bruno jarry
DESCRIPTION
Biofuels: from the 1st to the 2nd generationTRANSCRIPT
Académie des technologies, Grand Palais des Champs -Élysées, Porte C, avenue Franklin D. Roosevelt, 75008 Parishttp://www.academie-technologies.fr
Biofuels: from the 1st to the
2nd generation
Bruno P. Jarry
Plan
11/9/2010 Tel-Aviv Novembre 10th & 11th 2010 2
1. 1st generation Biofuels
2. Biofuels production: the Energy vs Food debate
3. 2nd generation Biofuels: All options still open
4. Still an R&D business but moving fast
5. Conclusion: Will it be a single winner?
Why Biofuels?
11/9/2010 Tel-Aviv Novembre 10th & 11th 2010 3
• Fossil fuels responsible for > 55% greenhouse-gaz emissions (GIEC, 2007).
•Transportation contributes for 15%, which equals to 60% of the whole Energy sector.
•Between 1990 and 2004 CO2 emissions declined in EU, except for transport which increased by 25%.
•Biofuels , produced with renewable plant raw materials which have fixed CO2, could play a substantial role in diminishing the overall emissions.
11/9/2010 Tel-Aviv Novembre 10th & 11th 2010 4
IEA Energy Technology Perspectives (2008)
11/9/2010 Tel-Aviv Novembre 10th & 11th 2010 5
• Baseline ETP 2050: « Business as usual » Biomass: 2150 Mtep (9% primary energy )Biofuels: 70 Mtep (1 – 2% of transport energy)
• Act Map scenario: greenhouse-gaz emissions from Energy sector stabilized at 2005 levels
Biomass: 2900 MtepBiofuels: 15% of transport energy
• Blue map scenario: GHG from energy sector divided by 2
Biomass: 3605 MtepBiofuels: 26%
1st generation Biofuels feedstocks
11/9/2010 Tel-Aviv Novembre 10th & 11th 2010 6
• Ethanol and ETBE:
Corn in USA
Sugar cane in Brazil
Wheat and sugar beet in EU
Cassava in Asia
• Biodiesel and EMVH
Rape and sunflower in EU
Soya in USA, Brazil and Argentina
Palm and jatropha oil in Asia
11/9/2010 Tel-Aviv Novembre 10th & 11th 2010 7
11/9/2010 Tel-Aviv Novembre 10th & 11th 2010 8
11/9/2010 Tel-Aviv Novembre 10th & 11th 2010 9
• Brazilian ethanol not accepted in USA (> 100% tariffs)
• Biodiesel in EU: 5,7 M tons used in 2009650.000 tons imported in 20071,4 M tons in 2008; 2,0 M tons in 2009from Brazil, Argentina, USAAnti-dumping claims at WTO quite succesful in 2010 with strong decrease of imports< 1% palm oil imports from Asia used for Biofuels
• Ethanol in Europe: 25 M hl used in 200940% imported, mostly from Brazil
Biofuels: locally produced but slowly becoming a global market
The 1st generation Biofuels plan in France
11/9/2010 Tel-Aviv Novembre 10th & 11th 2010 10
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
% PCI
Target
1,2% 1,75% 3,5% 5,75% 6,25% 7%
% volume equivalent
EMHV 1,3 1,9 3,8 6,3 6,8 7,6
ETBE 3,1 4,5 9,0 14,8 16,1 18,0
Ethanol 1,9 2,7 5,3 8,8 9,5 10,7
A 2 Billions € investment
11/9/2010 Tel-Aviv Novembre 10th & 11th 2010
11Biodiesel Ethanol
The Energy vs Food debate
11/9/2010 Tel-Aviv Novembre 10th & 11th 2010 12
• Controversy initiated by World Bank report in 2008 after simultaneous worldwide high raise of food and energy prices.
•Little substantiation as of to-day as food cost have shown little correlation with energy cost over a longer term period.
•Still, EU enacted regulation in 2009 requiring 10% renewable energy in transport by 2020 all over EU. Biofuels production also framed with tight environmental and durable conditions.2nd generation production to be operable by 2020.
Renewable Biomass Resources
11/9/2010 Tel-Aviv Novembre 10th & 11th 2010 13
• Farming By-products : straw; corn stover; beet pulp
•Perrenual cultivated cultures: switchgrass, Miscanthus
•Short rotation shrubs ( poplar; willow): can use non-agricultural places
•Forest plaquettes and by-products
•Organic wastes ( used oil; fat; home wastes)
11/9/2010 Tel-Aviv Novembre 10th & 11th 2010 14
11/9/2010 Tel-Aviv Novembre 10th & 11th 2010 15
2nd generation Biofuels feedstocks
11/9/2010 Tel-Aviv Novembre 10th & 11th 2010 16
OVERALL IN FRANCE = 4 Mtep/year (10% national energy use); BUT…
•Biomass production remains to be optimized:
• Forest already exploited by paper and building materials industries
• Farm crops residues usable but expensive to collect
• Energy crops remain to be implemented large scale
2nd generation Biofuels technologies
11/9/2010 Tel-Aviv Novembre 10th & 11th 2010 17
From ADEME 2010
Not all technologies at same developementlevel
11/9/2010 Tel-Aviv Novembre 10th & 11th 2010 18
1. Cellulosic ethanol:ready to go industrial in US; many pilots and demonstration plants in EU, including France (Futurol)
2. Thermochemical route:Demonstration projects in US and EU, including France (Gaya;
BioTfuel)
3. AlgaeAlready used small scale for high value molecules production (DHA) or/and depollution processesProcess yield still low for economical Biofuel production. Pilots in sunny countries including France (Albius; Salinalgue)
4. « Drop-in » Alcanes by sugar fermentationReady to go industrial with cheap Brazilian sugar (Codexis-Shell-
Cosan / Amyris-Santelisa Vale-Total partnerships)
11/9/2010 Tel-Aviv Novembre 10th & 11th 2010 19
11/9/2010 Tel-Aviv Novembre 10th & 11th 2010 20
From IEA, Task 39, 2010
11/9/2010 Tel-Aviv Novembre 10th & 11th 2010 21
From IEA, Task 39, 2010
Microalgae
11/9/2010 Tel-Aviv Novembre 10th & 11th 2010 22
Courtesy: IGV Gmb
2nd generation biofuels yields (Tep/ha)
09/11/2010 Toulouse, 30 Mars 2010
Comparaison rendements bruts
D2n222222d generation yi22elses 1ère et 2ème générations
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
EMHV rape
EMHV sunflower
Ethanol beet
Ethanol wheat
Ethanol corn
Ethanol sugar cane
Biogaz corn based
Biogaz corn based *
Ethanol cellulose *
BTL authotherm *
BTL allotherm *
BTL allotherm + H2 *
* at 12 tdm/haTep/ha
Conclusion: will it be a winner?
11/9/2010 Tel-Aviv Novembre 10th & 11th 2010 24
• 1st generation Biofuels will stay for a long time
Technical standards have been built and cannot change fast.
Regulations are in place worldwide
Feedstocks are well defined, locally produced for most and production
cannot be easily delocalized
• Several promising options for 2nd generation Biofuels
Some with improved specs over 1st generation ones.
Many are being busily tested in industrial sized demonstrators in US,
EU and South America
Feedstocks collection remain an issue and it will take time to get
organized.
Best options will be produced in new plants to be built on purpose,
close from the feedstock collection.
•In view of the scale required for matching 1st generation ones it is likely
that 2nd generation Biofuels w’ont be readily available before 2020
11/9/2010 Tel-Aviv Novembre 10th & 11th 2010 25
Académie des technologies, Grand Palais des Champs -Élysées, Porte C, avenue Franklin D. Roosevelt, 75008 Parishttp://www.academie-technologies.fr
Thank you