bsc 385 - ecology lecture 8 water relations - chapter 5 water movement in aquatic organisms water...
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BSC 385 - EcologyLecture 8
Water Relations - Chapter 5
Water movement in aquatic organisms
Water movement in plants
Water acquisition and utilization in terrestrial plants and animals
Water balance in aquatic animals
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Water Movement in Aquatic Environment - definition of terms with respect to
organisms
• Isosmotic: Body fluids and external fluid are at the same concentration.
• Hypoosmotic: Body fluids have a higher concentration of water and a lower concentration of solute than the external environment.
• Hyperosmotic: Body fluids have a lower concentration of water and a higher concentration of solute than the external environment.
• Note that an inverse relationship exists between water and solutes
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Effects of solute concentration on cells - note that only the water moves
Isosmotic Hyperosmotic Hypoosmotic
Shading depicts solute concentration - what is the relationshipwith respect to water concentration?
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Effects of solute concentration on multicellular organisms - note that water and solute can move - the solute can leak around the junctions of the cells that make up tissues (but not cell membranes!)
Figure 5.4
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Osmotic condition can be related to environment or organisms
environmentorganism
Relative concentrations
[environment solute] < [organism solute][organism solute] > [environment solute]
Result
H2O flows into organism H2O flows into organism
Hypo <Hyper >
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BSC 385 - EcologyLecture 8
Water Relations - Chapter 5
Water movement in aquatic organisms
Water movement in plants
Water acquisition and utilization in terrestrial plants and animals
Water balance in aquatic animals
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Water Movement Between Soils and PlantsWater moving between soil and plants flows down a water concentration gradient
This gradient is described in the book as “water potential” or (PSI; sigh). This complex term is used because vpd, osmosis and the laws governing movement of water through small places all play a roleH H
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H HO
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H HO
H HO
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Water potential
Addition of a solute to water causes < 0
Matric Forces: Water’s tendency to adhere to solid surfaces. In small places (soil, plant cells) these can be very strong and causes negative water potentials
Evaporation from leaves creates a negative pressure that cause negative water potentials - all water vapor pressures less than saturation water vapor pressure cause a negative water potential
of pure water is set to zero, any change causes become negative. For example:
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Cartoon of the microenvironments of a soil crumb
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Water potential of a plant-soil system
soil = matric + solute while
plant = matric + solute + pressure
Figure 5.5
EvaporationThe soil matrix is as depicted in the previous slide and the plant matrix is the xylem (plus some effects from the phloem)
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Summary of forces moving water from soil through plant
Figure 5.6solute
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BSC 385 - EcologyLecture 8
Water Relations - Chapter 5
Water movement in aquatic organisms
Water movement in plants
Water acquisition and utilization in terrestrial plants and animals
Water balance in aquatic animals
![Page 13: BSC 385 - Ecology Lecture 8 Water Relations - Chapter 5 Water movement in aquatic organisms Water movement in plants Water acquisition and utilization](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649dff5503460f94ae8538/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Water Regulation on Land - Animals
• Wia= Wd + Wf + Wa - We - Ws
• Wia= Animal’s internal water
• Wd = Water gained from drinking
• Wf = Water gained from food (includes metabolic water)
• Wa = Absorbed from air
• We = Evaporation
• Ws = Secretion / Excretion
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Water Regulation on Land - Plants
• Wip= Wr + Wa - Wt - Ws
• Wip= Plant’s internal water
• Wr = Absorbed by roots
• Wa = Absorbed from air
• Wt = Transpiration
• Ws = Secretions
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Comparison of the main routes of water gain and loss for terrestrial plants and animals
Figure 5.7
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Animals in dry climates must either acquire significant water …
Figure 5.8
The desert beetle Onymacris
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Water budget for Onymacris(total water usage 49.9 g H2O g-1 body weight)
Figure 5.9
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… or conserve(Kangaroo rat - 60 g H2O per day (total); average weight 40-50 g)
Figure 5.10
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It is the same for plant, either acquire significant water or conserve
observation Laboratory experiment
Figures 5.11 & 5.12
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The effect of having dense, deep penetrating roots is having sufficient water to maintain
leaf water potential
Figure 5.13
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Figure 5.14 + 5.15
Water conservation is most often seen in organisms from dry environments
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Figure 5.16
Mechanisms involve reduction of water loss(one example is evolving a waterproof cuticle)
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Changes in conservation measures can occur among populations within a species
Figure 5.17
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Reducing leaf area is one mechanism involved with the reduction of water
loss
Figures 5.18 & 5.19
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Other are behavior, storing water, insulation and physiological adaptations to
high body heat
Figure 5.20
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Figure 5.21
Scorpions show behaviors that conserve water, waterproofing and a low metabolism (reduces
need for respiration, thus reducing evaporation) while …
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… cicada shows behaviors that conserve water and evaporative cooling!
Figure 5.22, 5.23 & 5.24
How can a desert insect afford evaporative cooling?
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Figure 5.25
Using its food source’s ability to tap into water deep underground
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BSC 385 - EcologyLecture 8
Water Relations - Chapter 5
Water movement in aquatic organisms
Water movement in plants
Water acquisition and utilization in terrestrial plants and animals
Water balance in aquatic animals
![Page 30: BSC 385 - Ecology Lecture 8 Water Relations - Chapter 5 Water movement in aquatic organisms Water movement in plants Water acquisition and utilization](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649dff5503460f94ae8538/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Water regulation in aquatic organisms
Marine environments - many invertebrates are isosmotic
Sharks (and relatives) slightly hyperosmotic relative to environment (although salt is ~1/3 total solute)
Figure 5.26
Wi = Wd - Ws ± Wo
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Saltwater bony fishes and saltwater mosquitoes are hypoosmotic relative to the
environment
Figure 5.27
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Freshwater bony fishes and freshwater mosquitoes are hyperosmotic relative to the
environment
Figure 5.28
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Investigating the evidence - Sample size or the number of samples needed to accurately
characterize a population