bsci index.fm page 898 tuesday, march 11, 2003 8:41...

BSCI_Index.fm Page 898 Tuesday, March 11, 2003 8:41 AM

I

N

D

E

X

Numerics

32-bit dotted decimal notation, 68

A

ABRs (Area Border Routers), 177, 255LSA summary link entries, 179

access lists, 692–693configuring, 694creating, 696distribute lists, 494extended, 701

configuring, 702–706example, 709–710in distribute lists, 736placement, 711process flow, 701

extensions, backwards compatibility, 693route maps, 590, 646, 736–738

displaying, 599implementing, 592–597match commands, 737–738sequence numbering, 590–591set commands, 737–738

standard, 693

example, 699–700numbering, 693placement, 700

verifying configuration, 713–714vty, 711wildcard masks, 695

implicit, 698

access-class command, 712ACKs (acknowledgements), suppressing, 378active routes, EIGRP, 379active state, EIGRP, 33adding EIGRP to Novell RIP/SAP network, 725addressing, redistribution example, 749–752adjacencies, 107

EIGRP, 356IS-IS, establishing, 272–275

administrative distance, 7–8modifying, 581–582routing protocols, 560static routses, 421

advanced distance vector routing protocolsBGP

appropriate use of, 420

autonomous systems, 415–416CIDR, 442–444creating summary addresses, 448–449default routes, 423example configuration, 451floating static routes, 421–422inappropriate use of, 420message types, 438–439neighbors, 424–425path of last resort, 421path vectors, 424policy-based routing, 426resetting, 450RFCs, 417route selection, 440–441static routes, 421–422synchronization rule, 436–437tables, 425verifying operation, 452

EIGRP, 352

case study, 387–389configuration exercises, 390–397, 409configuring, 368DUAL, 362–367feasible successors, 354going active on a route, 379hello packets, 356hold time, 356load balancing, 372neighbor tables, 354operational characteristics, 353packets, 355query scoping, 379reliability, 355route discovery, 359–360route summarization, 369–372routing process, 353scalability variables, 379–383successors, 354summarization, 353tiered network model, 384–385topology tables, 354, 358verifying operation, 386WAN links, 374–377

advertised distance, 32advertisements, LSA sequence number, 111


900

advertisingaggregate routes, 512networks into BGP, 511–512networks into IGPs, 513–514

aggregate addressing, BGP, 442–444aggregate routes, advertising, 512aggregate-address command, 449, 512aggregation, black holes, 512aggregator attribute (BGP), 443aging timers, 115AllSPFRouter address, 103analyzing routing tables, 38–39announcements

periodic, 38triggered updates, 38

APNIC (Asia Pacific-NIC), 416AppleTalk commands (table), 775AppleTalk configuration commands (table), 775application layer (OSI model), 808applying

prefix lists to BGP, 494–499route maps to updates, 740

area default-cost command, 192area routers, 257area stub command, 191, 193areas, 101, 256

configuring, 719–724design guidelines, 177flooding LSUs, 184–186IS-IS, restrictions, 265–266link-state database, 178NSSAs, 716–717

configuring, 717–718

stubby areas, 189–190

configuring, 191–194requirements, 190

totally stubby areas, 189–190


ARIN (American Registry for Internet Numbers), 416

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol), 14ASBRs (autonomous system boundary routers), 178

external route cost, 181LSAs, autonomous system external link

entries, 179AS-path attribute (BGP), 429–430ASes (autonomous systems), 101, 415–416,

641–642boundary routers, 558IGPs, 99multihoming, 502

configuration exercises, 523–527customer and default routes from all

providers, 504default routes from all providers, 503examples, 508–510full routes from all providers, 506local preference, configuring, 507weight, configuring, 507

redistribution, 557–558, 571, 648–649

access lists, 576, 578–581administrative distance, 560advertising networks into BGP, 511–512advertising networks into IGP, 513–514best path selection, 559configuring, 562–564defining default metric, 564–566example configuration, 583–588,

752–753, 755–757guidelines, 559implementing, 649passive interfaces, configuring, 566–567seed metric, 561–562static routes, configuring, 567–575verifying operation, 589

assigned TCP port numbers, 706–707assigned UDP port numbers, 708assigning acccess lists, 578atomic aggregate attribute (BGP), 443attributes, BGP, 427–428

AS-path, 429–430community, 435, 741local preference, 432MED, 433–434next-hop, 430–431optional transitive, 740origin, 434type codes, 429weight, 435

auto-cost command, 129auto-cost reference -bandwidth command, 128automatic generation of prefix lists, 499automatic summarization

classful routing protocols, 16classless routing protocols, 18disabling, 370

autonomous system external link entries (OSPF), 179

autosummarization, 369EIGRP, forcing, 371

advertising


901

B

backbone, 250, 275backbone area (OSPF), 186backbone areas, 181backbone routers, 177backwards compatibility, IP access list

extensions, 693bandwidth command, 128BDRs (backup designated routers), 106–108

election, 107exchange state, 111extstart state, 110

believability of routing protocols, 560best paths, 6, 559

BGP, selecting, 440–441metrics, 6OSPF, selecting, 111

BGP (Border Gateway Protocol), 500administrative distance, modifying, 582aggregator attribute, 443appropriate use of, 420AS-path attribute, 429–430atomic aggregate attribute, 443attributes, 427–428

type codes, 429

autonomous systems, 415–416characteristics, 642CIDR, 442, 444communities, 435, 739community lists, creating, 742configuration commands, syntax, 445configuration exercises, 315, 457–464default routes, 423distribute lists, 494, 647, 734

extended access lists, 736

example configuration, 451, 731–734floating static routes, 421–422inappropriate use of, 420incomplete origin attribute, 513keepalive messages, 439learned routes, 643–644local-preference attribute, 432MED attribute, 433–434message types, 438multihoming, 644

case study, 514–516default routes from all providers, 503–504examples, 508–510full routes from all providers, 506local preference, configuring, 507weight, configuring, 507

neighbors, 424–425

loopback interfaces, 446

next-hop attribute, 430–431

modifying, 448

notification messages, 439open message, 438–439optional transitive attributes, 740origin attribute, 434path of last resort, 421path vectors, 424, 643peer groups

configuring, 444, 745–746disabling, 446example, 746–748

policy-based routing, 426preferred routes, 644prefix lists

announcing to Internet, 502characteristics, 495configuring, 496–499exact matches, 497sequence numbers, 499verifying, 501

prefixes, applying, 494redistribution, 511–514resetting, 450RFCs, 417route maps, 736–738route selection, 440–441scalability, comparing to other routing protocols, 419sessions, resetting, 508split horizon, 485–486static routes, 421

administrative distance, 421example, 422

synchronization, disabling, 448synchronization rule, 436–437tables, 425

creating summary address, 448–449

TCP, 424TTL, configuring, 446update messages, 439verifying operation, 452weight attribute, 435

bgp always-compare-med command, 434, 644bgp bestpath missing-as-worst command, 440bgp cluster-id command, 492bidirectional communication, 566binary numbering, decimal-to-binary conversion chart,

682–683black holes, 512boundary routers, 558

RIP, configuring, 573–574

boundary routers


902

broadcast modeneighborship, 124OSPF, configuring, 132

broadcast multiaccess topologies, 102OSPF, 103–106

DRs, 106–107

broadcast physical links, 268broadcast storms, 86broadcasts, helper addresses, 86–87

configuring, 88–89example, 89–91forwarding to multiple servers, 90–91server placement, 87

building IP forwarding tables (Integrated IS-IS), 287–288

C

calculatingEIGRP metric

composite metric, 34variables, 360–361

IGRP metric, 11–12subnet masks, 687–689VLSMs, 73

capabilities (EIGRP), for IPX, 725cells, 809characteristics

BGP, 642

prefix lists, 495

OSI model, 800CIDR (Classless Interdomain Routing), 83–84,

638–640BGP, 442–444

Cisco IOS Release 10.3IP access list extensions, backwards compatibility,

693Class D multicast addresses, 69classes (IP addresses), 686

First Octet Rule, 68classful addressing, 686

subnet masks, 687classful routing, 15–16, 635–637

route summarization, 80subnets, 17

classless routingautomatic summarization, 18subnetting, 19VLSMs, 638

clear access-list counters command, 781clear ip bgp command, 450, 508clear ip bgp peer-group command, 746clear ip route command, 38, 138clear isis command, 297clear logging command, 781

client route reflectors, 488verifying, 494

CLNS (Connectionless Network Service), 23, 251static routes, 254troubleshooting commands, 280

show clns route, 281, 284show ip route, 282show isis route, 281, 284–285show isis topology, 280, 283which route, 281, 285–286

clns host command, 291clns router isis command, 289cluster IDs, 488

configuring, 492cluster lists, 488clusters, 488

designing, 491CMNS (Connection-Mode Network Service), 251commands

access-class, 712aggregate-address, 449, 512AppleTalk (table), 775AppleTalk configuration (table), 775area default-cost, 192area stub, 191–93auto-cost, 129auto-cost reference-bandwidth, 128bandwidth, 128bgp always-compare-med, 434, 644bgp bestpath missing-as-worst, 440bgp cluster-id, 492clear access-list counters, 781clear ip bgp, 450, 508clear ip bgp peer-group, 746clear ip route, 38, 138clear isis, 297clear logging, 781clns host, 291clns router isis, 289configure terminal, 781copy running-config startup-config, 781debug, 781debug eigrp neighbors, 781debug eigrp packets, 386, 781debug igrp transactions, 30–32

debug ip bgp updates, example output, 455debug ip policy, 599debug ip routing, 30default-information originate, 195default-information originate always, 423dialer map, 117distance, example, 583–584, 586–588distance bgp, 582

broadcast mode


903

distribute list-out, 579distribute-list in, 578erase startup config, 781interface configuration (table), 771, 785interface serial, 120IP (table), 772ip access group, 697ip classless, 573ip community list, 742ip default network, 571ip default-gateway, 571ip default-network, 570–571ip forward-protocol, 89–90ip helper address, 88ip helper-address, 90ip ospf cost, 127–128ip ospf network, 129ip ospf network non-broadcast, 131ip prefix-lists, 496

options, 497–499

ip route, parameters, 422ip subnet zero, 67ip summary address eigrp, 370ip unnumbered, 84isis circuit type, 290isis metric, 291isis route, 296is-type, 290line vty, 712match community, 743match length, 593maximum paths, 9, 113maximum-paths, 441neighbor, 130neighbor distribute list, 736neighbor distribute-list, 734neighbor peer-group, 746neighbor prefix list, 497neighbor route-reflector-client, 493neighbor send-community, 741, 744neighbor weight, 507network, 447network area, 127no synchronization, 513passive interface, 566–567ping, 599, 782redistribute, 719reload, 782route map, 590–591router is-is, 289set community, 740set default interface, 595–596set ip default next-hop, 595set ip next-hop, 594

set ip precedence, 596setup, 782show access lists, 782show CDP neighbors, 782show CDP neighbors detail, 782show clns, 301show clns interface, 299–300show clns is-neighbors, 301–302show clns neighbors, 294, 299show clns protocol, 298–299show clns route, 281, 284, 296show controller, 782show interfaces, 361, 782show ip bgp, example output, 453show ip bgp neighbors, 494

example output, 454–455

show ip bgp summary, example output, 454show ip eigrp, 387show ip eigrp neighbors, 356–358, 386show ip eigrp topology, 358, 386show ip eigrp traffic, 386show ip ospf database, 721show ip ospf interface, 127, 134show ip ospf neighbor, 135–136show ip policy, 599show ip prefix-list, 501show ip prefix-list detail, 501show ip protocols, 133, 297, 300–301, 386show ip route, 9, 38–39, 133, 282, 297show ip route eigrp, 386show ip route ospf, 134show isis database, 296show isis route, 281, 284–285show isis spf-log, 302show isis topology, 280, 283show lines, 782show logging, 782show route-maps, 782show running-config, 782show starup-config, 782show version, 782summary address, 291telnet, 782traceroute, 589, 599, 782traffic-share, 373variance 2, 374variance 4, 374WAN configuration (table), 777–778which route, 281, 285–286

communication protocols, 801communities, 739community attribute (BGP), 435, 740community lists (BGP), creating, 742comparing

comparing


904

configuration file commands, 769, 783link-state routing protocols, 23OSPF routing tables, 182

composite metrics, 11EIGRP, calculating, 34

composite values (metrics), 9configuration commands

IP-related, 788–795WAN-related, 795–796

configuration file commands, comparing, 769, 783configuration register, 762–763configure terminal command, 781configuring

access lists, 694

verification, 713–714

BGP

command syntax, 445communities, 739examples, 731–734loopback interfaces, 446peer groups, 444, 745–746prefix lists, 496–499summary addresses, 448–449TTL, 446

EIGRP, 368

examples, 727–730exercises, 390–397, 409link utilization, 374–377multipoint interfaces, 374summarization, 370–372

extended IP access lists, 702–706helper addresses, 88–89Integrated IS-IS

dialup, 304in NBMA WANs, 305–312

Integrated IS-IS routers, 288–294IP access lists, standard, 696–697IS-IS

multiarea networks, 314–349point-to-point WANs, 303switched WANs, 304

multihoming

connections, 502examples, 509–510exercises, 523–527local preference, 507weight, 507

OSPF

areas, 719–721broadcast mode, 132in single area, 125–129link cost, 127

multiarea components, 188–189multiple areas, 721–724NBMA mode, 129–131NSSAs, 717–718point-to-multipoint mode, 131–132point-to-point mode, 132–133router ID, 126stub areas, 191–194summarization, 199–202virtual links, 202–203

policy routing, fast-switched, 597prefix list commands, 496redistribution, 561–563

access lists, 576–581examples, 752–757into EIGRP, 564into OSPF, 563passive interfaces, 566–567

RIP, boundary routers, 573–574route reflectors, 492

exercises, 517–523restrictions, 493

static routing, 567–575

guidelines, 569–570ip default-network command, 571

subnet zero, 67confreg utility, 760connectionless services, 249connection-oriented services, 249connections, multihoming, 502, 644


providers, 504default routes from all providers, 503examples, 508–510full routes from all providers, 506local preference, configuring, 507weight, configuring, 507

conserving IP addresses, 637–638CIDR, 640summarization, 639VLSMs, 638

control information, OSI model, 803controlling

EIGRP queries, 380routing updates, 645vty access, 711

convergence, 24EIGRP, 32–35

testing, 33–35

IGRP, 29–32

testing, 30

composite metrics


905

OSPF, 35–36, 99

testing, 36

RIP, 25–26, 28

testing, 26

converting decimal-to-binary numbering, 682–683copy running-config startup-config command, 781cost metric, 101

IS-IS, 271OSPF external routes, 181OSPF summary routes, 181

CRC (cyclical redundancy check), 14creating

access lists, 696BGP community lists, 742subinterfaces, 120summary addresses (BGP), 448–449summary routes, 370

criteriafor prefix list permission/denial, 495for stub areas, 190

CSNPs, link-state database synchronization (IS-IS), 276

D

data link layer (OSI model), 805–806frames, 809

data units, 809–810databases, OSPF link-state, 178datagrams, 809DBDs (database description packets), 111dead interval, 35

OSPF, 118debug command, 781debug eigrp neighbors command, 781debug eigrp packets command, 386, 781debug igrp transactions command, 30–32debug ip bgp updates command, example

output, 455debug ip eigrp command, 387debug ip policy command, 599debug ip routing command, 30decimal-to-binary conversion chart, 682–683default metric

defining for redistribution, 564–566redistribution, configuration example, 754–755

default routes, 423OSPF, generating, 194–195

default-information originate always command, 423default-information originate command, 195

definingBGP prefix lists, 494–495route maps, 590–591

delay metric (IS-IS), 271denying

prefix lists, criteria, 495vty access, 711

depleting IP addresses, solutions for, 637–638designing

OSPF, 177route reflectors, 488

example, 489–490faulty, 490

dialer map command, 117dialup, Integrated IS-IS configuration, 304diameter limit, EIGRP for IPX, 725Diffusing Update Algorithm.

See

DUALDijkstra algorithm, 23, 113, 261disabling

automatic summarization, 370BGP peer groups, 446BGP synchronization, 448prefix lists, automatic generation, 499

discontiguous networks, route summarization, 80discontinuity, backbone routers, 187discovery process (OSPF), 110–111displaying

route maps, 599summary routes, 9

distance bgp command, 582distance command, example, 583–588distance vector routing protocols, 20–22.

See also

advanced distance vector routing protocols

BGP

characteristics, 642learned routes, 643–644

IGRP, convergence, 29–32RIP

convergence, 25–26, 28holddown time, 26

distribute lists, 494, 645–647, 734extended access lists, 736

distribute-list in command, 578distribute-list out command, 579domains, 249

IS-IS, 279–280don’t care bits, 695dotted decimal notation, 68Drothers, 107

Drothers


906

DRs (designated routers), 35, 106elections, 107exchange state, 111exstart state, 110

DUAL (Diffusing Update Algorithm), 21, 351, 362–367

dual mode IS-IS, 254dynamic IGP routes, redistributing into BGP, 512

E

EBGP (external BGP), 426EGPs (Exterior Gateway Protocols), 415–417,

641–642BGP

aggregator attribute, 443appropriate use of, 420AS-path attribute, 429–430ASes, 415–416atomic aggregate attribute, 443attribute type codes, 429attributes, 427–428CIDR, 442–444community attribute, 435configuration exercises, 315, 457–464creating summary addresses, 448–449default routes, 423example configuration, 451floating static routes, 421–422inappropriate use of, 420local preference attribute, 432MED attribute, 433–434message types, 438–439neighbors, 424–425next-hop attribute, 430–431origin attribute, 434path of last resort, 421path vectors, 424peer group configuration, 444policy-based routing, 426resetting, 450RFCs, 417route selection, 440–441static routes, 421–422synchronization rule, 436–437tables, 425verifying operation, 452weight attribute, 435

EIGRP (Enhanced IGRP)ACKs, suppressing, 378autosummarization, forcing, 371case study, 387–389composite metric, calculating, 34configuration exercises, 390–397, 409configuring, 368

examples, 727–730

convergence, 32–35

testing, 33–35

default metric, defining, 565feasible routes, 372feasible successors, 354for AppleTalk, 726

metrics, 726redistribution, 726route selection, 726

for IPX, 725

diameter limit, 725metrics, 725redistribution, 725route selection, 725

going active on a route, 379hold time, 356, 358K-values, 357link utilization, configuring, 374–375, 377load balancing, 372

example, 373–374

metric, 352

K-values, 361variables, 360–361

multipoint interfaces, configuring, 374neighbor relationships

FD, 362route discovery, 359–360route selection, 360–361Seq number, 358split horizon, 360uptime, 358

neighbor table, 354, 357

H (handle), 358RTO, 358SRTT, 358

operational characteristics, 353packets, 355

hello, 356Init bit, 360

query scoping, 379reachability, 33redistribution, 558, 562

configuration exercises, 607–611, 622

DRs (designated routers)

BSCI_Index.fm 06 Tuesday, March 11, 2003 8:41 AM

907

configuring, 564

route summarization, 353, 369

configuring, 370–372

routing process, 353routing table, DUAL, 362–367scalability, variables, 379–383successors, 354tiered network model, 384–385topology table, 354, 358verifying operation, 386WAN links, configuring, 374–377

eigrp log-neighbor-changes command, 379elections, DRs/BDRs, 107enabling route summarization, 79–80encapsulation, 6, 804Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol.

See

EIGRPequipment requirements for configuration exercises, 847–

850erase startup config command, 781error checking, 807error metric (IS-IS), 271error recovery, 807ES (end system), 250ES-IS protocol, 252establishing BGP sessions, 508exact matches (prefix lists), 497examples

BGP

configuring, 731–734peer groups, 746–748

CIDR, 83EIGRP

configuring, 727–730load balancing, 373–374

extended access lists, 709–710IP helper addresses, 89–91multihoming, 508–510of NSAPs, 264–265OSPF

multiple-area configuration, 721–724single-area configuration, 719–721

PBR, 598–599prefix lists, 500–501redistribution, 749–752

configuring, 752–757distance command, 583–588

route reflector design, 489–490route reflectors, 493standard IP access lists, 699–700static route filtering, 580–581wildcard masks, 695–696

exchange process (OSPF), 109

exchange state, 111EXEC commands

IP-related, 785–788WAN interface-related, 795

expense metric (IS-IS), 271exstart state (DRs/BDRs), 110extended access lists, 593, 701

configuring, 702–706example, 709–710in distribute lists, 736placement, 711process flow, 701

extended IP access lists, wildcard masks, 695extending IP addresses

CIDR, 83–84classful addresses, 687job aids, 681–684route summarization, 75–76

discontiguous networks, 80–82octets, 77

subnetting, 67external routes

EIGRP, 360OSPF, cost, 181summarization, 197

F

fast-switched policy routing, 597faulty design, route reflectors, 490FD (feasible distance), 362feasible routes, EIGRP, 372feasible successors

EIGRP, 32, 354requirements, 362

fields of LSPs, 269filtering

access lists, route maps, 646BGP, distribute lists, 734packets, access lists, 692–693routes

access lists, 576, 578–581route maps, 590–597static routes, example, 580–581

with prefix lists, 495

matches, 497

First Octet Rule, 68flapping links, 76

troubleshooting, 113flapping routes, 25flash updates, 25floating static routes, 421–422

floating static routes


908

flooding, 22–23LSAs, 38, 114–115LSUs in multiarea environment, 184–186

flow control, 806–807forcing EIGRP autosummarization, 371forwarding database, 101Frame Relay

EIGRP configuration, 374–377full-mesh topology, 118star topologies, 118

frames, 809full-mesh topologies, calculating PVC

requirements, 118

G

general configuration commands, 770–771general interface configuration commands, 771generating OSPF default routes, 194–195going active on a route, 379group addresses (multicast), 69guidelines

for redistribution, 559, 649for static routing configuration, 569–570

H

H (Handle), EIGRP, 358headers, 803, 809

IP, TTL field, 15OSPF packet fields, 105–106

hello intervalsEIGRP, 356OSPF, 118

hello messages (IS-IS), 271adjacency establishment, 272–275

hello packets, 35, 104EIGRP, 355–356

Hello protocol, 101–103helper addresses, 86–87

configuring, 88–89example, 89–91server placement, 87

hierarchical addressing, 637benefits of, 70–71planning, 69summary numbers, 70

hierarchical routing, 253–254IS-IS, 258–260link-state protocols, 22–23OSPF, 176

comparing routing tables, 182default route generation, 194–195design guidelines, 177

link-state database, 178LSAs, 178–180multiarea operation, 184–188multiarea operation, configuring, 188–189router types, 177–178summarization, 195, 198–202summary routes, cost, 181unnumbered interfaces, 187–188virtual links, 186

history of IS-IS, 248hold time, EIGRP, 356–358holddown timers, 24

RIP, 26hop count, 10

TTL, 15hop-by-hop routing paradigm, 426hosts per class (IP addresses), 686hub-and-spoke topologies, 118hybrid routing protocols, EIGRP, 351–352

case study, 387–389configuration exercises, 390–397, 409configuring, 368DUAL, 362–367feasible successors, 354going active on a route, 379hello packets, 356hold time, 356load balancing, 372neighbor tables, 354operational characteristics, 353packets, 355query scoping, 379reliability, 355route discovery, 359–360route summarization, 369–372routing process, 353scalability variables, 379–383successors, 354summarization, 353tiered network models, 384–385topology tables, 354, 358verifying operation, 386WAN links, 374–377

I

IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority), 416IBGP (internal BGP), 426ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) messages, 694IGPs (Interior Gateway Protocols), 99, 415,

641–642redistribution, 511, 513–514

dynamic routes, 512

flooding


909

static routes, 512

IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)convergence, 29–32default metric, defining, 565load balancing, 11metric, 11–12poison reverse, 29redistribution, 558

configuration example, 752–753

illegal addresses, 637implementing

IS-IS, 249redistribution, guidelines, 559, 649route summarization, 78

implicit denies, prefix lists, 496implicit deny any entries (access lists), 694implicit wildcard masks, 698incomplete origins, show ip bgp command

output, 513information exchange process, OSI model, 803, 805information formats, 809Init bit (EIGRP packets), 360injecting default routes into areas (OSPF), 195Integrated IS-IS

building IP forwarding table, 287–288CLNS troubleshooting commands, 280–286, 294–

302dialup, configuring, 304IP routing, 277

IS-IS domains, 279–280OSI routing process, 278–279

NBMA WAN configuration, 305–308

detecting mismatched interfaces, 311–312multipoint interfaces, 308–311point-to-point subinterfaces, 306–308

NSAPs, 260

address structure, 261–263examples of, 264–265NETs, 263–264

point-to-point WANs, configuring, 303router configuration, 288–294switched WANs, configuring, 304two-area coniguration, 293–294versus OSPF, 255–256

interarea routing, 176summarization, 197virtual links, configuring, 202–203

interface configuration commands (table), 771, 785interface serial command, 120interfaces, 101

loopback, 85unnumbered, 84–85

internal routes, 177EIGRP, 360RIP, configuring, 573

internetworks, nonscalable, 383ip access group command, 697IP access lists, 692–693

backwards compatibility, 693configuring, 713–714creating, 696extended

example, 709–710in distribute lists, 736

route maps, 736–738standard, 693

configuring, 694, 696–697example, 699–700numbering, 693processing, 694

wildcard masks, 695

implicit, 698

IP addressingCIDR, 83–84

BGP, 442, 444

classes, 686classful, subnet masks, 687conserving, 637–638

CIDR, 640summarization, 639VLSMs, 638

dotted decimal notation, 68EXEC commands (table), 772exhaustion of, reasons for, 65extending, job aids, 681–684First Octet Rule, 68helper addresses, 86–87


hierarchical

benefits, 70–71planning, 69summary numbers, 70

job aids, 681multicast, OSPF, 104redistribution, 749–752route summarization, 75–76

classful routing protocols, 80discontiguous networks, 80implementing, 78octets, 77VLSM-designed networks, 78

IP addressing


910

shortage of, 65–66subnet masking, 66subnet masks, 16

calculating, 687–689prefixes, 690

subnetting, 67–69unnumbered interfaces, 84–85VLSMs, 71–72

calculating, 73example, 74

ip classless command, 573ip community list command, 742IP configuration commands (table), 772–773ip default network command, 571ip default-gateway command, 571ip default-network command, 570–571ip eigrp hello-interval command, 357IP forwarding table (Integrated IS-IS), building, 287–288ip forward-protocol command, 89–90ip helper-address command, 88, 90ip ospf cost command, 127–128ip ospf network command, 129ip ospf network non-broadcast command, 131ip prefix-list command, 496

options, 497–499ip route command, parameters, 422IP routing, classful, 635–637ip subnet zero command, 67ip summary address eigrp command, 370ip summary-address command, 381ip unnumbered command, 84IP-related EXEC commands (table), 785–788IPv6, 65IPX configuration commands, 774–775IS (intermediate system), 250IS-IS (Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System), 23,

247areas, 256

restrictions, 265–266

hierarchical routing, 258–260history of, 248implementations, 249link-state database synchronization, 275–276metrics, 271multiarea networks, configuring, 314–349NSAPs, NETs, 266PDUs, 267

hellos, 271–275LSPs, 268–270

SNPA, 266system IDs, restrictions, 265–266

isis circuit-type command, 290isis metric command, 291

ISO (International Organization for Standardization), 247–248

NSAP addressing, 262ISPs (Internet service providers), 417

multihoming, 502, 644


providers, 503–504default routes from all providers, 503examples, 508–510full routes from all providers, 506local preference, configuring, 507weight configuration, 507

redistribution into IGP, 513–514is-type command, 290

J-K

JKLCorporation case study, 40job aids

decimal-to-binary conversion chart, 682–683IP addresses, 681subnetting, 681

keepalive messagesm, BGP, 439K-values, 357

EIGRP, 361

L

LAN protocols, 801layers of OSI reference model, 249

network layer, 251

CMNS versus CONP, 252ES-IS, 252hierarchical routing, 253–254

learned routes, BGP, 643–644Level 1 areas (IS-IS), 256Level 1 routers (IS-IS), 257Level 1-2 routers (IS-IS), 257Level 2 areas (IS-IS), 256Level 2 routers (IS-IS), 257limitations of route reflectors, 493limiting vty access, 711line vty command, 712links

cost, 101EIGRP utilization, configuring, 374–377flapping, 113multiaccess, flooding, 114OSPF cost, configuring, 127

link-state protocols, 22–23Integrated IS-IS

ip classless command


911

IP routing, 277–286NSAPs, 260–265OSI routing process, 278–279router configuration, 288–294

IS-ISarea restrictions, 265–266hello messages, 271–275link-state database synchronization,

275–276LSPs, 268–270metrics, 271NETs, 266PDUs, 267system ID restrictions, 265–266

OSPF comparing routing tables, 182convergence, 35–36, 99default route generation, 194–195design guidelines, 177LSAs, 178–180multiarea operation, 184–189NSSAs, 716–718redistribution, 563router types, 177–178summarization, 195, 198–202summary routes, cost, 181unnumbered interfaces, 187–188versus Integrated IS-IS, 255–256virtual links, 186

topology database, 101LLC (Logical Link Control), 806load balancing, 6, 9

EIGRP, 372–374IGRP, 11OSPF, 113

loading state, 111local loopback address, 68local preference (multihomed routes),

configuring, 507local preference attribute (BGP), 432loopback interfaces, 85

BGP, 446OSPF, configuring, 127

lost passwords, recovering, 760–763lower layers of OSI model, 800LSAs (link-state advertisements), 22–23, 178–180

aging timers, 115flooding, 38, 114–115router link, 116sequence number, 111type 7, 716–717

LSPs (link state packets), 268fields, 269LAN representations, 269–270variables, 270

LSUs (OSPF), flooding in multiarea environment, 184–186

MMAC (Media Access Control), 806manual summarization, 372match commands, route maps, 737–738match community command, 743match length command, 593matches (prefix lists), 497maximum-paths command, 9, 113, 441measuring convergence time, 24MED attribute (BGP), 433–434messages, 809

BGP, 438–439ICMP, 694

metrics, 6, 9EIGRP, 352

composite metric, calculating, 34feasible distance, 32for AppleTalk, 726for IPX, 725K-values, 361maximum, 33variables, 360–361

hop count, TTL, 15IGRP, 11–12IS-IS, 271RIP, 10

migrating to route reflectors, 490modifying

administrative distance, 581–582BGP next-hop attribute, 448weights in multihomed routes, 510

multiaccess networksEIGRP hold time, 356links, flooding, 114

multiarea operation, OSPFcase study, 204, 206–207configuring, 188–189NBMA, 195verifying, 204

multicast addresses, 69OSPF, 104

multicast addresses


912

multihoming, 484, 502BGP, 644case study, 514, 516configuring, 523–527customer and default routes from all providers, 503–

504default routes from all providers, 503full routes from all providers, 506local preference, configuring, 507weight, configuring, 507

multiple OSPF areas, 175configuring, 721–724

multiplexing, 807multipoint EIGRP interfaces, configuring, 374

NNAT (network address translation), 637NBMA (non-broadcast multiaccess) networks

OSPF, 117–119configuring, 129–131neighbor relationship, 121–123multiarea operation, 195

topologies, 102, 117–119WANS, Integrated IS-IS configuration,

305–308detecting mismatched interfaces, 311–312multipoint interfaces, 308–311point-to-point subinterfaces, 306–308

neighbor command, 130neighbor distribute-list command, 734, 736neighbor peer-group command, 746neighbor prefix list command, 497neighbor relationships, 13

EIGRP, 356DUAL, 362–367FD, 362route discovery, 359–360route selection, 360–361Seq number, 358split horizon, 360uptime, 358

neighbor route-reflector-client command, 493neighbor send-community command, 741, 744neighbor table (EIGRP), 354, 357

H (handle), 358RTO, 358SRTT, 358

neighbor weight command, 507neighbors, 101

BGP, 424–425loopback interfaces, 446peer group configuration, 444

peer groups, configuring, 745–746EIGRP feasible successors, 354OSPF, NBMA mode, 121–123peer groups, 746–748two-way state, 109

NETs (network entity titles), 249, 263–264examples of, 266

network area command, 127network command, 447network layer (OSI reference model), 251, 806

CMNS versus CONP, 252ES-IS, 252hierarchical routing, 253–254packets, 809

network link entries (OSPF), 179network protocols, 801network services, connection-oriented versus

connectionless, 249networks per class (IP addresses), 686next-generation IP, 65next-hop attribute (BGP), 430–431

modifying, 448no synchronization command, 513nonbroadcast physical links, 268nonclients (route reflectors), 488nonscalable internetworks, 383notification messages (BGP), 439NSAP (network service access point) addresses, 249, 260

address structure, 261–265NETs, 263–266

NSEL (N-selector), 262NSSA autonomous system external link entry, 179NSSAs (not-so-stubby areas), 182, 189–190,

716–718numbering standard IP access lists, 693

Oobtaining VLSM calculators, 74octets, route summarization, 77operational characteristics of EIGRP, 353optional attributes (BGP), 428

nontransitive, MED, 433–434transitive

aggregator, 443community, 435, 740

optionsip prefix-list, 497–499neighbor prefix list commands, 497

origin attribute (BGP), 434

multihoming


913

OSI (Open System Interconnection) reference model, 6, 247–248

application layer, 808backbone, 250characteristics, 800communication between layers, 802control information, 803data link layer, 805–806distance vector routing, 21domains, 249ES (end system), 250information exchange process, 803–805IS (intermediate system), 250layer services, 802–803lower layers, 800mapping protocols to layers of OSI reference model,

250network layer, 251, 806

CMNS versus CONP, 252ES-IS, 252hierarchical routing, 253–254

physical layer, 805presentation layer, 807protocols, 801session layer, 807transport layer, 807upper layers, 800

OSI protocol suite, versus OSI reference model, 250OSI routing, CLNS troubleshooting commands, 280–286OSPF (Open Shortest Path First), 116–119

ABRs, 255adjacencies, 107areas, 101, 175, 256

configuring, 191–194stub, 189–190totally stubby, 189–190types of, 181

backbone, 275BDRs, 106–108broadcast mode, configuring, 132broadcast multiaccess topology, 103–106

DRs, 106–107configuration execises, 142, 144–146, 148–151configuring in single area, 125–129convergence, 35–36, 99dead intervals, defaults, 118default route generation, 194–195default static routes, 423design guidelines, 177Dijkstra algorithm, 23DRs, 106

elections, 107flapping links, troubleshooting, 113hello intervals, defaults, 118hello packets, 104Hello protocol, 101–103hierarchical topology, 176interfaces, 101link cost, configuring, 101, 127link state, 101link-state database, 178load balancing, 113LSAs, 178–180

flooding, 114–115router link, 116

multiarea operationcase study, 204–207configuration exercise, 207–244flooding LSUs, 184–186NBMA, 195verifying, 204

multicast addressing, 104multiple-area configuration, example, 721– 724NBMA mode

configuring, 129–131neighbors relationships, 121–123subinterfaces, 120

neighbors, two-way state, 109NSSAs, 716–718packets, header fields, 105–106path selection, 100point-to-multipoint mode, configuring,

131–132point-to-point mode, configuring, 132–133reachability, 100redistribution, configuring, 563

example, 753exercises, 607–611, 622

route selection, 111–113router IDs, configuring, 126router types, 177–178routing tables, comparing, 182single-area configuration, example, 719–721startup, 109–110

exchange process, 109route discovery, 110–111

summarization, 195configuring, 199–202

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)


914

VLSM, 198summary routes, cost, 181topologies, 102unnumbered interfaces, 188verifying operation, 133–138versus Integrated IS-IS, 255–256virtual links, 186

configuring, 202–203VLSMs, 99

Ppacket filtering, access lists, 692–693

configuring, 694extensions, backwards compatibility, 693standard, 693, 696–697

packets, 6, 809EIGRP, 355

ACKs, suppressing, 378hello, 356Init bit, 360queries, 380reliability, 355

encapsulation, 6hello, 35, 104OSPF header fields, 105–106TTL field, 15

parameters for ip route command, 422partial updates, EIGRP, 351passive interface command, 566–567password recovery, 760, 762–763path of last resort, 421path selection, OSPF, 100path vectors, 419, 424, 643PBR

examples, 598–599fast-switched, 597route maps, 590

implementing, 592–597sequence numbering, 590–591

standard access lists, placement, 700verifying, 599

PDUs (protocol data units), 267hello messages, 271

adjacency establishment, 272–275IS-IS

CSNPs, 275–276PSNPs, 275–276

LSPs, 268fields, 269LAN representation, 269–270variables, 270

peer groupsBGP

configuring, 444disabling, 446

compatibility with route reflectors, 493configuring, 745–746example, 746, 748

periodic announcments, 38permitting prefix lists, criteria, 495physical layer (OSI model), 805physical topology, route reflector design, 490ping commands, 599, 782placement

extended access lists, 711standard access lists, 700

planning hierarchical addressing schemes, 69point-to-multipoint mode, OSPF

configuring, 131–132neighbor relationship, 122–123

point-to-multipoint nonbroadcast mode (OPSF), neighbor relationship, 123

point-to-point interfaces, static routing, 568point-to-point mode

IS-IS, link-state database synchronization, 276neighborship, 124OSPF, configuring, 116–117, 132–133subinterfaces, 120topologies, 102, 116–117

point-to-point WANs (IS-IS), configuring, 303poison reverse, 26, 29poisoned routes, 25policy-based routing, 647

BGP, 426port names

TCP, 706–707UDP, 708

port numbers, 706predefined well-known community numbers, 742preferred routes, BGP, 644prefix lists

announcing to Internet, 502applying to BGP, 494characteristics, 495configuring, 496–499

commands, 496exact matches, 497example, 500sequence numbers, 499verifying, 501

prefixes (subnet masks), 690presentation layer (OSI model), 807private addresses, 66

packet filtering, access lists


915

processing flowextended IP access lists, 701standard IP access lists, 694

protocol suites, 6protocols, 801

transparency, 248PSNPs, link-state database synchronization

(IS-IS), 275PVCs (permanent virtual circuits), calculating

requirements for, 118

Q-Rqueries, EIGRP, 355

controlling, 380scoping, 379

reachabilityEIGRP routes, 33OSFP, 100path vectors, 643

recovering passwords, 760–763redistribute command, 719redistribution, 181, 557–558, 648–649

access lists, configuring, 576–581addressing, example, 749–752administrative distance, 560best path selection, 559case study, 600–602configuring, 561–563

examples, 752–757exercises, 607–611, 622into EIGRP, 564into OSPF, 563

default metric, defining, 564–566EIGRP

for AppleTalk, 726for IPX, 725

example, 583–588guidelines, 559IGRP, 558implementing, 649in one direction, 571into BGP, 511–512into IGP, 513–514passive interfaces, configuring, 566–567seed metric, 561–562static routes, configuring, 567–575verifying, 589

reliability, EIGRP, 355Reliable Transport Protocol. See RTPreload command, 782Remaining Lifetime field (LSPs), 269

replies, EIGRP, 355requirements

classful routing subnets, 17configuration exercises, equipment, 847–849feasible successors, 362routing, 6stub areas, 190

reserved TCP port numbers, 706–707reserved UPD port numbers, 708resetting BGP sessions, 450, 508restricting vty access, 711restrictions

route reflectors, 493unnumbered interfaces, 84

retransmission list, RTP, 356RFCs (Requests for Comments), 813–816

RFC 1700, Assigned Numbers, 706RFC 1812, TTL, 15

RIP (Routing Information Protocol)boundary routers, configuring, 573–574convergence, 25–28holddown time, 26internal routers, configuring, 573metric, 10poison reverse, 26redistribution, 753

RIPE-NIC (Reseaux IP Europeennes-Network Information Center), 416

route filters, access listsconfiguring, 576–581route maps, 590–597

route map command, 590–591route maps, 646, 736–738

displaying, 599match commands, 737–738PBR, 590–597

verifying, 599sequence numbering, 590–591set commands, 737–738statements, 590

route redistribution, 648–649route reflectors, 487

benefits of, 487clients, 488cluster IDs, 488

configuring, 492clusters, 488compatibility with peer groups, 493configuring, 492

exercises, 517–523design, 488

example, 489–490

route reflectors


916

faulty, 490example, 493migrating to, 490nonclients, 488restrictions, 493routing loops, 487verifying, 494

route selection, EIGRP, 360–361route summarization, 75–76, 638–640

CIDR, 83–84classful routing protocols, 80discontiguous networks, 80EIGRP, 353, 369implementing, 78octets, 77OSPF, 195

configuring, 199–202VLSM, 198

VLSMs, 72, 78router IDs, OSPF, 126router is-is command, 289router link entries (OSPF), 179router link LSAs, 116routers

adjacencies, 107BDRs, 106–108Drothers, 107DRs, 106Integrated IS-IS, configuring, 288–294link state, 101neighbors, 101

routesflapping, 25poisoned, 25successors, 32, 354

routing, 5administrative distance, 8classful, 635–637defined, 635hierarchical, 176IGRP, metrics, 11–12interarea, 176metrics, 9neighbor relationships, 13packets, 6policy-based, 647protocol suites, 6requirements, 6RIP, metrics, 10

routing by rumor, 20routing loops, 487routing masks. See subnet masks

routing policies, prefix listsapplying to BGP, 494automatic generation, 499characteristics, 495configuring, 496–499exact matches, 497example, 500sequence numbers, 499verifying, 501

routing protocols, 801administrative distance, 560

modifying, 581–582advanced distance vector, EIGRP, 352believability, 560classful, 15–16

route summarization, 80subnetting, 17

classless, 18automatic summarization, 18subnetting, 19VLSMs, 638

convergence, 24default metric, defining, 564–566distance vector, 20–22EIGRP, convergence, 32–35IGRP, convergence, 29–32link-state, 22–23metrics, 6OSPF, convergence, 35–36RIP

convergence, 25–26, 28holddown time, 26poison reverse, 26

scalability, comparing, 419routing tables, 101

analyzing, 38–39best paths, 6EIGRP, DUAL, 362–367entries, 7OSPF, comparing, 182

routing updates, controlling, 645RTO (retransmit timeout), 358RTP (Reliable Transport Protocol), 355

Sscalability, comparing among routing protocols, 419seed metric, 561–562segments, 809selecting routes

BGP best paths, 440–441, 559

route selection, EIGRP


917

modifying administrative distance, 581–582

EIGRP for AppleTalk, 726EIGRP for IPX, 725OSPF, 111–113

sending communities attribute to neighbors (BGP), 741

Seq number (EIGRP), 358sequence numbering

BGP prefix lists, 499route maps, 590–591

serial interfacesEIGRP, configuring, 374unnumbered, 84–85

server placement, helper addresses, 87sessions

BGP, resetting, 508TCP, 706

session layer (OSI model), 807set commands, route maps, 737–738set community command, 740set default interface command, 595–596set ip default next-hop command, 595set ip next-hop command, 594set ip precedence command, 596setup command, 782setup diagram, configuration exercises, 849shortage of IP addresses, causes of, 65–66show access-lists command, 782show CDP neighbors command, 782show CDP neighbors detail command, 782show clns command, 301show clns interface command, 299–300show clns is-neighbors command, 301–302show clns neighbors command, 294, 299

detail keyword, 295show clns protocol command, 298–299show clns route command, 281, 284, 296show controllers command, 782show interfaces command, 361, 782show ip bgp command, example output, 453show ip bgp neighbors command, 494

example output, 454–455show ip bgp summary command, example

output, 454show ip eigrp neighbors command, 356, 358, 386show ip eigrp topology command, 358, 386show ip eigrp traffic command, 386show ip ospf database command, 721show ip ospf interface command, 127, 134show ip ospf neighbor command, 135show ip ospf neighbor detail command, 136show ip policy command, 599

show ip prefix-list command, 501show ip prefix-list detail command, 501show ip protocols command, 133, 297,

300–301, 386show ip route command, 9, 38–39, 133, 282,

297, 372show ip route eigrp command, 386show ip route ospf command, 134show isis database command, 296show isis route command, 281, 284–285, 296show isis spf-log command, 302show isis topology command, 280, 283show lines command, 782show logging command, 782show route-maps command, 782show running-config command, 782show startup-config command, 782show version command, 782SIA (stuck-in-active) routes, 379–380single-area OSPF configuration, 125–129, 719–721SNPA (subnetwork point of attachment), 266solutions to depleting IP addresses, 637–638specifying prefix lists, sequence numbers, 499split horizon

BGP, 485–486EIGRP, 360route reflectors

clients, 488cluster IDs, 488cluster lists, 488compatibility with peer groups, 493configuration exercises, 517–523configuring, 492design, 488–490example, 493faulty design, 490migrating to, 490restrictions, 493verifying, 494

SRTT (smooth round trip timer), 358standard access lists, placement, 700standard areas, 181standard IP access lists, 593, 693

configuring, 696–697example, 699–700numbering, 693processing, 694wildcard masks, 695

standards, ISO, 247–248star topologies, 118

star topologies


918

startup (OSPF)discovery process, 110–111exchange process, 109

statements (route maps), 590static routes, 421

administrative distance, 421CLNS, 254configuring, 567–575example, 422filtering, example, 580–581redistributing into BGP, 512

station routers, 257stub areas, 182

configuring, 191–194NSSAs, 716–718requirements, 190

stubby areas, 189–190subinterfaces, 120subnet masking, 66, 637subnet masks, 16, 687

calculating, 687–689prefixes, 690

subnet zero, 67configuring, 67

subnetting, 67classful routing, 17classless routing protocols, 19discontiguous, route summarization, 81–82extending IP addresses

subnetting, 68–69job aids, 681VLSMs, 71–72

calculating, 73example, 74

subnetwork point of attachment (SNPA), 266successors, 32

EIGRP, 354summarization, 75–76, 638–639

CIDR, 83–84classful routing protocols, 16, 80discontiguous networks, 80EIGRP, 353, 369

configuring, 370–372implementing, 78octets, 77OSPF, 195

configuring, 199–202VLSM, 198

VLSM-designed networks, 72, 78summary addresses, creating, 448–449summary link entries (OSPF), 179summary numbers, 70

summary routesadvertising, 512EIGRP, 360OSPF, cost, 181viewing, 9

summary-address command, 291, 372Super Lab, part I

answers to, 662–668configuration exercies, 655–658

Super Lab, part IIanswers to, 669–676configuration exercies, 658–661

supernetting, 639. See also summarizationsuppressing ACKs, 378switched WANs (IS-IS), configuring, 304switching, 5, 13

defined, 635synchronization (BGP), 436–437

disabling, 448syntax, BGP configuration commands, 445system IDs (IS-IS), restrictions, 265–266

Ttables

BGP, 425EXEC commands

IP-related, 785–788WAN interface-related, 795

IP-related configuration commands, 788–795WAN configuration commands (table),

795–796TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), 424

port names, 706–707sessions, 706

TCP/IP applications, 808telnet command, 782testing convergence

EIGRP, 33–35IGRP, 30OSPF, 36RIP convergence, 26

third-party next hops, 431tiered network model, 384–385timers, IS-IS, 256topological database, 22–23, 101

convergence, 24EIGRP, 32–35IGRP, 29–32RIP, 25–26, 28

periodic announcements, 38triggered updates, 38

topologiesOSPF, 102

startup (OSPF)


919

broadcast multiaccess, 103–107NBMA, 117–119point-to-point, 116–117

route reflector design, 490topology table, EIGRP, 354, 358totally stubby areas, 182, 189–190


traceroute command, 589, 599, 782traffic

BGP, controlling, 647EIGRP, load balancing, 372routing updates, filtering, 576, 578–581

traffic-share command, 373trailers, 803, 809transparent protocols, 248transport layer (OSI model), 807

routing protocols, 21triggered updates, 38troubleshooting

flapping links, 113Integrated IS-IS, 294–302

trustworthiness, 7–8TTL (time-to-live), BGP configuration, 446TTL field, 15two-area Integrated IS-IS configuration, 293–294two-way redistribution, 575two-way state, 109type 7 LSAs, 716–717type codes for BGP attributes, 429

UUDP port names, 708unicasts, helper addresses, 86–87


unnumbered interfaces, 84–85OSPF, 188

unreachable routes, EIGRP, 33update messages (BGP), 439update policies, peer group configuration, 745–746updates

BGP, controlling, 645–647EIGRP, 355LSAs, 178–180

upper layers of OSI model, 800uptime, EIGRP, 358utilities, confreg, 760

Vvariables of EIGRP metric calculation, 360–361variance 2 command, 374variance 4 command, 374variance command, 372verifying

access list configuration, 713–714BGP operation, 452EIGRP operation, 386OSPF operation, 133–138

multiarea operation, 204policy based routing, 599prefix lists, 501redistribution operation, 589route reflectors, 494

viewingroute maps, 599summary routes, 9

virtual circuit management, 807virtual links, 186

OSPF, configuring, 202–203VLSM (variable-length subnet masking), 19, 71–72, 198,

638calculating, 73calculators, obtaining, 74example, 74OSPF, 198

configuring, 199–202route summarization, 78

vty access, denying, 711

W-ZWAN commands, 776–778WAN interface-related EXEC commands, 795WANs, 801

EIGRP links, configuring, 374–375, 377IS-IS, 305–312

point-to-point configuration, 303switched configuration, 304

weight (multihomed routes)configuring, 507modifying, 510

weight attribute (BGP), 435well-known attributes (BGP), 428

discretionary atomic aggregate, 443local preference, 432

mandatoryAS-path, 429–430next-hop, 430–431

well-known attributes (BGP)


920

origin, 434well-known UDP port numbers, 21which route command, 281, 285–286wildcard masks, 695

examples, 695–696implicit, 698

wire, 67

well-known UDP port numbers


bsci index.fm page 898 tuesday, march 11, 2003 8:41...

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