BS ME 3BBS ME 3BGroup 1Group 1

The particles of a materialsThe particles of a materials

OutlineOutline History/ DiscoveryHistory/ Discovery

AncientAncient 17th century17th century 18th century18th century 19th century19th century 20th century20th century

List and classification of particlesList and classification of particles AtomsAtoms MoleculesMolecules IonsIons

Perodic table of elementsPerodic table of elements Transition elementsTransition elements Inner transition elementsInner transition elements MetalsMetals Semi metals/ metaloidsSemi metals/ metaloids Non metalsNon metals

Combination of particlesCombination of particles ElementsElements CompoundsCompounds MixturesMixtures

HISTORY/ DISCOVERYHISTORY/ DISCOVERY

• Ancient timesAncient people belived that anything in the

univerese do have meaning of exsitance and like others they are of combination of something small that cannot see by the naked eyes.– Leucippus

• Stated that all the universe is composed of atoms and voids.– Empedocles

• Imagined the fundamental elements; fire, earth, air, and water.

– Timaeus, Plato, and Phytagoras• Uses matemathematical entities as the fundamental

elements of emphemeral world.

17th century17th century• DescartesDescartes

Visualized that atoms were held by means of Visualized that atoms were held by means of microscopic barbs.microscopic barbs.

• NewtonNewton States that particles atrracts one another by some States that particles atrracts one another by some force (Query 31 Optiks 1704).force (Query 31 Optiks 1704).

• Robert BoylesRobert Boyles Matter is composed of clusters of particles with any Matter is composed of clusters of particles with any

sensible effect.sensible effect.

18th century18th century• GeoffroyGeoffroy

Developed the theory of chemical affinity.Developed the theory of chemical affinity.

• William HigginsWilliam Higgins Views the what called the combination of Views the what called the combination of

ultimate particles with the concept of ultimate particles with the concept of velancy bonds.velancy bonds.

19th century19th century• DaltonDalton

Published the famous diagram of combined atoms.Published the famous diagram of combined atoms.

• AvogadroAvogadro The smallest particles of gasses are not simple atom The smallest particles of gasses are not simple atom

but made up same atom united by atrractions.but made up same atom united by atrractions.• Aguste GaudinAguste Gaudin

Emphasized Avogadro’s hyphotesis and clearly shows Emphasized Avogadro’s hyphotesis and clearly shows molecular geometry.molecular geometry.

• HofmannHofmann The crator of stick and ball molecular model.The crator of stick and ball molecular model.

20th century20th century Gilbert lewisGilbert lewis

Propose the rule of eight or octet rule( ions or Propose the rule of eight or octet rule( ions or atoms with a filled layer of eight electrons have atoms with a filled layer of eight electrons have special ability).special ability).

PaulingPaulingAn undergraduate chemcical engineer that An undergraduate chemcical engineer that porposed “The nature of chemical bonds”.porposed “The nature of chemical bonds”.

Sketch the what so called hybrid orbitals.Sketch the what so called hybrid orbitals.

List and classification of particlesList and classification of particles

PARTICLES

ATOMS MOLECULE IONS

AtomAtom

Matter is made of tiny particles called “atom”.Matter is made of tiny particles called “atom”.AtomAtom

aparticle of an element that can still have aparticle of an element that can still have the property of that element.the property of that element. Substance that exist as atoms;Substance that exist as atoms;

All metals E.g. Gold, aluminum, copper, . Etc.All metals E.g. Gold, aluminum, copper, . Etc.All noble gas E.g. Helium, neon, . . Etc.All noble gas E.g. Helium, neon, . . Etc.

Atoms of the same elements forms molecule of Atoms of the same elements forms molecule of elements.elements.Atoms of different elements forms molecule of Atoms of different elements forms molecule of compound.compound.

MoleculeMolecule

MoleculeMoleculeIs made up of two or more atoms that is Is made up of two or more atoms that is

chemically bond together.chemically bond together. Substance that exist as molecules;Substance that exist as molecules;

Di-atomic molecules E.g. Oxygen, hdrogen, Di-atomic molecules E.g. Oxygen, hdrogen, hydrogen chloride, ... Etc.hydrogen chloride, ... Etc.

Tri-atomic molecules E.g. Water (H2O), Tri-atomic molecules E.g. Water (H2O), carbondioxide (CO2), . . Etc.carbondioxide (CO2), . . Etc.

““particles has an equal number of proton particles has an equal number of proton and electron.”and electron.”

IonsIonsAtoms or molecule that has different number of Atoms or molecule that has different number of

electron and proton, giving it a + or – charge.electron and proton, giving it a + or – charge. Monoatomic ion (ion with single atom).Monoatomic ion (ion with single atom). Polyatomic/ molecular ion ( 2 or more atoms).Polyatomic/ molecular ion ( 2 or more atoms).

IonsIons

Periodic table of elementsPeriodic table of elements

Transition elementsTransition elementsElements having partialy filled d and f Elements having partialy filled d and f

subshells.subshells.

Properties:Properties:Highly melting point metals.Highly melting point metals.Have several oxidant states.Have several oxidant states.Usally forms a colored compound.Usally forms a colored compound.Often paramagnetic (need external magnetic field).Often paramagnetic (need external magnetic field).

Inner transition elementsInner transition elementsThe f block of the table of elemnts.The f block of the table of elemnts.

Generally has 2 seriesGenerally has 2 seriesLanthanoids (cerium- lutetium).Lanthanoids (cerium- lutetium).

Actinides (thorium- lawrencium.Actinides (thorium- lawrencium.

It used in making lasers, glass lenses, strong magnet.It used in making lasers, glass lenses, strong magnet.

MetalsMetals

Main groupMain group

Metals consisting of Lithium, Beryllium, Metals consisting of Lithium, Beryllium, Sodium, Magnesium, Potassium, Sodium, Magnesium, Potassium, Aluminum, Calcium, Gallium, Rubidium, Aluminum, Calcium, Gallium, Rubidium, Strontium, Indium, Tin, Cesium, Barium.Strontium, Indium, Tin, Cesium, Barium.

MetalloidsMetalloids

Metals consisting of Boron, Silicon, Metals consisting of Boron, Silicon, Germanium, Arsenic, Antimony, TelluriumGermanium, Arsenic, Antimony, Tellurium

Characteristic of Main group and Characteristic of Main group and metalloidsmetalloids

Both of them is malleable which means Both of them is malleable which means they can be hammered to shape.they can be hammered to shape.

Good conductor of electricityGood conductor of electricity

Lustrous (can repel light)Lustrous (can repel light)

Non- MetalsNon- Metals

The common non metal characteristic is a The common non metal characteristic is a good insulators.good insulators.

COMBINATION OF PARTICLESCOMBINATION OF PARTICLES

ElementsElements

elements cannot be broken down into elements cannot be broken down into two, they exists as it is. i.e. carbon etc, or two, they exists as it is. i.e. carbon etc, or all the elements in the periodic table.all the elements in the periodic table.

Compound elementsCompound elements

This is a combination of two or more This is a combination of two or more elements that can be separated by elements that can be separated by chemical means, i.e. water, NaCl ,Co2, etcchemical means, i.e. water, NaCl ,Co2, etc

MixturesMixturesMixtures are of two typesMixtures are of two types

1)1) Homogenous (mix of one phase)Homogenous (mix of one phase)

2)2) Heterogeneous (mix of two or more phase)Heterogeneous (mix of two or more phase)

Note that both this mixture can be separated by Note that both this mixture can be separated by physical means.physical means.

Example of homo and hetero mixturesExample of homo and hetero mixtures

water (h2O)water (h2O)

SoupSoup

Benefits of studied materialsBenefits of studied materials ProfitsProfits InnovationInnovation ModernizationModernization Advantage to othersAdvantage to others Structural Integrity boostStructural Integrity boost Can be used even along period of timeCan be used even along period of time Maximize the sourceMaximize the source