BRONZE

PRESENTED BYHARSHVARDHAN KHANTADIA

MANISH KUMAR

PRIY RANJAN

SHAGUFTA ANJUM

SARIKA SHARAN

SONIKA SRI

VINSHI RAJ

BRONZE-INTRODUCTION

Bronze is an alloy consisting primarily of copper, usually with tin as the main additive.

Bronze now refers to alloy of copper having elements of silicon, manganese etc which may or may not have zinc.

The discovery of bronze enabled people to create metal objects which were better than previously possible.(Bronze age – 2nd cent. B.C)

Tools, weapons, armor, and various building materials, like decorative tiles, made of bronze were harder and more durable than their stone and copper predecessors.

Initially bronze was made out of copper and arsenic to form arsenic bronze.

It was only later that tin was used, becoming the sole type of bronze in the late 3rd millennium BC.

Tin bronze was superior to arsenic bronze in that the alloying process itself could more easily be controlled and the alloy was stronger and easier to cast. Also, unlike arsenic, tin is not toxic.

Ewer from 7th century Iran. Cast, chased, and inlaid bronze. New York Metropolitan Museum of Art

A large bronze cast medallion of the 16th century.Chinese sword made of bronze

 "True" bronze is a combination of approximately 88% copper (Cu) and 12% tin (Sn), however there are three major classes or types of "bronzes" used in sculpture and construction.

 They are:

    1.   Statuary Bronze - approximately 97% copper (Cu), 2% tin(Sn) and 1% zinc (Zn); this composition is the closest to "true" bronze.

    2.   Architectural Bronze - actually more of a "leaded brass“, is commonly composed of approximately 57% copper (Cu), 40% zinc (Zn) and 3% lead (Pb).

    3.   Commercial Bronze - composed of approximately 90%  copper(Cu) and 10% zinc (Zn).

Aluminium bronze - aluminium is the main alloying metal added to copper. Aluminium bronzes are most commonly used in applications where their resistance to corrosion makes them preferable to other engineering materials. These applications include plain bearings and landing gear components on aircraft, engine components (especially for seagoing ships), underwater fastenings

TYPES OF BRONZE

88% Cu

12% Sn

Bronze

CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS

BRONZE

90% Cu

10% Zn

Commercial

bronze

COMMERCIAL BRONZE

57% Cu

40% Zn

3% Pb

Architectural

bronze

ARCHITECTURAL BRONZE

Cu

5-12%Al

0.5% Fe

0.8% Ni

0.4% Si

Aluminiumbronze

ALUMINIUM BRONZE

97% Cu

40% Sn

1% Zn

Statuary Bronze

STATUARY BRONZE

PROPERTIES The bronzes are generally as strong as they are alloys. They are tough and ductile at all temperatures and retain their

strength well at elevated temperatures. extremely malleable and durable. Melts at 950 centigrade. Resists corrosion (especially seawater corrosion-is due to the formation of

an intrinsic, thin but tough adherent film of aluminium oxide.) Metal fatigue more than steel. Better conductor of heat and electricity. Bronze in its "raw" state is a "pinkish", salmon colored metal, however it is

rarely seen in its pure state. Bronze usually exhibits some patination or corrosion so that its color

normally ranges from dark brown to lime green.   Exposed bronze undergoes continuous change and progresses through

several predictable "stages" of oxidation and corrosion.  It is also non-sparking, so it is often used to make tools for use in

combustible environments. Its resonance also makes it ideal for use in casting bells. It causes minimal friction, making it highly useful for machine parts

and other applications that involve metal-on-metal contact, such as gears. 

USES Bronze is commonly used in ship propellers and submerged bearings

owing to its combination of toughness and resistance to salt water corrosion.

It is also widely used for cast bronze sculpture. Many common bronze alloys have the unusual and very desirable property of expanding slightly just before they set, thus filling in the finest details of a mold.

Phosphor bronze is particularly suited to precision-grade bearings clips, electrical connectors and springs. It is also used in guitar and piano strings.

It is used to make hammers, mallets, wrenches and other durable tools to be used in explosive atmospheres or in the presence of flammable vapors.

Bronze is used to make bronze wool for woodworking applications where steel wool would discolor oak.

Bronze is the preferred metal for top-quality bells Bronze has been used in the manufacture of various types of medals  Architectural bronze is typically used for:

1.door and window frames2.doorand window hardware3.  rails,

4. furniture hardware.

a small section of the bronze frieze that runs all the way round the Chanin Building.

The Bronze Tiger of Mysore

Mysore Palace has six of these magnificent scupltures in

and around the grand Mysore Palace

Elias & Co. Department Store Bronze coating glasses in a building

THE CHANIN BUILDING, NEW YORK

ELEVATOR DOORS ELEVATOR DOORS

FRIEZE

PORCH WINDOW FRAMES

Bronze panels used in a Supreme court in New Zealand. A bronze beams and sculpture used in

an art gallery

Bronze tiles used in a bathroom

Bronze taps

Bronze handrail in a staircase

BRONZE PLAQUES

propellers Door frames Hinges & nut bolt Window frames

clip

bearings pumps

sculptureDecorative elements

handlesDecorative hinges

Door frames

a small section of the bronze frieze that runs all the way round the Chanin Building.

The Bronze Tiger of Mysore

Mysore Palace has six of these magnificent scupltures in

and around the grand Mysore Palace

Elias & Co. Department Store Bronze coating glasses in a building

THE CHANIN BUILDING, NEW YORK

ELEVATOR DOORS ELEVATOR DOORS

FRIEZE

PORCH WINDOW FRAMES

Bronze panels used in a Supreme court in New Zealand. A bronze beams and sculpture used in

an art gallery

Bronze tiles used in a bathroom

Bronze taps

Bronze handrail in a staircase

BRONZE PLAQUES

APPLICATIONS1. MARINE

The outstanding corrosion resistance of Aluminium Bronze in marine environments coupled with its high strength and wear resistance, have made it a first choice for ships' propellers for many years. Modern vessels are fitted with smaller variable pitch propellers and these are cast in Aluminium Bronze as are the associated gearboxes. Aluminium Bronze is widely used for pumps, valves and pipes on oil and gas platforms.

Typical component being machined

Impeller in aluminium bronze

Unit under construction –aluminium bronze components clearly visible

ALU

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WELDING•All Aluminium Bronzes can be welded, whether in cast or wrought form. •it is possible to manufacture components by the most economic production techniques. •In the event of damage, it is also possible to repair aluminium bronze components by welding, frequently while still in place.•INERT GAS SHIELDED ARC WELDING is generally recommended. •An electric arc forms between a consumable wire (tungsten)electrode and the work piece metal(s), which heats the work piece metal(s), causing them to melt, and join. Along with the wire electrode, a shielding gas(argon or helium) feeds through the welding gun, which shields the process from contaminants in the air.

(1) Direction of travel, (2) Contact tube,(3) Electrode, (4) Shielding gas, (5) Molten weld metal, (6)Solidified weld metal, (7) Workpiece.

2. BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION

The entire weight of this dome roof at Aberdeen University,Scotland is supported on Aluminium Bronze spherical joints set in concrete.

Many modern buildings and large bridges use Aluminium Bronze expansion joints, masonry fixings

3. GENERAL ENGINEERING

Aluminium Bronze components are found in many general engineering applications where high strength coupled with wear and corrosion resistance is required.

The non-galling property is an added advantage Rolls Royce appreciate when they specify aluminium bronze for their wheel nuts

Gear wheels for British Rail braking systems are cast in aluminium bronze

ARCHITECTURAL BRONZE•Architectural bronze is a competitive material.

•THE ADVANTAGES:noble – load-bearing – resistant to weathering – low maintenance – easily formed –simple to process – recyclable

Colour shades

•The colour scale of alloys ranges from gold yellow, through yellowy brown to reddish brown. •Outdoors, bronze develops a natural patina that varies from pale brown to deep brown and green shades•The surface finish can be glossy or matt to intensify or mute the colour effect to your exact preferences.

•The surface treatment:polishing – burnishing (something made bright and shiny by rubbing. When an object is burnished, it reflects a shiny gleam or glow.) – brushing – shot blasting

SOURCE - www.swissmetal.com

STANDARD COLOURS

SOURCE - DML Architectural Systems Ltd. LEEDS

Technical properties•Architectural bronze has high tensile and compressive strength. •Low thermal expansion values allow the use of bronze sections in exposed positions and in the design of high-tech façades.• Its resistance to corrosion also makes architectural bronze the ideal material in regions with an aggressive climate. •Architectural bronze is well suited for nearly all processing technologies.

• The joining techniques:press-in (mechanical) joining – rolling – screw connection – adhesive joining –soldering – welding

SOURCE - www.swissmetal.com

A rich variety of shapes•The ease with which architectural bronze can be formed opens up enormous design possibilities for window frames, façades and door sections.•Architectural bronze can be formed by various techniques.

•The processes:casting – hot extrusion – cold forming

•All aluminium or stainless steel section shapes can be produced in bronze •Wall thicknesses range from 1.0 to 4.0 mm.

SOURCE - www.swissmetal.com

DO

OR

FR

AM

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PR

OFIL

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SOURCE - DML Architectural Systems Ltd. LEEDS

The range of sections:solid sections – filigree open sections(metal ware created by shaping fine wire

into delicate or intricate designs) – cellular sections – handrail and railing sections

filigree open sections

SOURCE - www.swissmetal.com

Bronze Door section

Bronze window section

HA

ND

RA

ILS

BRONZE FINISHES

A lightly grained surface produced by single - directional abrading.The most common bronze finish for architectural products.

Non-Directional Finish Produced by fine grit orbital sanding (nondirectional) on mill finish bronze

(Mirror Polished)Obtained by polishing with successively finer abrasives, then buffing with a very fine compound

Angel Hair FinishProduced by medium-fine grit orbital sanding, non-directional.

Random Swirl FinishGrained surface produced by random multi directional abrading.

Clear CoatAn optional high-performance factory applied clear coat is available in satin, semi gloss, and high gloss sheens.

Naturala bright golden hue.

Medium BronzeA rich medium brown with pronounced golden hues.

Oil Rubbed BronzeA dark brown color with deep golden tones of varying intensities.

Dark Statuary BronzeA dark brown-black statuary color that varies slightly with the natural characteristics of the metal.

PROBLEMS AND DEFECTS•Bronze usually exhibits some patination or corrosion so that its color normally ranges from lime green to dark brown.  Exposed bronze undergoes continuous change and progresses through several predictable "stages" of oxidation and corrosion.  •The stages of bronze corrosion vary in duration and time of onset, based on many factors, including:

    1.   composition of the bronze

    2.   patination or other protective treatments applied

    3.   weather

    4.   location and exposure to rain, sun, and other climatic conditions

    5.   atmospheric pollutants

    6.   scheduled maintenance/cleaning, and

    7.   adjacent materials including residual core materials.

•Problems may be classified into two broad categories:  1) Natural or inherent problems based on the characteristics of the material

and the conditions of the exposure2) Mechanical deterioration

PATINATION•Patina is defined as a film or layer caused by oxidisation of old bronze. •In nature this occurs over a long period of time and can result in a variety of interesting colours usually green. •With the use of a variety of chemicals and processes carried out in factory, the outcome can be accelerated and controlled. •The process can produce an interesting range of patinas giving a more natural appearance. They are often selected for historical or artistic work. •Artificial patinas are applied to bronze using chemical solutions which react with the surface to form a thin layer of coloured corrosion products. •Patinas can be transparent or opaque and are sometimes applied in a number of layers to produce widely varied effects. 

•Bronze Oil Rubbed: there is no rubbing to bring out the bronze color. Some bronze color shows through and more will show over time with wear.

•Bronze with Patina: Heavy application of black patina which gives a bold contrast and accentuates the carved design. Top surface is buffed to bring out the Bronze color.

•Bronze Raw: Raw bronze is cast and sold without any touching of the surface. There is major color variation of black to copper which cannot be controlled. Raw Bronze has a distinct “Old World” look and feel. The surface, in some areas, may be rough.

•Bronze no Patina: Bronze is poured, cleaned and buffed. Depending upon the depth of the design; you might get some dark areas.

NATURAL PROBLEMS1. CORROSION : the existence of chemicals in the atmosphere, such as chlorine, sulfur, and nitrogen

oxides, in the presence of moisture, is the most significant cause of bronze deterioration.

Corrosion may have many causes and symptoms, including:

1. Uniform oxidation or corrosion or patination:  Corrosion attacks the metal surface evenly.

2.   Pitting:  Attacks the metal surface in localized areas

Sulphide pollution of the sea water may cause pitting in most copper alloys including aluminium bronzes

3.   Selective attack:  When a metal is not homogenous throughout, certain areas may be attacked in preference to others.

4.   Erosion:  When a corrosion-resistant oxide layer is removed and the bare metal beneath corrodes.

Erosion in the bronze layer underneath chromium playing,  which has peeled off

Pitting of bronzeOxidation of bronze

5.  Stress corrosion cracking:  Attacks areas in a metal which were stressed during metal working.

6.  Humidity, temperature and condensation:  Affect the rate of corrosion; in a marine environment, aerosols can deposit  chloride and other salts which will accelerate the rate of atmospheric corrosion.

7. Bronze disease: Bronze disease is the result of exposure to chlorine compounds which can come from any saline source, such as contact with saline soils, atmospheric pollutants or airborne salt spray near bodies of salt water.  The chlorine reacts with the copper in bronze to form copper chloride.   The copper chloride is relatively unstable and the only way to arrest the continuing corrosion is the complete removal of the chlorides using electrochemical methods.  

 Stress corrosion cracking

Bronze disease

1.   Abrasion: • Causes removal of the protective metal surface. Some metals such as zinc are relatively soft and therefore vulnerable to abrasion damage.

2.   Fatigue:  •Failure of metal that has been repeatedly stressed beyond its elastic limit, due to failure to provide necessary allowances for thermal expansion and contraction caused by temperature differences.

3.Heat: •Usually in the form of fire, will cause many metals to become plastic, distort, and fail.

4.Distortion: •Permanent deformation or failure may occur when a metal is overloaded beyond its yield point because of increased live or dead loads, thermal stresses, or structural modifications altering a stress regime.

MECHANICAL DETERIORATION (PURELY PHYSICAL PROCESSES):

DISADVANTAGES OF BRONZE More expensive than steel, brass more likely to crack under load. It is a heavy metal Like copper, bronze can develop a patina, a green film as a result of long

exposure to moist air. Bronze will deteriorate rapidly if exposed to moisture and chlorides or

sulfides. Bronze is susceptible to “Bronze Disease “one of the most serious hazards of

bronze.

ADVANTAGES OF BRONZE It won't rust but it'll develop a pleasant patina over time Corrosion Resistance - By forming a protective surface film, most copper

alloys resist many corrosive environments Withstand High Temperatures - Several families of bronze alloys work well

in elevated temperature environments Friction and Wear - Copper alloys wear well against steel and are used in

numerous bearing and gear components Good Machinability - In general, copper alloys are easy to machine compared

to steel Weldability - Many grades can be welded Brazing and Soldering - All grades of copper alloys can be brazed and

soldered

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

Brass Bronze Iron

Composition

Copper and zinc. Copper and tin(sometimes with other elements such as phosphorus, manganese, aluminum, or silicon)

Naturally occurring metal

Properties • Higher malleability

• Low melting point - 900 C

• Corrosion resistant.

• Susceptible to stresscracking when exposed to ammonia.

• Not as hard as steel.

• Extremely malleable and durable.

• Less brittle than iron and steel.

• Melts at 950centigrade.• Resists corrosion (especially

seawater corrosion)• Metal fatigue more than steel.• Better conductor of heat and

electricity.

• Melting point of 1600 degrees C.

• When heated, iron retains heat.

• Iron rusts• Iron has magnetic

properties.• Iron is more brittle than

bronze.

Uses • Decorative• Locks, gears,

doorknobs, ammunition, valves.

• Plumbing/electronics

• Musical instruments

• Used where it's important to negate spark(fittings & tools around explosive gas).

• Used in boat and ship fittings• Propellers and submerged

bearings.• Cast bronze sculpture.• Bearings,clips,electrical

connectors and springs;• For top-quality bells.• For railings and grills

• Used for industrial purposes.

• Automobiles,machine tools and machine parts

• Stainless steel is used in building parts, cooking pots and pans, cutlery and surgical equipment

• Iron and steel are used widely in the construction of roads, railways, other infrastructure

Color Muted yellow, somewhat similar to gold, but duller.

Reddish brown. silver-white color

CASE STUDY

The use of extruded bronze mullions and bronze spandrels together with a dark amber-tinted glass has unified the surface with color.

Unbroken height of bronze

Bronze I-beams ready to ship from chicago’s extruded metals company to new york city, where they will be part of the construction of the new seagram’s building tower in midtown, 1956.

CASE STUDY-1SEAGRAM BUILDING(NEW YORK)

Seagram building

Bronze I- section Seagram building Showing mullions of bronze

Corner detail (horizontal section)

Corner detail (vertical section)

FIXING DETAILS

SECTION DETAIL OF BRONZE USED IN SEAGRAM BUILDING

CASE STUDY-2WARRINGTON PLACE,DUBLIN,IRELAND

This composition is contained by the over sailing bronze canopy roof.

The entrance forecourt balances the fluid bronze sculpture by Michael Warren.

Roof ,cladding elements and a fluid sculpture all formed from bronze.

This material –sourced in Germany fabricated in Italy and treated with bees-wax to maintain its natural luster adds a distinctive quality to the building appearance .

Bronze was chosen To add a civic quality to the building façade Providing visual interest and a unique

signature for the building. Elevation treatment.

Warrington place

Thick bronze plates were specially cast and rolled to the required thickness of 6mm.

DETAIL SECTION

Bronze roof

6mm thick cast bronze plate

Cantiliver beam

Steel section

FIXING DETAILS

BIBLIOGRAPHY BOOKS REFFERED-

CONSTRUCTION (MATERIALS, METHODS AND TECHNIQUES) BY-WILLIAM . P . SPENCE

LINKS REFFERED-

http://www.bronzecasements.com/spec-advanced

http://ibm.nic.in/marketsurvey_copper.pdf.php

http://ibm.nic.in/marketsurvey_leadandzinc.pdf

http://www.newagepublishers.com/samplechapter/001382.pdf

http://www.gsa.gov/portal/content/111994

http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-bronze.htm

http://www.getyourcontent.com/1/78471-0/Properties-and-Uses-of-Br.aspx

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_bronze

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_tungsten_arc_welding

http://www.stilesdoors.com/products/bronze/pdf/Bronze%20Clad%20Steel%20Doors%20&%20Frames%20Specs.pdf

http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/journals/conservation-journal/issue-31/the-artificial-patination-of-bronze-sculpture/

http://www.crstudio4.com/bronze-concepts/