the main meaning(p.64)

3. Very strict and severe in morals (p.65)4. Moving away from the normal or expected course, plan (p.65)5. State in which others think that a person has behaved badly and no longer

deserves respect (p.65)6. Practice of misrepresenting ones real character, opinions etc, esp. by

pretending to be more virtuous than one really is (p.65)7. Indirect reference, usually suggesting sth bad or discreditable about sb

(p.66)8. Word or phrase that can be understood in two ways, one of which con-

tains a sexual allusion(p.66)

32

,

.-. .-.

To observe formalitiesTo play a public roleTo be on dutyTo obey rigid rulesOn the other handUnbuttoned collarAcquaintanceTo be reservedBuffet-type meals

HospitalityJumble saleFteFlag dayBlood transfusion serviceOpinion pollTo be embarrassingTo tackle the subjectTo solicit


1. Formality2. Formalities3. Privacy4. Affection5. Convention6. Hospitality7. Amateur8. Assumption


1. There is difference between observing formalities and being formal ineveryday life

2. Note also that, each year, the countrys blood transfusion service collectover two million donations of blood from unpaid volunteers.

3. Respect for privacy underlies many aspects of British life.4. It is still seen as rude to ask people what are called personal questions.5. The modern British attitude to sex is an example of how, while moral at-

titudes have changed, the habit of keeping things private is still deeply in-grained.

6. Revelations about extra-marital affairs or other deviations from what isconsidered normal in private life have, in the past, ruined the careers ofmany public figures.

7. Modern Britons have a positive and open attitude to sex.8. Sex education in schools is now seen as a vital part of the school cur-

riculum, partly because of worries about AIDS.9. It is against the law to solicit that is to do anything in public to find

customers.


1. , .

2. -

33

, , .

3. , , -, , - -, .

4. - - .

5. , - - , -, , .

6. , - , , , - .

7. , , , .


1. Can a hard line be drawn between observing formalities and being formal?2. What do people from other countries mistake for coldness with the

British?3. Which types of conduct are considered friendly and which are instead

formal?4. What should not be done when you receive friends in your home?5. What does the cult of the talented amateur imply?6. What are the circumstances in which this cult comes to the surface?7. Which way is the situation currently changing?8. What kind of work are thousands of amateurs involved in?9. What is the attitude of the British to privacy? To sex?

10. Are these two attitudes different? Why?

34

Chapter VIPolitical Life

I. Suggest English equivalents of the following expressions and re-produce the situations in which they are used.

II. Suggest Russian equivalents of the following expressions and re-produce the situations in which they are used.

35

, ;(.67); (.67) (); (.67), ; (.68) ; (.68) ; (.68) ( ),(.68) ; (.68), ;(.68) ;(.68), ;(.70)

;(.70) / ; (.72)/ ;(75) ; (.72) ;(.75) ;(.75) ;(.70, 75,76); (.76); (.76), - (.76)

To amass wealth; (.p. 67)A lack of trustworthiness; (p..67)To deny;(p.67)To come ones way;(p.68)To do with; hang on; (p.68)To take for granted; (p.68)Disenchantment; (p.69)Eventually; (p.70)Judgment (of court); (p.71)To have a hand in; (p.71)To contribute to;(p.72)

Welfare; (p.73)A breakaway group; (p.73)To challenge the dominance of;(p.74)At a moments notice;(p.74)To fit into the established frame-work; (p.74)To boost the spirits; (p.75)A showcase; (p.75)A Muslim background (p.76)

36

III. Give the concept described by the following definitions.

1. shares, stock, debentures, etc. of a company which is a resident outsidethe UK;

2. to offer oneself for election to the supreme legislative body of the UnitedKingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;

3. a division of the Central Investigation Department which deals with eco-nomic crimes;

4. the department of state dealing with foreign affairs;5. minister of foreign affairs in the UK;6. a satirical TV show of Independent Television depicting statesmen, mem-

bers of the Royal Family, etc. as grotesque puppets;7. mutual non-participation of a ruling party member and an opposition

party member in the voting procedure maintaining the difference in num-bers between one side and the other;

IV. Give definitions of the following words and word-combinations.

1. to resign;2. survey;3. alleged;4. cheating;5. an encounter;6. an outlook;7. donation;8. income tax;9. devolution;10. laisser-faire

IV. Translate the following sentences from English into Russian.Note the use of different grammar forms.

1. They do not expect them to be corrupt or to use their position to amasspersonal wealth, but they do expect them to be frequently dishonest.(Complex Object; Contrastive Emphasis)

37

2. Someone whod want you to stay on as Foreign Secretary. (Complex Ob-ject)

3. Gradually, I saw it dawning upon him. (Complex Object)4. You do mean you... (Emotive Emphasis)5. They are more likely to regard it as a dangerous topic of conversation!6. The British are said to have a high respect for the law. (Complex Subject)7. His signed photograph was said to be worth 1,000. (Complex Subject)8. But for Jim Hacker to admit this openly, even in private conversation,

would make him seem dangerously keen on power for its own sake.(Complex Object)

9. For example, tax evasion is not the national pastime that is said to be insome countries. (Complex Subject)

10. In Britain democracy has never meant that the people have a hand in therunning of the country; rather it means that the people choose who is togovern the country, and then let them get on with it! (Complex Object)

11. When you hear politicians arguing in the House of Commons or in a tel-evision studio, you might think that they hate each other. (Complex Ob-ject)

12. They therefore demand that the book be banned. (Subjunctive I)

I. Translate from Russian into English.

1. - .

2. , , , .

3. , .4. , - .5. ,

.6. , .7. , .8. ,

- .9. .

Answer the following questions.

Public attitude to politics1. Do people in Britain think high of politicians?2. What kind of events would endanger political life?3. Why does Jim Hacker regard the Prime Ministers resignation with mixed

feelings?4. What fact proves that politicians do not enjoy popularity?5. What would help Jim Hacker to make the two candidates withdraw?6. What makes you think that Jim Hacker is a hypocrite?7. Why was it dangerous in centuries past to mention politics?8. Do people still regard politics as a dangerous topic of conversation?9. What leads one to believe that people are interested enough in politics?

10. What was the format of the Spitting Image programme?11. What is criticism of Yes, Prime Minister directed at?12. How do people and politicians react to the book Yes, Prime Minister?13. How do politicians justify their being politicians?14. What is one more indication of the poor reputation of politicians?

The style of democracy15. Are the British a law-abiding nation?16. Do the British make many new laws?17. What are the consequences of having few rules and regulations in

Britain?18. What are the rules regulating the availability of identification documents

in Britain?19. Do the British have access to the information a government agency has

collected about them?20. Does the state place many restrictions on the individual in Britain?21. What makes Britain different from other countries in governing and law-

making?

The constitution22. Who acctually governs Britain?23. Is the basic system of government in Britain very much different from

other European countries?

38

24. Who fills the highest positions in the British government?25. Does the official head of the state have real power in Britain?26. What is meant by saying that Britain does not have a constitution at all?27. What are laws derived from in Britain?28. What government procedures have never been written down at all in

Britain?The style of politics29. What factors is political life in Britain influenced by?30. Why is political life said to be informal?31. What are the relations between MPs with different or conflicting politi-

cal views?32. Between what institutions was the main political division centuries ago?33. What contributes to MPs special sense of belonging with each other?34. When might one think that politicians who have radically opposed

philosophies hate each other?35. Are politicians belongingto to different parties enemies in real life?36. What is the practical advantage of co-operation among political parties

in Britain?37. Why is the order of business in Parliament arranged beforehand?38. How is television advertising arranged?39. What is the essence of the pairing system?40. Which are the oldest political parties of Britain?41. What is the background of the Conservative party (Labour Party,

Liberal Democratic Party)?42. What strata of society traditionally support the Conservative Party

(Labour Party, Liberal Democratic Party)?43. Where does money for the Conservative party (Labour Party, Liberal

Democratic Party) come from?44. What policies do the main political parties (Conservative Party, Labour

Party, Liberal Democratic Party) pursue?45. What do the two nationalist parties fight for?46. What political views do the parties in Northern Ireland hold?47. Whose interests do the numerous small parties represent?

The party system48. Why is Britain rightly characterized as having a two-party system?

39

40

49. Is the two-party system a recent phenomenon for Britain?50. What are the reasons for the existence of the two-party system?51. What proves that the idea of an alternative government has received legal

recognition?52. How does either of the two ruling parties gain power?53. Why is it difficult for smaller parties to challenge the dominance of the

bigger ones?54. Are elections for officers of students unions or trade unions fought ac-

cording to national party divisions?55. Do all party members have equal control over their partys policy?56. What are the ways for party members who are not MPs to influence their

partys policy?57. What are the powers of party members who are not MPs limited by?58. What change has taken place with regard to the personal image of a

partys leader?

The modern situation59. Has popular confidence in the British political system increased lately?60. Why are the British pessimistic about the future?61. How have the attitudes to various aspects of life in Britain changed ac-

cording to a recent opinion poll?62. What changes in British public life are likely to take place in the near fu-

ture?63. Who puts pressure upon Britain in relation to certain political issues?64. Why is the unwritten constitution in Britain not as effective now as it

used to be?65. Do you think there is an urgent need to eliminate inconsistencies in the

British law?66. Who is Salman Rushdie?67. Why did many Muslims demand that Rushdies book The Satanic

Verse be banned?68. What does the Rushdie affair illustrate?

Chapter XII

The end of empire

I. Suggest English equivalents of the following expressions andreproduce the situations in which they are used.

II. Suggest Russian equivalents of the following expressions and re-produce the situations in which they are used.

41

(.113) (.113) (.114 ): (.114) (.115) (.116) - (.114) (.115) (.118) (118) , - (.118)

(.118) (.119) (.119) (.119) (119) (.119) () (120) (.120) (.120)

To take over(p.113)Diplomatic disaster(.114)Without reference to(p.114)Taxpayer(p114)Remnants(p114)To be swallowed up by(p.114)Opinion poll(p.114)Standing army(p.115)Peace dividend(p.115)To merge with(p.115)

Inevitably(p.116)Decline(p.116)To encourage somebody(p.116)To give up(p.116)To slow down(p.117)To impose a tax(p.118)Break out(p.4)Without regard to(p119)Political abuse(p.119)Sheer power(p.119)

III. Give the concept described by the following definitions.

1. Two events which illustrate that Britains armed forces can no longer actunilaterally, without reference to international community

2. A group of sovereign states and their dependencies associated by theirchoice and linked with common objectives and interests

3. Compulsory military service for men which was abolished in 19574. The treaty which recognized a new status of Australia, Canada, New

Zealand and South Africa as fully self-governed nations5. The largest trading block, accounting for about one fifth of the world trade6. An experimental six-nation international organization and the first to be

based on supranational principles and which served as the foundation forthe modern-day European Union

IV. Give definitions to the following words and word-combinations.

1. to meet commitments;2. to dismantle;3. embarrassment..4. to cease to do something.5. peace dividend6. to merge with7. ambiguous8. cohesion9. resentment

10. partition11. claim

V. Translate the following sentences from English into Russian.Note the use of different grammar forms.

1. When Turkey invaded the island in 1974, British military activity was re-stricted to airlifting the personnel of its military base there to safety.

2. We cannot know if it would have done so if the inhabitants had not beenin favour of remaining British and if Argentina had not had a militarydictatorship at the time.

42

3. Since the 1950s, the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) has ar-gued, on both moral and economic grounds, that Britain should cease tobe a nuclear power.

4. When the European Coal and Steel Community was formed in 1951,Britain thought it was an excellent idea, but nothing to do with Britain.

5. Neither party wishes to raise the subject at election time because to do sowould expose divisions within that party (a sure vote-loser).

6. The realization that, in the EU, home rule, or even independence, neednot mean isolation has caused the Scottish attitude to Europe to change.

7. Many people in Wales would like to have greater control over Welsh af-fairs, but not much more than some people in some regions of Englandwould like the same.

8. Matters were arranged so that positions of official power were alwaysfilled by Protestants.

9. After the First World War the British government partitioned the countrybetween the (mainly Catholic) south and the (mainly Protestant) north,giving each part some control of its internal affairs.

10. It is feared that this may not just be a matter of giving extra power toBrussels.

VI. Translate from Russian into English.

1. , - .

2. , ,, - .

3. ( ) , , .

4. -

43

44

5. , , , - , - .

6. .

7. , , , , - , , .

8. 19801990- , - - , - .

9. - -. , , .

VII. Answer the following questions.

The end of empire1. When was Britain becoming less of an empire and more of a confeder-

ation?2. Under what Treaty did Britain acquire new possessions?3. When did the real dismantling of the empire take place?4. What events illustrate the fact that Britains armed forces can no longer

act unilaterally?5. What were the worlds greatest powers after the Second World War?6. What crisis was resolved without reference to Britain in 1962?7. What countries wished to continue with imperial arrangements and why?8. Why did colonial territories cause embarrassment for the British gov-

ernment?9. Why did the British government become popular after the Falklands War?

45

The armed forces

1. Why were the leaders of the British armed forces loyal to the govern-ment after the Civil War?

2. When was National Service abolished in Britain?3. What kind of armed forces did the British government mean to have?4. Why did the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament have a lot of popular

support?5. Why did the decision of the British government to look for peace divi-

dend cause protest from politicians and military professionals?6. What are the three branches of the British armed forces?7. Is the career in the armed forces considered as respectable now?

Transatlantic relations

1. Why are the relationships between Britain and the USA described asspecial?

2. Did Britain give material support to Americans during the Gulf Waragainst Iraq?

3. What was the public feeling about the relationship between Britain andthe USA?

4. Why do some older people remember the Americans with gratitude?5. When did the special relationship between Britain and the USA decline

in significance?6. What event has emphasized that Britains links are mainly with Europe?

The sovereignty of the union: Europe

1. When did the British Government decide to ask for membership in theEuropean Communities?

2. When did Britain join the European communities?3. What is the attitude of the British government to the European Union?

The sovereignty of the union: Scotland and Wales

1. What is the reason for a distrust of greater European cohesion amongpoliticians at Westminster?

2. Why did Scottish people insist on differences between themselves and theEnglish?

3. What was the attitude of the Scottish people to the European Union?4. What caused the Scottish people change their attitude to the European

Union?5. Why is the situation in Wales different?

The sovereignty of the union: Northern Ireland

1. What word is used in the article to stand for the British province of North-ern Ireland?

2. How are the Catholic and Protestant viewpoints known as?3. When did the British Government partition the country between the south

and the north?4. When did the Catholic civil rights Movement begin?5. What was the reaction of the British armed forces to the Movement?6. What organizations appeared in response to the invasion of the British

troops?7. How did the British government solve the troubles in Ireland?8. What inequalities remain in Ireland now?9. Does political terrorism still exist in Northern Ireland?

10. What kind of Government has been set up in Northern Ireland?

Unite XIIIReligion


46

(.121) (.121) - (.122)

(. 122) (.122) (.122) (.122)



1. to go or to stay with a companion, nurse, to visit;2. the territorial jurisdiction of a bishop;3. able or tending to adhere;4. normally strict, ascetic;5. to adjudge unfit for use or consumption;6. a Christian life that is believed to have been ordained by Christ and held

to be a means of divine grace;

47

(.123) (.123) (. 123), (.123) (. 123) - (. 123) (.123)

(.125) (.126) (.127) (.126) (127) (127) (128), (129)

By the grace of God (p. 121)To be taken for granted (p. 122)Political significance (p. 122)Regular attendance(p.122)To stay out from (p. 123)To condemn (p. 123)To anger (p. 123)Strand (p. 124)To ordain (p. 124)Distinctiveness (p. 124)Marginal status (p. 125Cohesiveness (p. 124)

Under-represented (p. 125)To receive the sacrament (o. 125)Lapse (p. 125)Pursuit (p,126)Austere life (p. 126)To frown on (p. 126)Moderator (p. 126)Come into being (p.126)Revelation (p. 126)Conventional church (p.126)Cult (p. 129)

7. differ in opinion;8. the books of the Bible;9. a religion that differs from any other religions with its small group of ad-

herents;


1. worship2. clergy3. nun4. teetotal5. to ordain6. laps7. lay8. revelation9. to frown


1. Most people in Britain cannot strictly be described as religious but thisdoes not mean that they have no religious or spiritual beliefs and incli-nations.

2. Almost nobody objects to the fact that the Queen is queen by the graceof God, or the fact that she, like all previous British monarchs, wascrowned by a religious figure in a church.

3. Freedom of religious belief and worship is taken for granted in modernBritain but a persons religion has almost no political significance.

4. The religious conflicts of the past and their close relationship with poli-tics have left only a few traces in modern times, and the most importantof these are institutional rather than political: the fact that the monarchcannot be a Catholic: the fact that the senior bishops are members ofHouse of Lords.

5. The doctrine of Church of England was set out in the sixteenth century,in a document called the Thirty-Nine Article.

6. There is also a liberal wing which is willing to question some of the tra-ditional Christian beliefs, is more inclined to view the Bible as merely a

48

49

historical document, and was the first to support moves to ordain womenpriests.

7. It has been argued that the tie between Church and State should be bro-ken: that is that the Church should be disestablished so that after losingits extreme members to other churches, it could spend less time on in-ternal disagreement and more on the moral and spiritual guidance of itsremaining members.


1. , .

2. - .

3. - - .

4. , , - , - .

5. - .

6. , , , -.

7. - .

8. - , .

9. - , , .

50


1. How regularly do people in Britain attend religious services?2. Can you describe British people as religious? Give your reasons.3. What is the predominant attitude towards organized religion?4. Is freedom of religious belief and worship a reality in Britain?5. What are the relationships between religion and politics?6. Which church has a privileged position in England? Is it a political issue?7. Which church is described as Conservative party at prayer? And why?8. When was the doctrine of the Church of England set out? What is it

about?9. How can the main strands of belief be identified?

10. What is meant by Englishness of the Anglican Church?11. What is the history of Catholicism in Britain?12. What is the position of the Catholic Church today?13. What are two major aspects of Catholic life?14. What was the historical situation like when the Protestantism first took

root in Britain?15. What is the origin of the Puritan tradition in England?16. What is the organization of the Church of Scotland?17. What are people who refuse to conform to the established church called?

How does this group differ from other religious groups?18. Why do you think the number of different churches and sects have been

growing?19. What are the main ideas of evangelical Christianity?20. What does the term New Age refer to?21. Which are the most well-established religions professed by racial mi-

norities?

Chapter XIV

EducationPart I

Historical backgroundPp. 130131.



51

()

- -

To be free of chargeTo distinguish A from BTo attach importance toBackground to the debateTo take an interest in smthTo put emphasis onUse of specialized items of vocab-ulary

To take up positions inHigher ranks ofTo form the ruling eliteTo retain habitsTo be ascribed toDecadeUnderlying characteristics


1. Third in order, rank, importance; next after secondary university orcollege level education

2. Social group considered to be the best or most important because of theirpower, talent, and wealth.

3. All government departments other than the armed forces


1. Full-time education2. Compulsory education3. Educational institutions4. Team spirit


1. It was one of the last governments in Europe to organize comprehensiveeducation.

2. It was felt education must somehow be taking care of itself.3. Children move from the primary stage to the secondary stage at around

the age of 11.4. Public schools were all boarding schools, so they had a deep and last-

ing influence on their pupils.5. Their pupils later form the ruling elite, taking up positions in the higher

ranks of the army, in business, the legal profession, the civil service andpolitics.

6. It is difficult to predict what further changes in the British educationalsystem will occur in the next decade.


1. , .

2. - .

52

53

3. - , .

4. , - , - .

5. , - - , .

6. - , .

7. .8. , ,

.


1. Which are the three recognized stages in the educational system of theUK?

2. Did the British government attach much importance to education? Why?3. What are the main features of public schools?4. Which elements of the development of team spirit do you remember?5. What did public schools prepare their pupils for?6. When did the British government start taking an interest in education?7. Which characteristics of contemporary educational system in the UK can

be ascribed to its historical background?

Part IIOrganization. Style.

Pp. 132 133




1. General feeling or opinion among a group of people about their beingexcellent or distinguished.

2. Independence of ordinary people in society, as opposed to those whomake decisions.

1V. Give definitions to the following words and word combinations:

1. Education2. Training

54

Details are left up toTo have their own uniforms forpupilsDespite recent changes

To set overall learning objectivesBig enough to accommodate everypupilTo some degree at least.

() ()

( - ) - (, )

55

3. Literacy4. Counterpart5. Autonomy


1. Central government does not prescribe a detailed programme of learning.2. It does not determine what books and materials should be used and how

schoolchildren should learn them, it is left up to an individual educa-tional institution.

3. Nor does it dictate the exact hours of the school day, the exact dates ofholidays or the exact age at which a child must start in full-time educa-tion.

4. Central government does not manage an educational institutions financeseither.

5. Many schools have their own uniforms for pupils.6. It is considered desirable for every school to have its own school hall, big

enough to accommodate every pupil.7. Learning for its own sake has traditionally been given a comparatively

high value in Britain.8. Sporting success enhances the reputation of an educational institu-

tion.


1. - - .

2. , - , - .

3. , - .

4. , - , .

5. , , .

6. XX , - .

7. - , , , - .

8. -, .

9. - -, .

10. -, , .

11. , - - .


1. What are the major characteristics of the British educational system?2. What Departments are in charge of managing the educational system?3. Which three aspects of the British educational system are supervised by

the central authorities?4. Which way is this supervision enforced?5. Can you name 7 does nots of the central government?6. Which traditional feature does the author refer to while explaining the

reason for grass-roots independence of British schools?7. What is the dilemma of great public concern about the main objective of

British education?

56

8. Why dont British young people have to work as hard as their counter-parts in Europe?

9. Which disproportion arose from the absence of a unified approach to ed-ucation objectives?

10. Do you remember any other problems which resulted from the Britishdislike of centralized authority?

11. How do you account for international standard of sports achievements inBritish educational institutions?

Part IIIRecent developments

Pp. 133135


II. Suggest Russian equivalents of the following expressions andreproduce the situations in which they are used:

57

To take placeTo set a patternTo set a trendGrammar schoolComprehensive school

To set up a national curriculumMajor changesGrant-maintained schoolConsequence ofThe prevailing belief

-, ()

- - -

58


1. Person showing or holding a belief in equal rights, benefits and oppor-tunities for everybody.

2. Person who believes in elitism i.e. a belief or system that aims at devel-oping elite.

3. Opinion or feeling that strongly favours one side in an argument or oneitem in a group or series (syn. predisposition, prejudice)

4. Content of a book, speech, etc, especially as contrasted with style.5. Reading, (w)Riting and (a)Rithmetic, as the basis of an elementary edu-

cation6. Person of wide and varied abilities, skills and knowledge.

1V. Give definitions to the following words and word combinations:

1. Pattern2. Trend3. Curriculum4. Modern school


1. Changes that took place in British education in the second half of thetwentieth century simply reflected the wider social process of increasedegalitarianism.

2. The elitist institutions which first set the pattern no longer set the trend,and are themselves less elitist.

3. Lessons in such schools had a more practical and technical bias.4. Over the next decade the division into grammar schools and secondary

modern schools was gradually changed.5. Educational standards fell and the average eleven-year-old in Britain is

less literate and less numerate than his or her European counterpart.6. Starting in the late 1980s, two major changes were introduced by the

government.7. The first of these was the setting up of a national curriculum.

59

8. The other major change is that schools can get their money directly fromcentral government.


1. 1965 11 .

2. , , , .

3. .4. 11 -

.5. , - .6. -

.


1. How did the British educational system reinforce lass distinction up tothe 1960s?

2. Why is the comprehensive system criticized?3. What are the 2 major changes introduced by the government in the late

1980s?4. How many curricula can exist in the UK?5. Which subjects have had greater emphasis at different levels?

Part IVSchool life. Public exam

Pp. 135136


60



1. An organization that sets examinations and is responsible for markingthem and distributing results

2. School for children between the ages of three and five, staffed by quali-fied teachers and other professionals who encourage and supervise edu-cational play rather than simply providing childcare.


1. Syllabus2. Certificate3. Onwards


1. In some areas primary schools have nursery schools attached to them.

To work a five-day weekTo be rated poor enough to havefree lunchTo generate heated debateOnwards

To exemplifyUnified school-leaving examSchool-leaving certificateTo do exam in

- () .-.

.-.

2. Almost all schools are either primary or secondary only, the latter beinggenerally larger.

3. Nearly all schools work a five-day week.4. In primary schools, the children are mostly taught by a class teacher who

teaches all subjects.5. In secondary schools, pupils have different teachers for different sub-

jects.6. The organization of the school-leaving exams exemplifies the traditional

hands-off approach of British governments.7. Exams are set by independent examining boards.8. There is no unified school-leaving exam or school-leaving certificate.9. The exams have nothing to do with school years as such, it means that

being a sixty-five-year old you can enter for these exams.


1. , 5 , .

2. 15% , , .

3. , .

4. - .

5. , .

6. - .

7. - .


1. When does school life start for British children?2. What is the daily routine at school?3. How are the children fed at school?

61

4. Which tests do children take at primary level?5. Which traditions of the British educational system does the organization

of exams exemplify?6. What are the subjects commonly chosen by nearly all pupils?7. Which body is responsible for organization of exams?8. Is there a unified school-leaving exam?9. Are there any age limits for school-leaving exams?

Part VEducation beyond sixteen

Pp. 136138



62

Newfound enthusiasmEducational opportunitiesA great increase inTo take an optionFull-time education

College of Further EducationTo be keen on sthExam gradesDrop-out rateLow-income families

-

,


1. Training which takes place in a normal working situation, using the ac-tual tools, equipment, documents or materials that trainees will use whenfully trained.

2. The former name in the United Kingdom of an on-the-job training coursefor school leavers aged 16 and 17, managed by the Manpower ServicesCommission.


1. Sixth form2. Vocational3. Grade4. Ratio


1. In the last quarter of the twentieth century there was a great increase ineducational opportunities.

2. Government was keen to increase the availability of vocational trainingcourses and their prestige.

3. British Universities make their own choices of who to accept on theircourses.

4. The expansion of higher education is putting a strain on the situation.5. All the recent developments threaten to reduce availability of university

education to students from low-income families.


1. .

2. . - .

63

3. - .

4. , , .

5. , - , - .


1. What are the forms of tertiary education?2. To which extent are British Universities independent in accepting stu-

dents?3. Why do all University students complete their studies in 3 4 years?4. Why is the drop-out rate low in British Universities?5. What are the different ways to pay for University education in the UK?6. What seem to be the negative trends in the University education?

Chapter XVIThe Media


64

- (.151) (.152) (.152), , (.152), -, (.152) , (.153)

(.153), ()(.154) (.154) (.155), - / (.155) (.156)

65

Suggest Russian equivalents of the following expressions and re-produce the situations in which they are used:


1. newspapers associated with quality journalism, serious press as opposedto tabloids;Newspapers which focus on issues of general importance.

2. a format of newspapers usually associated in the English-speaking worldwith the popular press; Newspapers which focus on sensational news sto-ries.

3. a programme where a well known host invites guests to talk, often aboutsomething they are trying to promote or sell.

- , -, (.156) (.156), (.157) (.157) (.157)

, - (.157) (.157), (.157) (.159) (.159)

The worlds most dedicated home-video users (.151);Give up reading (.151);Households (.151);To mess up ones life (.151);To be beaten off (.152);First and foremost (.153);To bear in mind (.153);Opinion poll (.153);Vigorously (. 153);To demand a debate on the matter(.154);

To back down (.154);To give coverage to (.154);Code of Practice (.155);Hostile (. 156);To banish (. 156);In-depth (.157);To break with (.157);Glued to the goggle-box (. 159);Peak viewing time (.158);Educational programmes (.158);Nevertheless (. 161).

4. a programme where a host invites people to phone in and put questionsto a studio guest, or just give their opinions on something.

5. programmes on radio and television may be referred to formally asbroadcasts, and they may be referred to informally as shows, especiallyin American English.

6. the British national press is referred to be produced in this street, althoughno national paper is now produced in this London street.

7. articles which give the papers opinion about the news of the day.

IV. Give definitions to the following words and word-combinations:

1. Editors2. Journalists3. Columnist4. Soap operas or soaps5. Game show6. Quiz show7. Sitcom8. Couch potatoes9. A goggle-box10. Remote control, to zap.


1. British people are the worlds third biggest newspaper buyers.2. The quality papers, or broadsheets, cater for the better educated read-

ers.3. The popular papers or tabloids contain far less print than the broad-

sheets and far more pictures.4. The abrupt turnabout in the stance of the Scottish edition of the Sun in

early 1991 is a good example (of the publishers placing selling news-papers copies ahead of political integrity).

5. The tabloids pages are full of little except stories about the private livesof famous people.

6. Even serious papers now give a lot of coverage to news with a humaninterest angle when they have the opportunity.

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7. Radio 4 broadcasts a variety of programmes, from plays and comedyshows to consumer advice programmes and in-depth news coverage.

8. Of particular note is its unconventional presentation of the news, which isdesigned to appeal to younger adults.

9. Although the advent of ITV did not affect television coverage of news andcurrent affairs, it did cause a change in the style and comment of otherprogrammes shown on television.

10. It became obvious in the early 1960s that the popularity of soap operasand light entertainment shows meant that there was less room for pro-grammes which lived up to the original educational aims of television.

VI. Translate from Russian into English:

1. , , , , - .

2. , .

3. , , .

4. , , - , .

5. , - (infotainment), - , .

6. - - (docudrama), - .

7. , , .

8. , - .

9. , - , . - / .

10. - , , , - .


1. What nationalities are considered as the worlds biggest newspaper buy-ers?

2. Why is the British press jokingly referred to as the fourth estate andwhat are the first three?

3. Newspaper publication is dominated by the national press (not local orregional press), but which part of the UK is an exception to this domi-nation?

4. How important are the morning newspapers as a British household in-stitution?

5. Whats the difference between the national dailies and the Sunday pa-pers? Are they published by the same or different companies, and dothey employ the same or separate staffs of editors and journalists?

6. Whats the total circulation of the national and local, regional daily pa-pers?

7. What are the two main types of British newspapers?8. What are the differences between them?9. What categories of readers are these two types of British newspapers

aimed at?10. Why are the quality papers called broadsheets?

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11. Are the large newspapers organs of political parties?12. Whats the primary aim of the papers?13. Do the papers put political integrity ahead of selling copies?14. Who is the British press controlled by?15. What are the most notable features of the British national press?16. What problems are there in Britain with getting legislation about the

presss activities and the invasion of privacy of public figures particu-larly?

17. What organization deals with complaints regarding invasions of privacy,and who is it made up of?

18. What limits does the Code of Practice set to the pres activities?19. What characteristics give the BBC its special position in Britain and all

over the world?20. What is the BBCs legal status?21. What are the channels which all viewers in the country receive, and when

did they start?22. What are the British viewing habits?23. Which TV programmes seem to be the most popular in Britain?24. How many national radio stations does the BBC run and what do they

broadcast?25. What enabled the BBC to achieve its dominant position in British Broad-

casting, and how does it manage maintain this position?

Chapter 22The arts


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, (. 201), - (-) (. 201) (.201)

(.201), (.201) (.202) (.202) - (.202)



1. A group of people who have a lot of power and influence because theyhave money, knowledge, or special skills.

2. The person who gives instructions to the actors, cameramen etc. in a filmor play.

3. Poems, the art of writing poems.4. A moral or legal duty to do something.5. To pay part of the cost of something so that the buyer can pay less for it.6. The attention that someone or something gets from newspapers, televi-

sion etc.

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, (.202) (.203) - (.203) (.204) (. 205)

, - (.205) (.204) (. ) (.204) (.204) (.205)

Fine arts (p.201)To push sth to the sidelines (p.201)Core subject (p.201)Springboard (p.202)Composer (p.202)Conventional style (p.203)Apparent contradiction (p.203)Prom concert (p.203)Coverage (p.204)Entertainment (p.204)

Soloist (p.204)The Royal Shakespeare Company(p.204)Profitable industry (p.205)The Booker Prize (p.205)Literary world (p.205)Middlebrow literature (p.205)Contemporary painting (p.206)Voluntary payment (p.206)

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7. To ask a certain amount of money for something you are selling.8. A very high level of intelligence, mental skill, or artistic ability, which

only a few people have.


1. Avant-garde2. Repertory theatre3. Fiction4. Exhibition5. Expertise6. To tolerate7. Dedicated musician


1. Several British orchestras, soloists, singers, choirs, opera companies andballet companies, and also certain annual music events, have interna-tional reputations.

2. The avant-garde exists, of course, but, with the possible exception ofpainting and sculpture, it is not through such work that British artists be-come famous.

3. The arts is the umbrella term for literature, music, painting, sculpture,crafts, theatre, opera, ballet, film etc.

4. In schools, subjects such as art and music, though always available, tendto be pushed to the sidelines.

5. Novelists writing is typically naturalistic and is not connected with par-ticular intellectual movements.

6. The countrys most successful and respected playwrights are usuallythose who explore the darker side of the personality and of personal re-lationships (albeit often through comedy).

7. Moreover, television can actually help to promote other art forms.8. In contrast, the cinema in Britain is often regarded as not quite part of the

arts at all it is simply entertainment.

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VI. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English:1. , -

. (. )2. ,

. (.. )3.

, , .

4. , , - , , 4000 6000 .

5. 7 (-), -.

6. (Liverpool), the Beatles, .

7. : , , .

VII. Answer the following questions:1. What are the arts?2. What is culture? Do you agree that culture is of interest to a small sec-

tion of the rich only?3. Are there any links between the language of the nation and its culture?

What are they?4. Do you think subjects such as art and music should be compulsory in

school? Why?5. Should the government support and encourage culture? In what ways?6. Why are TV programmes on cultural subjects usually shown late at

night rather than in the prime time?7. What is British theatre famous for?8. Can you name any famous artists, composers, theatre actors in your coun-

try with their respective works?

british the country and its people rusian

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