bsnl summer training ppt

8/19/2019 bsnl Summer Training ppt

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SUMMER TRAINING PRESENTATION

BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED(BSNL)

Submitted to: Submitted By :


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• Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited BSNL!i" a #ub$ic "ector te$ecommunication

com#any o% India&• BSNL i" the '%th $arge"t mobi$ete$e#hony ha(ing a cu"tomer ba"e o% )*crore" a" o% +une *,)-&• BSNL ha" )*&./ mar0et"hare in India&• It" head 1uarter" are at Bharat SancharBha2an3 4ari"h 5handra Mathur Lane3

6an#ath Ne2 7e$hi&

INTRODUCTION


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CONTENT• LEASE7 LINES

• OPTI5AL 8IBER

• MLLN MANAGE7 LEASE7

LINES!

• PULSE 5O7E MO7ULATION

• MULTIPLE9ING


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LEASED LINES• A $ea"ed $ine i" a #ermanent 'ber o#ticor cab$e %orte$e#hone connection bet2een t2o

#oint" "et u# by a te$ecommunication" carrier&• A $ea"ed $ine i" a$"o "ometime" re%erred toa" a dedicated $ine&

• The"e are genera$$y u"ed by in ban0"3o ce" and many other #$ace"&


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BAN;

BAN;

OPTI5AL8IBREOR

5ABLE

LEASE7 LINE < 7IAGRAM


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7RA=BA5; • No 5entra$i>ed Monitoring or a$arm or

#er%ormance monitering

• Ma?imum data rate @ 0b#" %orbroadbrand• To o(ercome thi" MLLN i"u"ed• 4ere MLLN "tand" %orManaged Lea"ed LineNet2or0


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• The MLLN "er(ice i" "#ecia$$yde"igned main$y %or ha(ing

e ecti(e contro$ andmonitoring on the $ea"ed $ine"o that the do2n time i"

minimi>ed and the circuite ciency i" increa"ed& Thi"main$y dea$" 2ith data circuit"

ranging %rom @ ;b#" to *, C

MANAGE7 LEASE7 LINE

NET=OR;


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• 5ontro$ manage the $ea"ed $inenet2or0&

• U"ing NMS3 MLLN can #ro(ide high"#eed Lea"ed Line 2ith im#ro(edDoS3 high a(ai$abi$ity&

• Band2idth management a" #er thecu"tomer demand&

• E?ce#t %or connecting the $oca$ $ead to

the MO7EM a$$ o#eration" maintenance i" carried out throughROT Remote O#erating Termina$!

• * * ROT u#to *,,F and ) C ne2 ROT

in"ta$$ed a%ter *,,F&•

MLLN

8EATURES


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MLLN

A7HANTAGES• Band2idth Management a" #er cu"tomer

re1uirement @ ;b#" and n @ ;b#" u# toto *, C ;b#"!&

• Sa(ing the co"t o% modem"& NTU i"#ro(ided by BSNL 2itout any charge"&

•

Proacti(e maintenance&• Time de#endent band2idth&

• Time de#endent band2idth:MLLN "y"tem i" ca#ab$e %or #ro(iding

de%erentia$ time de#endent band2idth onre1ue"t& 8o$$o2ing #arameter" "hou$d becon"idered 2hich acce#ting the re1ue"t&• Minimum #eriod:

One month and in mu$ti#$ie" there o%&• Minimum time #er day:


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• O#tica$ 'ber con"i"t" o% a core

and a c$adding $ayer3 "e$ected%or tota$ interna$ reJection dueto the di erence in the

re%racti(e inde? bet2een the

• Genera$$y through coa?ia$cab$e" the "#eed o%tran"mi""ion 2a" not "o high 3Thu" O#tica$ 'bre i" u"ed toincrea"e the "#eed o%trami""ion bet2een t2o #oint"

%or communication #ur#o"e& .

OPTI5AL 8IBER


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PRINCIPLE OF OPTICAL-FIBER

Fig-Principle of Optical -Fiber


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ø 1

Angle of incidence

n1

n2ø 2

n1

n2

ø 1

ø 2

n1

n2

ø 1 ø 2

Angle of reflection

Light is bent awayfrom normal

Light does not entersecond material

Tota$ Interna$ ReJection < The ReJection thatOccur" 2hen a Ligh Ray Tra(e$$ing in OneMateria$ 4it" a 7i erent Materia$ andReJect" Bac0 into the Origina$ Materia$


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Mu$ti#$e?ing or mu?ing! i" a2ay o% "ending mu$ti#$e "igna$"or "tream" o% in%ormation o(er a

communication $in0 at the "ametime in the %orm o% a "ing$ecom#$e? "igna$K the recei(er

reco(er" the "e#arate "igna$ a#roce"" ca$$ed demu$ti#$e?ingor demu?ing!&

MULTIPLE9ING


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87M techni1ue" u"ua$$y 'nd their a##$ication inana$ogue tran"mi""ion "y"tem"& An ana$ogue

tran"mi""ion "y"tem i" one 2hich i" u"ed %ortran"mitting continuou"$y (arying "igna$"&

8ig& 87M Princi#$e


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*& Time 7i(i"ion Mu$ti#$e?ing =hen the #u$"e i" #re"ent %or a

"hort duration and %or mo"t o% the timebet2een the t2o #u$"e"3 no "igna$ i"#re"ent& Thi" %ree "#ace bet2een the#u$"e" can be occu#ied by #u$"e" %romother channe$"& Thi" i" 0no2n ca$$ed Time7i(i"ion Mu$ti#$e?ing T7M!& In T7M that "igna$ to be mu$ti#$e?edare tran"mitted "e1uentia$$y one a%ter theother& Each "igna$ occu#ie" a "hort time"$ot & Thu"3 the "igna$" are i"o$ated %rom

each other in the time domain3 but a$$ o%them occu the "ame "$ot in the


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Time 7i(i"ionMu$ti#$e?ing


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•

Pu$"e code modu$ation i" a digita$"cheme %or tran"mitting ana$ogdata& The "igna$" in P5M arebinary that i"3 there are on$y t2o

#o""ib$e "tate"3 re#re"ented by$ogic ) high! and $ogic , $o2!&

• P5M "y"tem" u"e T7M techni1ue to#ro(ide a number o% circuit" onthe "ame tran"mi""ion

medium (i> o#en 2ire orunderground cab$e #air or

a channe$ #ro(ided by carrier3coa?ia$3 micro2a(e

or "ate$$ite "y"tem&

PULSE 5O7E

MO7ULATION


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To de(e$o# a P5M "igna$ %rom "e(era$ ana$ogue "igna$"3 the%o$$o2ing #roce""ing "te#" are re1uired)& 8i$tering*& Sam#$ingF& Duanti"ation

& Encoding

)& 8ILTERING8i$ter" are u"ed to $imit the "#eech "igna$ to the %re1uencyband F,,&*& SAMPLING "am#$ing o% the "igna$ i" the %undamenta$ o#eration in"igna$ #roce""ing& A continuou" time "igna$ i" 'r"t con(ertedto di"crete time "igna$ by "am#$ing theorem& Sam#$ing theorem "tate" :

A continuou" time "igna$ may be com#$ete$y re#re"entedin it" "am#$e" and reco(ered bac0 i% the "am#$ing %re1uency i"

%" *%m&4ere %" i" "am#$ing %re1uency and %m i" ma?imum %re1uency

BASI5 REDUIREMENTS 8ORP5M S STEM


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Sam#$ing Proce""


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F& Duanti"ation : "ometime" in communication "y"tem" iti" re1uired to con(ert ana$og "igna$ into

digita$ "igna$ or can "ay to con(ert acontinuou" time "igna$ in the %orm o%digit"&8or thi" #ur#o"e 2e get the "am#$e" o%

ana$og "igna$ the "am#$e" are ta0en ate1ua$ time in"tant" at the time a?i" andat each o% the"e time in"tant" themagnitude o% the "igna$ i" mea"ured and

thi" "am#$e" o% the "igna$" are ta0en &no2 "igna$ i" in di"crete time ho2e(erthe "am#$e can ta0e any (a$ue incontinuou" range3 the "igna$ i" "ti$$ an

ana$og "igna$ thi" di cu$ty i" re"o$(ed by


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Quantizing is done for both positive and negative swings. As shown inFig., eight quantizing levels are used for each direction of theanalogue signal. To indicate whether a sa ple is negative withreference to zero or is positive with reference zero, an e!tra digit isadded to the binar" code. This e!tra digit is called the #sign bit#. $n Fig. positive values have a sign bit of % &% and negative values have sign

bit of%'%.

QUANTIZING - SIGNAL WITH + Ve & - VeVALUES


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Encodin(onversion of quantised analogue levels to binar" signal is called encoding. To represent

)*+ steps, level code is required. The eight bit code is also called an eight bit #word#.The bit word appears in the for

P ABC W!"ZPolarit" bit & /eg ent (ode 0inear encoding

for 1 ve %O% for - ve.

The first bit gives the sign of the voltage to be coded. 2e!t 3 bits gives the seg ent nu ber. Thereare seg ents for the positive voltages and for negative voltages. 0ast 4 bits give the position in theseg ent. 5ach seg ent contains &+ positions. 6eferring to Fig. 78b9, voltage :c will be encoded as & &&&

'&'&.

Encoding Curve withCompression 8 Bit Code


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bsnl summer training ppt

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