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    01 Topics

    - Technology of constructions, basic terms and definitions, management of constructions,

    building processes

    - Pre-building, building and operation preparations

    - Construction technology processes and designing

    - Time planning

    - Site facilities

    - Earth moving and utility lines

    - Foundation of structures

    - Brickwork and stonework

    - Reinforced concrete structures, formwork, bracing

    - Preliminary interior works, finishing works

    Technology as a branch of science deals generally with productionprocesses. Construction

    technology deals with production processes that resultin ready-to-use building products,

    this means structures, buildingsand constructions.

    Scope of the constructiontechnology and managementof construction

    Mechanisation of constructionprocesses

    Technology of basic constructionprocesses in shell construction

    Technology of interior and finishing processes

    Modelling of constructiontechnology for buildings and properties

    Time schedulesand modelling ofa time course of works

    Theory of designing and optimising site facil ities, incl. environment protection

    Occupational safety and health principles in constructionworks

    Quality in construction works

    Methods and theory of construction technology design incl. computer-aidedtools

    Theory of automated preparation of constructions

    Theory of management of constructionproduction and construction

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    Irreplaceable role in the construction process

    Construction ofbuildings, building constructions, defects and reconstructions

    Construction equipmentand stressanalyses

    Building services

    Management and economyof building industry

    Basic terms

    CONSTRUCTION i s notdefined in the building law. Within the context of products, the

    constructionis an outcomeof constructionworks incl. deliveries of building and construction

    materials, constructionequipment and tools. Works are typically carried out in a continuous

    place in a continuous time where the objective is to create assets (new construction) or to

    change existing assets (reconstruction,modernisation, adaptation,additional construction,

    annexed building or constructionalternations).

    GROUP OF BUILDINGS consists of mutuallyrelated structuresbuilt withininvestment

    constructions ina continuous territory and/or for acommon purpose in various places (such

    as residentialareas, industrial premises, transport and line constructions...).

    CONSTRUCTION PROPERTY is an integrated or technically independentpart of a buildingthat

    fulfills a special purpose.

    OPERATION ASSEMBLY is a groupof equipment and machines, incl. installations, and

    investment inventories used for independent technology or non-technology sub-processes

    that is put into operation in a continuous time.

    BUILDING UNIT consistsof oneor moreground structures and other utility or transport

    facil ities that are connected with them inthe space and are needed for their operation.

    BUILDING PART OF THE BUILDING UNIT comprises severalconstruction properties with the

    same purpose or technology nature that will be used for constructionof the building unit.

    BUILDING GROUP is a group of groundstructures, utility services, transportnetworksandoperation assemblies (incl.places needed for the constructions that form, after completion, a

    separate part of the buildingunit thatcan be operated independently in that location and/or

    that can be used independently for construction.

    CONSTRUCION PROCESS comprisesactivities such as planning, designing, construction,

    erection ofoperation assemblies and all related administrativeactivities and production

    processes the outcome of which is the construction (project).

    PRODUCTION PROCESS i s a systematic, progressivechange of a original material into a

    desired product.

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    BUILDING PROCESS i s a part ofthe productionprocess theoutcomeof which is a buildingor

    a part ofa building.

    PROCEDURE is a part of a building sub-process that consists of several technically related

    operations. The outcome is a construction component.

    BUILDING SUB-PROCESS comprisesone or moreprocedures carried out by a working team (a

    gang of workers) with the same or variable manpower deployment. The outcomeis a building

    structure.

    STAGE PROCESS comprises severalbuilding subprocessesthat are related in space and in

    terms of technology, that follow each other in the course of time and progress, typically, in

    one direction. The outcome is a technology stage.

    PROCESS OF VOLUME OF BUILDINGS UNDER CONSTRUCTION comprises inter-related stage

    processes. The outcomeis the volume of buildings under construction.

    CONSTRUCTION PROPERTY PROCESS comprises several inter-related processes of the

    volume ofbuildings under constructions. The outcome is a construction property.

    MANAGEMENT PROCESS is a stage building process or buildingsub-processthat influences

    the speed of other processes and determines, inturn, in-timecompletion of thebuilding

    work. This process typically creates by the constructions a production space or other sub-

    processes in the property (upper structure).

    TECHNOLOGY STAGE is a structurally integrated part of a construction propertythat needs,

    or is desirable, to be produced jointly (suchas foundations, lower structureor upperstructure).

    VOLUME OF BUILDINGS UNDER CONSTRUCTIONS is an integrated part, in terms of

    production,of a constructionproperty thatconsists of several technology stages with an inter

    -related purposes (such as a lower structure incl. earthmoving works and foundations).

    Main features of stage processes for analyses

    a) Work items(waterproofing material,scrapers, bolts)

    b) Work tools (welding equipment)

    c) Labourforce (insulation workers, ditchdiggers)

    d) Working (production) area (min.600 mm)

    e) Intermediate products (fillings, ducts)

    f) External influence (ambient temperature, rain, snow)

    Basic terms

    From the point of view of technology, there are heterogeneous and homogeneousstructures:

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    Homogeneous structures: i ndividualparts of decisive structures are evenly distributed, this

    means labour consumption is also evenlydistributed (for instance, apartment buildings

    where floors are same)

    Heterogeneous structures: individual parts of decisive components are distributed unevenly

    and labour consumptionvaries too (for instance, a structure with more complex solution, e.g.

    a generation block in a power plant)

    Complexbuilding process: can be modelled as a system consisting of elements (productsand

    building processes) and linksdefined on thebasis of space, technology,time and law criteria

    that need to be taken into account in the model.

    PREPARATION OF CONSTRUCTION deals with links between individual elementsof the

    process of constructionand property. The purpose is to develop and draft an optimum

    procedure for the construction in certain conditions. This process comprises a draft of

    building processes as well as methods for collection and processing of documents necessaryfor the construction.

    Three phases of construction preparations

    1. Pre-building preparations: Feasibility study, business intention, action area planning, building

    procedure/building permit (so called Basic Design) and an offer are drafted.

    2. Building preparations: Detail Design, rules for the Detail Design and production costing are

    prepared.

    3. Operation preparations: subjects and times are updated for the productionpreparation and

    activities needed directly for the performance and construction are carried out (incl.

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    operative plans, orders, invoices - all documents are updated depending on the progress of

    workson site)

    Relations and links in the construction and technology preparations

    Investment process and parties involved

    Construction and technology project (STP)

    This is the outcome of constructionpreparations. A model of the constructionprocess is

    prepared on thebasis of

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    - a space analysis

    - technology and time aspects of the buildingprocess

    Basic documents in STP:

    - Technology chart that analyses the spatial structure of the building process

    - Technology analysis (normal) that analyses the technology structureof the buildingprocess

    - Time chart that analyses the time structure of the buildingprocess

    - Flow chart that models the technology, time and spatial structuresof the construction

    process or facil ity

    - Time-and-space chart that analyses the time and space structures ofthe building process

    - Charts of resources needed in time (finances, labour force, materials)

    - Operative and financial plan

    - Inspection and testing plan

    Description of site facil ities

    Structure of the construction and facility buildingprocess

    Structure of the process in general

    This comprisesthe structure of individual components of theproduction processthat apply to

    the propertybuilding processes too.

    PROPERTY PROCESS: takes place

    in a certain place

    using a certainprocedure

    in a certain time

    The space, time and the property process has acertain division and layout. The internallayoutof the property processcreates certain structures. The structure ofthe property

    process is thecomposition of specific components of the propertyprocess.

    Following structures are used in construction and technology projects:

    SPACE STRUCTURE

    TECHNOLOGY STRUCTURE

    TIME STRUCTURE

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    The structure form the system of the productionprocess and should be analysed jointly, not

    separately, whenproposing the property buildingprocess.

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    02 Space structure - parametrs and description

    The space structure consists of locations of production/working areas for a certain

    production process. The space structurecomprises storage areas, transport routes, locations

    of machines,equipment and distribution lines, and locations of employees in the space as

    well as spatial relations between all those components.

    The space structure changes in the progress of production for different products.The space

    structure is inaccordance with the technology and time structures.

    Following items are analysed within thespace structure of the constructionand propertyprocesses:

    Division of the space for the buildingunit and construction propertyinto components, i.e.

    into intermediate products (such as constructiongroups and parts of the construction

    properties with the same technology,properties, operation assemblies, technology stages,

    performance sections, parts and workplaces) from the point of view of production.

    Sequence of the mentioned components in theflow of production, this meansthe direction

    of construction, sequenceof construction groups,sequence of building processes for

    properties and stages and sequence of buildingsub-processes.

    Definitionof the minimum working space needed for major assemblies and related

    technology stages.

    Proposal and evaluation of the layoutin the space and operations tobe performed by liftingequipment

    The space where the construction property is being constructed is divided into:

    1. PERFORMANCE PART

    This is the space defined for a specific construction of a constructionproperty, for instance a

    compensation section of the property where all volumes of worksunder construction are

    carried out.

    2. SECTION

    This is the space where a respective technology stage is carried out. Each section have

    common borders for workplaces withinthe associated building sub-processes.

    3. WORKPLACE

    It is a part of a section inthe technology stage that is defined separately for eachbuilding

    process. The border is definedby joints (bothstructural and working joints), and connections

    of structures or by the completedstructure. The workplace is a basis for the minimum

    working queue(the working space) because one group of workers can typically work in one

    workplace.

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    Technology stage: upper shell structure

    4-floor building,monolithic reinforced concrete skeleton with two compensation parts: A and

    B

    The upper shell structure will be produced using 4 compensation building processes

    (formworks, armouring, concrete work,formwork dismantling) with various bordersof

    workplaces.

    The formworksand formwork dismantling take place typically for entire spans of the skeleton,

    while the connection of supportsand construction joints need to consider the static effects of

    the structure. Therefore, the borders of workplaces are in locations with minimum bending

    moments and internal forces in the structure.

    The common borders of theworkplaces for those four buildingsub-processes are givenin the

    horizontal direction by the compensation jointsor, once the structure is completed, by the

    structural heightof the floor in theverticaldirection. Therefore, onesections corresponds

    here to onecompensation part in one floor.

    The flow of works describes the flow of buildingsub-processes and/or stage processes, this

    meansthe flow of productionforces in the property under construction. The flow shows the

    relocation of production forces from oneproduction space into another.

    The building sub-processes in one stage processhave always the same direction of the flow

    typical for that stage process.

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    Stage processes and building sub-processes are typically performed in following directions:

    1. Horizontal direction (H): This direction is typicalfor thesections and workplaces in followingstage processes: lower shell structure, upper shell structure (one-floor building), roofing and

    landscaping.

    2. Horizontal ascending direction (HV) This direction is typical for the sections and workplaces

    mainly in the following stage process: upper shell structure (multi-floor building).

    3. Vertical ascending direction (VV): This direction is typical for the sectionsmainly in multi-floor

    buildings in theupper shell structure and for sections and workplaces in followingstage

    processes: partition walls and primary wiring or internal plastering and coating.

    4. Vertical descending direction (VS): This direction is typical for the sectionsand workplacesmainly in multi-floor buildings in following stage processes: interior floor, surface and

    technology, interior assembling works and outdoor works on facades.

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    The directions must be always in accordance with the structuraland stress parameters

    Most importantparameters in the space structure:

    - work queue coefficient

    - number of spatial parts with the same complexity

    Building with n floor

    Example: primary installations - minimumworking space in the 2nd floor: this means the

    minimumwork queue for the process is M. The total work space is C and covers n floors.

    Work queue coefficient is fij (%)

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    This coefficient describeswhat is the minimumpart of the product/property that needs to be

    completed within the i process so that thefollowing j processcould start and so thatthe both

    processes would not collide.fij is the basic indicator thatcharacterises theminimumworking

    space needed for a process. fij is a space structure parameter for inter-relation of two

    processes.

    In general: eachprocess requires a different minimumwork queue.

    For building construction properties,not morethan 3 various valuesof the main work queue

    coefficients have proved to beenough for the space structureof the production process.Those values need tobe calculated from the main minimum work queues.

    The technology chart describes the space structure of the property processand provides

    some data about the technology structure.

    Technology chartsare drafted only for more complex construction properties.Typically, they

    consist of following parts:

    1. Diagrammatic sectionand/or plane view of the propertywhere the propertyis divided into

    parts with various production facil ities and technologies

    2. Definitionof technology stages and technology sections

    3. Determination of the flow of works for specific stage processes

    4. Proposal and assessment of lifting equipment

    Spatial zoning of the property and the flow of works is influenced mainly by:

    - the stress and structuralanalyses (constructionand compensation joints)

    - assessment ofstability of parts of the propertythat are under construction

    - assessment of gradual loading of structures and foundation subsoil

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    - selection of constructionequipment/cranes

    Proposal and analysis of lifting equipment (tower crane)

    - Graphical and numerical solutions are usedto prove thatparameters of the crane meet

    dimensions of the construction propertyand parametersof components that will bel ifted.

    - Proposal of a crane: as small and as cheap as possible (cranes are expensive)

    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Typically, following aspects need to be considered:

    - Working radius of thecranearm and distance of the components from the crane axis.

    - The lifting height of the hookdecreased by the slinging equipment height,height of the

    component to be lifted and handling height for installation of the component in respect of

    the components in the structure of the property.

    - Load-carrying capacity of the crane for the specific working radiusand lifting height - it must

    correspondto the locationof the components in the structure of the property and weightsof

    the components. Typically, a component with the maximum weight and most negative

    position should be considered.

    - Whether the crane structure does not jeopardise the operation and environment.

    - Whether the position of the structure does notinfluence negatively the subsoil and

    foundation structures.

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    03 Technology structure, parameters and description

    The technology structure of a buildingprocessexists in time and in space. Therefore,it must

    be described inaccordance with thetime and space structures of the buildingprocess.

    The technology structure of the building process comprises:

    - division of a general process into property-related processes, divisionof a propertyprocess

    into processes relating to the volume of buildingunder construction, stage processes, and

    building sub-processes.

    - sequence of propertyprocesses, processes relating to the volume of building under

    construction, stage processes and building sub-processes.

    - technology linksbetween processes.

    - labour force and structure of the labour force.

    - work tools and structure of the work tools.

    - work itemsand structure of the workitems.

    Most importantparameters in the technology structure:

    1. Number of properties,volumes of buildings under reconstruction and technology stages

    2. Number of buildingsub-processes

    3. Scope of production

    4. Labourconsumption

    5. Labourproductivity

    6. Number and composition of labour force

    7. Number of machines and equipment

    Number of properties is determined on the basis of a layoutdrawing, technology report of

    projectdocumentation.

    The volumes of buildings under constructionand technologystages is generally determined

    in technology analysesof the propertyprocess depending on the space structureof the

    building process.

    The number of building sub-processes is determined using a technologyaggregation standard

    for all procedures that are listed in the analysis sheet for the propertyor production

    calculation.

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    Scopeof production:Q Labourconsumption: P

    This is the quantity of a product that is an outcomeof acertain process. It is expressed in

    physical or financial units. This is the basis for calculation of the labour consumption, labourproductivity or for determinationof building materials or half-finished products that are

    needed for the construction.

    (m2, m3, Ks, Kg)

    (K , thousand K )

    This is the quantity of labour needed for production of a certainquantity of a product in a

    certain process. Following types exist:

    -

    Standardised labour consumption measured in standard hours

    PN =Q . N c(Nh)

    - Real labour consumption measured in workinghours :

    PS= (Q . Nc) / n (Ph)

    - Standardised labour consumption measured in standard hours

    PN =Q . N c(Nh)

    - Real labour consumption measured in workinghours :

    PS= (Q . Nc) / n (Ph)

    Q = scope of productionexpressed in physical or financial units.

    NC = labour unit,this means a standardised consumption of working time of one

    worker/machine per a measure unit of a qualityproduce produced in a certain process. The

    unit is standard time/measure unit of a product (the value is taken from time samples of

    building processes on the site)

    n = coefficient of standard intensity (the ratio between the realand standard labourconsumption ofa certain process)This is a corporatecoefficient determined using statistic

    methods. It is expressed in % or dimensionless units

    Labourproductivity: Pr

    This is the scopeof production of a certain process produced by an employee per a unit of

    time.

    Pr = Q / T

    Q scopeof productionmeasured in physical or financial units

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    T time (in units of time) during which the scope of production, Q,

    has been produced

    Types of productivity: daily, weekly, monthly,yearly

    Units: financial, physical

    Attention is paid to the number of employees in:

    HSV primary building operations

    PSV secondary building operations

    The technology structure of theproperty process is shown in analysis sheets and technology

    norm.

    Analysis sheet

    An analysis sheet describes in detail the technology structure ofthe propertyprocess thatis

    divided into procedures (inpast, the term "a preliminary technology norm" was used).

    The analysis sheet is the basic technology document that analyses individual processes during

    which the structural components are produced. The analysis sheet classifies them into stage

    processes, technology procedures, labour consumption and buildingsub-processes based on the

    manpower deployment for thespecific technology.

    Once theanalysis sheet is drafted, a technology normneeds to be prepared. Itlists a

    technology sequence of building sub-processes, this means processes allocated to different working

    groups and/or determined by a specificmanpower deployment.

    In order to aggregate the individual procedures into building sub-processes in a technology

    norm, following rulesmust be followed:

    &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&.

    1. The aggregatedprocedures are carried out by thesame working group (for instance,

    150 mm and 100 mm partition walls are erected by the same groupof workers).

    2. The aggregatedprocedures take placeshortly after eachother (e.g. theconstruction

    of the partitions follows directly the construction of another partitions).

    3. Thereare not any technology interruptionsbetween theaggregated processes.

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    04 Time structure - parameters and description

    The time structure of a building processresults from time links with the space and technology

    analysis of the building process. The time structure cannotbe analysedapart from the space

    and technology structures.

    The time structure of a building process comprises:

    1. Time sequenceand time schedule of all property processes, stage processes and buildingsub-

    processes

    2. Time evaluation of links between the processes (determination of time values for respective

    links)

    3. Sourcesneeded in time (finances, labour force, materials, machines)

    Most importantparameters in the time structure:

    1. Duration of a buildingsub-process

    2. Time and durationof deployment of thestage processes

    3. Time and durationof deployment of the property processes and processes relating to the

    volume of buildings under construction

    4. Time values of relations between the processes

    5. Starting and endingdates for the buildingprocesses

    The time structure parameters are expressed in units of time(days, weeks and months).

    The starting and ending dates of thebuildingprocesses can be expressed relatively, this

    means as a number of time units from the start of construction, or absolutely as a calendar

    day.

    Duration of a building sub-proces, can be calculated by one of two available methods

    (depending on input datathat are available).

    Natural method

    Financial method

    Natural method

    The naturalmethod is based on the real labour consumption calculated from a physical

    volume of production ofa certain building sub-process. Physical units are used. It is also

    possible to use the real labour consumption specified in the operation costing.

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    Maximum number of workers, d max, is givenby the size of theworking queue or by supplier's

    capacity.

    Different number of workers or machines in the range from d max todmi nresult in different

    durations of the building sub-processes: fromt min to t max

    Time of the i th stage process, this meanst i, in time unitscan be calculated as a time of

    deploymentof the i th stage process,T i , and the time of the last building sub-process,t posl,

    that takes place in the stage process (in time units).

    t i= T i+ t posl ( .j.)

    The time structure is shown in time charts (time schedules).

    The time structure together with the space structure is shown in time-space charts(in past,

    the term "cyclogram" was used). Activities are shown there depending on the time and space.

    The horizontal axis is the time axis and thevertical axis is the space axis.

    The time structure can be also described in flow charts thatare well suited for depictionof

    complex building processes or propertyprocesses that are divided, as systems, into building

    sub-processes.

    Time structure charts include also charts describing the sources needed (workers, financial

    costsor materials).

    Stage process consists of buildingsub-processes: There are certain LINKS betweenbuilding

    sub-processes, stage processes or processes relating to the volumeof building under

    constructions (= components of the propertybuilding process).

    - Information links

    - Links resulting from the progress of construction: sequence of activities,distribution

    of work,minimum working queue...

    Links relating to technology are technology links .

    Activities (building sub-processes) are organisational links .

    - Technology link is the primary link.

    - Organisational link is the secondary link.

    Links between the processes are used tocalculate the starting and endingdates for the

    building processes. The calculation is based on thestarting and ending dates of the previous

    process and the starting and end dates of the next process need to be calculated.

    Time and durationof deployment of the stage process is given by:

    1. Integration of the building sub-processes in thetime-space or time chart

    2. Calculation

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    3. Using of thedatabase of technicaland economic indicators for the time of deployment of

    stage processes and a group of networkcharts created for individual types of properties (NB:

    a part of software)

    Duration ofthe process relating to thevolume of buildings underconstruction and duration of

    the property process is given by:

    1. Integration of the stage processes or building sub-processes in thetime-space or time chart

    2. Calculation

    3. In-house methods

    4. Modelling (software)

    Duration of the propertyprocess (for preparation documentation in pre-production preparation

    or FS)

    (months)

    Toduration of the propertyprocess (in timeunits)

    Zobudget price of the property

    Pr labour productivity per employee per time unit (month - based on classifications)

    d average number of workers working in the property (in-house indicators)

    There is a link between two building processes (sub-processes, stage processes, processes

    relating tothe volumes of buildings under construction or property processes).

    The previous process is i and the next process is j .

    Following types of links are used typically for the time structure analyses:

    End (K) - Start (Z) K - Z

    Start (Z) - Start (Z) Z - Z

    End (K) - End (K) K - K

    Start (Z) - End (K) Z - K

    Bui lding and te chnology l ink (STV) STV

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    END -START (K-Z) link

    K-Z link between two building processes iand j

    The times for the related buildingprocesses are t i and t j and starting dates are Zi and Zj

    Endingtimes are Ki and Kj

    is the time valueof thelink. For this link, it is between the end of the previousactivity i Ki

    and start of the next activity j Zj. The activity is described with a solid line representing the

    situation when = 0. In this case, the activityj immediately follows after the end of the

    previous activity i (the bothactivities are carried out by same groupsof workers).

    Activity jis described with a dash l ine. It relates to i where > 0 . For instance, a technology

    interruption after the end ofthe previous activity i.

    Activity j is described with a dotted line. It relates to i where < 0. For instance: the two

    following activitiesare carried out by different groups of workers but the productionspace is

    big enough so thatj could start beforethe end of the activity that precedes i.

    START START (Z-Z) link

    The time valueof this link is defined by thestart of thepreviousprocess i Zi and start of the

    next processj Zj .

    If > 0, the next group of workers j starts working after a fixed time elapses from the start

    of theprevious activity i.

    If the both activities are inter-related and carried out in the same space and if technology

    interruptions are not considered, then: + tj P t i ( .j.)

    = time of the Start-Start link in time units

    t j= time of the next process in time units

    t i= time of the previousprocess intime units

    In this link, it is generally possible that the next activity, j , ends before the previousactivity i.

    The both activities should be carried out indifferent work spaces and must not depend on

    each other. This link can also havea zero time value. For instance: two or moreactivities

    start at the same time (start of construction, geodetic survey and overburden stripping). If

    the value between two sub-processes in one stage process and/or propertyprocess is same,

    it is recommended to change the order of the sub-processes.

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    END - END (K-K) link

    The time value of this link is defined by theendof the previous process i K iand end of the

    next processj K j.

    Situations when > 0 the next group ofworkers j finishes its work after a fixed time elapses

    from the endof the previous activity i).

    If the both activities are inter-related and carried out in the same space and if technology

    interruptions are not considered, then: + t iP tj (timeunits)

    = time of the Start Start link in time units

    t j= time of the previousprocess intime units

    t i= time of the next process in time units

    START END (Z-K) link

    The time valueof this link is defined by thestart of thepreviousprocess i Kiand endof the

    next processj K j .

    This link is usedseldom in building practice

    Other links are preferred

    This link is desirablei f zero or negative time values are used "d0and if the time values are

    used for relating the two propertyprocesses or the last sub-process in the next property

    process and first sub-process of the previous propertyprocess. This link describes the case

    that thenext property, or at least the sub-process of the next property, must be completed

    beforeor at the moment of start of works at the previousproperty.

    Construction and technology link (STV)

    STV is the link derivedfrom the space structure of the building process. The reason for this

    link is that it is essential tohave an available minimumworking queue for start of the next

    building sub-process j . The minimumworking queue must be releasedby the previous

    process i in all places of the working space where activities are carried out in iand j

    processes.

    The time value is not defined for this link. We use a working queue coefficient f ij , that

    represents a relation between the minimumworking space and total working space available

    for the groupof workers.

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    05Volumes of buildings under construction and technology stages

    Construction property:a technical system consisting of systemcomponents = various types of

    structures with differentfunctions (or severalfunctions) and link and functionrelations

    between the structures.

    Each property is built stepby step: intermediate products are created. The intermediate

    products are referred to as the volumes of buildingunder construction. Each volume of

    building under construction is divided into technology stages.

    A part of the propertyprocess thatresults ina certain volumeof buildingunder construction

    is named "a processrelating to the volume of building under construction".

    Each process relating tothe volume of building under construction thatresults in a certain

    technology stage is named "a stage process".

    Building construction properties

    There are typically 4 volumes of building under construction:

    I. Lower structure

    II. Upper structure incl.roofing

    III. Preliminary interiorworks

    IV. Finishing works

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    Stage processes (typically 10 or 11)

    0. Eearth moving works (+ demolitions)

    Foundations

    Lower structure

    Upper shell structure

    Roofing

    Construction of partition walls and somewiring/installations

    Interior plastering and coating

    Floors, surfaces and technologies

    Interior final assembly

    Outdoor works

    Quality control and acceptance

    Main features of the stage processes

    Work items

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    Work tools

    Labourforce

    Activities

    Working space

    Intermediate products

    External influences

    Other important circumstances

    Stage process 0 - Earth movingworks and demolitions

    Workitems: soil, rock, structures to be demolished

    Work tools: earth movingequipment, excavators, bracing equipment

    Labour force: land surveyors, equipmentoperators, drivers

    Activities: layout works, pumpingof water, soil excavation, supporting, timbering

    Working space: at and under the landscapelevel

    Intermediate products: foundationpi t, ditch

    External influences: winter,weather

    Other important circumstances: transport outof the site

    Stage process 1 -Foundations

    Workitems: dry mix and wet mix, aggregate, concrete, timbering,sand, insulation

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    Work tools: cranes, pier equipment, concrete mix plant

    Labour force: concrete layers,steel benders, carpenters, brick layers, insulation workers

    Activities: steelworks, moulding, releasingof moulding, concrete casting,compaction

    Working space: at and under the landscapelevel

    Intermediate products: piers, foundations,horizontal insulation, float sewage systems

    External influences: winter,weather

    Other important circumstances: -

    Stage process 2 -Lower shell structure

    Workitems: dry mix and wet mix, aggregate, concrete, timbering,sand, insulation,

    scaffolding

    Work tools: cranes, scaffoldings

    Labour force: concrete layers,steel benders, carpenters, brick layers, insulation workers

    Activities: steelworks, bricklaying, releasing of moulding, concrete casting, compaction

    Working space: at and under the landscapelevel

    Intermediate products: vertical insulations, walls, columns, ceilings, staircases in the 1st floor,

    heat insulation

    External influences: winter,weather

    Other important circumstances: -

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    Stage process 3 -Upper shell structure

    Workitems: dry mix and wet mix, aggregate, concrete, timbering,sand, insulation,

    scaffolding, prefabricated components

    Work tools: cranes, scaffoldings, lifts, hoists, concrete pumps

    Labour force: concrete layers,steel benders, carpenters, brick layers, insulation workers,

    crane operators

    Activities: moulding, bricklaying, releasingof moulding, steelwork, concrete casting, assembly

    Working space: above the landscape level

    Intermediate products: bearing walls,ceilings, girders, staircases

    External influences: winter,weather

    Other important circumstances: transport of maximum weights of materials

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    Stage process 4 -Roofing

    Workitems: dry mix and wet mix, constructionmaterials, aggregate, concrete, timbering,

    sand, insulation, scaffolding, prefabricated components,wiring components

    Work tools: cranes, scaffoldings, lifts, hoists, concrete pumps

    Labour force: concrete layers,steel benders, carpenters, brick layers, insulation workers,

    crane operators, roofers

    Activities: moulding, bricklaying, releasingof moulding, steelwork, concrete casting, wiring

    installation

    Working space: above the landscape level, max

    Intermediate products: roof beams, heat insulation and waterproofing, roofing

    External influences: winter,weather

    Other important circumstances: -

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    Stage process 5 - Construction of partition wallsand some wiring/installations

    Workitems: dry mix and wet mix, constructionmaterials, doors and windows

    Work tools: cranes, scaffoldings, lifts, hoists, concrete pumps

    Labour force: bricklayers, carpenters, roofers, heating experts, joiners, wiring and cablingexperts...

    Activities: bricklaying, masonry, glassing, insulation, gypsum plasterboard

    Working space: above the landscape level

    Intermediate products: partition walls, machine rooms, door casing, light-weigh external

    cladding

    External influences: -

    Other important circumstances: -

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    Stage process 6 - Interior plastering and coating

    Workitems: dry mix and wet mix, heat insulation and soundinsulation

    Work tools: c ranes, scaffoldings, lifts, hoists

    Labour force: bricklayers, plasterers, insulation workers

    Activities: brickworks, brick filling, timberwork

    Working space: above the landscape level

    Intermediate products: screed under flooring

    External influences: -

    Other important circumstances: -

    Stage process 7 -Floor, surfaces and technologies

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    Workitems: dry mix and wet mix, heat insulation and soundinsulation, construction

    materials, locksmith components

    Work tools: c ranes, scaffoldings, lifts, hoists

    Labour force: bricklayers, plasterers, insulation workers, carpenters, joiners

    Activities: tiling, painting, flooring, poured floors

    Working space: above the landscape level

    Intermediate products: t iles,floors, ceilings, painting

    External influences: -

    Other important circumstances: -

    Stage process8 - interior final assembly

    Workitems: fixtures and fittings, wood, boards, metal components, paint matters

    Work tools: lifts, scaffoldings, small-size equipment

    Labour force: bricklayers, plasterers, insulation workers, wiring and cabling experts

    Activities: installation of fixtures and fittings, laminated and textile floors, gluing, wall

    covering

    Working space: above the landscape level

    Intermediate products: finished installation, floors, surfaces, windowsand doors

    External influences: -

    Other important circumstances: -

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    Stage process 9 - Outdoor works

    Workitems: construction materials,insulation, painting matters

    Work tools: lifts, scaffoldings, small-size equipment

    Labour force: bricklayers, tile setters, facade workers, scaffolding worders, wiring and cabling

    experts

    Activities: outdoor treatment of surfaces, painting, plastering, tiling, wiring, heavy-current

    cablers

    Working space: above the landscape level - fasade

    Intermediate products: final facade finish, water spouts

    External influences: weather

    Other important circumstances: -

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    Stage process 10 - Qualitycontrol and acceptance

    This process is carried out simultaneously with all buildingsub-processes that are included

    into the stage processes (0 to 9)

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    06Modelling of construction planning - Preparation of the

    construction

    This is a systematic process wherethe constructionof investment units and properties is

    designed and decisions about the performance in existing conditions are made.

    The preparation is divided into: 1) pre-building preparation

    2) buildingpreparation

    3) operation preparation

    Pre-building preparations

    Pre-building preparation is carried outby the investor.This comprisespreparation of a

    business intention or feasibility study, preparation of zoning management documentation

    and preparation of buildingpermit documentation.

    The pre-building preparation comprises all negotiations with competent organisations,

    authorities and state bodies.

    The supplier of building works prepares an offer and fixed job contract withinthe pre-building

    preparation.

    Building preparation

    Building preparation is carried out by the supplier. Key outcomes of supplier's building

    preparation is the costing, detailed long-termed planof the construction for the

    investment/property, controlplan and testing plan.

    Operation preparation

    Operation preparation is carried out by the site manager onthe site. Key outcomes include

    operative plans, test protocols, quality records, operative records for work done, updated

    time schedules...

    Basics for preparation of the construction

    The basis is BUILDING AND TECHNOLOGY DESIGN. This comprises the designing of building

    processes for structures and properties as well as project planning and drafting of the project

    documentation.

    The outcome of thebuildingand technologydesign is the project for propertyand structure

    processes (a model).

    The buildingand technology design is carried outat the same time as the creation of the

    projectdocumentation for the building permit until the detail design. This represents thebasics of thepreparations.

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    Main documents of the building and technology design

    Technology chartand analysis of the space structure of the buildingprocess, including a

    proposal/analysis of hoisting equipment

    Analysis sheet for technology

    Time chart (time schedule, time-space chart, network chart)

    Charts of resources needed (finances, labour force, materials)

    Inspection and testing plan

    Technology specifications(production regulations) incl. detailedprocedures for some

    processes

    Proposed occupational safety and protectionactions, fire prevention actions, environment

    protection actions and security measures

    Proposed site facil ities

    Technical report

    There are not any legal regulations now that would list obligatory documents that should be

    created i n respective stages of the constructions (rules recommended by the Czech Chamber of

    Authorised Technicians ( KAIT) are taken as a basis).

    Utilisation of the constructionand technology design by the investor

    Preparation of a model for the construction/investment in line with the building intention,

    feasibility study or zoning plandocumentation.

    (a concept, calculation of costs, optimised end of construction, necessary permits...)

    Supplier of building works and the construction and technology design

    Pre-building preparation - CONSTRUCTION AND TECHNOLOGY STUDY

    A construction and technology study comprises activities and documents prepared by the

    supplier beforeand within preparation of the offer.

    The constructionand technology studyis based onthe business intention, zoning plan project

    documentation and/or building permit project documentation (thepurpose of the pre-

    building operation is to collect as many documents and as much information as possible from

    the investor and designer).

    The supplier uses also standards and database with data about building processes collected

    during previous construction job.

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    Building preparation - construction and technology design

    The constructionand technology design is prepared withinthe building preparation after the

    supplier of buildingworkssignedwith the investor a letter of intent or after the supplier isinformed thathis offer was chosen as the bestin the tender.

    Typically, the building permit project is available in thisstage.

    Main objectives of the building and technology design

    - to clarify conditions for preparation of the detail design with a focus on operating stages of

    the construction.

    - to decide whether it is possible to manufacture the structure using the chosen building

    processes (the product,stability, constructionjoints, continuity of works...)

    - to define a reasonable progress of building processes.

    Following documents are drafted and actions are performed within the constructionand technology

    study:

    Descriptions of the space structure of the building process in general, division of the

    constructioninto constructionproperties, identification of mainstructural systems and

    technologies, determination of supplier chains (supplier - sub-supplier) .

    Division of the general building process into property-related processes, processes relating tothe volume of building under construction, stage processes, sub-processes and management

    processes.

    Characteristics of the site, utilisation of existing buildings for site facil ities,stocking for the

    site, transportof materials, removal of excavated soil, spoil heaps, dumping sites,

    intermediate storage places.

    Analysis of thesite interms ofcompany's capacities near the site.

    Principles for the progress of construction and selection of main constructionequipment.

    Principles for site operation, connection to roads and resources (energy and water).

    Technology standard (reserves should be considered).

    Time schedule.

    Charts of resourcesneeded in time (costsfor determination of the offer price in the budget).

    Dates for documentation, progress of works, safety, and quality.

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    Following documents are drafted and actions are performed within the constructionand technology

    design:

    - Detailed design of site facil ities (interms of operation and employees'sfacil ities)

    - Time chart of sourcesneeded

    - Production calculation

    - Inspection and testing plan

    Inspection plan - scope:

    - name of activity (building sub-processes)

    - supplier

    - subject of inspection

    - personwho carries out the inspection (site manager,supervisor, testing shop, expert)

    - inspection documents (certificate,entry in the building journal, protocol)

    - norms governing the inspection (ISI, SN, DIN)

    - brief description of the inspection

    - number of inspections during the activity

    - dates of inspections

    - evaluation of inspections

    - signatures, dates of inspections, parties involved

    Technology specification is a part of the constructionand technology design

    - Continuity and synchronised performance of workingoperations.

    - Working procedures for working activities.

    - Use of equipment, machines and special tools.

    - Types of auxiliary building structures(scaffoldings, platforms).

    - Vertical and horizontal transportof materials and roads.

    - Technical and organisational actionsaimed at protection of employees.

    - Protection of sitefacilities if not in use.

    - Emergency actions

    - General description of the building process.

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    - Validity of the technology specification.

    - Readine ss for the process.

    - Used materials, transport and storage in site facil ities.

    - Workers in the group.

    - Workingand protective equipment.

    - Construction equipment and use of construction equipment.

    - Quality control and environment protection.

    - Related SN, source documents and specialised literature

    Operation preparation

    Operation preparation is carried out by the site manager onthe site. Key outcomes include

    operative plans (week, month,three-month), test protocols, quality records, invoicesfor

    works done (typically for one month), updated time schedules, information about compliance

    with construction deadlines.

    Construction and technology principles during the constructionof buildings

    MAIN OBJECTIVES AND ACTIVITIES WITHINTHE CONSTRUCTION AND TECHNOLOGY

    DESIGNING OF PROPERTIES

    - to clarify conditions for the proposal of structures in terms of basic, preparatory,auxiliary and

    transportprocesses.

    - to clarify fabricability of proposed structures from the point of view of production of the

    structures and structurecomponents (stability, joints).

    - to define the frequency of operation technologies.

    - to define the use of equipment.

    - to define auxiliary structures.

    - to define deployment of groups of workers/specialised groups).

    Construction and technology principles during the constructionof buildings

    Activities within theconstruction and technologydesigning

    - to determine the construction and technology conditionsfor the proposal of the lower shell

    structure, upper shell structure and some interior structures.

    - to determine the construction and technology conditionsfor the proposal of buildingservices.

    - to define conditionsfor installation of equipment and operation assemblies (depending on

    the building readiness)

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    - to determine the construction and technology conditions for the proposal of final works.

    - to design a propertyprocess (the sequence of sub-processes and stage processes).

    - to design the site facil ities for the property.

    - to analyse structuraldetails in terms of the production process.

    Shell structure and major interior structure

    Technology aspect:

    - Consistent production technology in the design of bearing structures for the lower shell

    structure. Most important equipment.

    - Unified components and shapes for scaffoldings,moulding. Rate of movement.

    - Stability of thestructure, parts under construction, stabilisation of parts under construction.

    Building services

    Technology aspect:

    - Prefabrication of individual types of lines.

    - Assembled components - assembly - fast installation.

    - Fastening - anchoring of the lines - usinge .g. scaffoldings, tools and other equipment.

    - Focus on the sequence of verticaland horizontal parts- assembly.

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    07 Time planning - Time structure

    A proposal of a reasonable time structure of theprocess isamongkey tasks ofthe

    constructionand technology design.

    Individual components of the time structure need to be addressed: time behaviour (duration

    and times) of lower-level components of the operation process as well as the total duration.

    Considering the relations between the technical equipment, technology and organisation, the

    processes can:

    - follow each other directly or with interruptions,

    - overlap,

    - take place at the same time.

    TIME SCHEDULE - CYCLOGRAM - NETWORK CHART

    (each model consists of i dentification,calculation, graphic and evaluation party)

    Deadlines and durations

    Duration of a certain process is:

    T = f (Q,V)

    T = duration in time units

    Q = volume ofproduction in financial costs, labour consumption,technical unitsor physical

    units

    V = performance of the working unit in production unitsper time unit (e.g. thousands/days)

    Simply: T = Q / V

    Other relations:

    a) Relation between the durationof constructionand capital expenditures

    b) Relation between the durationof constructionand total constructioncosts

    Duration of constructiondepends on the volume of production (Q) and performance of the

    working unit pertime unit (V).

    Necessary information is taken from technical and economic indicators of structures and

    buildings, projects, pricelistsof buildingworks, studies, budgets, production calculations,

    direct measurements, comparisons and analyses.

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    Duration Calculation of the duration of building activities (general relation for calculation of

    the process duration):

    - T - numberof time units

    - P - labour productivity of one employee in CZK

    - N - costs in CZK

    - D - number of employees per unit

    - T - numberof workingdays

    - Nh - total number of hoursneeded for the required volume of works

    - h - number of hours in a working shift

    - D - number of employees

    - k - coefficient of probability of full deployment and workingtime utilisation

    Time schedule

    A bar chart is the most simple time model that is used most often todescribe the progress of

    activities in thecourse of time.

    Scope of the timeschedule

    - Name of the construction

    - Identification of individual properties

    - Names of properties

    - Building work costs (,000 CZK or physical units)

    - Average number of employees

    - Calculated duration of a building process

    - Time interval

    - Comments (e.g. sub-suppl iers)

    - It is recommended to list source data for preparation of the time schedule.

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    Time schedule for the property

    - Name of constructionand property

    - Identification of technology stage

    - Number of activity

    - Identification of activities

    - Unit of volume

    - Volume of works (quantity)

    - Labourconsumption

    - Coefficient of probability of full deployment and workingtime utilisation

    - Estimated number of ownand third partyemployees

    - Estimated number of hoursin a workingshift

    - Calculated duration of activity

    - Activities carried out by sub-suppliers

    - Time units for duration of activities

    Cyclogram - time-space chart

    Time units are on the horizontal axis.

    Space units are on thevertical axes (workplaces depending on thedetail of the cyclogram,e.g.

    properties, technologystages, floors - above/under ground...)

    Space units are typically drawn from below upwards in volume units (e.g. ,000 K ).

    Lines or broken lines indicate certain activities in a specific place and time.

    Following information is shown:

    - continuity of operations the line isuninterrupted

    - speed of progress of works a steep linemeansa fast progress of works, a flat linemeans

    a slow progress

    - mut ual descriptionof acti vities - parallel acti vities have the same speed, crossing line: the

    act ivi ties occur in the same t ime in the same place

    -

    The sequence and dir ect ion of act ivi ties and mutual rel at ionsare calculated there.

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    Network charts

    Operation analysis

    Chart theories

    Each chart is a system that consists of points and connecting lines

    Points are nodes and connecting lines are edges

    Mathematic equation G = (U, H), where

    - U is a set of all nodes (i = 1 &..n)

    - H is any part of all connecting lines

    If the number of nodes is definite: a definite chart

    If the number of nodes is indefinite: an indefinite chart

    If the edges are oriented: an oriented chart

    If the edges havecertain values: a chart with valued edges

    NETWORK CHART- DEFINITE CONTINUOUS CHART

    From thepoint of view of the chart theory, each network chartis: definite, continuous, oriented

    with one start and one end.

    Types of network charts:

    Stochastic charts use probability to determine a duration of activities

    Deterministic charts: a) with definededges

    b) with defined nodes

    Duration of activities is determined by mathematic methods

    Basic terminology

    Project: a set of activities thatform the work process. A network chartis a model of a project.

    Activity: a basic component of thenetwork chart. It represents a pre-defined part of the

    projectand shows the needed time and/or sources. It has a dynamic character.

    Network chart: graphic representation of the project (model). It shows dependencies

    between the activities.

    Network chart with defined edges: activities are identified with the edges

    Network chart with defined nodes: activities are identified with the nodes

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    Node: one of basic components of the network chart.In the network chart with thedefined

    edges, a noderepresents a starting or ending momentof one or more activities. It does not

    pose requirements for time or resources. It is a static component. In the network chartwith

    the defined notes, a node represent an activity.

    Edge: the connecting line between two nodes.

    Path in the network chart: the sequenceof activitiesthat passes from the starting node to

    theending nodein thenetwork chart.

    Cycle: the path that starts and ends in the same node.

    Loop: the edge that starts and endsin the same node.

    Milestone: the node that represents a decisive situationof the project.

    Network chart topology: the mutual relation of activities and nodes in the network chart.Itrepresents mutual links between theactivities and nodes.

    Resource: employees, equipment, materials and finances needed for the performance of

    activities.

    Time reserve: the number of time units thatare available for the performance of an activity

    in addition to thedefined duration.

    Soonest possible start of activities: the soonest moment when the activity can start

    ZM ti(0)

    Soonest possible end of activities: the soonest moment when the activity can end

    KM tj(0)

    Latest acceptable start of activities: the latest moment when the activity must start

    KP ti(1)

    Latest acceptable end of activities: the latest momentwhen the activity must end

    KP tj(1)

    Network chart with defined edges

    A network chartwith defined edges is a definite directed chart thatshows a model of a

    specific project. The edges represent project activities, while the nodesrepresent the time.

    This means, the duration of each activity is givenby the value of thenetwork chart edge. For

    activities in one path: once one activity ends, another activity can start.

    Following typesof activities exist:

    - Real activity: it is performed and has a specific scope (for instance: placing of concrete for

    shallow foundations/footings or erectionof a steel structure...). It can be valued by means of

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    resources and time. A solid linein the chart describesthe realactivities.

    - Dummy activity: it representsthe relation between the activities.Duration is zero. No

    resources are needed. A dash line describes the fictive activities.

    - Distance activity: it represents the relation between the nodes and activities(leading times

    and delays). It poses requirements in termsof the time. Resources are notconsidered. A dot-

    and-dash linedescribes the distance activities.

    Network chart with defined edges

    If severalactivities are in the node input and/or nodeoutput:

    1. - eachnode (except for the start of thechart) is performed after allactivities that end in the

    nodehave been completed. This is the conjunctivity of the node input.

    2. - performanceof any node (except for the end of the chart)meansthat all activitiesthat start

    in the nodeare started. This is the determination of the node output.

    Creation of the network chart:

    1. Determination ofthe breakdownof the project into specific activities (the progress ofworks

    and technology need to be considered)

    2. Creation of theprimary network chart

    3. Gradual changes in the networkchart

    Relations and links of the activities can be logically derived:

    - by forward operations

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    - by backward operations

    - by combined operations

    Each network chart must fulfil 3 basic conditions:

    1. It must have one start and one end.

    2. It must be free of cycles.

    3. It must be free of multi-graphs.

    The soonest possible times are determined by the forward calculation.

    The latest acceptable times are determined by the backward calculation.

    When there are severalactivities in the node input/node output, it is necessary to take into

    account theconjuctivity of the node input or determination of the nodeoutput.This means: Ifthere are severalactivities in thenode input/node output,i t is necessary to consider higher

    values for the soonest possible times (in theforward calculation) and lower values for the latest

    acceptable times (in the backward calculation).

    For each node, ineach edge there are two time stamps.

    In the input edge of the node, above and under the edge, thereare the soonest possible endof

    the activities and the latest acceptable end of activities.

    In the output edge of the node, above and under the edge, there are the soonest possible start of

    the activities and the latest acceptable start of activities.

    The longest path represents the total duration of the project

    In the end node: Tn (0) = Tn (1)

    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    This means: In thenetwork chart there is at least one path when thesoonest possible start

    and the latest acceptable end merge. This path represents the total durationof the project -

    this is a critical (decisive) path .

    Therefore, themethod is named CPM (Critical PathMethod).

    All other pathsare shorter with certainreserves.

    Calculation and types of reserves:

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    Comparions between the deadlines:

    Soonest possible start and latest acceptable end of activities

    ti(0) tj(1)

    Mutual relation: tj(1)- ti(0)- tij

    The mutual relation is zero for points on the critical path. For other points, it is greater than

    zero. In paths out of the critical path, thereare differences- reserves. Each reserve has its

    name:

    - totalreserve

    - free reserve

    - independent reserve

    Graphic representation of the total reserve

    Total reserve (Rc): i s the number of time units that can be used tomake the durationlonger

    or postpone the start of the activity withoutchanging the calculated durationof the entire

    project (Tn).

    Rc = tj(1) - ti(0) - tij

    ti(0) - thesoonest possible start of the activity

    tj(1) - the latest acceptable end of the activity

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    tij - duration of the activity

    Free reserve (Rv): is the number of time units that can be used to make theduration longer

    or postpone thestart of the activity withoutchanging the soonest possible startsof all

    directly following activities

    Rv = max ti(0) - tj(1) - tij

    It is created in theactivities beforethe node. It can appear only if twoor more activities enter

    the node. It balances the performance ofthe activities and expects that the soonest possible

    starts of further activities will be maintained.

    Independent reserve(Rn): is the number of time units that can be used to make theduration

    longer or postpone the start of the activity withoutchanging the soonest possible starts of all

    directly following activities and the latest acceptable ends of the directly preceding activity.

    Rn = max tj(0) - max ti(1) - tij

    It can appear only if twoor more activities enter the node and two or moreactivities leave

    the node.

    Utilisation of reserves: When reserves are utilised, first the independent reserve must be

    used up (this reserve can be utilised always). Then, the free and total reserves should be used

    up. The total reserve can be usedup in one path for one activity only.

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    08 Site facilities - Basic terms

    Construction property

    Construction

    Building land

    Site facilities

    Site facil ities - requirements

    Security of site facil ities, fences, entrance, gates

    Protection and safety

    Safe buildings withinsite facil ities

    Due storage of materials and products

    Undeground, energy, telecommunication, water and sewage networks for site facil ities must

    be identified, in terms of positions and levels, before the handover of site facil ities at the

    latest.

    It must be possible to lock all entrances to the site facil ities.

    Sidewalks: min. 0.75 m. Two-direction sidewalks: 1.5 m. If inclination is greater than 1:3,

    there must bea one-side handrail up to 1.1 m. Clearance: 2.1 m (in exceptional cases: 1.8 m +

    lighting and marking)

    Built-up area: fencing up to 1.8 m.

    Types of site facilities

    Types of sitefacilities - division by the purpose:

    - operation site facilities

    - production site facil ities

    - site facil ities for employees

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    Site facilities (SF) - division by the location and main function:

    - Property-related SF - for a specific property

    - Section-related SF - for a specific sectionof the site

    - Central SF - for the entire site with severalproperties:

    Approximatesize of the area for SF is:

    Pc = Pi + Ps + Pt + Pmd + Po (m2)

    This comprises areas needed for:

    Pi investment properties

    Ps SF for the supplier ofconstruction works

    Pt SF for the supplier oftechnology

    Pmd temporary heaps(top soiland excavated materials)

    Po other partsof SF

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    Site administrative offices: (thefollowing information is approximate only)

    - Site manager: 15-20 m2

    - Technical staff, supervisors: 2-12 m2 per employee

    - Other workers: 5-8 m2 per employee

    Typology principles

    - Site manager: view to the site

    - Supervisory and stockkeepers should have a view to roads (transport and acceptance of

    materials).

    - There must be sanitation in the building.

    - Telecommunication equipmentmust be in the supervisor's and administrationbuildings.

    - It must be possible to use the building in winter.

    Site roads and supporting facilities

    Roads and paths

    Railway sidings, narrow-gauge lines and single-track railways

    Crane railways

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    Supporting facil ities in roads

    Temporary site roads and paths

    The temporary road should be close to the railway site crane.

    If possible: one-way straight road withoutany crossings.

    One lane width - min. 3 m. Two-lane width - min. 5 m. Marginal strips - 0.5 m wide at least.

    Lay-byes will be provided for long one-lane roads.

    Min. distance from the edge of the road from fixed parts of thestructures willbe 0.6 m in the

    horizontal direction (0.3 m for ramps).

    Longitudinal inclines of roadsshould not exceed 15%. If the gradient exceeds 8%, theroad at

    the end must be straight and must ends with a horizontal section with min. 30 m length.Max.

    inclination of panel roads: 8 %.

    Cross gradient of the road: 2-4%.

    Recommended minimum radii of curves

    For standard trucks: radius= 10 m

    For trucks with trailers/semitrailers: radius = 15 to 20 m

    For cars: radius=6 m

    Maximum permitted speed of vehicles on thesite: 10 km/h, in placeswhere works are

    carried out: 5 km/h

    Composition of roads:

    - Local materials if possible (gravel sand from excavations, waste quarry stone, recycled

    building debris...)

    - Coarse gravel, crushed slag and other aggregate

    -

    Reinforced concrete road panels laid ingravel sand beds

    - Not so often: monolithic concrete or stabilised soil.

    - Top soil must be removed under the body of theroad. The landscapeneeds to be graded,

    inclined, compacted and drained.

    Paths

    Min. width: 0.75 m

    Two way path: 1.5 m.

    Typicalwidth: 1 m

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    If hand-heldtransport vehicles are usedin the path, the width should be by 0.6 m biggerthan

    that of the vehicles. Gradient = 1:5.

    Gradients of paths for pedestrians= 1:3.

    Staircases near site path must be available if the gradient exceeds 1:2. The maximumpermitted gradient is 1:1, but a one-side handrailmust be available.

    Composition of the paths: cinder, stone, crushed materials, concrete tiles, reinforced

    concrete panels

    Crane railways

    Rail mountedcranes move on the crane railways.

    Top soil must be removed. The landscapemust begraded, compacted and properly drained.

    Composition: subbase, bearing layer, timbersleepers and rails with facil ities

    End switches and earthed bumpers must be provided

    Bearing layer is made from crushed gravel or crushed gravel combined with road panels

    Subsoil, compositionof the crane railway and load-carrying capacity must be analysed in

    strength analyses.

    The crane railways have the gauge below or above5 m.

    Following principles should be followed for the proposal of the railway track

    The track must be built on a horizontal subbase with sufficient bearing capacity and

    recommended properties. The bearing capacity must be proved by a geological surveyand

    weather must not change the bearing capacity.

    The track must not be placed on uncompacted subsoil, suboil from uncompactedmake-up

    groundor otherfloating earthor near excavations.

    Protective zones for overheadpower cables are (from the outer cable on each side):

    - 10 m for the voltage below 60 kV

    - 15 m for the voltage from 60 kV to 110 kV

    - 20 m for the voltage from 110 kV to 220 kV

    The side distance of the crane from fixed structures must be,during the traveland/or

    rotation,0.6 m at least. The clearance should be 2 m at least from the running surface.

    Crossing of the cranerailways isnot permitted.

    It is recommended to drain the entire body of the crane track (in particular, if wetting is

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    likely).

    Project documentation must be draftedfor each crane railway. The project documentation

    will include followinginformation: information aboutthe bearing capacity and properties of

    soil and drawings (groundplan, axialsection and crosssection ofthe railway track and body,

    wiring), technical report

    Storing of materials

    Loose materials in heaps will be stored with a natural inclination in order to avoidcollapsing.

    If the material is taken manually, the maximum height of the heapis 2 m. If equipment is

    used, the height is not limited.

    Loose materials in bags will be stored in closed storage rooms (cement, lime, dry plaster

    mixes). The floor and walls must be waterproofed. If the materialis taken manually, the

    maximum storage height is 1,5 m. If equipment is used, the maximum height is 3 m.

    Storage in silos - manufacturer's recommendations must be followed.

    Liquid, if sealed ina container, is stored as a loose material. If stored in open containers, only

    3/4 volume can be filled up. Liquid containers are stored in one layer.

    Bulk materials of regular shapes can be stored up to 1.8 m. Bulkmaterials of irregular shapes

    can be stored up to 1 m. Materialson palettes must be stored up to2 m.

    Prefabricated components are placed on hard wood plates.

    Wall panels are stored in a verticalposition and are supported with supports. Passagesbetween the prefabricated items must be 0.75 m wide.

    Steel materials are stored under a shed.

    Hazardous liquid substances must be stored in sealed containers - in linewith manufacturer's

    recommendations.

    One-off supply and consumption of materials

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    One-off supply and step-by-step consumptionof materials

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    Regular supply and step-by-step consumption of materials

    Site facilities project

    Technical report for site facil ities

    Drawing documentation

    Budget for sitefacilities

    Time schedule for constructionand removal of site facil ities and plan for use of main types of

    constructionequipment

    Site facil ities costs include following costs:

    - Preparation of SF documentation

    - Rent relating to leased land/property for SF

    - Renovation and additional modificationof properties to be used as SF

    - Installation and removal and wear of removable properties

    - Energy

    - Maintenance of SF

    - Site guarding

    - Removal of SF after the construction is completed

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    Site facil ities costs for standard constructions should be between 2-5% of total constructioncosts.

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    09 Works at lower building shell

    1. Earth moving

    2. Construction of roads and utility lines

    3. Preparation of site facilities

    4. Foundation of structures

    Performance of earthmoving works

    The earth moving works are divided as follows:

    -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    - General landscaping: overburden stripping and general grading of landscape

    - Earth moving works: ditching, dredging and trenching

    - Final earthmovingworks: landscaping and spreading of arable land

    Every earth movingwork consists of following basic operations:

    -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    - disintegration of soil

    - loading of disintegrated soil

    - transportof soil

    - moving of soil

    - loading, reloading, unloading

    - levelling of ditches and surfaces

    - soil compaction

    Earth moving equipment

    Excavators: disintegration, loading, transport, moving, unloading, reloading

    Dozers: disintegration, moving, unloading and depositing

    Scrapers: disintegration, loading, transport, depositing, levelling

    Graders: disintegration, moving, levelling

    General-purpose finishers

    Compactors: compaction

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    Loaders: loading, reloading, unloading

    Earth moving equipment

    Excavators: disintegration, loading, transport, moving, unloading, reloading

    Dozers: disintegration, moving, unloading and depositing

    Scrapers: disintegration, loading, transport, depositing, levelling

    Graders: disintegration, moving, levelling

    General-purpose finishers

    Compactors: compaction

    Loaders: loading, reloading, unloading

    Applications of constructionequipmentdepending on the typeand locationof a ditch

    Examples:

    1. Diggingthe ground: front-shovel excavator, loading shovel excavator, wheel loader, crawler

    loader

    2. Excavation pit: backhoeor front shovel loader, grapple loader

    3. Trenching: - // -

    4. Trench: backhoe loader, grapple loader, ditch excavator

    5. Shaft: grapple excavator

    6. Fine grading: grader

    7. Grading and backfilling: wheeled dozer or crawlerdozer

    Soil structures

    Required thickness of layers and used materials

    It is recommended to use loose soil (sand or gravel) for earth works.The loose soil is difficult

    to compress. It is permeable, does not freeze in, is rather easy to compact and has a high

    volume stability. Cohesive soil (clay, loam or dust deposits) is less recomended. With a higher

    moisture it has a lower strength, is easy to freeze in and difficult to compact. Backfilling

    around footingsand under floors need tobe carried out in layers, cca.300 - 500 mm.

    Compaction method and level of compaction

    Level ofcompaction: in line with the project.

    Controlsample

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    Loose soil - 1 sample per 1,000 m3. Cohesivesoil: 1 sample per 500 m3 of backfilled soil.

    Required inclination of side walls

    If thereare not earthwork supports in excavations, the inclination ofside must correspondto

    soilstability

    Heavily grouted sand

    Muddedoff gravel

    Dry, solid clay - depth < 1.5 m

    Dry, solid clay - depth < 5 m

    Plastic clay - depth < 1 m

    Plastic clay - depth < 3 m

    Dry dust deposits

    1 : 0.5

    1 : 0.25

    vertical

    1 : 0.60

    vertical

    1 : 1.5

    Vertical

    Following needs to be observed:

    Accurate bottom and walls of foundation pits: +/- 3 mm from the designed shape of walls and

    bottoms in foundation pits, di tches and shafts.

    Footing bottom must be protected: manual treatment of cca. 100 mm.

    Winteractions must betaken: The footing bottom must be protected with mats against

    freezing-up.

    Ditches mustbe protected against waterintake: reasonable inclination and prevention of

    surface water inflow.

    Records in the building journal

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    10 Works at upper building shell

    Example:

    CONSTRUCTION OF A DOUBLE FRAME ROOF ON A MULTI-DWELLING HOUSE

    Basic information:

    - Property: reconstruction/new construction

    - Truss: double frame roof - specification of principal rafters, penetrations, roof place

    inclinations

    - Installation of tie beams- backing

    - Timber joints and other connections

    - Project for works to becarried out by carpenters, tinsmiths and roofers

    Site facilities

    Crane

    Elevator

    Site barracks

    Steel lockedstorage room

    Utility lines

    Other connecting areas

    Handling areas

    Shed for a circular saw incl. service lines

    The storage area depends on the size and type of the truss

    Used materials, transport and storage in site facil ities

    Square timber- dimensions are listed in the technology norm

    Connecting materials, timber clamps, bolts, washers,nails and wood screws

    Transport:

    tractors and long load trailerwill transportlong components

    drop-side trucks will transport shortcomponents

    drop-side trucks will transport tools and supporting materials

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    Following principles should be following when storing trusscomponents (in order not to damage,

    destroy or deform the trusscomponents)

    Storage in open space: square timber up to 2.0 m. Passage betweensquare timbers: min.

    0.75 m

    In case of long-termed storing: the timber will bestored in supporting square logs,min. 300

    mm high (to protect the timber against weather)

    The storage area should be as close as possible to theverticaltransport(crane)

    Connecting components should be kept in closed lockedstorages

    Battens will be stored in bundles

    Readiness for constructionof the truss

    The entire loft level and eavesboard are ready. The backing, chimney body,masonry and

    piers for erectionof the truss structure should have a sufficientbearing capacity.

    In the loft area, the reference level and longitudinalaxis must be shown.

    Plaster floor must beavailable in the loft and must be hard enough.

    Expansion tanks and elevator equipment are transported onto the loft level in advance.

    Workers in thegroup

    Head of the group,carpenter

    Truss carpenters

    Helpers (2 on the ground - storageand 2 on the truss)

    Working tools and aids

    Tools per 1 worker:

    - 1 hack saw

    - 1 small axe

    - 1 chisel

    - 1 rule (folding rule,measuring tape)

    - 1 lead pencil

    Tools per group of workers:

    Electric power saw, handsaw, power drill, set of wood dri lls,rasp file, pliers,tightener, angle

    piece, power plane,hand plane, ladders, metal mallet,wooden mallet,hammer, band, spiritlevel, rope.

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    Erectionof the truss - sequence of steps

    The wall beamis installed onto backing piers. Connectionsare fastened and anchoring iron

    pieces are installed.

    A tie beam is placed on impregnated underlying boards.

    The frame is erected.

    Frame sections are liftedand placedonto tie beams, fastened and provided with temporary

    bracing.

    Ridge purlins and central purlins are lifted,placed on colums and strips. Connectionsare

    fastened.

    Rafters are erected between the frames. Other rafters are erected.

    Anchoring iron pieces are cast in concrete.

    Battens are nailed.

    The truss is checked.

    Site facilities

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    Example: interior white coat finish

    Basic information:

    - The plastering willbe carried out manually. A mortar pump only will be used to transportthe

    mortar from the mixer to the site.

    Sequence of works:

    - Scaffoldings and workingtools are supplied onto the site.

    - Working scaffoldings are erected.

    - Surfaces are prepared for the coating.

    - Mortar is transported ontothe site.

    - The structure is sprayed with a cement mortar.

    - The core layer is set and wiped out.

    - The white coat is set and wiped out.

    - The scaffoldings are disassembled.

    Used materials, transport and storage in site facil ities

    Cement for preparation of thecement mortar that will besprayed ontoceiling and wall

    structures

    Lime for preparation of the lime mortar for the core and white coats

    Sand for preparation of thecore coat mortar

    Water

    Transport:

    - Cement and limeare transportedin bags loadedon trucks or loosely on pressureair

    conveyors.

    - Cement and limeare stored in dry storages: loosely in steel tanks or in plastic containers.

    - Sand is supplied by trucksand stored in outdoor storage yards next to mixing stations/mortar

    center

    Preparation of the site

    Load-bearing structures and roof of the building must be ready. Partition walls must be

    erected. Door frames must be available. Surfaces (tiles) mustbe available and dry. Wiringand

    installations must be available and tested.Installation channels must be bricked up. Brackets

    etc. must be installed.Window boards are installed only after the plaster core is set.

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    Workers in thegroup

    3 plasterers + 1 helper

    the 1st plasterer preparersscreeds and corner lining boards, the 2nd plasterer sets the

    plaster core layer, the3rd plasterer strips, levels and corrects the plaster

    Working tools and aids

    Bricklayer tools: trowel, spoon, hammer, plumb

    Wide wooden float, narrow woodenfloat

    Plastic float

    Feltfloat

    Smoothing beams

    Bounding beams

    Bricklayer hooks

    Steel screeds

    Shovels

    Hods

    Working scaffoldings

    Spirit level

    Mason's cord, wash bruch, bucket

    Technology procedure

    Two-layer white coatplastering:

    - Cement mortaris sprayed on. The bricks are coated only after the masonry settles down and

    is dry. Dust is removed from the subrface and jointsare scratched out to 10 - 15 mm from themasonry face in order to ensureproper cohesion between the masonry and plaster. The dry

    brick surface must be wettedand set with cement mortar that creates a solid plaster layer

    that connects the core layer with the plasterring subbase. Then, thin mortar(made from river

    sand and cement) is plastered