Broadleaf dock: Identification and Management in Blueberry and Raspberry

Wiharti Oktaria Purba, Lisa Wasko DeVetter, Chris Benedict, Ian C. Burke, Timothy MillerWashington State University

Lynden, November 30th 2017

Outline

Introduction

IdentificationManagement

ClosingResearch Studies

April May June July August March April

Broadleaf dock biology in the Pacific Northwest

Introduction : Biology

Glimpse of Rumex obtusifolius research

Location : BelgiumDistribution : WidespreadLast reported : Not recordedOrigin : NativeFirst Reported : Not recordedInvasiveness : InvasiveReference : Holm et al. (1979)Source: CABI

Location : JapanDistribution : WidespreadLast reported : Not recordedOrigin : IntroducedFirst Reported : Not recordedInvasiveness : InvasiveReference : Nishida (2002)Source: CABI

Location : United StatesDistribution : WidespreadLast reported : Not recordedOrigin : IntroducedFirst Reported : Not recordedInvasiveness : InvasiveReference : Holm et al. (1979)Source: CABI

Location : MexicoDistribution : WidespreadLast reported : Not recordedOrigin : IntroducedFirst Reported : Not recordedInvasiveness : InvasiveReference : Holm et al. (1979)Source: CABI

https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/48064

Found across US and most of the western states; except Nevada, Wyoming, and North Dakota.

Rumex obtusifolius L. is a native species of Britain and Western Europe

Introduction : Distribution

Found across US and most of the western states; except Nevada, Wyoming, and North Dakota.

Rumex obtusifolius L. is a native species of Britain and Western Europe

Broadleaf/ Bitter Dock (Rumex obtusifolius)

American Golden Dock (Rumex maritimus)

©Ryan Batten

Willow dock (Rumexsalicifolius) @Barry Breckling

Curly Dock (Rumex crispus) ©Zoya Akulova (left) ©Joseph Dougherty (right)

Winged dock (Rumex venosusPursh.) ©Robert L. Carr .

Western dock (R. aquaticus) ©Mark J. Darice

Red sorrel (Rumex acetosella L.) ©Leslie J. Mehrhoff (left)

©Theodore Webster (right)

Introduction : Species

Introduction : Distribution

Broadleaf dock Curly dock

https://plants.usda.gov/

Highly competitive species

Potential host for insect

Hard to control

Efficacy of herbicides commonly used in berry production specifically for controlling broadleaf dock has not been reported.

Photo credit: Dr. Jerry Weiland (USDA ARS)

Introduction : Problems

Zaller 2004,Cavers and Harper 1964; Holm et al. 1977

High fecundity and longevity of seeds.

Rumex species show considerable ability to re-grow from vegetative fragments left in the soil after cultivation or cutting (Pino et al., 1995, Hardlickova et al., 2011, Gilgen and Feller., 2013)

Introduction : Biology

A successful broadleaf dock management strategy must account for seed germination

Management

Delay flowering; early shoot removal

Remove the top 4 inches of root collar organ with regenerative capacity

Chemical control in berry production

Common name Trade name PRE/POST WSSA group Mode of actionHalosulfuron Sandea® PRE/POST 2 ALS inhibitorRimsulfuron Matrix® PRE/POST 2 ALS inhibitorPronamide Kerb® PRE 3 Microtubule assembly inhibitorOryzalin Surflan® A.S. PRE 3 Microtubule assembly inhibitorClopyralid Stinger® PRE/POST 4 Synthetic auxinSimazine Simazine PRE/POST 5 Photosystem II inhibitor (site A)Terbacil Sinbar® PRE/POST 5 Photosystem II inhibitor (site A)Hexazinone Velpar® PRE/POST 5 Photosystem II inhibitor (site A)Diuron Karmex® PRE/POST 7 Photosystem II inhibitor (site B)Glyphosate Touchdown Total® POST 9 EPSPS inhibitorNorflurazon Solicam® PRE 12 Pigment inhibitor; PDS inhibitorFlumioxazin Chateau® PRE/POST 14 PPO inhibitorSulfentrazone Zeus® PRE/POST 14 PPO inhibitorNapropamide Devrinol® PRE 15 Very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) inhibitorS-metolachlor Dual Magnum® PRE 15 Very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) inhibitorDichlobenil Casoron® PRE/POST 20 Cell wall synthesis inhibitor (site A)Isoxaben Gallery® PRE 21 Cell wall synthesis inhibitor (site B)Mesotrione Callisto® PRE/POST 27 Pigment inhibitor; HPPDS inhibitor

Table 1. Herbicides and rates of application for the spring and fall herbicides trials.

Management

Research objectives

Herbicide effects on seed germinability of Broadleaf dock

To determine optimal germination conditions to use for PNW broadleaf dock seed

To assess whether herbicides applied to bolting broadleaf dock reduced the germination percentage of seeds produced by surviving plants

Herbicide effects on growth of Broadleaf dock

To test the efficacy of several herbicides to control established broadleaf dock

To determine the optimal timing of applications to control the weed in PNW blueberry and raspberry

Herbicides approved in blueberry production

RCBD with 4 replicates

Plot sized 2.4 by 9.1m

Application with CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer equipped with a five-nozzle boom delivering 278 L ha-1 (29.7 gal ac-1) at 255 kPa (37 psi).

Herbicides and rates of application for the spring and fall herbicides trials.

Materials & Methods : Herbicide effects on growth

Trade name Active ingredient Rate (product/ a) Timinga

Stinger® Clopyralid 0.33 pt/a spring, fallCasoron® 4G Dichlobenil 150 lb/a spring, fall

Karmex® 80 DF Diuron 3 lb/a spring, fall

Chateau® 51WG Flumioxazin 12 oz/a spring, fallTouchdown Total® Glyphosate 3.2 qt/a spring, fall

Sandea® 75WG Halosulfuron 0.75 oz/a spring, fall

Gallery® 75 DF Isoxaben 1.33 lb/a spring, fallCallisto® 4SC Mesotrione 6 fl oz/a spring, fall

Devrinol® DF-XT Napropamide 8 lb/a spring, fall

Surflan® A.S. Oryzalin 6 qt/a spring, fallKerb® 50W Pronamide 4 lb/a spring, fallMatrix® 25SG Rimsulfuron 4 oz/a spring, fallSimazine Simazine 4 lb/a spring, fallDual Magnum® S-metolachlor 1.33 pt/a spring, fallZeus® Sulfentrazone 12 fl oz/a spring, fallSinbar® WDG Terbacil 3 lb/a spring, fallVelpar® 75DF Hexazinone 2.6 lb/a fallSolicam® 78.6 WG Norflurazon 5 lb/a fall

Results :Herbicide effects on growth – Spring treatment

Herbicide Percent injury (%)2 WAT 4 WAT

Clopyralid 0 c 0 dDichlobenil 11 c 11 dDiuron 38 b 44 bFlumioxazin 0 c 0 dGlyphosate 73 a 99 aHalosulfuron 0 c 0 dIsoxaben 1 c 6 dMesotrione 0 c 0 dNapropamide 0 c 0 dOryzalin 0 c 0 dPronamide 0 c 0 dRimsulfuron 0 c 0 dSimazine 0 c 0 dS-metolachlor 0 c 0 dSulfentrazone 0 c 0 dTerbacil 28 b 31 cNontreated check 0 c 0 d

A

B

CPlants were treated May 23, 2016 and photos were taken June 24, 2016 (4 WAT).

Percent injury of broadleaf dock at 2 and 4 weeks after treatment (WAT) in spring trial

Herbicide Biomass (g/m2)

1 Clopyralid 349 abcd

2 Dichlobenil 206 de

3 Diuron 187 de

4 Flumioxazin 468 abc

5 Glyphosate 34 e

6 Halosulfuron 334 bcd

7 Isoxaben 341 abcd

8 Mesotrione 232 cde

9 Napropamide 359 abcd

10 Oryzalin 389 abcd

11 Pronamide 487 ab

12 Rimsulfuron 580 ab

13 Simazine 477 abc

14 S-metolachlor 498 ab

15 Sulfentrazone 461 abc

16 Terbacil 68 e

17 Nontreated 588 a

Plants were treated May 23, 2016 and biomass was sampled July 26, 2016 (8 WAT).

Biomass of broadleaf dock after spring treatment (8WAT)

Results :Herbicide effects on growth – Spring treatment 2016

0.00 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00

NontreatedSinbar® WDG

Zeus®Dual Magnum®

SimazineMatrix® 25SG

Kerb® 50WSurflan® A.S.

Devrinol® DF-XTCallisto® 4SC

Gallery® 75 DFSandea® 75WG

Touchdown Total®Chateau® 51WGKarmex® 80 DF

Casoron® 4GStinger®

Biomass (g/m2)

Her

bici

de

Herbicide Biomass (g/m2)

1 Clopyralid 366.3

2 Dichlobenil 221.8

3 Diuron 199.3

4 Flumioxazin 337.3

5 Glyphosate 0

6 Halosulfuron 357.8

7 Isoxaben 401.8

8 Mesotrione 238.8

9 Napropamide 531.4

10 Oryzalin 643.3

11 Pronamide 578.3

12 Rimsulfuron 635.3

13 Simazine 441.8

14 S-metolachlor 601.8

15 Sulfentrazone 156.3

16 Terbacil 0

17 Nontreated 473.8

Plants were treated May 31, 2017 and biomass was sampled July 28, 2017 (8 WAT).

Biomass of broadleaf dock after spring treatment (8WAT)

Results :Herbicide effects on growth – Spring treatment 2017

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

NontreatedSinbar® WDG

Zeus®Dual Magnum®

SimazineMatrix® 25SG

Kerb® 50WSurflan® A.S.

Devrinol® DF-XTCallisto® 4SC

Gallery® 75 DFSandea® 75WG

Touchdown Total®Chateau® 51WGKarmex® 80 DF

Casoron® 4GStinger®

Biomass (g/m2)

Her

bici

de

Treatment Percent injury (%)3 WAT 6 MAT

Clopyralid 0 d 0 dDichlobenil 8 b 86 aDiuron 0 d 0 dFlumioxazin 3 cd 0 dGlyphosate 20 a 55 bHalosulfuron 0 d 0 dHexazinone 0 d 0 dIsoxaben 0 d 0 dMesotrione 0 d 0 dNapropamide 0 d 0 dNorflurazon 5 bc 6 cOryzalin 0 d 0 dPronamide 1 d 88 aRimsulfuron 0 d 0 dSimazine 1 d 0 dS-metolachlor 0 d 0 dSulfentrazone 3 cd 0 dTerbacil 0 d 0 dNontreated check 0 d 0 d

Percent injury of broadleaf dock at 3 weeks after treatment (WAT) and 6 months after treatment (MAT) in the fall.

Results :Herbicide effects on growth – Fall treatment

A

B

C D

Plots treated with glyphosate (A), nontreated (B), pronamide (C), and dichlobenil (D) on April 23, 2017 (6 MAT)

Results :Herbicide effects on growth – Fall treatment

Materials & Methods : Herbicide effects on germinability

Petri dish germination testing• moistened paper substrate (blue blotter)• 24 hours light, 3-4 weeks, daily observation• Non-treated: 15oC - 20oC – 25oC59oF - 68oF - 77oF• Herbicide effect: 20oC/ 68oF

Herbicide effects on seed germinability

0 5 10 15 20

Ger

min

ated

see

ds

Days

15C 20C 25C

Percent germination of broadleaf dock seeds at three different temperatures.

Application of preemergence herbicides would be best applied prior to temperatures exceeding 20oC/ 68oF

Herbicide1 Clopyralid2 Dichlobenil3 Diuron4 Flumioxazin5 Glyphosate6 Halosulfuron7 Isoxaben8 Mesotrione9 Napropamide10 Oryzalin11 Pronamide12 Rimsulfuron13 Simazine14 S-metolachlor15 Sulfentrazone16 Terbacil17 Nontreated

Herbicides were applied to bolting broadleaf dock on May 23, 2016, with seed from surviving plants collected on October 9, 2016. Seeds were germinated at 20oC (24-hour illumination) for 3 weeks. Data are from two germination tests conducted in January and March, 2017.

Results :Herbicide effects on seed germinability

Percent germination of seeds from broadleaf dock plants surviving treatment with several herbicides

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Perc

ent g

erm

inat

ion

(%)

Herbicide active ingredient (code)

Application in Blueberry and Raspberry production

Conclusion

Dormant-season application of Pronamide or Dichlobenil

Spring application of Terbacil or Diuron to blueberry or raspberry

Spot treatment of surviving broadleaf dock plants with Glyphosate or Glyphosate + Clopyralid(blueberry only)Apply

preemergenceproducts

01 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 120302January to December

01 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 120302January to December

Glyphosate

• BLUEBERRY

During site preparation: Applied at least 10 days before planting the crop

New planting: Avoid the contact of glyphosate with green foliage or sucker of the crop

Established planting: The directed or shielded spray in or between berry rows are more recommended!

• RASPBERRY

Recommended to be used only during site preparation! OR

In new planting and non-bearing crops by avoiding the green foliage or sucker of the crop

Terbacil

BLUEBERRY

Evaluate injury potential first!

One application per year, only to dormant blueberry in the fall or to established plant in spring

Terbacil rate for highbush is higher than for lowbush.

Do not apply on gravelly soils or soils with less than 1% organic matter

Terbacil

RASPBERRY

Terbacil at 3 lb/a should not be applied for raspberry!

Terbacil application in raspberry is limited from 0.8 to 1.6 lb ai/A (1 to 2 lb/A Sinbar) which is about half of blueberry; 1.6 to 2.4 lb ai/A (2 to 3 lb/A Sinbar).

Only for established raspberry, at least 1 year after planting.

Application should be directed below the canes, either fall or early spring before bearing fruit

Areas at which roots are exposed should be avoided!

Do not apply on gravelly soils or soils with less than 1% organic matter

Pronamide

In blueberry and raspberry, pronamide applications are suggested to be made to nonfrozen soil in fall or early winter when air temperatures are below 59o F and enough irrigation or rainfall is expected to incorporate the herbicide (Dutt and Harvey 1980; DeFrancesco 2016)

The maximum rate of pronamide is 3 lbs ai/A (6 lb/A) for raspberry and 2 lb ai/A (4 lb/A) for blueberry, the rate used in this trial (2 lb ai/A ) can be applied to either crop.

Dichlobenil

Applications are recommended only for plants established at least one year.

The rate of granular dichlobenil applied to raspberry should not exceed 4 lb ai/A while the use rate in blueberry is 4 to 6 lb ai/A. The liquid formulation of dichlobenil may be used at 1.96 to 3.92 lb ai/A in either crop.

Dormant-season application of Pronamide or Dichlobenil

Spring application of Terbacil or Diuron to blueberry or raspberry

Spot treatment of surviving broadleaf dock plants with Glyphosate or Glyphosate + Clopyralid(blueberry only)Apply

preemergenceproducts

01 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 120302January to December

01 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 120302January to December

Thank youTerima kasih

Thank youTerima kasih