buddhism in the art and aesthetics of premodern japan in the art and aesthetics of... · shingon...
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Buddhism in the Art and Aesthetics of Premodern Japan
Kazuko Kameda-Madar
Hawaii Pacific University
• Nara Period– Asuka period (552 – 645)
– Nara period (645 – 784)
• Heian Period (794 - 1185)– Early Heian
– Fujiwara
• Kamakura Period (1192 – 1332)
• Muromachi period (1333 – 1573)– Ashikaga Shogunate
– Onin Civil War (1467 – 1477)
• Momoyama period (1573 – 1605)
• Tokugawa (Edo) period (1573 – 1868)
KondôGojunotô
Lecture Hall
MiddleGate
Asuka Period 552-645Horyuji Temple, Nara
Horyu-ji, Great South Gate
Horyu-ji Great South Gate, Guardian Figures
Horyu-ji, KondoShaka TriadBy Tori BusshiDated 623Bronze
Shakyamuni and Prabhutaratna, HebeiProvince, Northern Wei Dynasty, 518, Gilded bronze, Musee Guimet, Paris
Tori Busshi, Horyuji Shaka triad, Asuka period, 623, Bronze
Hōryuji, Yumedono
Kannon, Horyuji, Yumedono"Yumedono Kannon“ Gilt woodAsuka period, Early 7th century
Kudara Kannon, Horyuji KondoCirca 650 Wood with paint and gold
Horyuji Amida triad, wall painting
Transition from Bodhisattva Padmapani, detail of a wall painting in Ajanta Cave, later 5th century to Horyuji Amida triad, wall painting
Yakushi triad, YakushijiTemple, Nara, 8th century, Bronze
Vairocana Buddha, Longmen caves, Luoyang, Tang Dynasty, 676, Limestone
Voluptuous style in Yakushi-ji Buddha triad sculpture in Nara is based on Tang Dynasty style
Late Nara Period (Tempyo Period) 710-794
Todaiji temple, original 8th century, refurbished in late 19th century
Daibutsu ("Great Buddha")Todaiji temple
Original image: • casting process began 746, completed 752
Current image:
• Body dates to 1192
• Hands date to 16th century
• Head dates to 19th century
Fukukenjaku Kannon
mid 8th cent. Todaiji 3rd Month Hall Dry lacquer with gilding
23
Shukongojin 733, painted clay3rd Month Hall at Todaiji
24
Four directional guardians of Kaidanin, TodaijiMid-8th century. Unfired clay, pigment.
GanjinCirca 763Dry lacquer with pigment
Heian 平安 period (794-1185)
710: Nara period capital Heijōkyō (now Nara) built
784: New capital built in Nagaoka
Abandoned after 10 years
794: Move capital to Heiankyō (Capital of Peace and Tranquillity,
Termination of government sponsored workshops
Restriction of temples in capital
Rise of New Forms of Buddhism (Shingon & Tendai)
894: Trade with continent ended-Japan becomes closed
Fujiwara family becomes most important and serves as regent (sessho) when emperor was child or civil dictator (kanpaku)when emperor was adult
Fujiwara dominated political system by marrying their daughters intoimperial family, especially the emperors
Basis of wealth was income from country estates (shoen) which were often tax exempt and controlled by absentee owners in Kyoto
Kondo Muroji: Early Heian
Early Heian sculpture = Jogan style
Shaka or Yakushi, Muroji, Early Heian
• One block
• Hompa shiki or wave style carving
Yakushi at Muroji:
Early Heian single block technique
Yakushi at Jingoji
early Heian 67”
single block
Shingon Buddhism
• Esoteric = Mikkyo has secret teachings as opposed to Exoteric Buddhism which is revealed, not hidden teachings
• True Word = Shingon
• Mantra = Chant for invoking power of a deity
• Mudra = Symbolic hand gestures
• Gorinnoto = 5 element pagoda (stupa)
• Mandala = schematic representation of deities or symbols of Buddhist ideals
• Three Bodies: Body of transformation, body of emanation, body of essence
• Dainichi Buddha = Great Sun Buddha
• Three Mysteries: body, speech & thought
Kyo'ogokokuji (Toji) Main Gate and Pagoda
Esoteric Buddhist Painting of the Heian Period
Mandala of the Two Worlds: Taizōkai Mandala(Womb-World Mandala) Tōji temple Later 9th c, Heian period, Ink, color, gold on silk
Mandala of the Two Worlds: Kongōkai Mandala(Diamond-World Mandala)Toji temple Later 9th c, Heian periodInk, color, gold on silk
Phoenix Hall (Ho'odo), Byodoin temple. Built 1053.
Late Heian Buddhist ArtRise of Amidaism
Byodoin, Valley of the Temples Memorial Park (near Kaneohe)
Phoenix Hall at Night
Amida Buddhaby JōchōDated to 1053Gilded wood
Phoenix Hall (Hōōdō 鳳凰堂), Byōdōin temple. Built 1053.
Celestial musicians and dancers, 1053, Heian period, Wood and pigment
Yakushi Nyorai, Toji Amida Nyorai, Taimadera
Shaka (Shakyamuni), 12th century, Heian period Ink, color, kirikane on silk.Hanging scroll
Details with kirikane, urahaku
Heike nokyo1164 Heian periodHandscrollInk, color, gold and silver on paper
Thousand armed Bodhisattva, Kamakura period, Kofuku-ji
Kamakura Realism as a revival movement of Asuka/Nara Realism
Ashura, 7th century Asuka (Nara) period, Kofuku-ji
Classical model of Realism
Unkei, Priest Muchaku, Kamakura period, Kofuku-ji
Priest Muchaku represents Kamakura Realism
Kokei, Monk Kuya, Kamakura period, Rokuharamitsu dera
Thirty-Three Bays Hall, Kyoto 1249 rebuilt in 1266
Unkei and Kaikei, Thousand armed Bodhisattva, 13th century Kamakura period
Tentoki Ryūtoki
• Demon lamp bearers, by Koben. 1215.
Wood, paint, bronze, crystal
Twelve Devas hanging scrolls, 9th century, Saidai-ji, Nara Bishamon-ten, Fū-ten, Enma-ten, Taishaku-ten
Twelve Devas hanging scrolls, Formerly owned by To-ji, 1127, Kyoto National The Museum, Bishamon-ten, Fū-ten, Sui-ten, Taishaku-ten
Twelve Devas Folding Screens, Takuma Shōga, 1191, Tō-ji, KyotoBishamon-ten, Fū-ten, Enma-ten, Taishaku-ten
A set of Four Guardians, 14th century, Kaikodo CollectionBishamon-ten, Fū-ten, Enma-ten, Taishaku-ten
Hōnen (1133-1212) founder of Pure Land or Jodo sect pting. Attrib. to Takanobu
Shinran (1173-1263)founder of True Pure Land or Jodo Shinshu sect
Haya Raigōearly 13th Chionin
Yamagoshi AmidaAmida Crossing Over the Mts.
Six Realms (Rokudo-e)Decay of the Body
Nichiren (1222-1282)founder of Nichiren sect(Reveres Lotus Sutra Namu Myoho Renge Kyo)
Kinkakuji, Ashikaga Yoshimitsu
Muromachi Period, Ashikaga Shogunate (Samurai Regime)
Ginkakuji, The 8th Ashikaga Shogun Yoshimasa
Dry cascade and pools, Ryoanji, Muromachi period, 1450, 1499, after 1797
Zen (Chan) Buddhism established in China by Bodhidharma (Daruma
In Japan:
Rinzai Sect: Eisai ( (1141-1215)
Sōtō Sect: Dōgen (1200-1253)
Sesshu Daruma HuiK’o
zen = meditationzazen = to sit in meditation
koan = illogical puzzle that provokes insight chinzō = portrait of Zen master
satori = enlightenment
Zen Buddhism began in Kamakura but flourished in Muromachi 1333-1573
Sesshu Toyo, Muromachi period
Haboku Splashed inkLandscape
The most important painter, who produced haboku (splashed-ink) painting in the Muromachi period
Portrait of Wu Zhun, 1238
Shuho Myocho 1334 founder of Daitokuji
Daruma
JosetsuCatching cat-fish with a gourd (Hyōnen-zu)
Mokuan Reien (d. 1345)Four Sleepers
Muqi, White Robed Guanyin, Monkeys, and Crane, Daitoku-ji, Kyoto, Japan
Hakuin Ekaku, January 19, 1686 - January 18, 1768), Daruma
Development in Edo period
Mokujiki Shonin (1718-1810)