bs 1-buiding-integrated-solar-energy
TRANSCRIPT
Building Integrated
Solar Energy
Building Services I [BLD 60403]
Lecturer : Ms. Lim Tze Shwan
Group Members:PANG KAI YUNSAM WEI YIN
TRACE GEW YEEYEO KAI WENAUDREY TING
CHOW KAH YIENLIM ZI SHAN
CHONG HUI XIN
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Solar Energy
What is Solar Energy?
❏ The most precise of Solar energy is the energy from the sun.
❏ A renewable source of energy that is sustainable , clean, no emission, reliable & inexhaustible
❏ The solar energy are distinguished into active and passive
Passive Solar Energy❏ Uses the heat from the sun
❏ Convert the sunlight directly into useful energy without involving in any mechanical devices
❏ It involves in designing architecture which capture and store the heat radiated from the sun
❏ Mainly practice on using window, building placement or other techniques to capture and deflect the sun for uses
Active Solar Energy❏ Used sun’s irradiance
❏ Converts the sunlight directly into useful energy such as electricity with the use of mechanical devices
❏ Use the same principle as passive solar heating except using fluid to absorb the heat
❏ Use the solar energy to heat the fluid or liquid then transfer the heat to interior space or store in storage for later used
❏ Example : Solar thermal energy and Photovoltaics
Photovoltaics❏ Solar electricity system used to capture the
sunlight or sun’s energy using photovoltaics cells.
❏ Convert sunlight to electricity energy
❏ Mostly installed on the rooftop due to the space of the exposure is directly to the sun
❏ Examples of the appliances:
- Solar Electricity
- Photovoltaic solar lighting
- Photovoltaic cooling
Solar photovoltaics classification system❏ There are three main types of photovoltaics
systems :
- Grid-Tie System / Grid Direct
- Off Grid System
- Hybrid System
Grid Tie (Battery free) / Grid Direct System
Off Grid / Stand-Alone System
Hybrid Solar / Grid Tie with battery backup
Solar panel❏ Is indispensable component for this system
❏ Has the responsible to collect the solar radiation (sunlight) to electricity
❏ Is array of several solar cell such as photovoltaics
❏ The main types of solar panels based on the types of crystal used:
Monocrystalline silicon cell
Polycrystalline silicon cell
Amorphous silicon cell
Hybrid silicon cell
Types of solar panel
(Amorphous)
Solar Thermal❏ Also known as solar heating system
❏ Is used to convert the sunlight to heat energy to provide the heat to home.
❏ Does not act as the same function as photovoltaic that convert the sunlight to electricity, but it transfer the energy to hot water
❏ Majority used in space heating, drying & hot water heating
Active solar water heating❏ Have circulating pumps & control
❏ There are 2 types of solar water heating system :
1. Direct circulation
- Circulate the household water through the collector
2. Indirect circulation
- Circulate heat transfer fluid through the collector
- Popular in climate prone to freezing temperature
Active Solar Water Heating
Direct & Indirect Circulation
Direct Circulation Indirect Circulation
Passive Solar Water Heating
❏ Don’t have circulating & pump control
❏ Typically less expensive than active
❏ Can be last longer
❏ There are two types of passive solar water heating:
1. Integral collector storage passive system
2. Thermosyphon system
Passive Solar Water Heating
Solar Thermal Collector❏ Collects heats by absorbing sunlight
❏ Collector is a device for capturing the solar radiation
❏ The main component for solar thermal collector is the absorber plate
Types of Solar Collector❏ There are two types of solar collector :
FLAT PLATE SOLAR COLLECTOR
EVACUATED TUBE SOLAR COLLECTOR
Installation
Consideration before Installation :❏ Amount of sun exposure through the year
❏ Shading
❏ Position of solar panel
❏ Types of solar panel
❏ Number of solar panel
Types of solar installation
❏ Pitched-roof Mount
- Flush mount- Angle mount- Fin mount
❏ Flat-roof Mount
- Attached mount- Ballasted mount- Hybrid mount
❏ Flush mount- the cheapest and most simple solar panel mounting
solution - typically used with small solar arrays on rooftops - can install at the slope of any roof.
Pitch-roof Mount
❏ Angle mount
- Typically done on a roof with a lower pitch - Higher efficiency for the PV system
Pitch-roof Mount
❏ Fin mount
- Suitable for shallow roof pitches where the roofs slope to the east and west
- Need more roof area than others
Pitch-roof Mount
❏ Attached mount
- relies on roof surface penetrations and connections to the framing
Flat-roof Mount
❏ Ballasted mount
- Rely solely on the weight of the array, racking system and additional material, like concrete paver, to hold the array to the roof
- Does not require penetration
Flat-roof Mount
❏ Hybrid mount
- Combination of ballasted and structural attachments
- Requires a minimum number of penetrations and some level of ballasting.
Flat-roof Mount
Application
Roof
Solar Panel
Single-piece solar rooftop Solar roof shingles
❏ Most common way to install solar panel
❏ Mounted above and parallel to the roof surface and installed facing north-south orientation
❏ Replace the roofing material or the roof itself to become part of the roof's structure
Facade ❏ Exterior sides of buildings❏ Less access to the direct sunlight than rooftop
systems, but offer a larger available area
GENyO Building, Spanish
FEMSA (Coca-cola) headquarters, Monterrey, Mexico
Skylight❏ Roof windows
❏ Provide natural illumination to achieve solar control by filtering effect to avoid infrared and UV irradiation into the interior
❏ Enhance thermal comfort
❏ Avoid interior aging
Viracopos International Airport, São Paulo, Brazil
Norvatis Headquarters, East Hanover, New Jersey
Curtain Wall❏ Outer covering of a building❏ Non-structural cladding systems for the external
walls
Azurmendi restaurant, Bizkaia, Spain
Guadalhorce Valley Rural Development Group (GDR) Headquarters, Spain
Canopy❏ A roof like covering that provides shade or shelter❏ Have a higher performance because it is usually
free from overshadowing and are easy to ventilate
Bart Station, San Francisco Arcadia University, Pennsylvania, USA
Awnings❏ Keep the unwanted direct rays of the sun out of
your eyes while absorbing them to create electricity
❏ The angle of awnings can be adjusted to best capture and block the rays of the sun depending on the season
Balustrade❏ Have large amount ❏ Enhanced the facade design whilst ensuring safety
of the occupants❏ Allowing good visibility whilst protecting privacy
Großhadern Clinic, Munich, Germany
Function :❏ Sun protection ❏ Architectural design❏ Thermal Control ❏ Thermal insulation ❏ Weather protection ❏ Sound insulation
Maintenance
General Knowledge of Maintenance:❏ No shading area
❏ Installed the panel 15° from horizontal
❏ Check and record the electric output once a month
❏ Visually inspect should be done once a year
❏ Clean the array once a year
❏ Can be cleaned by using water
Battery
❏ Ensure the surface of the battery is clean
❏ Check the electrolyte level of the battery
❏ Check the voltage of the battery
Inverter
❏ Minimize the accumulation of dust
❏ Check condition of the inverter.
❏ Check wire connection
❏ Check temperature of the inverter
Solar Panel
Photovoltaic System
Solar Thermal System
❏ Keep it clean ❏ Ensure the glazing
not cracked or become yellow
❏ Visually check the panel at certain time.
❏ Make sure the fastener is in good condition.
Pressure Valve
❏ Ensure the opening can function properly.
Pumper
❏ Ensure the pumper is in good condition
Solar Collector
Piping, duct and insulator ❏ leaking or damage to the pipe
Heat transfer fluids❏make sure the antifreeze solution was replaced frequently.
Wire ❏check the connection of the wire
Mineral content❏check the mineral content of the water supply
Storage tank❏Ensure the tank had no crack, leak, rust or corrosion
Solar Thermal System
Case Study
Mont-Cenis Academy
IntroductionLocation: Herne, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
Owner: EMC, Ministry of Interiors of North Rhine-Westphalia, Herne
Architect: Jourda, Paris; Hegger Hegger and Schleif, Kassel
Client: EMC Mont-Cenis with Gilles Perraudin and HHS
IntroductionArea: 7,100 m² usable interior building 11,700 m²; 13,000 m² greenhouse
Schedule:Competition in 1992Construction 1997 - 1999
Construction Cost: 51,130,000 € (1999 value)
Location Site Plan
Elevation
History❏It is a former coal mine of Mont-Cenis in
Sodingen, a quarter of Herne, the academy Mont-Cenis
❏This building was opened in August 1999
❏The glass hall causes a shift of the climate inside to higher temperatures compared to the climate outside during the cold seasons
❏The world’s largest building integrated photovoltaic power plant with one megawatt peak output
Photovoltaic SystemPV Product: BIPV on roof and facade Size: 1 MWpProjected System Electrical Output: 750,000 kWh/yrGross PV Surface Area: 10,000 m2
PV Weight: 130 kg per each 3.2 m2 modulePV Cell Type: Polycrystalline and monocrystalline siliconPV Efficiency: 12.8% to 16%
How Solar Photovoltaic Work:During summer:
1. Doors open for natural ventilation2. Hot air rises and escapes through open roof lights drawing fresh air
into lower level of building3. Photovoltaic cells produce energy4. Photovoltaic cells 5. Fresh air is drawn in from shaded areas outside of glass house6. Vegetation and water features shade and evaporatively cool Glass
house7. Fresh air drawn in through underground air duct
How Solar Photovoltaic Work:During winter:
1. Wind deflected from Glass house
2. Heat reclaimed from exhausted air
3. Fresh air drawn in
4. Glass house heated by sun and by heat loss from buildings
5. Glass house protects microclimate from noise
6. Fresh air drawn in through underground air duct
Glass envelope ❏ Creates a climatic shift in summer and winter❏ Keeps out the wind and rain and creates a
garden-like interior with a mild micro-climate❏ No need absolute weatherproofed against wind
and rain
Ventilation and heating systems❏ Reduces the energy consumption❏ Ventilation of the glass envelope is controlled
automatically from a central position❏ Meteorological station and sensor supply
climate data- Prevents overheating in summer, the roof
and façade elements can opened variably- Hot days, doors in lower façade can be
opened- Shadows of the trees and the cooling
effect of waterfall and fountains are used- Air is naturally cooled or heated during
very hot or cold periods
Passive Solar Energy Used:
❏ PV modules and glass panes lay on aluminium profiles
❏ Held in place with aluminium pressure plates and glued to aluminium profiles
❏ Vertical PV-and-glass facade as structural glazing facade
❏ Aluminium profiles are mounted on the wooden substructure
❏ Specially composed for this project by Wicona Bausysteme
❏ Interconnecting plugs and cabling are arranged in the aluminium profile
❏ It is to hold PV modules and glass panes into place
❏ Invisible and protected against weather conditions and UV rays
❏ Plug is not thicker than the 4mm glass pane therefore fits well in the rebate
❏ Cuts down installation time and cost
PV panels interspersed with the open glass of the roof link.
Installation Design:
Advantages & Disadvantages
Advantages :
1. Renewable and Environment Friendly
Solar energy is a renewable energy that is generated from natural processes and are continuously replenished.
2. Cost Savings
Putting solar panels on our roof is likely to save our money by reducing dependence on the size of the solar system and our electricity or heat usage.
5. Silent
This solar panel produces silent energy by converting the sunlight into usable electricity. So there is no sound pollution effect to the surrounding area.
4. Low Maintenance
The solar energy systems can be used for a long period of time as the rain will wash off any accumulated dust or particles.
3. Easy to install
It can be installed on almost any size or shape of the roof without the stringent installation requirements of a traditional solar energy system.
Disadvantages :
2. Site suitability
A good location can generate more solar energy from the sun.
3. Initial Cost
The starting cost of purchasing and installing solar panels is expensive.
4. Installation Area
Solar panel installation may not require a huge space for home users as it can install on rooftops.
5. Inefficiency
Solar panels only have a 40% efficiency rate of sunlight which is absorbed by solar panels. The other 60% of the sunlight gets wasted and is not harnessed.
1. Availability of Sunlight
Solar energy cannot produce during night time, it is only capable of producing power during the daytime where there is sunlight.
Possible Problem to the System
If the waterproof barrier between the house and outdoor is penetrated, water penetration can cause rotting and molding.
When there are solar panels on your roof, cutting the power does not eliminate the hazardous voltages present at the string ends because the solar panel cannot easily be switched off and will continue to operate even when damaged.
1.Roof Penetration
2. Risk to a firemen during fire
Improperly integrated currents can cause electrical fire and electrocution dangers.
If the solar installation is poorly planned, the loading could weaken the supporting structure of the house and cause a roof collapse.
Anchors can be pulled out of the building if there are improperly mounted and will create a small entry for moisture to penetrate which will lead to mold growth and rotting problems
3. Electrical hazard
4. Snow loads
5. Wind loads
Solar panels also require maintenance and upgrades and performance will reduce each year.
During the installation, if a solar panel breakdown it has to be substituted with module of similar electrical characteristics.
6. Solar cells are not long lasting and system must be replaced after 25 years
7. Retrofit and long term fault tolerance
Recommendations for Future
Improvement
If the costs are lower than before, soon the homeowners will be wondering why they are paying so much for electricity bill when they could get it from the sun for a fraction of the cost and start installing solar panels in their house.
More efficient semiconductors need to be discovered to increase the efficiency of energy conversion. Low toxicity chemicals and materials can be used in manufacturing solar panels.
By shading a façade system panel provide a passive way to limit excessive solar gains.
1. Reduce the cost of Solar Panels
2. New advances in technology
3. Shading
Thank You !