buenas prácticas de accesibilidad en videojuegos

7/31/2019 Buenas prácticas de Accesibilidad en Videojuegos

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/buenas-practicas-de-accesibilidad-en-videojuegos 1/251



Fzjcl}pvìmrgml} bjlmmj}gfgagblbjc ygbjhezjkh}



Fzjcl} pvìmrgml} bjlmmj}gfgagblb jc ygbjhezjkh}

Mhajmmgýc J}rzbgh}

]jvgj Bjpjcbjcmgl

Cµ <6?<2

Ja Gc}rgrzrh bj Nlwhvj} w ]jvygmgh} ]hmglaj} ch mhnplvrj cjmj}lvgl.

njcrj al} hpgcghcj} w ezgmgh} jtpzj}rh} w jc cgckõc ml}h l}znj vj}.

phc}lfgagblbj} bjvgylbl} bj al lzrhvîl bj ah} rvlfleh} |zj pzfagml#

Mhhvbgclmgýc5 Azmîl _çvju.Ml}rgaal Laylvju

Mhalfhvlbhvj}5 Ygvkgcgl Lfjcýelv Lkzbh! Iìrgnl Lvvgfl} Vgcmýc!

Njvgrtjaa Lwnjvgmd ]lflvgjkh! Lccl Flbgl Mhvvhc}! ]lcbvl Flabl}}lvvg!

Lckja bja Falcmh Lkzlbh! Ahvjcl Fhzvk Lvmjh! Nlvmjagch Mlfvjvl

Mzjyl}! Jajcl Mlch Lvgl}! N¥ bja Mlvnjc Mlügulvj} Ml}rgaah! Nlvgh

Mlvvgh Bîlu! Jyl Mjvjuh Flkbl}lvg! Ehclrdlc Mdlmýc Flvfjvh! Azg}

Ijagpj Mvhmdj ]lcu! Nhc}jvvlr Bglu Lwkzlygyj}! Laylvh Ilcjkh Ahfh!

Lafjvrh Ijvcìcbju Mh}rlaj}! Flarl}lv Ijvcìcbju Nlceýc! Lckja

Klvmîl Mvj}ph! Ezlc Eh}ç Klvmîl Djvcìcbju! H}mlv Klvmîl _lüjaal!

Jyl Nlvîl Klvmîl.Ngkzja! Laylvh Eh}ç Klvmîl Rjejbhv! Lcrhcgh Kýnju

Falcmh! Mlvah} Khcuìaju Larjb! G}vlja Khcuìaju Mlvvl}mh! Mlvgcl

Khcuìaju Khcuìaju! Fjkhül Khcuìaju Vhbvîkzju! Ygvkgcgl Khcuìaju

Vh}|zjrj! Eh}ç Azg} Khcuìaju ]ìcmdju! Ivlcmg}mh Azg} Kzrgçvvju Yjal!

Lcl Kzunìc Kýnju! Whalcbl Djvcìcbju _hvvl}! Bhahvj} Ejvju Kga!

Jngaglch Alfvlbhv Vzgu! Mlvnjc Alumlch Zvfgjrl! Eh}ç Azg} Aýpju

Mzlbvlbh! Fjlrvgu Aýpju Djvcìcbju! Lzvhvl Nlblvglkl Hvrzulv! Elygjv

Nlgvjcl Klvmîl bj al Rhvvj! Fjlrvgu Nlckl} ]hvgl! Mlvnjc Nlckgvhc

Djygl! Elygjv Nlvmh Vzfgh! Eh}ç Mlvah} Nlvrîc _hvrla! Alzvl Nlvrîc

Ygyl}! Czvgl Njcbhul Algu! _lfah Nhvjch Kjv! Lnlwl Clkhvj Ml}l}!

_galv Hvjvh Malyjvh! Nlczja Hvrjkl.Nhvla! Gkclmgh Hrlahvl Lvgüh!

_lrvgmgl _lbjvj{}`g Vhbvîkzju! Clrlagl _lbgaal Ujl! Azg} _lahnlvj}Cìejvl! Yjvýcgml _jc}h}g Mlnlvýc! Hakl _jülafl Vhbvîkzju! Nlvrl

_çvju Vhbvîkzju! Nlvm _gilvvç! Gvlrtj \zgcrlcl _huh! Lanzbjcl Vjwjvh



bja Vîh! Fhvel Vhnjvh ]lahvb! G}lfja Vzfgh Iahvgbh! Lafjvrh ]ìcmdju

Lahc}h! Jyl ]ìcmdju _huzjah! Nýcgml ]zvî}! Elygjv Rhvvjcrj Ygkga!

Ejccgjv Yjal Ylagbh! Jyl Ygaajkl} _hvrjvh w Vhmîh Ulvlkhul Nlvrîc#

Jbgmgýc5 <¥! 6?<6

Jbgrl5 Ngcg}rjvgh bj ]lcgblb! ]jvygmgh} ]hmglaj} j Gkzlablb

]jmvjrlvîl bj J}rlbh bj ]jvygmgh} ]hmglaj} j Gkzlablb

Gc}rgrzrh bj Nlwhvj} w ]jvygmgh} ]hmglaj} $GN]JV]H'

L ybl bj al Gaz}rvlmgýc }(c## m(y l Kgcuh bj Agngl! :4! 64?67 NlbvgbRja# 7< ;?==7=:! Ilt# 7< ;?==44?

J.nlga5 pzfagmlmghcj}Ogn}jv}h#j}

drrp5(({{{#gn}jv}h#j}

Mlrìahkh Kjcjvla bj _zfagmlmghcj} Himglaj}

drrp5(({{{#?9?#j}

drrp5((pzfagmlmghcj}himglaj}#fhj#j}

CG_H5 949.<6.??9.9 $Mbvhn'949.<6.??:.? $Jc Aîcjl'

G]FC5 7;4.42.4229.<=:.; $Mbvhn'

Bjpý}grh Ajkla5 N.<9494.6?<6

Bg}jüh w nl|zjrlmgýc5 Fg|zgcg drrp5(({{{#j}rzbghfg|zgcg#mhn

Bg}jüh bj al Mhajmmgýc5 Hch gnlkjc w mhnzcgmlmgýc

Mhpwvgkdr5 §Gn}jv}h



Îcbgmj#

_vj}jcrlmgýc#Mvg}rgcl Vhbvîkzju._hvvjvh################################################################ 7

Gcrvhbzmmgýc# Azmîl _çvju.Ml}rgaal ########################################################################### <<

Al lmmj}gfgagblb jc ygbjhezjkh}5 vjrh}! hphvrzcgblbj} w pvhpzj}rl}############################################################################# 66

<#<. ¸Ygbjhezjkh} plvl rhbh}8 _lchvlnl lmrzla bj al

lmmj}gfgagblb jc ygbjhezjkh}#

Mlvnj Nlckgvhc w _galv Hvjvh ################################################### 6=

<#6. Ygbjhezjkh} w bg}mlplmgblb# Ja vjrh bj al gcmaz}gýc#

G}lfja Vzfgh w Lzvhvl Nlblvglkl ############################################### 67

<#=. Al gnphvrlcmgl bj ah} gbghnl} jc al njehvl bj al

lmmj}gfgagblb jc ygbjhezjkh} plvl pjv}hcl} nlwhvj}# Lafjvrh Ijvcìcbju ###################################################################### =:

<#2. Ygbjhezjkh} plvl pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb!

¸zcl hphvrzcgblb bj njvmlbh plvl al} jnpvj}l}8

Gkclmgh Hrlahvl ########################################################################### =7

<#:. ]hr{lvj lmmj}}gfaj w }hr{lvj j}pjmîimh#

Ehclrdlc Mdlmýc ####################################################################### 2=

Njrhbhahkîl} bj jylazlmgýc plvl al njehvl bj allmmj}gfgagblb jc ygbjhezjkh} ################################################# 2;

6#<. Lcìag}g} bj ygbjhezjkh} mhnjvmglaj} w }z} alkzcl} jc al

lmmj}gfgagblb plvl al} pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb }jc}hvgla#

Lckja Klvmîl Mvj}ph w Laylvh Klvmîl Rjejbhv ############################ 24

6#6. _vhpzj}rl bj jylazlmgýc bj ygbjhezjkh} lmmj}gfaj}#

Mlvgcl Khcuìaju w Ejccgijv Yjal################################################# :=

6#=. Jtpjvgjcmgl} bj z}zlvgh jc ah} ]jvghz} Klnj} plvl

pjv}hcl} mhc cjmj}gblbj} bj lmmj}gfgagblb# Lccl Flbgl! H}mlv Klvmîl! Jngaglch Alfvlbhv! Nlvm _gilvvç

w Jyl Ygaajkl}############################################################################## 9?



6#2. Ilyhvjmgjcbh al ezklfgagblb jc ygbjhezjkh} lmmj}gfaj}#

Eh}ç Azg} Khcuìaju! Clrlagl _lbgaal! Nlvmjagch Mlfvjvl!

Ivlcmg}mh Azg} Kzrgçvvju w _lrvgmgl _lbjvj{}`g ########################## 94

]hazmghcj} bj lmmj}h larjvclrgyh w }hazmghcj} plvl jabj}lvvhaah w bg}jüh bj ygbjhezjkh} lmmj}gfaj}#################### ;9

=#<. Ezklv l ygbjhezjkh} mzlcbh al} nlch} ch lmhnplülc#

Hfejrgyh5 klclv#

Fhvel Vhnjvh ############################################################################# ;;

=#6. 1j.Lbyjcrzvj35 Bj}lvvhaah bj zc jbgrhv plvl almvjlmgýc bj ezjkh} lmmj}gfaj}#

Elygjv Rhvvjcrj! _lfah Nhvjch! Nlczja Hvrjkl.Nhvla w

Flarl}lv Ijvcìcbju ##################################################################### 4<

=#=. Lmmj}gfgagblb jc ygbjhezjkh} jbzmlrgyh} plvl

pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb yg}zla#

Nlvgh Mlvvgh ############################################################################### 4;

=#2. _lcrlaal} rìmrgaj} mhnh nçrhbh bj jcrvlbl(}lagbl

gbjla plvl mgjkh}# Ehclrdlc Mdlmýc ####################################################################### 7<

Vjmhnjcblmghcj} bj lmmj}gfgagblb jc ygbjhezjkh}5jejnpah} bj lylcmj} jc ja bg}jüh ######################################### 79

2#<. Jtpjvgjcmgl} jc ja bj}lvvhaah bj lmmj}gfgagblb jc

ygbjhezjkh}#

Elygjv Nlgvjcl ############################################################################ 7;

2#6. Gnpajnjcrlmgýc bj al} vjmhnjcblmghcj} bjlmmj}gfgagblb jc zc ygbjhezjkh# Gvjbgl5 zc ml}h pvìmrgmh#

Laylvh Klvmîl w Hakl _jülafl####################################################<?=

2#=. _lzrl} plvl njehvlv ja }zfrgrzalbh jc ygbjhezjkh}#

Mlvnj Nlckgvhc #######################################################################<?4

2#2. _lzrl} rçmcgml} plvl ja bj}lvvhaah bj ygbjhezjkh}

lmmj}gfaj} plvl bg}mlplmgblb yg}zla#

Azg} _lahnlvj} w Jajcl Mlch####################################################<<2

2#:. Bj}mzfvgv l Ehlc Ngvý l rvlyç} bja lzbghezjkh#Njvgrtjaa Lwnjvgmd w Nýcgml ]zvî} ############################################<<4



2#9. Ezjkh} lmmj}gfaj} w al gcrjkvlmgýc alfhvla#

Elygjv Rhvvjcrj! Lckja bja Falcmh! Nlczja Hvrjkl.Nhvla!

Ahvjcl Fhzvk w Flarl}lv Ijvcìcbju ##########################################<62

2#;. Ygbjhezjkh} lmmj}gfaj} plvl pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb

gcrjajmrzla#

Lafjvrh ]ìcmdju! Jyl ]ìcmdju w Yjvýcgml _jc}h}g ##################<=<

Ygbjhezjkh} w bgyjv}gblb5 phrjcmglagblbj} w jtpjvgjcmgl}pvìmrgml} ##################################################################################<=;

:#<. Ygbjhezjkh} }hfvj bjphvrj lblprlbh#Czvgl Njcbhul w Laylvh Ilcjkh ###############################################<=4

:#6. Gnpajnjcrlmgýc bj zc ìvjl bj ygbjhezjkh} jc zc

mjcrvh bj lrjcmgýc l pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb î}gml#

Mlvnjc Mlügulvj} w Eh}ç Mlvah} Nlvrîc ###################################<2=

:#=. Jylazlmgýc bja z}h bj al ygbjhmhc}hal [gg jc pjv}hcl}

mhc Blüh Mjvjfvla Lb|zgvgbh#

Ezlc Eh}ç Klvmîl! Nlvrl _çvju! Mlvah} Khcuìaju! Lcrhcgh

Kýnju w Azg} Ijagpj Mvhmdj #####################################################<24

:#2. Jtpjvgjcmgl }hfvj ja z}h bj ygbjhezjkh} jc al

vjdlfgagrlmgýc cjzvhp}gmhaýkgml bj plmgjcrj} mhc blüh

mjvjfvla lb|zgvgbh#

Fjlrvgu Aýpju! Lcl Kzunìc! Fjlrvgu Nlckl}! Lnlwl Clkhvj

w Lanzbjcl Vjwjvh ###################################################################<9?

:#:. Z}h bj ezjkh} gcrjvlmrgyh} mhnh djvvlngjcrl plvl al

vjdlfgagrlmgýc mhkcgrgyl jc Cjzvhp}gmhahkîl#

Fjkhül Khcuìaju ######################################################################<9;

:#9. L_LN Klnj} ¸Ezklnh} rhbh}8

Jyl Klvmîl #################################################################################<;=

:#;. Lpagmlmgýc bj ygbjhezjkh} jc ja rvlrlngjcrh i}ghrjvìpgmh

jc aj}ghclbh} njbzalvj}#

Nhcr}jvvlr Bîlu! Iìrgnl Lvvgfl} w Bhahvj} Ejvju ######################<;4

:#4. Jtpjvgjcmgl} bj z}h bj rjmchahkîl} nzargnhblaj} w

rlckgfaj} mhc cgüh} bj Jbzmlmgýc J}pjmgla#

Elygjv Nlvmh! ]lcbvl Flabl}}lvvg w Jyl Mjvjuh########################<4:



:#7. Zrgagulmgýc bj al mhc}hal [gg bj Cgcrjcbh jc nlwhvj}

mhc bjrjvghvh mhkcgrgyh#

Alzvl Nlvrîc ##############################################################################<7<

:#<?. Ezklcbh mhc LBYLCR5 LBYLCRjb Rdjvlpjzrgm}#

_alrlhvnl plvl al vjdlfgagrlmgýc î}gml w ja jcrvjclngjcrh

mhkcgrgyh#

Ygvkgcgl Khcuìaju #######################################################################<7:

:#<<. _vhwjmrh ]HMGLFAJ5 Nhrgylrgck palrhvn hv jabjvaw

cjr{hv`gck! njcrla vjgchvmjnjcr lcb }hmgla gcrjvlmrghc#

Vhmîh Ulvlkhul #########################################################################6?:

:#<6. _vhwjmrh LMRGYL5 Bj}lvvhaah bj zc }g}rjnl bj rjvlpgl

LMRGYL fl}lbl jc ja jejvmgmgh î}gmh |zj pjvngrl ja hvrlajmg.

ngjcrh nz}mzalv jc jcjvnh} bj _lv`gc}hc l rvlyç} bja hmgh w

al} Czjyl} Rjmchahkîl} bj al Gchvnlmgýc w al Mhnzcgmlmgýc#

Vhmîh Ulvlkhul ######################################################################## 6?7

Al mhcmgjcmglmgýc! bgyzaklmgýc w ihvnlmgýc jc

lmmj}gfgagblb jc ygbjhezjkh} ############################################### 6<29#<. ‑Bgfz} plvl rhbh}„5 Jtpjvgjcmgl bj }jc}gfgagulmgýc

}hfvj al lmmj}gfgagblb jc ygbjhezjkh}#

Lckja Klvmîl! G}vlja Khcuìaju! Gvlrtj \zgcrlcl w

Eh}ç Azg} Aýpju ####################################################################### 6<:

9#6. GchvnOmgýc5 j.gcmaz}gýc bj pjv}hcl} mhc nhygagblb

vjbzmgbl#

Whalcbl Djvcìcbju ################################################################## 6<7

9#=. Lphvrlmghcj} bja MVNI bj ]lalnlcml l rvlyç} bj ehvclbl} hvnlrgyl} }hfvj ygbjhezjkh} w }z plpja jc al}

pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb#

Mlvnjc Alumlch ###################################################################### 662

9#2. Fahk Ygbjhezjkh} Lmmj}gfaj}#

Elygjv Nlgvjcl ########################################################################## 664

9#:. Bgvjmrhvgh bj jcalmj} õrgaj} vjalmghclbh} mhc al

lmmj}gfgagblb jc ygbjhezjkh}#

Mlvnj Nlckgvhc ###################################################################### 6=<

Kah}lvgh ########################################################################################## 6=4



7

_vj}jcrlmgýc#

Mhc kvlc }lrg}lmmgýc pvj}jcrlnh} j}rj bhmznjcrh! mhhvbgclbh phvAzmîl _çvju.Ml}rgaal! |zj }j gbjcrgml bgvjmrlnjcrj mhc al ng}gýc bjaGN]JV]H l rvlyç} bj }z Mjcrvh bj Vjjvjcmgl J}rlrla bj Lzrhchnîl_jv}hcla w Lwzbl} Rçmcgml}! MJL_LR# Al Lmmj}gfgagblb Zcgyjv}la! jaBg}jüh plvl rhbl} al} pjv}hcl}! al} Rjmchahkîl} w _vhbzmrh} bj lphwh!}hc ah} pgalvj} jc ah} |zj rvlflelnh} plvl dlmjv jjmrgyh} ah} bjvjmdh}bj al} pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb w pjv}hcl} nlwhvj}#

Bj}bj ja MJL_LR lyhvjmjnh} al lmmj}gfgagblb jc al} Rjmchahkîl}bj al Gchvnlmgýc w Mhnzcgmlmgýc! wl }jl pvhnhygjcbh djvvlngjcrl}bj ylahvlmgýc mhnh ja RL[ Rj}r bj Lmmj}gfgagblb l al [jf! larlnjcrjylahvlbh w zrgagulbh! h fgjc lmgagrlcbh ja mhchmgngjcrh w al bgz}gýc bjal} RGM l rvlyç} bja Mlrìahkh gchvnlrgyh! vjlagulcbh bjnh}rvlmghcj}!pzfagmlcbh bhmznjcrh} rçmcgmh}! w rvlflelcbh mhc rhbh} ah} lkjcrj}jc ja bj}lvvhaah w mznpagngjcrh bj chvnlrgyl ajkla w rçmcgml#

Al lmmj}gfgagblb jc ygbjhezjkh} }j mhc}gbjvl zc l}pjmrh vjajylcrj bjal gcrjvlmmgýc jcrvj al pjv}hcl w ja ezjkh! w }gkcgml |zj pjv}hcl} bjbgjvjcrj} jblbj} w }grzlmghcj} bj bg}mlplmgblb pzjbjc dlmjv z}h bjah} ygbjhezjkh}#

Ah} ygbjhezjkh} lmmj}gfaj} mhfvlc j}pjmgla gnphvrlcmgl! rjcgjcbh jcmzjcrl! |zj bj nlcjvl pvhkvj}gyl! ah} ygbjhezjkh} }hc zrgagulbh}! lbj.nì} bj plvl ja hmgh w jcrvjrjcgngjcrh! plvl al jbzmlmgýc! vjdlfgagrlmgýcw plvrgmgplmgýc#

Jc ah} õargnh} lüh} yjcgbh vjlagulcbh ehvclbl}! jcmzjcrvh} w pvj}jc.rlmghcj} }hfvj al lmmj}gfgagblb jc ygbjhezjkh}# L rhbl} al} pjv}hcl}|zj dlc mhalfhvlbh jc j}rl} lmmghcj}! w nzw j}pjmglanjcrj l al} |zjdlc mhcrvgfzgbh mhc }z} lphvrlmghcj} jc j}rj agfvh! rhbh czj}rvh lkvl.bjmgngjcrh w mhnpvhng}h bj }jkzgv lylculcbh#

Ja hfejrgyh |zj pjv}jkzgnh} mhc j}rl pzfagmlmgýc j} malvlnjcrj lylc.ulv jc al lmmj}gfgagblb jc ygbjhezjkh}# _hv jaah! |zjvjnh} mhcmgjc.mglv w lphwlv l ah} bj}lvvhaalbhvj} w bg}jülbhvj}! plvl |zj rjcklc jc

mzjcrl al lmmj}gfgagblb bj}bj ja gcgmgh bj }z mvjlmgýc! plvl l}jkzvlv|zj }z} ezjkh} ch bg}mvgngclc w |zj ylc l phbjv }jv zrgagulbh} phv janlwhv cõnjvh w bgyjv}gblb bj ezklbhvj} ph}gfaj! mhc al} yjcrlel} |zj



<?

bj jaah }j bjvgyl# Rlnfgçc |zjvjnh} lmgagrlv l ah} pvhj}ghclaj} w pjv.}hcla |zj rvlflel lphwlcbh l pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb w pjv}hcl}nlwhvj} jejnpah} bj z}h pvhyjmdh}h bj ygbjhezjkh}! mhc ja c bj|zj pzjblc gcmhvphvlv j}rh} l }z alfhv bglvgl w jcmhcrvlv yîl} mvjlrgyl}jc al vjdlfgagrlmgýc w pvhnhmgýc bj al ygbl lzrýchnl# W! }hfvj rhbh!|zjvjnh} lphwlv l al} pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb w pjv}hcl} nlwh.vj} jc ja z}h bj j}rh} ezjkh}! plvl njehvlv mlplmgblbj}! plvrgmgplv wbg}vzrlv! mhnh zc bjvjmdh |zj j}rì vjmhchmgbh w bjfj }jv l}jkzvlbh#

J}pjvlnh} |zj j}rj bhmznjcrh }jl õrga w nhrgylbhv plvl ezklv wnjehvlv#

Mvg}rgcl Vhbvîkzju._hvvjvh NgvjrBgvjmrhvl bja MJL_LR.GN]JV]H



<<

Gcrvhbzmmgýc#

J}rl pzfagmlmgýc j} ja vj}zarlbh bj al gaz}gýc w ja j}zjvuh bj nzmdl}pjv}hcl} |zj! mhc al lmmj}gfgagblb jc ygbjhezjkh} mhnh njrl mhnõc!dlc |zjvgbh mhalfhvlv jtphcgjcbh w lphvrlcbh }z} vjijtghcj}! mhch.mgngjcrh}! bg}jüh}! bj}lvvhaah}! gcyj}rgklmghcj} w jtpjvgjcmgl}#

_hv j}rj nhrgyh! al gcrvhbzmmgýc l ‑Fzjcl} pvìmrgml} bj lmmj}gfgagblbjc ygbjhezjkh}„ }ýah pzjbj mhnjculv mhc zc }gcmjvh lkvlbjmgngjcrh

l rhbh} ah} lzrhvj} bj al} mhcrvgfzmghcj} |zj l|zî }j vjmhkjc#¸_hv |zç bj}bj ja MJL_LR pjc}lnh} |zj njvjmîl al pjcl pvhphcjvj}rj rvlfleh mhcezcrh8 ¸\zç pvjrjcbjnh} |zj }zkgjvl ja rîrzah8 ¸\zçylc l jcmhcrvlv ah} ajmrhvj} jc j}rj bhmznjcrh8 ¸_lvl |zç pzjbj }jvõrga ja mhcrjcgbh |zj }j pvj}jcrl8

J}rl} }hc lakzcl} bj al} pvjkzcrl} |zj! gnlkgch! phbvîlc hvnzalv}jal} pjv}hcl} |zj }j lmjv|zjc l j}rj rjtrh# Jc al} }gkzgjcrj} pìkgcl}!yhw l gcrjcrlv blv vj}pzj}rl l j}rh} gcrjvvhklcrj}#

Jc al lmrzlagblb! j} gcmzj}rghclfaj |zj jcrvj ah} jcýnjch} l}hmglbh}l al jtplc}gýc rjmchaýkgml jc czj}rvl }hmgjblb }j jcmzjcrvl ja z}hmvjmgjcrj bj ah} ygbjhezjkh}# Jc J}plül! ja }jmrhv bj ah} ygbjhezjkh}agbjvl al} yjcrl} bja hmgh lzbghyg}zla! dlfgçcbh}j jtrjcbgbh j}rl hvnlbj jcrvjrjcgngjcrh jcrvj pjv}hcl} bj bgjvjcrj} jblbj} w mhc bg}rgc.rl} mlplmgblbj}# Lbjnì}! ah} ygbjhezjkh} ch }ýah }hc zcl hvnl bjhmgh! }gch |zj pzjbjc mhc}rgrzgv zc fzjc lphwh plvl al bgyzaklmgýcbj mhcrjcgbh} j gchvnlmgýc! zcl gcrjvj}lcrj yîl bj lmjvmlngjcrh lal} rjmchahkîl}! zc gnphvrlcrj njbgh plvl al }hmglagulmgýc w zc gc}rvz.njcrh jmlu plvl ja lpvjcbgulej bj dlfgagblbj}! ja jcrvjclngjcrh w alvjdlfgagrlmgýc#

]gc jnflvkh! mhnh yjvjnh} nì} lbjalcrj! ah} ezklbhvj} mhc bg}rgcrl}agngrlmghcj} zcmghclaj} }j jcmzjcrvlc mhc nzmdl} flvvjvl} plvl bg}.vzrlv bj al nlwhv plvrj bj ah} ygbjhezjkh}#

Bj}bj al pjv}pjmrgyl |zj lphvrl al Mal}gmlmgýc Gcrjvclmghcla bjaIzcmghclngjcrh! bj al Bg}mlplmgblb w bj al ]lazb $MGI'! lpvhflbl phval HN] jc ja lüh 6??<! al plvrgmgplmgýc bj zcl pjv}hcl jc ìvjl} mhnhal jbzmlmgýc! ja hmgh h al} vjalmghcj} gcrjvpjv}hclaj} ch bjpjcbjrlcrh bj }z} mlplmgblbj} h agngrlmghcj} mhnh bj }z gcrjvlmmgýc mhc ja



<6

mhcrjtrh h jcrhvch jc ja |zj }j bj}jcyzjayj# Ja mhcrjtrh jc ja |zj }jjcmzjcrvl zcl pjv}hcl pzjbj mhcyjvrgv}j jc zc jajnjcrh lmgagrlbhv h!phv ja mhcrvlvgh! jc zcl flvvjvl plvl al plvrgmgplmgýc#

Bjfj l}zngv}j! phv rlcrh! al jagngclmgýc bj flvvjvl} w ja lylcmj jc allmmj}gfgagblb jc rhbh} ah} mlnph} mhnh zc vjrh w vj}phc}lfgagblb bjrhbl al }hmgjblb#

Zc djmdh vjmgjcrj j}pjmglanjcrj vjajylcrj dl }gbh al bjmalvlmgýc bja

}jmrhv bj ah} ygbjhezjkh} mhnh gcbz}rvgl mzarzvla jc J}plül! jc nlvuhbj 6??7! j|zgplvlfaj l hrvh} }jmrhvj} mhnh ja mgcj h al nõ}gml#

Al Mhcyjcmgýc }hfvj ah} bjvjmdh} bj al} pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb!lpvhflbl phv al HCZ jc ja lüh 6??9! w vlrgmlbl phv J}plül! jc }zlvrîmzah =?! j}rlfajmj |zj ‑ah} J}rlbh} _lvrj} vjmhchmjc ja bjvjmdh lal} pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb l plvrgmgplv! jc gkzlablb bj mhcbgmgh.cj} mhc al} bjnì}! jc al ygbl mzarzvla w lbhprlvìc rhbl} al} njbgbl}pjvrgcjcrj} plvl l}jkzvlv |zj al} pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb rjcklclmmj}h l nlrjvgla mzarzvla jc hvnlrh} lmmj}gfaj}„#

Bj}bj ja MJL_LR mhc}gbjvlnh} |zj al lmmj}gfgagblb l ah} ygbjhezjkh}vj|zgjvj czj}rvl lrjcmgýc w ja bj}pagjkzj pvhkvj}gyh bj lmmghcj} |zjpvhnzjylc ja lylcmj jc j}rj mlnph# J}rj bhmznjcrh pvjrjcbj mhcrvg.fzgv! jc lakzcl njbgbl! l al mhc}jmzmgýc bj bgmdh hfejrgyh#

L rvlyç} bj al} ehvclbl} |zj yjcgnh} hvklcgulcbh jc ja MJL_LR! jcal} |zj }j dlc lfhvblbh bgjvjcrj} rjnìrgml} }hfvj al lmmj}gfgagblbjc ygbjhezjkh}! w kvlmgl} l al pvj}jcmgl jc jyjcrh}! pvhnhygbh} phvbg}rgcrl} jcrgblbj}! w l al plvrgmgplmgýc jc kvzph} bj rvlfleh clmghcl.

aj}! djnh} phbgbh mhchmjv jtpjvgjcmgl} ylagh}l} w pl}h} }gkcgmlrgyh}|zj }j j}rìc blcbh l lyhv bj al lmmj}gfgagblb jc ygbjhezjkh}# Al gbjlbj bgyzaklv bgmdh mhchmgngjcrh! mhc ja fjcjmgh |zj phbvîl bjvgylv}jplvl nzmdl} pjv}hcl}! dl }gbh ja kjvnjc bj j}rl pzfagmlmgýc! rgrzalbl‑Fzjcl} pvìmrgml} bj lmmj}gfgagblb jc ygbjhezjkh}„#

Jc kjcjvla! ja mhcmjprh bj ‑fzjcl} pvìmrgml}„ }j vjjvj l rhbl jtpj.vgjcmgl |zj dl lvvhelbh vj}zarlbh} ph}grgyh}! bjnh}rvlcbh }z jmlmgl wzrgagblb jc zc mhcrjtrh mhcmvjrh# Mhnpajrlcbh j}rl bjcgmgýc phbvîl.

nh} mhcmjfgv zcl fzjcl pvìmrgml mhnh jtpvj}gýc bj zc mhchmgngjcrhpvhj}ghcla h jtpjvrh! hvnzalbh bj nhbh |zj }jl rvlc}jvgfaj w! phvrlcrh! bj phrjcmgla zrgagblb plvl al }hmgjblb#



<=

Gbjcrgmlv! vjzcgv w bgzcbgv fzjcl} pvìmrgml} pjvngrj lpvjcbjv bj ah}hrvh}! pvhnhyjv }hazmghcj} gcchylbhvl}! jtgrh}l} w }h}rjcgfaj} l pvh.fajnl} mhnplvrgbh}! j}rlfajmjv vjalmghcj} jcrvj al} }hazmghcj} jjmrg.yl}! al gcyj}rgklmgýc w al} phaîrgml} w pvhphvmghclv hvgjcrlmghcj} plvl jabj}lvvhaah bj gcgmglrgyl} czjyl}#

Jc j}rj }jcrgbh! al} mhcrvgfzmghcj} |zj jc j}rj bhmznjcrh }j vjmh.kjc ch} hvjmjc al hphvrzcgblb bj mhnplvrgv mhchmgngjcrh! mhalfhvlv

w rvlflelv jc vjb! }gjcbh mhc}mgjcrj} bj |zj |zjbl nzmdh phv dlmjvw njehvlv jc ja mlnph bj al lmmj}gfgagblb jc ygbjhezjkh}! mhnh }jvjijel jc al} mhcmaz}ghcj} bj nzmdh} bj ah} lvrîmzah} |zj l mhcrgczl.mgýc }j jtphcjc#

J}rl pzfagmlmgýc j}rì j}rvzmrzvlbl jc }jg} plvrj}#

Al pvgnjvl aajyl phv rîrzah ‑Al lmmj}gfgagblb jc ygbjhezjkh}5 vjrh}!hphvrzcgblbj} w pvhpzj}rl}„# Ah} mhcrjcgbh} |zj }j gcmazwjc lclagulcl}pjmrh} j}jcmglaj} }hfvj al vjalmgýc jcrvj ygbjhezjkh} w lmmj}gfgag.blb! |zj }jvygvìc mhnh pzcrh bj plvrgbl plvl al pvhzcbgulmgýc jc ah}}gkzgjcrj}#

Lfvgjcbh j}rl pvgnjvl plvrj! Mlvnj Nlckgvhc w _galv Hvjvh! bja Mjcrvhbj Lmmj}gfgagblb j Gcrjagkjcmgl Lnfgjcrla bj Mlrlazül $Zcgyjv}grlr

Lzrýchnl bj Flvmjahcl' hvjmjc zcl yg}gýc kjcjvla }hfvj al }grzlmgýclmrzla bj al lmmj}gfgagblb jc ygbjhezjkh}# ]zfvlwlcbh al j}ml}l lrjc.mgýc |zj al lmmj}gfgagblb jc ygbjhezjkh} dl vjmgfgbh dl}rl ja nhnjcrh!rlcrh phv plvrj bj al gcbz}rvgl mhnh bja nzcbh lmlbçngmh! palcrjlcal cjmj}gblb bj njehvlv al lmmj}gfgagblb jc ygbjhezjkh} plvl rhbh rgph

bj z}zlvgh}! mhc ja c bj klvlcrgulv ja lmmj}h zcgyjv}la j gkzlagrlvgh l almzarzvl w ja hmgh# Jc j}rl ng}nl aîcjl! G}lfja Vzfgh w Lzvhvl Nlblvglkl!bj al Mìrjbvl Hmgh w Bg}mlplmgblb bj al Zcgyjv}gblb bj Bjz}rh! pvh.phcjc al gcmaz}gýc mhnh djvvlngjcrl plvl ja bg}jüh bj ygbjhezjkh}plvl rhbl al mgzblblcîl! vjyg}lcbh ja mhcmjprh bj gcmaz}gýc w }z} gnpag.mlmghcj}! l}î mhnh ah} pvgcmgplaj} vjrh} bj al kj}rgýc gcmaz}gyl bj}bjal gcbz}rvgl bja ygbjhezjkh#

Lafjvrh Ijvcìcbju! bj al Zcgyjv}gblb bj Hygjbh! bj}rlml al gnphvrlcmglbj al mhc}gbjvlmgýc bj ah} gbghnl} jc ah} ygbjhezjkh} |zj! jc ja nlvmhbj zc rjvvgrhvgh nzargmzarzvla w nzargagckñj mhnh al Zcgýc Jzvhpjl! pzj.bjc }zphcjv zcl flvvjvl lbgmghcla h fgjc }jv ah} klvlcrj} bja lmmj}h



<2

l ah} ygbjhezjkh} bj zcl lzbgjcmgl pazvla# Gkclmgh Hrlahvl! bgvjmrhv bja_vhwjmrh Bgkg_jc Gc}rgrzrj h Rjmdchahkw Jzvhpj.Fgaflh! pvhphcj mhc.rjnpalv ah} ygbjhezjkh} w }z} nõargpaj} lpagmlmghcj} plvl al} pjv}hcl}mhc bg}mlplmgblb mhnh zcl hphvrzcgblb plvl al} jnpvj}l} |zj mhc.hvnlc al mlbjcl bj ylahv bj j}rj }jmrhv bj al jmhchnîl# Mjvvlcbhj}rj fah|zj! Ehclrdlc Mdlmýc! bj}lvvhaalbhv w mhc}zarhv jc lmmj}gfg.agblb! z}lfgagblb w czjyl} rjmchahkîl}! ch} gcygrl l vjijtghclv }hfvj albgjvjcmgl jcrvj }hr{lvj lmmj}gfaj w }hr{lvj j}pjmîmh! lph}rlcbh

phv al lmmj}gfgagblb zcgyjv}la w lajvrlcbh }hfvj ja vgj}kh bj mvjlv kzj.rh} bgkgrlaj} bj hmgh la bg}jülv ezjkh} j}pjmîmh} plvl ezklbhvj} mhcbjrjvngclbh} pjvaj} bj bg}mlplmgblb#

Al }jkzcbl plvrj! ‑Njrhbhahkîl} bj jylazlmgýc plvl al njehvl bj allmmj}gfgagblb jc ygbjhezjkh}„! lkvzpl bgjvjcrj} lphvrlmghcj} |zj ch}aajylvìc l mhnpvjcbjv al gnphvrlcmgl bj al jylazlmgýc w bj al mhc}g.bjvlmgýc bj al} jtpjmrlrgyl}! mlplmgblbj} w cjmj}gblbj} bja z}zlvghbj}bj al} l}j} gcgmglaj} bja bg}jüh bj ygbjhezjkh}#

Lckja Klvmîl Mvj}ph w Laylvh Klvmîl Rjejbhv! bj al Zcgyjv}gblb Mlvah}GGG w bj al Zcgyjv}gblb Ivlcmg}mh bj Ygrhvgl! jtphcjc al njrhbhahkîlbj}lvvhaalbl plvl ja lcìag}g} bj al lmmj}gfgagblb bj ygbjhezjkh} plvlpjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb }jc}hvgla# Rlnfgçc bj}bj ja ìnfgrh zcg.yjv}grlvgh $Zcgyjv}gblb bj Al} _lanl} bj Kvlc Mlclvgl w Zcgyjv}gblbbj al Alkzcl' Mlvgcl Khcuìaju w Ejccgjv Yjal pvj}jcrlc al jalfhvlmgýcbj zcl pvhpzj}rl bgbìmrgml plvl al jylazlmgýc bj ygbjhezjkh} lrjc.bgjcbh l }z lmmj}gfgagblb! mhc ja c bj hvnlv l ah} czjyh} mvjlbhvj}bj ygbjhezjkh} jc j}rj l}pjmrh zcblnjcrla#

Lccl Flbgl! H}mlv Klvmîl! Jngaglch Alfvlbhv! Nlvm _glvvç w Jyl Ygaajkl}!bja Njbgl Bhnj w Z}jv Alf Al ]laaj $Zcgyjv}gblb Vlnýc Aazaa' vj}larlcal gnphvrlcmgl bj al jtpjvgjcmgl bj z}zlvgh jc ygbjhezjkh} w }jvghz}klnj}! mhc}gbjvlcbh gnpvj}mgcbgfaj rjcjv jc mzjcrl l ah} z}zlvgh}rlcrh jc al} l}j} bj bg}jüh mhnh bj palcgmlmgýc mhc ja c bj mhc}j.kzgv jtpjvgjcmgl} }lrg}lmrhvgl} w njnhvlfaj}# Mhnpajrl j}rj fah|zjbj mhcrjcgbh} al mhcrvgfzmgýc bj Eh}ç Azg} Khcuìaju! Clrlagl _lbgaal!Nlvmjagch Mlfvjvl! Ivlcmg}mh Azg} Kzrgçvvju w _lrvgmgl _lbjvj{}`g! bj

al Zcgyjv}gblb bj Kvlclbl! jc al |zj }j }jülal rlnfgçc al jtpjvgjcmglbj z}zlvgh mhnh jajnjcrh malyj# Gbjcrgmlcbh mhnh hfejrgyh bj allmmj}gfgagblb al njehvl bj al} jtpjvgjcmgl} ph}grgyl} ygygbl} phv rhbh



<:

rgph bj ezklbhvj}! ah} lzrhvj} }zfvlwlc al vjajylcmgl bj al ezklfgagblbw }z vjalmgýc mhc al lmmj}gfgagblb#

Jc al rjvmjvl plvrj! ‑]hazmghcj} bj lmmj}h larjvclrgyh w }hazmghcj} plvlja bj}lvvhaah w bg}jüh bj ygbjhezjkh} lmmj}gfaj}„! }j pvj}jcrlc bg}rgc.rl} hpmghcj} |zj }zphcjc zc lylcmj jc ja lmmj}h l ah} ygbjhezjkh}plvl pjv}hcl} mhc bg}rgcrl} mlplmgblbj} w mlvlmrjvî}rgml}#

Al mhcrvgfzmgýc bj Fhvel Vhnjvh! bgvjmrhv bj al jnpvj}l FE

Lblprlmghcj}! }j jcnlvml jc ja rvlfleh |zj! bj}bj ja bj}lvvhaah! lfvg.mlmgýc w bg}rvgfzmgýc bj pvhbzmrh} bj rjmchahkîl bj lphwh! j} ph}gfajdlmjv plvl ja lmmj}h larjvclrgyh l ah} ygbjhezjkh}# Mjcrvìcbh}j jc allmmj}gfgagblb î}gml! jtphcj al} }hazmghcj} jtg}rjcrj} bj lmmj}h larjv.clrgyh l ah} ygbjhezjkh}! ah} vjrh} w pvhfajnl} |zj }j pvj}jcrlc! l}î mhnh al} ph}gfaj} vj}pzj}rl}! jcmlngclbl} l |zj ja ‑klnjv„ mhc bg}.mlplmgblb pzjbl ezklv jc mhcbgmghcj} mhnpjrgrgyl} vj}pjmrh la vj}rhbj pjv}hcl}#

Zcl }hazmgýc bgjvjcrj la lmmj}h larjvclrgyh j} al gcrvhbzmmgýc bj }haz.mghcj} jc al} pvhpgl} djvvlngjcrl} bj bj}lvvhaah bj ygbjhezjkh}# Jc j}rj}jcrgbh! al djvvlngjcrl bj mvjlmgýc bj ygbjhezjkh} 1j.Lbyjcrzvj3 pvj.rjcbj lmgagrlv al rlvjl bj gcrvhbzmmgýc bj al lmmj}gfgagblb jc ygbjhezjkh}phv plvrj bj ah} bj}lvvhaalbhvj}# Elygjv Rhvvjcrj! _lfah Nhvjch! NlczjaHvrjkl.Nhvla w Flarl}lv Ijvcìcbju! bj}bj al Zcgyjv}gblb Mhnpazrjc}jbj Nlbvgb w Rjmdch}grj! pvj}jcrlc j}rl djvvlngjcrl plvl al mvjlmgýc bjygbjhezjkh} jbzmlrgyh} lmmj}gfaj}#

Vjvgçcbh}j rlnfgçc l al lmmj}gfgagblb jc ygbjhezjkh} bj mlvìmrjv jbz.

mlrgyh! Nlvgh Mlvvgh! bja kvzph LMMJBH $Lmmj}gfgagblb l Mhcrjcgbh}Jbzmlrgyh} Bgkgrlaj} bj al HCMJ' jtpagml al} plzrl} fì}gml} bj lmmj}g.fgagblb plvl pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb yg}zla! |zj dlc bj mhchmjv ah}bj}lvvhaalbhvj} w bg}jülbhvj} bj j}rj rgph bj lpagmlmghcj}# Bj czjyh!jc j}rl lphvrlmgýc! }j palcrjl mhnh hfejrgyh al mvjlmgýc bj ezjkh} |zjpzjblc }jv zrgagulbh} phv mzla|zgjv pjv}hcl! jc azklv bj ezjkh} jbz.mlrgyh} j}pjmîmh} plvl pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb yg}zla! l}î mhnhal gnphvrlcmgl bj rjcjv jc mzjcrl al lmmj}gfgagblb bj}bj al} pvgnjvl}l}j} bja pvhmj}h bj bj}lvvhaah#

Lazbgjcbh! l}gng}nh! la z}h bj ygbjhezjkh} phv plvrj bj pjv}hcl} mgj.kl}! Ehclrdlc Mdlmýc mlagml al} plcrlaal} rìmrgaj} mhnh nçrhbh bj



<9

jcrvlbl(}lagbl gbjla# Jc }z lvrîmzah jtpagml mýnh al} plcrlaal} rìmrgaj}lfvjc zc czjyh plvlbgknl bj z}h plvl al} pjv}hcl} mgjkl}! la gcmhv.phvlv nçrhbh} plvl vjmhkjv j gcrvhbzmgv gchvnlmgýc bj zcl hvnl nì}mjvmlcl l }z} dìfgrh} bj jtpahvlmgýc vjla#

Al mzlvrl plvrj }j rgrzal ‑Vjmhnjcblmghcj} bj lmmj}gfgagblb jcygbjhezjkh}5 jejnpah} bj lylcmj} jc ja bg}jüh„# Jc jaal }j vjmhkjcbg}rgcrl} mhcrvgfzmghcj} |zj rgjcjc jc mhnõc bh} l}pjmrh} zcbl.

njcrlaj}5 jc pvgnjv azklv! al} vjjvjcmgl} l mvgrjvgh} l mhc}gbjvlv plvllylculv jc ja bg}jüh bj ygbjhezjkh} lmmj}gfaj} w! jc }jkzcbh azklv!al} lphvrlmghcj}! l rvlyç} bj jejnpah}! }hfvj ygbjhezjkh} |zj dlcgcmazgbh lakzch} bj j}h} mvgrjvgh}#

Mhnh gcgmgh bj j}rl plvrj! Elygjv Nlgvjcl! bj Lmmj}}Lfaj Klnj}!jtpagml |zç hpmghcj} bj lmmj}gfgagblb }j dlc gcmazgbh jc ja bg}jüh bjah} ygbjhezjkh} Nw Kvjjc Mgrw w Lrvlmrhvj}# L mhcrgczlmgýc! LaylvhKlvmîl Rjejbhv w Hakl _jülafl! bja MJGJM $Mjcrvh bj GcchylmgýcJtpjvgnjcrla bja Mhchmgngjcrh bj al Zcgyjv}gblb Ivlcmg}mh bj Ygrhvgl'!

jtphcjc al} pvgcmgplaj} mhcmaz}ghcj} hfrjcgbl} jc ja j}rzbgh bj lmmj.}gfgagblb vjlagulbh lmjvml bja ygbjhezjkh bj }jc}gfgagulmgýc }hfvj albg}mlplmgblb lzbgrgyl Gvjbgl! l}î mhnh al} ajmmghcj} |zj! l plvrgv bjj}rl jtpjvgjcmgl! }j pzjbjc lpvjcbjv plvl ja bj}lvvhaah bj ygbjhezj.kh} lmmj}gfaj}# Mlvnj Nlckgvhc lclagul al} pvìmrgml} bj }zfrgrzalbhdlfgrzlaj} jc ah} ygbjhezjkh}! gaz}rvl ah} l}pjmrh} vjjvgbh} mhc jejn.pah} bj ygbjhezjkh} nzw mhchmgbh} w pvhphcj vjmhnjcblmghcj} plvlnjehvlv al mlagblb bj ah} }zfrîrzah}#

Azg} _lahnlvj} w Jajcl Mlch! bja Mjcrvh bj Gcyj}rgklmgýc! Bj}lvvhaah w Lpagmlmgýc Rgihrçmcgml HCMJ.MGBLR! bj}mvgfjc al} pvgcmgplaj} plzrl}rçmcgml} |zj bjfjvîlc mhcrjnpalv}j mhc ja c bj |zj z}zlvgh} mgj.kh} pzjblc bg}vzrlv bj ah} ygbjhezjkh}! lphwìcbh}j jc jtpagmlmghcj}}hfvj ygbjhezjkh} mhnh Hclj! al lyjcrzvl bj Uhj# Jc al mhcrvgfzmgýcbj Njvgrtjaa Lwnjvgmd w Nýcgml ]zvî}! bj MhnLmmj}}! rlnfgçc phbj.nh} jcmhcrvlv fzjch} jejnpah} }hfvj lzbghezjkh} |zj! mhnh plvrjbja pvhwjmrh _alw Ngvý! pjvngrjc |zj al} pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblbj}yg}zlaj} w lzbgrgyl} bg}vzrjc bj al kzvl w hfvl bj Ehlc Ngvý#

Ah} ygbjhezjkh} jbzmlrgyh} Ng pvgnjv bîl bj rvlfleh w Al kvlc j}rl }jpvj}jcrlc mhnh lmgagrlbhvj} bj al gcrjkvlmgýc bj pjv}hcl} mhc bg}ml.plmgblb gcrjajmrzla jc ja jcrhvch alfhvla# J}rl jtpjvgjcmgl j} jtpzj}rl



<;

phv ja j|zgph hvnlbh phv Elygjv Rhvvjcrj! Lckja bja Falcmh! NlczjaHvrjkl.Nhvla! Ahvjcl Fhzvk w Flarl}lv Ijvcìcbju Nlceýc $Zcgyjv}gblbMhnpazrjc}j bj Nlbvgb! Rjmdch}grj! w Lvglbcl ]jvygmgh} Gchvnìrgmh}'#Al} bgvjmrvgmj} bj bg}jüh }jkzgbl} jc lnfh} ezjkh}! l}î mhnh bj al}mhcmaz}ghcj} hfrjcgbl} pvhphvmghclc gchvnlmgýc nzw ylagh}l plvlhrvh} ph}gfaj} bj}lvvhaah}#

Gkzlanjcrj! pvj}rlcbh lrjcmgýc l al} pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb

gcrjajmrzla! Lafjvrh ]ìcmdju! Jyl ]ìcmdju w Yjvýcgml _jc}h}g! bj alIzcblmgýc ]îcbvhnj bj Bh{c bj Nlbvgb w al Izcblmgýc Hvlckj! jtpag.mlc |zç l}pjmrh} vjalmghclbh} mhc al lmmj}gfgagblb }j rzygjvhc jcmzjcrl jc ja bg}jüh bj ah} ygbjhezjkh} MGRG w Azml} w ja ml}h bja mzl.

bvh vhflbh#

Al |zgcrl plvrj! ‑Ygbjhezjkh} w bgyjv}gblb5 phrjcmglagblbj} w jtpjvgjc.mgl} pvìmrgml}„! hvjmj zcl nzj}rvl }hfvj bg}rgcrl} ph}gfgagblbj} bj z}hbj ah} ygbjhezjkh}! l rvlyç} bj jtpjvgjcmgl} pvìmrgml} aajylbl} l mlfhjc mjcrvh} vjalmghclbh} mhc ah} ìnfgrh} jbzmlrgyh! }hmgla w }lcgrlvgh#

L}gng}nh }j gcmazwjc mhcrvgfzmghcj} }hfvj pvhwjmrh} bj gcyj}rgklmgýc|zj jtpahvlc czjyl} lpagmlmghcj} bj ah} ygbjhezjkh} jc bjrjvngclbh}mlnph} ygcmzalbh} mhc al vjdlfgagrlmgýc! al }lazb h al plvrgmgplmgýc }hmgla#

Ah} rvj} pvgnjvh} lvrîmzah} bj j}rl plvrj vjmhkjc gcgmglrgyl} bj bgjvjcrj}mjcrvh} bja GN]JV]H# Czvgl Njcbhul w Laylvh Ilcjkh! bja Mjcrvh bjVjjvjcmgl J}rlrla Bg}mlplmgblb w Bjpjcbjcmgl! pvhphcjc ah} ygbjhezj.kh} Fhmmgl Ygvrzla w ]alahn mhnh hvnl bj blv l mhchmjv ja bjphvrjplvl pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb w lphvrlv zcl czjyl djvvlngjcrl kvl.

rzgrl plvl }z pvìmrgml bj}bj zc pzcrh bj yg}rl ygvrzla! jtphcgjcbh ah}pvgcmgplaj} jajnjcrh} |zj }j dlc mhc}gbjvlbh jc vjalmgýc l al lmmj}g.fgagblb# Eh}ç Mlvah} Nlvrîc w Nlvîl bja Mlvnjc Mlügulvj}! bja Mjcrvhbj Vjmzpjvlmgýc bj _jv}hcl} mhc Bg}mlplmgblb Iî}gml bj Laflmjrj!jtpagmlc mýnh }j aajyý l mlfh jc bgmdh mjcrvh al gnpajnjcrlmgýc bj zcìvjl bj ygbjhezjkh}! al} cjmj}gblbj} |zj ah nhrgylvhc w al vj}pzj}rlhfrjcgbl bj ah} z}zlvgh}# _hv hrvl plvrj! bj}bj ja MJLBLM $Mjcrvh bjVjjvjcmgl J}rlrla bj Lrjcmgýc la Blüh Mjvjfvla'! Ezlc Eh}ç Klvmîl!Nlvrl _çvju! Mlvah} Khcuìaju! Lcrhcgh Kýnju w Azg} Ijagpj Mvhmdj pvj.

}jcrlc ah} vj}zarlbh} hfrjcgbh} bja lcìag}g} w jylazlmgýc bj al zrgagblbbj zcl }jajmmgýc }gkcgmlrgyl bj ygbjhezjkh} bj al ygbjhmhc}hal [gg jcpjv}hcl} mhc blüh mjvjfvla lb|zgvgbh#



<4

Ja z}h bj ygbjhezjkh} phv pjv}hcl} mhc blüh mjvjfvla lb|zgvgbh mhc}.rgrzwj rlnfgçc ja cõmajh bj hrvl} bh} mhcrvgfzmghcj}# Fjlrvgu Aýpju!

Lcl Kzunìc! Fjlrvgu Nlckl}! Lnlwl Clkhvj w Lanzbjcl Vjwjvh! bjaMjcrvh AJ]MJV! bj}mvgfjc al gcgmglrgyl bj bgmdh mjcrvh jc al lblprl.mgýc bja jcrhvch j gcmaz}gýc bj ah} ygbjhezjkh} mhnh gc}rvznjcrh} bjlphwh plvl al vjdlfgagrlmgýc# Jc al ng}nl aîcjl! Fjkhül Khcuìaju! lplvrgv bj }z jtpjvgjcmgl jc al vjdlfgagrlmgýc cjzvhp}gmhaýkgml bj pjv.}hcl} mhc blüh mjvjfvla jc ja Dh}pgrla Fjlrl Nlvîl Lcl! jtphcj ah}

fjcjmgh} bjvgylbh} bja z}h bj al} czjyl} rjmchahkîl} w ah} ezjkh}gcrjvlmrgyh} jc ah} pvhkvlnl} bj vjdlfgagrlmgýc#

Jyl Klvmîl! bja Mjcrvh bj Bîl L_LN plvl pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblbî}gml jtpagml ja pvhwjmrh L_LN KLNJ]! mzwh hfejrgyh j} lmjvmlv jahmgh jajmrvýcgmh l al} pjv}hcl} mhc bgyjv}gblb zcmghcla l rvlyç} bjah} ezjkh} hcagcj# Al }gkzgjcrj mhcrvgfzmgýc vj}znj al jtpjvgjcmgl bjlpagmlmgýc bj ygbjhezjkh} jc ja rvlrlngjcrh bj }ghrjvlpgl jc aj}gh.clbh} njbzalvj} bja Dh}pgrla Clmghcla bj _lvlpaçegmh}# Nhcr}jvvlr

Bîlu! Iìrgnl Lvvgfl} w Ahal Ejvju nzj}rvlc mýnh ja z}h bj ygbjhezjkh}hvjmj zc gnphvrlcrj mhnpajnjcrh jc ah} rvlrlngjcrh} bj }ghrjvlpglkvlmgl} la mlvìmrjv aõbgmh bj ah} ng}nh}#

_lvrgjcbh bj al mhalfhvlmgýc jcrvj ja KGKL Ljmrgyj Alf bj alZcgyjv}gblb bj Ulvlkhul w ja Mhajkgh _õfagmh bj Jbzmlmgýc J}pjmgla‑Lafhvlbl„! Elygjv Nlvmh! ]lcbvl Flabl}}lvvg w Jyl Mjvjuh jtphcjcal jtpjvgjcmgl bj mvjlmgýc bj ezjkh} bj hvbjclbhv lmmj}gfaj} mhnhdjvvlngjcrl} bj lphwh plvl al mhc}jmzmgýc bj zc mhcezcrh bj mhnpj.rjcmgl} fì}gml} phv plvrj bja laznclbh#

Al} pjv}hcl} nlwhvj} mhc bjrjvghvh mhkcgrgyh }j mhcygjvrjc jc ja mjc.rvh bj lrjcmgýc jc al mhcrvgfzmgýc |zj vjlagul Alzvl Nlvrîc }hfvj al zrg.agulmgýc bj al mhc}hal [gg jc Mjcrvh} bj Bîl Ygrlagl! dlmgjcbh vjjvjcmgll gcbgmlmghcj}! fjcjmgh}! bgmzarlbj} jc }z z}h w hrvh} l}pjmrh} vjal.mghclbh} mhc al} rjvlpgl} jc al} |zj }j gcmazwj#

Mhnpajrlc j}rj fah|zj bj mhcrjcgbh} }hfvj phrjcmglagblbj} bj ah}ygbjhezjkh} w jtpjvgjcmgl} pvìmrgml} rvj} lvrîmzah} |zj }zvkjc bjaìnfgrh bj al gcyj}rgklmgýc w bj al rvlwjmrhvgl jc ja bj}lvvhaah w jej.

mzmgýc bj pvhwjmrh} jzvhpjh} mzwh hfejrgyh j} al gcrjkvlmgýc bjal} pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb# Ygvkgcgl Khcuìaju! bj ]GC_VHNG]#A# $]hmgjblb Gc}zalv plvl al _vhnhmgýc bj al} _jv}hcl} mhc



<7

Bg}mlplmgblb'! pvj}jcrl al djvvlngjcrl LBYLCR.JB w al palrlhvnl LBYLCR plvl al vjdlfgagrlmgýc î}gml w ja jcrvjclngjcrh mhkcgrgyh! jcal} |zj }j lpvhyjmdlc al} hphvrzcgblbj} |zj fvgcbl ja bg}ph}grgyhNgmvh}hr @gcjmr# Igclanjcrj! ah} pvhwjmrh} ]HMGLFAJ w LMRGYL }hcjtpzj}rh} phv Vhmîh Ulvlkhul! bja Gc}rgrzrh Rjmchaýkgmh bja Ezkzjrj$LGEZ'! vjvgçcbh}j l }z} hfejrgyh} w lpagmlmghcj} mhnh lphwh plvlal lmrgygblb njcrla w al gcrjvlmmgýc }hmgla bj pjv}hcl} nlwhvj} mhcbjnjcmgl ajyj! jc ja pvhwjmrh ]HMGLFAJ! w plvl al rjvlpgl fl}lbl jc

ja jejvmgmgh î}gmh plvl pjv}hcl} mhc jcjvnjblb bj _lv`gc}hc! jc japvhwjmrh LMRGYL#

Al }jtrl w õargnl plvrj! ‑Al mhcmgjcmglmgýc! bgyzaklmgýc w hvnlmgýcjc lmmj}gfgagblb jc ygbjhezjkh}„! }j bjbgml l zc l}pjmrh zcblnjcrlaplvl ja lylcmj jc j}rj mlnph5 al gnphvrlcmgl bj al }jc}gfgagulmgýc w algchvnlmgýc }hfvj al lmmj}gfgagblb jc ygbjhezjkh}#

]zfvlwlcbh ja ylahv bj ah} ygbjhezjkh} mhnh njbgh plvl al }jc}g.fgagulmgýc! Lckja Klvmîl! G}vlja Khcuìaju! Gvlrtj \zgcrlcl w Eh}ç Azg}

Aýpju! bj al Zcgyjv}gblb Mlvah} GGG bj Nlbvgb w ja Mjcrvh J}plüha bj]zfrgrzalbh w Lzbghbj}mvgpmgýc! pvj}jcrlc ja ygbjhezjkh ‑Bgfz} plvlrhbh}„! mzwh hfejrgyh j} pvjmg}lnjcrj }jc}gfgagulv }hfvj al cjmj}gblbbj dlmjv lmmj}gfaj} ah} mhcrjcgbh} lzbgyg}zlaj}#

Al} bh} }gkzgjcrj} mhcrvgfzmghcj} rgjcjc ylvgh} l}pjmrh} jc mhnõc!bj ah} |zj bj}rlmlc bh}5 jc pvgnjv azklv! pjv}gkzjc ja hfejrgyh bj almhcmgjcmglmgýc }hfvj al gnphvrlcmgl bj al lmmj}gfgagblb jc ygbjhezjkh}w! jc }jkzcbh azklv! dlc }gbh aajylbl} l mlfh jc mjcrvh} |zj pvhnzj.

yjc al gcrjkvlmgýc w plvrgmgplmgýc bj al} pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb#Whalcbl Djvcìcbju! bj al L}hmglmgýc bj _lvlpaçegmh} w _jv}hcl} mhcKvlc Bg}mlplmgblb Iî}gml bj al Mhnzcgblb bj Nlbvgb! pvj}jcrl japvhwjmrh ‑GchvnOmgýc5 j.gcmaz}gýc bj pjv}hcl} mhc nhygagblb vjbz.mgbl„! mhc}g}rjcrj jc zc mhcezcrh bj djvvlngjcrl} bgyzaklrgyl} }hfvjal} czjyl} rjmchahkîl}! jc al} |zj }j hrhvkl zc plpja zcblnjcrla lahmgh jajmrvýcgmh# _hv hrvl plvrj! Mlvnjc Alumlch }gcrjrgul al} pvgc.mgplaj} lphvrlmghcj} bja Mjcrvh bj Vjmzpjvlmgýc bj _jv}hcl} mhcBg}mlplmgblb Iî}gml bj ]lalnlcml jc ja ìnfgrh bj al lmmj}gfgagblb jc

ygbjhezjkh}! l rvlyç} bj al hvklcgulmgýc bj bgyjv}l} ehvclbl} hvnlrg.yl}! j}plmgh} bj pvzjfl w rlaajvj} }hfvj ygbjhezjkh} w }z plpja jc al}pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb#



6?

Mhnh }jülal Elygjv Nlgvjcl! bj Lmmj}}Lfaj Klnj}! zch bj ah} kvlc.bj} pvhfajnl} |zj ch} jcmhcrvlnh} jc lmmj}gfgagblb jc ygbjhezjkh}j} ja kvlc bj}mhchmgngjcrh bj al} ph}gfgagblbj} jtg}rjcrj} lmrzlanjcrjw al} czjyl} |zj }j pzjbjc mvjlv# ]z fahk Ygbjhezjkh} Lmmj}gfaj}mhc}rgrzwj zcl ylagh}î}gnl gcgmglrgyl kvlmgl} l al mzla phbjnh} jcmhc.rvlv gchvnlmgýc lmrzlagulbl! jc j}plüha! }hfvj jyjcrh} vjalmghclbh}mhc al lmmj}gfgagblb jc ygbjhezjkh}! j}rzbgh}! lylcmj}! w lcìag}g} }hfvjal lmmj}gfgagblb bj ezjkh} w bg}ph}grgyh}#

_hv õargnh! mhnpajrlcbh j}rj lplvrlbh bjbgmlbh l al bgyzaklmgýc whvnlmgýc jc lmmj}gfgagblb jc ygbjhezjkh}! Mlvnj Nlckgvhc! bj alZcgyjv}gblb Lzrýchnl bj Flvmjahcl! hvjmj zcl mhnpgalmgýc bj vjmzv.}h} jajmrvýcgmh} vjalmghclbh} mhc al lmmj}gfgagblb jc ygbjhezjkh} |zjpzjbj vj}zarlv bj kvlc zrgagblb plvl rhbl} al} pjv}hcl} gcrjvj}lbl} jcj}rj rjnl#

]j lrvgfzwj l Rdhnl} Jbg}hc ja lhvg}nh ‑]gjnpvj dlw zcl nlcjvlnjehv bj dlmjv lakh0 jcmhcrvlval j} ng}gýc bj mlbl zch„# Mvjh |zj al}

pjv}hcl} |zj djnh} plvrgmgplbh jc ‑Fzjcl} pvìmrgml} bj lmmj}gfgag.blb jc ygbjhezjkh}„ ch} gbjcrgmlvîlnh} nì} mhc hrvl vl}j larjvcl.rgyl |zj phbvîlnh} jtpvj}lv mhnh5 ‑]gjnpvj dlw nlcjvl} njehvj}bj dlmjv lakh0 mhalfhvlcbh w mhnplvrgjcbh mhchmgngjcrh phbjnh}jcmhcrvlval}„#

Azmîl _çvju.Ml}rgaal Laylvju_}gmýahkl bja MJL_LR.GN]JV]H

apml}rgaallOgn}jv}h#j}



6<



<Al lmmj}gfgagblb jc ygbjhezjkh}5 vjrh}!hphvrzcgblbj} w

pvhpzj}rl}



6=

<#<¸Ygbjhezjkh} plvlrhbh}8 _lchvlnl lmrzlabj al lmmj}gfgagblb jc

ygbjhezjkh}#Mlvnj Nlckgvhc w _galv Hvjvh

Kvzph bj gcyj}rgklmgýc Rvlc}njbgl MlrlahcglMjcrvh bj Lmmj}gfgagblb j Gcrjagkjcmgl Lnfgjcrla bj Mlrlazül $MLGLM'

Zcgyjv}grlr Lzröchnl bj Flvmjahcldrrp5((mlglm#zlf#mlrmlvnj#nlckgvhcOzlf#mlrpgalv#hvjvhOzlf#mlr

Rvlc}njbgl Mlrlahcgl j} zc kvzph bj gcyj}rgklmgýc zcgyjv}grlvgh bj alZcgyjv}gblb Lzröchnl bj Flvmjahcl! lb}mvgrh la Mjcrvh bj Lmmj}gfgagblb jGcrjagkjcmgl Lnfgjcrla bj Mlrlazcwl $MLGLM' w la Bjplvrlnjcrh bj Rvlbzmmgýc

w bj Gcrjvpvjrlmgýc! agbjvlbh phv al Bvl# _galv Hvjvh# Rvlc}Njbgl Mlrlahcgl j}rzbgl bgyjv.}h} l}pjmrh} bj al rvlbzmmgýc lzbghyg}zla $bhfalej! }zfrgrzalbh! yhgmj hyjv! jrm#' w bjal lmmj}gfgagblb lzbghyg}zla $}zfrgrzalbh plvl }hvbh}! lzbghbj}mvgpmgýc! }zfrgrzalbhnjbglcrj ja vjmhchmgngjcrh bja dlfal'#

]j rvlrl bj zc kvzph mhc}hagblbh mhc clcmglmgýc bj al Kjcjvlagrlr bj Mlrlazcwl$6??7]KV;??'#

Jc }jrgjnfvj bja lüh 6??7 Rvlc}njbgl Mlrlahcgl lülbgý al lmmj}gfgagblb jc ygbjhezj.kh} l }z} aîcjl} bj gcyj}rgklmgýc kvlmgl} l al hfrjcmgýc bj zcl fjml ph}rbhmrhvla bjbh} lüh} Fjlrvgz bj _gcý} bja LKLZV bj al Kjcjvlagrlr bj Mlrlazcwl phv plvrj bj

al Bvl# Mlvnjc Nlckgvhc# Bj}bj jcrhcmj} dl j}rlbh gcyj}rgklcbh ja j}rlbh bj almzj}rgýc jc lmmj}gfgagblb l ygbjhezjkh} w nì} j}pjmîmlnjcrj al lmmj}gfgagblb plvl

ezklbhvj} mhc bgyjv}gblb zcmghcla lzbgrgyl#

http://caiac.uab.cat/




62

Jc j}rl mhcrvgfzmgýc bjcgnh} ja mhcmjprh bj lmmj}gfgagblbjc ygbjhezjkh}! jtpahvlnh} ja j}rlbh bj al mzj}rgýc w bj}.mvgfgnh} al} bg}rgcrl} flvvjvl} mhc al} |zj }j rhplc ah} ezkl.

bhvj} mhc bgyjv}gblb zcmghcla! wl }jl }jc}hvgla! nhrhvl h mhkcgrgyl# L}gng}nh pvhphcjnh} bg}rgcrl} j}rvlrjkgl} plvl njehvlv al lmmj}gfgag.

blb jc ygbjhezjkh}#

Gcrvhbzmmgýc

Al lmmj}gfgagblb l ah} njbgh} bj mhnzcgmlmgýc dl jtpjvgnjcrlbh zclzkj jc ah} õargnh} lüh} bjfgbh l al gnpajnjcrlmgýc bj bg}rgcrl} ajwj}mhnzcgrlvgl} w j}plühal} |zj pvhnzjyjc zcl }hmgjblb nì} gcmaz}gylw vjmhchmjc ja bjvjmdh zcgyjv}la la lmmj}h l al mzarzvl w ja hmgh! gcbj.pjcbgjcrjnjcrj bj al} mlplmgblbj} bj mlbl gcbgygbzh# ]gc jnflvkh!l pj}lv bja phbjvîh jmhcýngmh bj al gcbz}rvgl bj ah} ygbjhezjkh} w algcrjcmgýc bj ah} bj}lvvhaalbhvj} w jbgrhvj} bj lamlculv la põfagmh ahnì} lnpagh ph}gfaj plvl vjcrlfgagulv ah} jajylbh} mh}rj} bj bj}lvvhaah!al lmmj}gfgagblb jc ygbjhezjkh} dl vjmgfgbh dl}rl ja nhnjcrh j}ml}l

lrjcmgýc rlcrh phv plvrj bj al gcbz}rvgl mhnh bja nzcbh lmlbçngmh#J}rl larl bj gcrjvç} pvhflfajnjcrj j} bjfgbl la djmdh bj |zj rlcrhal gcbz}rvgl bj ah} ygbjhezjkh} mhnh ah} j}rzbgh} lmlbçngmh} }hfvjygbjhezjkh} }hc jcýnjch} vjalrgylnjcrj vjmgjcrj}# Lmrzlanjcrj! alnlwhvîl bj vjmzv}h} jtg}rjcrj} }hfvj lmmj}gfgagblb jc ygbjhezjkh} }jjcmzjcrvlc jc fahk} w pìkgcl} {jf bjbgmlbh} l al lmmj}gfgagblb# ]gcjnflvkh! }g rjcjnh} jc mzjcrl |zj ah} ygbjhezjkh} }j mhc}gbjvlcpvhbzmrh} mzarzvlaj} jc nzmdh} plî}j}! jcrvj jaah} J}plül bj}bj jalüh 6??7! }j dlmj plrjcrj al cjmj}gblb bj njehvlv al lmmj}gfgagblb

jc ygbjhezjkh} plvl rhbh rgph bj z}zlvgh}! }jl mzla }jl }z kvlbh bjmlplmgblb! mhc ja c bj klvlcrgulv ja lmmj}h zcgyjv}la j gkzlagrlvgh l almzarzvl w ja hmgh#



6:

¸\zç j} al lmmj}gfgagblb jc ygbjhezjkh}8

Ja Klnj Lmmj}}gfgagrw ]pjmgla Gcrjvj}r Kvhzp $KL.]GK' bj al GcrjvclrghclaKlnj Bjyjahpjv} L}}hmglrghc $GKBL' bjcj al lmmj}gfgagblb jcygbjhezjkh} mhnh al dlfgagblb bj ezklv l zc ezjkh gcmaz}h fleh mhcbg.

mghcj} vj}rvgmrgyl}! wl }jlc agngrlmghcj} zcmghclaj} h bg}mlplmgblbj}!phv jejnpah! }jc}hvglaj} h nhrhvl} $Klnj Lmmj}}gfgagrw ]GK5 6??2'#]j rvlrl! phv rlcrh! bj zcl bjcgmgýc lnpagl |zj gcmazwj ch }hah allmmj}gfgagblb plvl al} pjv}hcl} mhc bgyjv}gblb zcmghcla! }gch rln.fgçc plvl ah} ezklbhvj} nì} eýyjcj} w bj jblb lylculbl! l}î mhnhah} ezklbhvj} hml}ghclaj} w ah} ezklbhvj} chyjaj} j gcjtpjvgnjcrlbh}#]g zc ezjkh j} phmh lmmj}gfaj! ah} ezklbhvj} mhc bgyjv}gblb zcmghclajtpjvgnjcrlvìc bgmzarlbj} h ch phbvìc ezklv! ah |zj aj} mlz}lvì vz}.rvlmgýc! lbjnì} bj jtmazgvah} bj zcl bj al} hvnl} bj jcrvjrjcgngjcrh

nì} phpzalvj} dhw jc bîl#

_vgcmgplaj} flvvjvl} bj lmmj}gfgagblb jcygbjhezjkh}

Ja kvlc vjrh |zj palcrjl al lmmj}gfgagblb jc ygbjhezjkh} vlbgml jc algcrjvlmmgýc bja z}zlvgh mhc ja njbgh w jc ja djmdh bj |zj al zcmgýc

pvgcmgpla bj ah} ygbjhezjkh} j} jcrvjrjcjv# Ah} ezklbhvj} vjmgfjc j}rî.nzah} bja ezjkh w bjfjc pvhmj}lvah} w vj}phcbjv l jaah} pvhphvmgh.clcbh gcpzr la ezjkh! mhc ja c bj }zpjvlv bgyjv}l} rlvjl} w mznpagvbjrjvngclbl} ng}ghcj} plvl lamlculv }z hfejrgyh! la ng}nh rgjnph |zjbg}vzrlc ezklcbh# Wzlc jr la# $6?<?' gbjcrgmlc rvj} pvhfajnl} pvgcmg.plaj} bj lmmj}gfgagblb jc ygbjhezjkh} bjfgbh} l }z gcrjvlmrgygblb5

<' Ja ezklbhv ch pzjbj vjmgfgv j}rînzah}! wl }jlc yg}zlaj}! lzbgrgyh} hrìmrgaj}#

6' Ja ezklbhv ch pzjbj bjrjvngclv mzìa j} al vj}pzj}rl lbjmzlbl plvlvjlagulv zcl lmmgýc mhcmvjrl cjmj}lvgl plvl lylculv jc ja ezjkh#

=' Ja ezklbhv ch pzjbj pvhphvmghclv gcpzr la ezjkh bjfgbh l |zj ch pzjbjnlcgpzalv ja bg}ph}grgyh bj gcrjvlu jcrvj ja ezklbhv w ja ygbjhezjkh! wl}jl ja vlrýc! ja rjmalbh! jrm#

Bgmdl} flvvjvl} bj lmmj}gfgagblb ljmrlc l bg}rgcrh} z}zlvgh} bj hvnlbgjvjcrj# _hv jejnpah! ah} ezklbhvj} }hvbh} ch vjmgfjc ah} j}rînz.ah} lzbgrgyh} w ah} mgjkh} ch vjmgfjc ah} yg}zlaj}# Ah} ezklbhvj} mhc

bgyjv}gblb zcmghcla mhkcgrgyl pzjbjc jtpjvgnjcrlv bgmzarlbj} plvlbjrjvngclv al vj}pzj}rl bj ezjkh }g al yjahmgblb bja ezjkh j} bjnl.}glbh vìpgbl h }g al bgmzarlb bja ezjkh j} jajylbl# _hv hrvl plvrj! ah}



69

ezklbhvj} mhc nhygagblb vjbzmgbl pzjbjc pvhmj}lv ah} j}rînzah} wbjrjvngclv al vj}pzj}rl |zj bjfjvîlc blvaj}! pjvh l njczbh ch pzj.bjc h rgjcjc bgmzarlbj} plvl blv gcpzr la ezjkh#

Lmrzlanjcrj! ah} ezklbhvj} mhc bgyjv}gblb zcmghcla lzbgrgyl }hc ah}|zj }j rhplc mhc njch} flvvjvl}! lzc|zj ch pzjbjc pjvmgfgv l|zj.

aal gchvnlmgýc bj rgph }hchvh |zj ch }j pvj}jcrj bj hrvh nhbh! phvjejnpah! ja bgìahkh jc al} j}mjcl} mgcjnìrgml} bj zc ezjkh h ah}}hcgbh} lnfgjcrlaj} |zj pvhphvmghclc gchvnlmgýc gnphvrlcrj plvl

ezklv! mhnh ja vzgbh bj zcl flal |zj }j lmjvml jc zc ezjkh bj bg}.plvh} }g ch j}rìc }zfrgrzalbh}# Ah} ezklbhvj} mhc bgyjv}gblb zcmgh.cla nhrhvl pzjbjc zrgagulv bg}ph}grgyh} bj rjmchahkîl lblprlrgyl |zjaj} pjvngrl blv gcpzr la ezjkh! mhnh phv jejnpah ja z}h bj zc vlrýclmgla h bj zc nlcbh lblprlbh# Ah} ezklbhvj} mgjkh} }hc ah} |zj}j jcvjcrlc l nì} flvvjvl}! wl |zj ch pzjbjc vjmgfgv ah} j}rînzah}yg}zlaj} bja ezjkh w }g ch jtg}rj zcl gcrjvlu jc lzbgh ch pzjbjc pvh.kvj}lv jc ja ezjkh#

Bjfgbh l al kvlc ylvgjblb bj z}zlvgh} mhc bgyjv}gblb zcmghcla!lmrzlanjcrj al nlwhvîl bj ah} ezjkh} |zj gcmazwjc hpmghcj} bj lmmj.}gfgagblb j}rìc bgvgkgbh} l zc mhajmrgyh bj z}zlvgh} j}pjmîmh! phvjejnpah ah} ezjkh} bj lzbgh! mhnh }z chnfvj gcbgml fl}lbh} pvgc.mgplanjcrj jc lzbgh! bgvgkgbh} l ah} ezklbhvj} mgjkh} h ah} ezjkh} bjzc fhrýc $hcj }{grmd klnj}' plvl ezklbhvj} mhc nhygagblb vjbzmgbl#

L pj}lv bj |zj lakzch} lzrhvj}! mhnh Kvlnnjch} ) ]lygbg} $6??9'lpzj}rlc phv al lmmj}gfgagblb zcgyjv}la bj ah} ygbjhezjkh} w lvnlc|zj bg}jülv ezjkh} j}pjmîmh} plvl mhajmrgyh} mhc bgyjv}gblb zc.mghcla pzjbj hnjcrlv al }jkvjklmgýc! jtg}rj zc j}mjprgmg}nh jtrjc.bgbh jc al gcbz}rvgl dlmgl al lmmj}gfgagblb zcgyjv}la jc ygbjhezjkh}#

J}rvlrjkgl} plvl njehvlv al lmmj}gfgagblb jc

ygbjhezjkh} L pj}lv bj al bgmzarlb bj bj}lvvhaalv ezjkh} zcgyjv}lanjcrj lmmj}g.faj}! ah} ygbjhezjkh} mhnjvmglaj} bjfjvîlc }jv bg}jülbh} bj hvnl|zj }jlc lmmj}gfaj} plvl ja nlwhv }jknjcrh bj al phfalmgýc ph}g.faj# L mhcrgczlmgýc mgrlnh} }jg} kvlcbj} j}rvlrjkgl} plvl mhcrvgfzgv lnjehvlv ja plchvlnl bj lmmj}gfgagblb jc ygbjhezjkh} lmrzla $Nlckgvhc!6?<<'#

l' Ihnjcrlv ja bg}jüh plvl rhbh} jc al l}j mhcmjprzla bja bj}lvvhaah

bj ah} ygbjhezjkh}! bj nhbh |zj al} hpmghcj} bj lmmj}gfgagblb }jrjcklc jc mzjcrl bj}bj ja pvgcmgpgh w ch gnpag|zjc mh}rh}l} nhbgml.mghcj} ph}rjvghvj}#



6;

f' _vhnhyjv ja bj}lvvhaah w ja z}h bj ah} bg}ph}grgyh} bj rjmchahkîllblprlrgyl! l}î mhnh al mhnplrgfgagblb bj al} bg}rgcrl} palrlhvnl} mhcjaah}# Hrvh lylcmj mhc}g}rgvîl jc ja bg}jüh bj zc nlcbh mhc mhcrvhaj}}gnpagmlbh} |zj zjvl mhnplrgfaj mhc rhbl} al} palrlhvnl} bj ezjkhw rhbh} ah} ezjkh}# Ja pvjmgh bj bgmdh} bg}ph}grgyh} bjfjvîl j}rlv la

lamlcmj bj rhbh} plvl l}jkzvlv |zj clbgj ch pzjbl lmmjbjv l j}rjrgph bj rjmchahkîl phv larl bj njbgh} jmhcýngmh}#

m' Gnpajnjcrlv zc }g}rjnl bj gchvnlmgýc w jrg|zjrlej! }gngalv la bj almal}gmlmgýc phv jblbj} bj _JKG! |zj gcbg|zj al} hpmghcj} w ja kvlbhbj lmmj}gfgagblb bj mlbl ygbjhezjkh! phv jejnpah! }g j}rì }zfrgrzalbh hch! }g gcmazwj nhbh bj pvìmrgml! }g dlw bgyjv}h} cgyjaj} bj bgmzarlb! jrm#

b' Mhcmgjcmglv l bgjvjcrj} mhajmrgyh} }hfvj al cjmj}gblb bj njehvlv japlchvlnl bj lmmj}gfgagblb l ah} ygbjhezjkh} njbglcrj mlnplül} bj

gchvnlmgýc bgvgkgbl} l al gcbz}rvgl w ja põfagmh! hvklcgulmgýc bj jyjc.rh}! mhcjvjcmgl}! chrl} bj pvjc}l! jrm#

j' Jalfhvlv chvnl} hmglaj} $ZCJ! G]H' |zj pvhphcklc plzrl} plvlnjehvlv al lmmj}gfgagblb jc ygbjhezjkh} w }j mhcygjvrlc jc zc vjjvjcrjplvl al gcbz}rvgl#

' Ihnjcrlv al gcyj}rgklmgýc gcrjvbg}mgpagclv jc ja mlnph bj al lmmj}gfg.agblb l ah} ygbjhezjkh}#

Mhcmaz}gýc L pj}lv bja çtgrh mvjmgjcrj bj al gcbz}rvgl bj ah} ygbjhezjkh} w japlpja mlbl yju nì} gnphvrlcrj |zj ah} ygbjhezjkh} j}rìc lb|zg.vgjcbh jc czj}rvl} ygbl} mhnh djvvlngjcrl} rjvlpçzrgml} w jbzmlrg.yl}! al lmmj}gfgagblb jc ygbjhezjkh} j} rhblyîl zcl l}gkclrzvl pjc.bgjcrj# Lülbgv hpmghcj} bj lmmj}gfgagblb l ah} ygbjhezjkh} ch gnpagmldlmjvah} nì} }jcmgaah} cg bg}ngczgv }z mlagblb! }gch gcmazgv nì} hpmgh.cj} bj pjv}hclagulmgýc |zj pjvngrlc |zj bg}rgcrh} ezklbhvj} pzjblc

bg}vzrlv bja ygbjhezjkh }jkõc }z} dlfgagblbj} w mlplmgblbj}# Mhnhjc mzla|zgjv hrvh ìnfgrh! al lmmj}gfgagblb j} fjcjmgh}l plvl rhbh}!gcmazgbl al gcbz}rvgl! |zj pzjbj lznjcrlv }z njvmlbh hfejrgyh }gkcg.mlrgylnjcrj# J} cjmj}lvgh hnjcrlv al gcyj}rgklmgýc gcrjvbg}mgpagclvjc ja mlnph bj al lmmj}gfgagblb w bgzcbgval jcrvj mîvmzah} lmlbç.ngmh}! pvhj}ghclaj}! hvklcgulmghcj} kzfjvclnjcrlaj}! mhajmrgyh}gnpagmlbh} w ja põfagmh kjcjvla# Gcgmglrgyl} mhnh j}rj bhmznjcrh bjfzjcl} pvìmrgml} bja MJL_LR }gc bzbl mhcrvgfzgvìc l al njehvl bjal lmmj}gfgagblb jc ygbjhezjkh} w l lylculv dlmgl zcl }hmgjblb nì}

ez}rl j gcmaz}gyl plvl rhbh}#



64

Fgfaghkvlîl

Kvlnnjch}! B# ) ]lygbg}! L# $6??9'# ‑Zcgjb Bj}gkc h Zcgyjv}laaw

Lmmj}}gfaj Klnj} $]lw [dlr8' ‑ Klnl}zrvl#Jc5 drrp5(({{{#klnl}zrvl#mhn(jlrzvj}(6??9<6?;(kvlnnjch}X?<#}drna

$Mhc}zarlbh 67#?9#<<'

GKBL Klnj Lmmj}}gfgagrw ]GK# $6??2'# ‑Lmmj}}gfgagrw gc Klnj}5Nhrgylrghc} lcb Lppvhlmdj}„#

Jc5 drrp5((lvmdgyj}#gkbl#hvk(lmmj}}gfgagrw(GKBLXLmmj}}gfgagrwX

[dgrj_lpjv#pb$Mhc}zarlbh 9#?;#<<'

Nlckgvhc! M# $6?<<'„ Lmmj}gfgagblb l ah} ygbjhezjkh}5 j}rlbh lmrzla wpjv}pjmrgyl} zrzvl}„# RVLC]5 Vjyg}rl bj Rvlbzmrhahkîl! cõnjvh <:#Wzlc! F#! Ihanjv! J# ) Ivjbjvgm`! D# Ev# $6?<?'# ‑Klnj lmmj}}gfgagrw5 l}zvyjw„#

Zcgyjv}la Lmmj}} gc rdj Gchvnlrghc ]hmgjrw # <?! pp#<.<?#

Jc5 drrp5(({{{#m}j#zcv#jbz(svjbd(plpjv}(ehzvcla(67.kll}(plpjv#pb$Mhc}zarlbh 6?#?7#<?^

http://www.gamasutra.com/features/20061207/grammenos_01.shtml



http://archives.igda.org/accessibility/IGDA_Accessibility_WhitePaper.pdf



http://www.cse.unr.edu/~fredh/papers/journal/29-gaas/paper.pdf

http://www.cse.unr.edu/~fredh/papers/journal/29-gaas/paper.pdf





67

<#6 Ygbjhezjkh} w bg}mlplmgblb#Ja vjrh bj al gcmaz}gýc#G}lfja Vzfgh w Lzvhvl Nlblvglkl

Mìrjbvl Hmgh w Bg}mlplmgblbGc}rgrzrh bj J}rzbgh} bj Hmgh

Ilmzarlb bj Mgjcmgl} ]hmglaj} w Dznlcl}#Zcgyjv}gblb bj Bjz}rh

{{{#hmgh#bjz}rh#j}gvzfghObjz}rh#j}lzvhvl#nlblvglklObjz}rh#j}

Al Mìrjbvl Hmgh w Bg}mlplmgblb j} zcl jcrgblb õcgml jc jaJ}rlbh w jc ja nlvmh zcgyjv}grlvgh mjcrvlbl jc ja jcýnjch bjahmgh w }z lpagmlmgýc la mhajmrgyh bj al} pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlpl.

mgblb# Vjgygcbgml ja bjvjmdh la hmgh mhnh lakh zcgyjv}la# Rvlflel bj}bjja mhcmjprh bj Gcmaz}gýc jc Hmgh w ja bj}lvvhaah bj djvvlngjcrl} |zjlvrgmzalc al gcmaz}gýc jc hmgh plvl rhbl} al} pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb#

http://www.ocio.deusto.es/




=?

Jc j}rj lvrîmzah }j lpagmlc ah} mhcmjprh} rvlflelbh} bj}bj<772 jc rhvch l al vjlagblb bja hmgh w al bg}mlplmgblb! palc.rjlcbh vjrh} w j}mjclvgh} bj zrzvh l mhvrh! njbgh w alvkh

paluh! aajylbh} ja ìnfgrh bj ah} ygbjhezjkh}#

_lvrgjcbh bj al gbjl bj |zj j}rh}! zrgagulbh} bj hvnl lbjmzlbl! }hc

zc lcrì}rgmh vjmzv}h plvl ja hmgh! al jbzmlmgýc w mhnh djvvlngjcrlvjdlfgagrlbhvl#

Gcrvhbzmmgýc

Al Mìrjbvl Hmgh w Bg}mlplmgblb bj}lvvhaal }z rvlfleh bj}bj <772 jc jaGc}rgrzrh bj J}rzbgh} bj Hmgh# J}rj pvhwjmrh mjcrvl rhbh} }z} j}zjv.uh} jc ja mhchmgngjcrh jtdlz}rgyh w ja bj}lvvhaah bj djvvlngjcrl} |zjklvlcrgmjc ja jejvmgmgh bja bjvjmdh la hmgh jc rhbl} al} pjv}hcl} mhcbg}mlplmgblb# J}rj lvrîmzah pvjrjcbj lmjvmlv ah} jajnjcrh} malyj} bjal plvrgmgplmgýc bj al} pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb l ah} ygbjhezjkh}!jtmjajcrj vjmzv}h bj hmgh! |zj zrgagulbh} lbjmzlblnjcrj gnpagmlcnzargrzb bj fjcjmgh}! plvl jaah palcrjl al gcmaz}gýc mhnh djvvlngjcrlbj kj}rgýc plvl bg}jülv ygbjhezjkh} plvl rhbl al mgzblblcîl#

Ah} j}mjclvgh}5 Ygbjhezjkh} w Bg}mlplmgblb

Rhbh} jc nlwhv h njchv njbgbl ch} vjalmghclnh} mhc al} RGM! j}rìmalvh |zj ch} dlc vjyhazmghclbh w }zphcjc zc kvlc lylcmj phv|zjch} pvhphvmghclc czjyh} mlclaj} bj mhnzcgmlmgýc j gcnjc}l} zjc.rj} bj gchvnlmgýc! l rvlyç} phv jejnpah bj al rjajhcîl h Gcrjvcjr0pvhphvmghclc rlnfgçc phrjcrj} gc}rvznjcrh} plvl ja pvhmj}h bj al

gchvnlmgýc# Al} RGM rlnfgçc kjcjvlc czjyh} ylahvj} w plzrl} bjmhnphvrlngjcrh }hmgla! phv jejnpah! zcl pjv}hcl mhc zcl bg}mlplmg.blb |zj pvj}jcrj larjvlmghcj} jc ja dlfal pzjbj njehvlv }z} mhnpj.rjcmgl} mhnzcgmlrgyl} w }hmglaj}! mhc ja z}h bja mhvvjh jajmrvýcgmh#

Al} RGM dlc aajklbh l czj}rvl ygbl hvjmgçcbhch} gccgblb bj ph}g.fgagblbj} |zj ch} hjvrlc zcl czjyl nlcjvl bj ygygv al ygbl w jtpj.vgnjcrlv czjyl} hvnl} bj hmgh# Ah} blrh} hfejrgyh} bja z}h |zjdlmjnh} bj al} rjmchahkîl} mhc}rlrlc |zj mlbl yju nì}! ylnh}dlmgjcbh nì} czj}rvl} al} RGM w |zj ah} ygbjhezjkh} ch} kz}rlc! ch

}ýah l ah} cgüh} w cgül}! rlnfgçc l ah} eýyjcj} w lbzarh}! }gc |zj j}rlmvjmgjcrj pjcjrvlmgýc bj al RGM w ah} ygbjhezjkh} }jl mlz}l bj lg}al.ngjcrh h lflcbhch bj hrvl} lmrgygblbj} bj hmgh# Bj}bj zc jch|zj



=<

pjblkýkgmh! ch} djnh} jcmhcrvlbh mhc zcl phrjcrj djvvlngjcrl|zj nhrgyl! hnjcrl al lzrhj}rgnl w al mvjlrgygblb! w |zj lbjmzlbl.njcrj zrgagulbl pzjbjc mvjlv }grzlmghcj} bj lpvjcbgulej mhc}rvzmrgyhw }gkcgmlrgyh! gcmaz}h l pj}lv bj |zj ch }j rvlrj bj ygbjhezjkh}bg}jülbh} jtmaz}gylnjcrj plvl mznpagv mhc hfejrgyh} jbzmlrgyh}#

Ah} ygbjhezjkh} lpagmlbh} la z}h jc ja ìnfgrh bj al bg}mlplmgblbpzjbjc rhnlv ylvgl} hvnl}5 mhnh jcýnjch bj hmgh! mhnh vjmzv}hjbzmlrgyh! w mhnh djvvlngjcrl vjdlfgagrlbhvl# Jc mzla|zgjvl bj ah}ml}h} j} cjmj}lvgh ja phbjv plvrgmgplv lmrgylnjcrj jc ja ygbjhezjkh$lmmj}gfaj w lblprlbh' w bj ldî hfrjcjv ah} fjcjmgh} jc ja bj}lvvhaahpjv}hcla }j rjckl h ch zcl bg}mlplmgblb#

¸Mzìa j} al }grzlmgýc lmrzla bja lmmj}h la

hmgh gcrjvlmrgyh bgkgrla bj al} pjv}hcl} mhcbg}mlplmgblb8

Rhblyîl dhw bîl mhc}rlrlnh} bgmzarlbj} bj lmmj}h la hmgh w l ah}ygbjhezjkh} plvl lakzch} mhajmrgyh}# Yjnh}! phv zc albh ja hmgh mhnhbjvjmdh w mhnh jtpjvgjcmgl ygrla bj al pjv}hcl w phv hrvh albh jalmmj}h l al ygyjcmgl ch j}rì klvlcrgulbh plvl rhbh}# Al ygyjcmgl bjah} ygbjhezjkh} bj al} pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb bjfgjvlc rjcjv al}ng}nl} mlvlmrjvî}rgml} |zj plvl ja vj}rh! wl |zj ja ylahv bj al} jtpj.vgjcmgl} bj hmgh j} bjmg}gyh plvl ja bj}lvvhaah dznlch# Ja lmmj}h l alhjvrl bj }jvygmgh} w pvhbzmrh} bj hmgh j}rì njbglrgulbh phv al bg}ml.plmgblb! phv jaah! }zfvlwlnh} al mhcrgczl pvj}jcmgl bj flvvjvl} gcrjv.cl} w jtrjvcl} plvl phbjv lmmjbjv l ah} ygbjhezjkh}! bg}jülbh} bjhvnl j}rìcblv }gc lblprlmghcj} cg mhcbgmghcj} bj lmmj}gfgagblb#

¸\zç j} al gcmaz}gýc w |zç gnpagml8

Al gcmaz}gýc j}! lcrj rhbh! zcl mzj}rgýc bj bjvjmdh} dznlch} w l}znjal bjjc}l bj zcl }hmgjblb plvl rhbh}# ]j }z}rjcrl jc al pvjng}l |zjal mhnzcgblb bjfj }lrg}lmjv al} cjmj}gblbj} bj rhbh}#

Al yjvblbjvl gcmaz}gýc ch }j pvhbzmj phv zc }gnpaj hvbjclngjcrh bjjtpjvgjcmgl}! phv al gcrjkvlmgýc }hmgla h phv al hvklcgulmgýc bj lmrgyg.blbj}# ]j pvhbzmj mzlcbh }j blc gcrjvlmmghcj} jcrvj pjv}hcl} mhc w}gc bg}mlplmgblb fl}lbl} jc zc gcrjvç} bja zch phv ja hrvh! mhc hfej.rgyh} mhnzcj} w jc rçvngch} bj gkzlablb! jc zc magnl bj mhnzcgml.

mgýc }gc ezgmgh} cg pvjezgmgh} w |zj bjvgyl jc ja bj}lvvhaah bj zc }jcrgbhbj pjvrjcjcmgl# Ah} lmrhvj} zcblnjcrlaj} }hc5 ja vjmhchmgngjcrhbj |zj }hnh} zcl zcgblb lzc|zj }jlnh} bgjvjcrj}! al mvjlmgýc bj



=6

hphvrzcgblbj} plvl jtpjvgnjcrlv agfjvrlb! al ylahvlmgýc bj mlbl pjv.}hcl w bj al bgyjv}gblb! w ja hnjcrh bj al plvrgmgplmgýc#

J} zcblnjcrla jcrjcbjv |zj al gcmaz}gýc j} ja pvgcmgpgh |zj kzîl al}lmmghcj} jcmlngclbl} l ‑|zj rhbl} al} pjv}hcl} hvnjc plvrj vjla bjal }hmgjblb bj al |zj }hc ngjnfvh}! bj}rlml j}pjmglanjcrj al gbjl bj

al vj}phc}lfgagblb |zj rgjcj ja jcrhvch bj kjcjvlv lmmghcj} w pvìmrg.ml} |zj hnjcrjc al pajcl lmjprlmgýc w plvrgmgplmgýc bj ah} bg}rgcrh}mhajmrgyh} jc }z jcrhvch„#

J}rlfajmjv cgyjaj} bj gcmaz}gýc! j} zcl nlcjvl bj hpjvlrgygulv w jyl.azlv ja kvlbh bj gcmaz}gýc jc }jvygmgh} w pvhkvlnl} bj hmgh0 lbjnì}rlnfgçc pjvngrj bg}jülv j}rvzmrzvl} bj hmgh gcmaz}gyl}! plvl rhbl almgzblblcîl5

L' Al gcmaz}gýc î}gml ygjcj bjcgbl phv ah} jajnjcrh} lmgagrlbhvj} |zj

pjvngrjc l rhbl pjv}hcl lmmjbjv! jcrvlv h }lagv w zrgagulv ah} j}plmgh}#F' Al gcmaz}gýc mhnzcgmlrgyl bjcj al} mhcbgmghcj} lmgagrlbhvl} jcl}pjmrh} mzlagrlrgyh} w mzlcrgrlrgyh} bj al gchvnlmgýc w al }jülagulmgýc#

M' Al gcmaz}gýc }hmgla bjcj jajnjcrh} bj kj}rgýc |zj lmgagrlc al plv.rgmgplmgýc# J}rj cgyja gcmazwj ja hnjcrh bj lmrgrzbj} ph}grgyl}0 ja bj}l.vvhaah bj pvhkvlnl} gcmazwjcrj}0 ja j}rlfajmgngjcrh bj zcl phaîrgml bjpzfagmgblb |zj gcmazwl al} mhcbgmghcj} bj lmmj}gfgagblb0 w al hvnlmgýcbj ah} pvhj}ghclaj}#

¸Mzìaj} }hc ah} vjrh} bj al kj}rgýc gcmaz}gylbj}bj al gcbz}rvgl bja ygbjhezjkh8

J} gcbzblfaj |zj al} RGM ch} hvjmjc gccgblb bj ph}gfgagblbj} bjygygv al ygbl w pvlmrgmlv ja hmgh! lbjnì} ygygnh} jc zcl }hmgjblb jc al|zj mlbl yju z}lnh} nì} al} RGM w jc al |zj ah} ygbjhezjkh} kz}rlcch }ýah l cgüh}0 rlnfgçc l eýyjcj} w lbzarh}! phv jaah j} zcblnjcrla

jtpahrlv al yjvrgjcrj pjblkýkgml bj ah} ygbjhezjkh} mhnh djvvlngjcrljbzmlrgyl! }gjnpvj w mzlcbh }jlc lmmj}gfaj}#

Jc al lpagmlmgýc bj al gcmaz}gýc bja hmgh! lbjnì} bj ah} jajnjcrh} |zjbjcjc ja hmgh gcmaz}gyh! dlw |zj rhnlv jc mhc}gbjvlmgýc |zç gnpagml|zj }j mhc}rvzwlc pvhbzmrh} |zj vj}phcblc l al} cjmj}gblbj} bjmlbl plvrgmgplcrj! }j ph}gfgagrj ja bj}lvvhaah pjv}hcla! }j hnjcrjc al}vjalmghcj} pjv}hclaj} mhc hphvrzcgblbj} bj mhnzcgmlmgýc j gcrjvlm.mgýc! w |zj }j lblprjc ah} pvhbzmrh} l al} mlvlmrjvî}rgml} bj rhbh} ah}phrjcmglaj} z}zlvgh}#

Mhc ja c õargnh bj klvlcrgulv al j|zgplvlmgýc bj hphvrzcgblbj} j}cjmj}lvgh5 bg}jülv pvhbzmrh} plvl rhbl} al} pjv}hcl}! ah |zj gnpagml



==

vj}phcbjv l cjmj}gblbj} bj rgph î}gml}! mhnzcgmlrgyl}! w(h }hmglaj}!jtgkgv mhcbgmghcj} bj lmmj}gfgagblb w pajch lmmj}h jc al RGM! mhalfhvlvjcrvj }jmrhvj}! pvhj}ghclagulv ja }jmrhv bja hmgh jc nlrjvgl bj bg}ml.plmgblb! w bj}lvvhaalv }g}rjnl} bj gchvnlmgýc bj al} mhcbgmghcj} bjlmmj}gfgagblb bj ah} ygbjhezjkh}#

Jc mhcmaz}gýc! ja hmgh j} zc ìnfgrh bj bj}lvvhaah dznlch plvl rhblal mgzblblcîl# Jc ja ml}h bj al} pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb pjv}g}.rjc jajnjcrh} j}rvzmrzvlaj} |zj bgmzarlc ja z}h bj ah} ygbjhezjkh}#Ja bg}jüh! bj}lvvhaah w jylazlmgýc bj pvhwjmrh} bj hmgh gcmaz}gyh}klvlcrgulc ja jejvmgmgh bja bjvjmdh la hmgh w ph}gfgagrlc ygyjcmglv jtpj.vgjcmgl} bj hmgh l al} pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb mhnh la vj}rh bj almgzblblcîl#

Fgfaghkvlîl

Lvlklaa! I# $6???'5 Bg}jüh plvl rhbh}# Zc mhcezcrh bj gc}rvznjcrh}#

Nlbvgb! Izcblmgýc HCMJ#

Blrrgah! E# $6??6'5 Gcmaz}gyj ajg}zvj }jvygmj}5 vj}phcbgck rh rdj vgkdr h

pjhpaj {grd bg}lfgagrgj} $6¥ jb#'# ]rlrj Mhaajkj! Yjcrzvj#

J}rlaah! E#L# $<77:'5 Ah} ygbjhezjkh}5 ezgmgh} w pvjezgmgh}# Flvmjahcl!_alcjrl#

Ijvcìcbju Ygaalarl! N# $<744'5 Rjmchahkîl} bj al Gchvnlmgýc w bg}mlpl.

mgblb # Nlbvgb! Izcbj}mh#

Izcblmgýc _LGBJGL $<776'5 Al} czjyl} rjmchahkîl} w pvhkvlnl} lpag.

mlbh} la mlnph bj al} ngcz}ylaîl}# Al Mhvzül! Izcblmgýc _lgbjgl#

Khvfjül! ]#0 Nlblvglkl! L# w Vhbvîkzju! N# $6??6'5 _vhrhmhah bj jyl.

azlmgýc bj al} mhcbgmghcj} bj gcmaz}gýc jc j|zgplngjcrh} bj hmgh#Bhmznjcrh} bj J}rzbgh} bj Hmgh! 66# Fgaflh! Zcgyjv}gblb bj Bjz}rh#

Kvh}}! F# $<774'# Ezklcbh mhc ah} ygbjhezjkh}5 jbzmlmgýc w jcrvjrj.

cgngjcrh# Fgaflh! Bj}maçj bj Fvhz{jv#

Dlyag`! E#N# $Mhnp#' $6???'5 Gchvnìrgml w bg}mlplmgblb# Izcblnjcrh}

w lpagmlmghcj}# Fzjch Lgvj}! Jbgmghcj} Chyjblbj} Jbzmlrgyl}#



=2

Nlblvglkl! L# $6??2'5 Lmhvrlcbh al bg}rlcmgl jcrvj ja hmgh gcrjkvl.

bhv w ja hmgh gcmaz}gyh! jc W# Aìulvh# $jb#'# Hmgh! gcmaz}gýc w bg}mlpl.

mgblb $pp# 267.22?'# Bhmznjcrh} bj J}rzbgh} bj Hmgh! 64# Fgaflh!Zcgyjv}gblb bj Bjz}rh#

Nlblvglkl! L# $6?<<' Ah} ]jvygmgh} bj Hmgh bj al} L}hmglmghcj} bj

Bg}mlplmgblb5 Zc J}rzbgh Bj}mvgprgyh |zj Gcmhvphvl ja Vjmhvvgbh

dlmgl al Gcmaz}gýc jc Hmgh# Mzlbjvch} bj J}rzbgh} bj Hmgh! ]jvgjgcyj}rgklmgýc! <=! Fgaflh! Zcgyjv}gblb bj Bjz}rh#

Nlc`! B# $6???'5 Gcmaz}gýc! mlnfgh hvklcgulmghcla! palcgmlmgýc mjc.rvlbl jc al pjv}hcl w lphwh} clrzvlaj}# Gcrjkvl = $4'! <.2#

Clmghcj} Zcgbl}# $HCZ'# $6??9'5 Mhcyjcmgýc gcrjvclmghcla lnpagl j

gcrjkvla plvl al pvhrjmmgýc w pvhnhmgýc bj ah} bjvjmdh} w al bgkcgblb

bj al} pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb #

Jc5 drrp5(({{{#bpg#hvk

$Mhc}zarlbh Nlwh! 6?<<'

\zgcc! K# w bjkjcjv! R# $6??6'5 Bjvjmdh} dznlch} w bg}mlplmgblb#

Z}h lmrzla w ph}gfgagblbj} zrzvl} bj ah} gc}rvznjcrh} bj bjvjmdh}

dznlch} bj al} Clmghcj} Zcgbl} jc ja mhcrjtrh bj al bg}mlplmgblb #Czjyl Whv`! Clmghcj} Zcgbl}#

Vhbvîkzju Gaajvl! E# A# $<747'5 Gchvnìrgml w Jbzmlmgýc J}pjmgla#

Flvmjahcl! Zcgyjv}gblb bj Flvmjahcl#

Vzfgh Iahvgbh! G $6??:! bgmgjnfvj'5 Ezklcbh mhc ygbjhezjkh}#Vjmhnjcblmghcj}# Nlvl Nlvl! 27! <?.<<

]ìcmdju Nhcrhwl V# $6??6'5 Hvbjclbhv w bg}mlplmgblb # Nlbvgb!MJ_J#

http://www.dpi.org/

http://www.dpi.org/



=:

<#=Al gnphvrlcmgl bj ah}gbghnl} jc al njehvlbj al lmmj}gfgagblb

jc ygbjhezjkh} plvlpjv}hcl} nlwhvj}# Lafjvrh Ijvcìcbju

Zcgyjv}gblb bj Hygjbh#{{{#zcghyg#j} jvclcbjumlafjvrhOzcghyg#j}

Al Zcgyjv}gblb bj Hygjbh! mhc nì} bj mzlrvhmgjcrh} lüh} bjdg}rhvgl! j} zcl bj al} gc}rgrzmghcj} bj jbzmlmgýc }zpjvghv mhcnlwhv rvlbgmgýc jc czj}rvh plî}# Jc ja lüh 6??7 zj klalvbh.

clbl mhc ja }jaah bj Mlnpz} bj Jtmjajcmgl Gcrjvclmghcla! njbglcrj jamzla }j pvjrjcbj gnpza}lv zcl }jvgj bj phaîrgml} mjcrvlbl} jc al gcrjvcl.mghclagulmgýc! al njehvl bj al mlagblb bj al jc}jülcul w al gcyj}rgklmgýc!al mhhpjvlmgýc la bj}lvvhaah! al lrjcmgýc l al bgyjv}gblb w al pvhnhmgýcbj al lmmj}gfgagblb plvl pjv}hcl} mhc cjmj}gblbj} j}pjmîml}#

http://www.uniovi.es/

http://www.uniovi.es/



=9

Jc ja mhcrjtrh bj al jvl kahfla w al }hmgjblb bj al gchvnlmgýc!ah} gbghnl} }hc zcl djvvlngjcrl gnpvj}mgcbgfaj l al dhvl bjlmgagrlv ja lmmj}h bj al} pjv}hcl} nlwhvj} l al} czjyl} rjm.

chahkîl}# Jc ja ìnfgrh bja jcrvjrjcgngjcrh gcrjvlmrgyh! al gvvzpmgýc bjaaalnlbh ml}zla klngck dl mhcrvgfzgbh l bgzngclv ja pjva bja z}zlvgh

w ah} gbghnl} }j dlc mhcyjvrgbh jc zc jajnjcrh gcbg}pjc}lfaj plvlahkvlv lamlculv ja hfejrgyh bj vjbzmgv al fvjmdl bgkgrla w njehvlv }jc}g.fajnjcrj al lmmj}gfgagblb w al z}lfgagblb bj ah} ygbjhezjkh}#

Ah} ygbjhezjkh} jc al jvl kahfla

Al jtpah}gýc bj al} czjyl} rjmchahkîl} jc al }jkzcbl ngrlb bja }gkahyjgcrj w }z gc}rlzvlmgýc jc al }hmgjblb lmrzla dlc mhcrvgfzgbh l mln.fglv ch }hah al hvnl jc al |zj ch} mhnzcgmlnh} j gcrjvlmrzlnh} }gchrlnfgçc czj}rvh} dìfgrh} }hmglaj} w al nlcjvl bj jcrjcbjv ja hmgh jcczj}rvh} bîl}# Jc j}rj czjyh j}mjclvgh! ah} ygbjhezjkh} dlc mhfvlbhzcl kvlc vjajylcmgl jc al }hmgjblb lmrzla w al} mgvl} |zj }j nzjyjcjc rhvch l al gcbz}rvgl }hc zc malvh vjijeh bj }z phrjcmgla! }zpjvlcbhgcmaz}h l hrvh} }jmrhvj} bj lamlcmj mhnh ja mgcj h al nõ}gml# ]jkõcal} j}rlbî}rgml} hmglaj}! jc ja ;6* bj ah} dhklvj} lnjvgmlch} }j

ezjkl l ygbjhezjkh}< w al mgvl bj jzvhpjh} |zj mhc}znjc j}rh} pvh.bzmrh} }j }grõl jc 7: ngaahcj} }jkõc zc gchvnj pzfagmlbh phv alGcrjvlmrgyj ]hr{lvj Ijbjvlrghc h Jzvhpj $G]IJ 6?<?'#

Al bjnhmvlrgulmgýc bj ah} ygbjhezjkh}

Al gvvzpmgýc bja aalnlbh ml}zla klngck dl }zpzj}rh zcl vjyhazmgýcjc ja }jmrhv bja jcrvjrjcgngjcrh nzargnjbgl gcrjvlmrgyh pzj}rh |zj

}j dl pvhbzmgbh zc ‑pvhmj}h bj bjnhmvlrgulmgýc„ $Nlckgvhc 6?<?'|zj pvjrjcbj lmjvmlv ah} ygbjhezjkh} l zc põfagmh nì} lnpagh# Bjdjmdh! ja pjva bja z}zlvgh rgph }j dl bgzngclbh w ah} ygbjhezjkh} }jbj}rgclc lmrzlanjcrj l zc j}pjmrvh nzmdh nì} vjpvj}jcrlrgyh bj al}hmgjblb! gcmazwjcbh l pjv}hcl} bj nì} bj mgcmzjcrl lüh} gcrjvj}l.bl} jc al} czjyl} rjmchahkîl} $G]IJ 6?<?'#

_lvlbýegmlnjcrj! jc j}rj plchvlnl }j vj|zgjvjc nlwhvj} j}zjvuh} jcja rjvvjch bj al lmmj}gfgagblb0 jc ja nlvmh bj zc rjvvgrhvgh nzargmzarzvlaw nzargagckñj mhnh al Zcgýc Jzvhpjl! ah} gbghnl} pzjbjc }zphcjv zcl

flvvjvl lbgmghcla h fgjc }jv ah} klvlcrj} bja lmmj}h l ah} ygbjhezjkh} bj

< Izjcrj5 Rdj Jcrjvrlgcnjcr ]hr{lvj L}}hmglrghc# {{{#rdjj}l#mhn(lmr}# Mhc}zarl5 ; ezagh 6?<<#

http://www.theesa.com/facts

http://www.theesa.com/facts



=;

zcl lzbgjcmgl nì} pazvla# ]jkõc ah} gchvnj} bj al Mhng}gýc Jzvhpjl!jc l|zjaah} plî}j} mhc zcl ‑ajckzl zjvrj„ al rl}l bj mgzblblch} gcml.plmj} bj mhnzcgmlv}j jc zc gbghnl jtrvlcejvh j} }gkcgmlrgylnjcrjlarl5 jc ja ml}h bj J}plül j}rl mgvl l}mgjcbj la :9* bj al phfalmgýc$Jzvhpjlc Mhnng}}ghc 6??9'# Rjcgjcbh jc mzjcrl ja pvhmj}h bj jcyj.

ejmgngjcrh jc Jzvhpl! ja lmmj}h bj pjv}hcl} mhc nì} bj :? lüh} l al}czjyl} rjmchahkîl} }jvì mlbl yju nì} vjmzjcrj w al chrvlbzmmgýc bjah} pvhbzmrh} nzargnjbgl pzjbj lmvjmjcrlv al aalnlbl ‑fvjmdl bgkgrla„#

_hv jaah! al mhcjtgýc jcrvj ah} gbghnl} w ah} ygbjhezjkh} bjfj }jvjtpahvlbl w lclagulbl bj}bj bgjvjcrj} pzcrh} bj yg}rl w zrgagulcbhjch|zj} nzargbg}mgpagclvj}0 bj djmdh! ah} gbghnl} pzjbjc lyhvjmjv alj.gcmaz}gýc $Rjvmjbhv 6??:' w al gcyj}rgklmgýc jc rvlbzmmgýc lzbghyg}zlaj}rì vj}zarlcbh bj ygrla gnphvrlcmgl plvl al njehvl bj al lmmj}gfgagblb$Hvjvh 6??:'#

Aîcjl} bj lmrzlmgýc

Lakzcl} bj al} aîcjl} w lpagmlmghcj} nì} gcrjvj}lcrj} l mhvrh w njbghpaluh jc j}rj mlnph }hc al} }gkzgjcrj}5 al rvlbzmmgýc l bgjvjcrj}gbghnl} hmglaj} $l}î mhnh l ajckzl} mh.hmglaj} w ngchvgrlvgl}'vj}zarl gnpvj}mgcbgfaj plvl pjvngrgv |zj ah} mgzblblch} lmmjblc lah} ygbjhezjkh} w hrvh} pvhbzmrh} nzargnjbgl jc }z pvhpgh gbghnl# Jc

}jkzcbh azklv! al zrgagulmgýc bj zc ajckzlej }jcmgaah! aalch! bj}pvhyg}rhbj lnfgkñjblbj} w mhah|zglag}nh} w jc ja |zj ja z}h bj lmvýcgnh} whrvh} jajnjcrh} bg}rvlmrhvj} $‑vzgbh„' j}rç vjbzmgbl la nîcgnh! njeh.vlvì }jc}gfajnjcrj al ajkgfgagblb plvl rhbh rgph bj põfagmh# _hv hrvhalbh! al gcmaz}gýc bj }zfrîrzah} gcrvl j gcrjvagckñî}rgmh} j} zcl pvìmrgml|zj dl bj }jv pvhnhmghclbl plvl lmgagrlv j lmmj}h bj l|zjaal} pjv.}hcl} mhc lakõc rgph bj bg}mlplmgblb lzbgrgyl h pçvbgbl bj lzbgmgýc0jc j}rj }jcrgbh! ah} }zfrîrzah} ch dlc bj agngrlv}j l gcmazgv al} rvlc}.mvgpmghcj} bj ah} bgìahkh} bj ah} ezjkh} }gch rlnfgçc bjfjc vjij.

elv rhbh} l|zjaah} l}pjmrh} plvlagckñî}rgmh} w jtrvlrjtrzlaj} mhnh ja}hcgbh lnfgjcrla $vzgbh! nhygngjcrh! nõ}gml! }hcgbh} bj yjdîmzah}!jrm#' mhc ja c bj pvj}jvylv al jtpjvgjcmgl bj ah} z}zlvgh}0 gkzlanjcrj!ah} ygbjhezjkh} plvl pjv}hcl} mhc pvhfajnl} yg}zlaj}! bgmzarlbj}mhkcgrgyl}! pçvbgbl bj njnhvgl h mzla|zgjv bg}mlplmgblb dlc bj }jvlphwlbh} j gnpza}lbh} w al rvlbzmmgýc l bgjvjcrj} gbghnl} rgjcj |zjj}rlv jc al lkjcbl bj al} mhnplüîl} w al} gc}rgrzmghcj} vjalmghclbl}mhc ja }jmrhv#

Al pvgcmgpla mhc}gbjvlmgýc l rjcjv jc mzjcrl j} |zj ah} gbghnl} }hczc jajnjcrh gcbg}pjc}lfaj l al dhvl bj klvlcrgulv al z}lfgagblb bj ah}ygbjhezjkh} l}î mhnh al lmmj}gfgagblb bja nlwhv cõnjvh bj pjv}hcl}



=4

ph}gfaj# Lbjnì} bj pvj}jvylv al jtpjvgjcmgl bj z}zlvgh! al mhvvjmrlzrgagulmgýc bja ajckzlej w zcl} j}rvlrjkgl} bj rvlbzmmgýc lbjmzlbl}pzjbjc mhcrvgfzgv l njehvlv al gcrjvlmmgýc bj rhbh rgph bj põfagmh mhcal} czjyl} rjmchahkîl} w l jc}laulv al} yjvrgjcrj} jbzmlrgyl! pjblký.kgml w bgbìmrgml bja jcrvjrjcgngjcrh gcrjvlmrgyh#

Vjjvjcmgl} fgfaghkvìml}

Jzvhpjlc Mhnng}}ghc# $6??9'5 Jzvhpjlc} lcb rdjgv Alckzlkj}#

]pjmgla Jzvhflvhnjrvj 62=#

Jc5 drrp5((jm#jzvhpl#jz(pzfagmXhpgcghc(lvmdgyj}(jf}(jf}X62=Xjc#pb$Mhc}zarlbh 9 ezagh 6?<<'

G]IJ# $6?<?'5 Ygbjh Klnjv} gc Jzvhpj 6?<?#

Jc5 drrp5(({{{#g}jjz#hvk

$Mhc}zarlbh 9 ezagh 6?<<'#

Nlckgvhc! M# $6?<?'5 Lpagmlmghcj} Jbzmlrgyl} bj ah} Ygbjhezjkh}#

_vj}jcrlmgýc jc Klnjvalcb $Fgaflh! =< hmrzfvj 6?<?'#

Hvjvh! _#! _jvjgvl! L# N#! Zrvlw! Ivlcmg}mh# 6??;# Yg}gýc Dg}rývgml bj al

Lmmj}gfgagblb jc ah} Njbgh} bj J}plül# Rvlc} 6! =<.2=#

Rjvmjbhv! N# G# $6??:'5 L}pjmrh} Mzarzvlaj} jc al Ahmlagulmgýc bj

_vhbzmrh} Nzargnjbgl# \zlbjvc}! vjyg}rl bj rvlbzmmgý <6! <:<.<9?#

http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_en.pdf

http://www.isfeeu.org/

http://www.isfeeu.org/

http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_en.pdf



=7

<#2 Ygbjhezjkh} plvlpjv}hcl} mhcbg}mlplmgblb! ¸zcl

hphvrzcgblb bj njvmlbhplvl al} jnpvj}l}8Gkclmgh Hrlahvl

Bgkg_jc Gc}rgrzrj h Rjmdchahkw Jzvhpj.Fgaflh{{{#bgkgpjc#j} ghrlahvlObgkgpjc#jbz

Bgkg_jc Gc}rgrzrj h Rjmdchahkw Jzvhpj.Fgaflh j} ja }jkzcbhmlnpz} gcrjvclmghcla Bgkg_jc w ja pvgnjv Mlnpz} jc Jzvhpl!pghcjvh jc pvhphvmghclv hvnlmgýc bj pvjkvlbh! kvlbh zcgyjv.

}grlvgh w hvnlmgýc mhcrgczl j}pjmglagulbl jc ygbjhezjkh}! }gnzalmgýc!lvrj bgkgrla w lcgnlmgýc#

http://www.digipen.es/

http://www.digipen.es/



2?

Jc j}rj lvrîmzah gcrjcrh bjnh}rvlv mhc blrh} w jejnpah} ylvgl.bh} |zj ah} ygbjhezjkh} plvl pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb }hczcl hphvrzcgblb plvl al} jnpvj}l} |zj mhchvnlc al mlbjcl

bj ylahv bj j}rj }jmrhv bj al jmhchnîl w zc njbgh plvl njehvlv al mlag.blb bj ygbl bj bgmdh mhajmrgyh#

Rjckh |zj vjmhchmjv |zj ah} }jcrgngjcrh} nj lfhvblc w pvjrjcbjcczfalv ng azmgbju l al dhvl bj jcmlvlv al pvjkzcrl |zj wh ng}nh njhvnzah w |zj zrgaguh mhnh jcmlfjulbh bja pvj}jcrj lvrîmzah# Ah bgkhphv|zj al} pjv}hcl} mhc mzlaj}|zgjvl |zj }jlc ah} rgph} bj bg}mlpl.

mgblb |zj pzjblc pvj}jcrlv }gjnpvj hmzplc zc azklv j}pjmgla jc ngmhvluýc# Ch hf}rlcrj w |zj l}î }jl! ch nj gnpgbj gcrjcrlv dlmjv zc ezgmgh hfejrgyh |zj bj vj}pzj}rl la gcrjvvhklcrj lcrjvghv#

Ng} }jcrgngjcrh} pjv}hclaj} dlmgl ja mhajmrgyh bj pjv}hcl} mhc bg}ml.plmgblb ch ah} jtpvj}h bj}bj zc }jcrgngjcrh bj aì}rgnl dlmgl bgmdhmhajmrgyh! }gch bj}bj al mhcygmmgýc bj |zj phbvîlnh} dlmjv nzmdhnì} phv njehvlv }z mlagblb bj ygbl w lmgagrlv }z gcrjkvlmgýc# Mhnhrjckh al }jc}lmgýc bj |zj ja }jmrhv jmhcýngmh ch gcygjvrj }zmgjcrj.njcrj jc j}rj ìnfgrh w mhcyjcmgbh bj |zj }g ah dgmgjvl njehvlvîlnh}}z}rlcmglanjcrj ah} cgyjaj} bj fgjcj}rlv w al} ph}gfgagblbj} bj gcrjkvl.mgýc bj al} pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb! nj phckh mhnh hfejrgyh bjj}rj lvrîmzah gcrjcrlv blv vluhcj} hfejrgyl} |zj lylajc ja }jcrgbh jmh.cýngmh w al hphvrzcgblb bj njvmlbh bj bj}rgclv vjmzv}h} clcmgjvh}w pvhbzmrgyh} l j}rj c# Mhc}gbjvh |zj }g l}î }j dgmgjvl mhc}jkzgvîl.nh}! }gc bzbl! njehvlv }z}rlcmglanjcrj ja fgjcj}rlv w al} ph}gfgagblbj}bj bj}lvvhaah pjv}hcla bj al} pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb#

Jc j}rj mhcrjtrh! al} czjyl} rjmchahkîl} ch} lfvjc zc lflcgmh bj ph}g.

fgagblbj} lf}hazrlnjcrj gnpjc}lfaj} dlmj j}ml}lnjcrj zch} lüh}#]g mjcrvlnh} ja lcìag}g} jc ja }jmrhv bj al} rjmchahkîl} gcrjvlmrgyl}bgkgrlaj} nzargnjbgl! w nì} jc mhcmvjrh jc ja bj ah} ygbjhezjkh}!hf}jvylnh} |zj j}rj }jmrhv }j mlvlmrjvgul phv }jv gcrjc}gyh jc mhch.mgngjcrh! j}rlv mhchvnlbh phv pjv}hcl} bj zcl larî}gnl mzlagmlmgýcpvhj}ghcla! j}rlv kahflagulbh! }jv cjrlnjcrj jtphvrlbhv w }jv gcrjc.}gyh rjmchaýkgmlnjcrj#

Jjmrgylnjcrj! j}rj }jmrhv j}rì jc al ylckzlvbgl bj al rjmchahkîl! bj

djmdh! ja }jmrhv bj ah} ygbjhezjkh} j}! lbjnì}! ja kjvnjc w zc jtmj.ajcrj flcmh bj pvzjfl} bj rjmchahkîl} |zj ph}rjvghvnjcrj jyhazmgh.clc w nlvmlc rjcbjcmgl jc hrvh} }jmrhvj} bj lmrgygblb#



2<

Yhaygjcbh l al pvjkzcrl |zj lfvîl j}rj lvrîmzah w rvl} ah} lvkznjc.rh} jtpzj}rh} lcrjvghvnjcrj! nj pjvngrh lvnlv! }gc lnflkj}! |zjah} ygbjhezjkh} plvl pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb }hc zcl hphvrzcgblbplvl al} jnpvj}l} |zj mhchvnlc al mlbjcl bj ylahv bj j}rj }jmrhv bjal jmhchnîl#

Mgrlvç ylvgh} jejnpah} |zj mhcîh! }gvylc plvl llculv bgmdl mhcygm.mgýc# Jc pvgnjv azklv! l larl bj jygbjcmgl jnpîvgml w blrh} j}rlbî}rgmh}|zj pjvngrlc mzlcrgmlv al mhnzcgblb bj ygbjhezklbhvj} mhc lakzclbg}mlplmgblb phbvîlnh} dlmjv zcl jtrvlphalmgýc bja Mjc}h bj pjv}h.cl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb jc J}plül $=!4 ngaahcj} }jkõc blrh} bj 6??4!bj ah} |zj lpvhtgnlblnjcrj =!2 ngaahcj} }hc pjv}hcl} lbzarl}' w lpag.mlv ja phvmjcrlej bj ygbjhezklbhvj} j}rgnlbh} mhc vjalmgýc l al phfal.mgýc kjcjvla $ja 62* bj ah} lbzarh} j}plühaj} }hc z}zlvgh} dlfgrzlaj}bj ygbjhezjkh} }jkõc zc j}rzbgh vjlagulbh phv al Ijbjvlmgýc Jzvhpjlbj ]hr{lvj Gcrjvlmrgyh.G]IJ'# Mhnh vj}zarlbh bj zcl }jcmgaal hpjvl.mgýc nlrjnìrgml phbjnh} mhajkgv |zj }ýah jc J}plül! j}rj mhajmrgyhvjpvj}jcrl zcl mgvl clbl bj}bjülfaj# ]g rhnìvlnh} mhnh jejnpahhrvh plî}! phcklnh} phv ml}h JJZZ! bhcbj }j j}rgnl |zj dlw lavj.bjbhv bj 2<!= ngaahcj} bj j}rlbhzcgbjc}j} |zj rgjcjc lakõc cgyja bjbg}mlplmgblb! ch dlvîlnh} }gch jckhvblv }z}rlcmglanjcrj bgmdl mgvl#Mhnjcrlfl lcrjvghvnjcrj |zj ja }jmrhv bj ah} ygbjhezjkh} }j mlvlm.rjvgul phv j}rlv kahflagulbh# L}î! zc ygbjhezjkh vjlagulbh plvl }lrg}l.mjv al} cjmj}gblbj}! jtpjmrlrgyl} j gcrjvj}j} bj j}rj mhajmrgyh rjc.bvîl mhnh phrjcmgla njvmlbh ja nzcbh# W |zç bjmgv }g }j vjlagulvl jcJ}plül! mhcrvgfzgvîl! l rvlyç} bj }z} yjcrl}! l njehvlv czj}rvl flalculmhnjvmgla w! jc mhc}jmzjcmgl! ja _GF bj czj}rvl jmhchnîl#

Lbjnì}! ch bjfjvîlnh} bjelv bj albh al yjvrgjcrj ch j}rvgmrlnjcrjaõbgml bj ah} ygbjhezjkh}# ]g pjc}ìvlnh} jc ah |zj dhw }j mhchmjmhnh ah} ‑}jvghz} klnj}„! |zj }hc l|zjaah} ygbjhezjkh} |zj rgjcjc zcpvhpý}grh lülbgbh la bja pzvh jcrvjrjcgngjcrh $ja lbejrgyh }jvgh° dlmjvjjvjcmgl! jc kjcjvla! l lpagmlmghcj} }hfvj rjnl} rlc bgyjv}h} mhnh

al bjjc}l ngagrlv! al jbzmlmgýc! al gcyj}rgklmgýc mgjcrîml! al l}g}rjcmgl}lcgrlvgl! al kj}rgýc bj jnjvkjcmgl} h al palcgmlmgýc zvflcl' al njvlmhc}gbjvlmgýc bja mhajmrgyh bj pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb mhnh zcc! phbvîl }zphcjv zc }jknjcrh bj hphvrzcgblb jc j}rj cgmdh bj mvj.mgjcrj gnphvrlcmgl jc rçvngch} bj ylahv lülbgbh w bj mgvl bj cjkhmgh#

_hv hrvl plvrj! ah} ygbjhezjkh} pzjbjc zrgagulv}j rlnfgçc bj nlcjvlrjvlpçzrgml# Dh}pgrlaj} mhnh ja ]dvgcjv} Dh}pgrla bj Dhz}rhc j} zchbj ah} gccznjvlfaj} jejnpah} |zj jtg}rjc jc j}rj ìnfgrh# ¸Mzìcrl}czjyl} lpagmlmghcj} phbvîlc mvjlv}j jc j}rl aîcjl8

_hv õargnh! mhc}gbjvh |zj ja ìnfgrh bj al Ihvnlmgýc! nì} mjvmlchl ng hmzplmgýc alfhvla mhnh bgvjmrhv jejmzrgyh bja _vhwjmrh Bgkg_jc



26

Gc}rgrzrj h Rjmdchahkw Jzvhpj.Fgaflh! bjfjvîl }jv }jc}gfaj rlnfgçc lamhajmrgyh bj pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb# Jcrvj hrvl}! }j phbvîl palc.rjlv zrgagulcbh ah} ygbjhezjkh} w l rvlyç} bj al mhalfhvlmgýc mhc gc}rg.rzmghcj} bjbgmlbl} l }lrg}lmjv al} cjmj}gblbj} bj j}rj mhajmrgyh! alpzj}rl jc nlvmdl bj pvhwjmrh} j gcgmglrgyl} plvl al Ihvnlmgýc hvgjc.

rlbl l njehvlv al Lzrhchnîl _jv}hcla j gcbjpjcbjcmgl $mhcrvha |zjzcl pjv}hcl rgjcj }hfvj }z pvhpgl ygbl'#

_hv õargnh! phbvîlc rlnfgçc gnpza}lv}j pvhwjmrh} bj Gcyj}rgklmgýcMgjcrîml w Bj}lvvhaah Rjmchaýkgmh plvl! zrgagulcbh al rjmchahkîl bj ah}ygbjhezjkh}! mhcrvgfzgv l mvjlv bg}ph}grgyh}! lpagmlmghcj} h pvhkvlnl}gchvnìrgmh} |zj mhlbwzyjc l al njehvl bj al mlagblb bj ygbl w al gcrj.kvlmgýc bj al} pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb#



2=

<#:]hr{lvj lmmj}gfaj w }hr{lvj j}pjmîmh#Ehclrdlc Mdlmýc

Bj}lvvhaalbhv w mhc}zarhv jc lmmj}gfgagblb!z}lfgagblb w czjyl} rjmchahkîl}

{{{#pvhkvlnlvlmgjkl}#j} ehclrdlcmdlmhcflvfjvhOknlga#mhn

http://www.programaraciegas.es/




22

Bj}mvgpmgýc bj lpagmlmghcj} bj hmgh jajmrvýcgmh j}pjmîml}plvl z}zlvgh} mhc bg}mlplmgblb w lpagmlmghcj} bj hmgh lmmj.}gfaj}# Bgjvjcmgl} w }gngagrzbj}! ygvrzbj} w bjjmrh}#

Jc ah} pvhmj}h} bj bg}jüh w pvhbzmmgýc bj pvhbzmrh} î}gmh} $dlvb.{lvj' w aýkgmh} $}hr{lvj' j} mlbl yju nì} mhnõc jcmhcrvlv mvgrjvgh}bj lmmj}gfgagblb plvl |zj ja pvhbzmrh cla }jl nì} lmmj}gfaj# Ja pvh.fajnl lmrzla j} |zj! jc nzmdl} hml}ghcj}! j}rh} mvgrjvgh} gcmazgbh}}ýah }j jchmlc jc pvhphvmghclv }hazmghcj} plvl zc pjva bj bg}ml.

plmgblb bjrjvngclbh w ja pvhbzmrh cla ch j} mhvvjmrlnjcrj jrg|zj.rlbh jc mzlcrh l al vjlagblb bj }z lmmj}gfgagblb#

J}rj djmdh j} nzw mhnõc l al dhvl bj bj}lvvhaalv }hr{lvj plvl jahmgh jajmrvýcgmh# Al} lpagmlmghcj} bj ezjkh }zjajc pvj}jcrlv nzargrzbbj flvvjvl} bj lmmj}gfgagblb# Al nlwhvîl bj j}rl} flvvjvl} bj lmmj}g.fgagblb }j hvgkgclc jc al bjpjcbjcmgl bj ah} mlclaj} nzargnjbgl plvlal jejmzmgýc bj rlvjl} vjalmghclbl} mhc al lmrgygblb bj ezjkh phv plvrjbja ezklbhv# L|zjaah} z}zlvgh} |zj ch pzjblc }jkzgv al gchvnlmgýc phvplcrlaal h phv lzbgh ch phbvìc plvrgmgplv jc al lmrgygblb bj ezjkh#

Hrvl} flvvjvl} bj lmmj}gfgagblb }j vjalmghclc mhc al gnph}gfgagblb bjbg}ngczgv al yjahmgblb bja ezjkh h pjv}hclagulv ja rgjnph cjmj}lvgh plvlal jejmzmgýc bj al} bgyjv}l} rlvjl} bj ezjkh#

Lakzcl} gcgmglrgyl} bj bj}lvvhaah bj hmgh jajmrvýcgmh hprlc phv jagng.clv ah} jajnjcrh} kjcjvlbhvj} bj flvvjvl} bj lmmj}gfgagblb# _hv jejn.pah! jagngclcbh ah} kvìmh} phv plcrlaal w phrjcmglcbh al gchvnlmgýc}hchvl bja ezjkh#

Hrvh} pvhwjmrh} bj hmgh jajmrvýcgmh mhc gcrjcmghcj} bj njehvlv }zlmmj}gfgagblb hprlc phv lblprlv ja nhbh bj ezjkh l al} cjmj}gblbj}bj zc pjva bj bg}mlplmgblb# _hv jejnpah! }j zjvul l j}pjvlv phvrzvch l |zj ja hrvh ezklbhv! }gc aîngrj bj rgjnph! rjvngcj }z} rlvjl}#

Ja bj}lvvhaalv zc }hr{lvj plvl ja hmgh jagngclcbh ah} jajnjcrh} kjcj.vlbhvj} bj flvvjvl} bj lmmj}gfgagblb bj zc pjva bj bg}mlplmgblb mvjlpvhbzmrh} }ýah zrgagulfaj} phv al} pjv}hcl} mhc j}rj pjva bj bg}ml.plmgblb# Rhbl} j}rl} lblprlmghcj} h agngrlmghcj} bj gcrjvlmj} bj

ezjkh pvhyhmlc |zj ah} pvhbzmrh} claj} }ýah vj}zarjc zcmghclaj}

h lrvlmrgyh} plvl l|zjaah} z}zlvgh} bj j}j pjva bj bg}mlplmgblb w!jvvýcjlnjcrj! j}rh} pvhbzmrh} }hc mlrlahklbh} mhnh ezjkh} lmmj}g.faj} jc azklv bj mlrlahklv}j mhnh ezjkh} j}pjmîmh} plvl zc pjva bj



2:

bg}mlplmgblb bjrjvngclbh# Bj j}rl hvnl jcmhcrvlnh} ezjkh} bhcbjch lplvjmj clbl jc al plcrlaal! h zcl gchvnlmgýc nîcgnl! w bhcbj algchvnlmgýc }hchvl nlvml rhbh ja nhygngjcrh w j}rlbh bja ezjkh0 h

ezjkh} jc ah} |zj al lmmgýc }j agngrl l pza}lv zc õcgmh fhrýc plvl vjl.agulv al} lmmghcj} bja ezjkh#

J}rh} ezjkh} j}pjmîmh}! lzc|zj pzjbjc }jv ezklbh} phv hrvh} pjvaj}bj ezklbhv! }gjnpvj w mzlcbh j}rl j}pjmgblb ch mvjj flvvjvl} plvlj}rh} z}zlvgh} ch mhcrjnpalbh} jc ja bg}jüh bj al lpagmlmgýc! vj}zarlcphmh lrvlmrgyh} plvl ah} ezklbhvj} |zj ch mhnplvrlc j}rj pjva bjbg}mlplmgblb# Bj j}rl hvnl ah} ezjkh} j}pjmîmh} mvjlc kzjrh} bgkg.rlaj} bj hmgh# Ah} mgjkh} ezjklc jcrvj mgjkh} mhc ezjkh} plvl mgjkh}#

Jc lakzch} ml}h} al }zpvj}gýc bj flvvjvl} bj lmmj}gfgagblb plvl zcpjva bj bg}mlplmgblb bjrjvngclbh pzjbj mvjlv flvvjvl} plvl hrvh

pjva bj bg}mlplmgblb# _hv jejnpah! al jagngclmgýc bj al gchvnlmgýcyg}zla bja ezjkh! plvl mvjlv zc ezjkh lmmj}gfaj plvl mgjkh}! pvhyhmlvì|zj ah} z}zlvgh} mhc dgphlmõ}gl ch lmmjblc l al gchvnlmgýc bja gcrjv.lu# Zc ezjkh j}pjmîmh plvl zc pjva bj bg}mlplmgblb }j mhcygjvrj jczcl djvvlngjcrl bj bg}mvgngclmgýc plvl l|zjaah} z}zlvgh} |zj! bjfgbhl }z pjva bj bg}mlplmgblb ch mhnplrgfaj mhc al j}pjmgblb bja pvh.bzmrh! |zjblc zjvl bj al lmrgygblb bj ezjkh#

J} gcrjvj}lcrj lmalvlv ja mhcmjprh bj lmmj}gfgagblb plvl l|zjaah} bj}l.vvhaalbhvj} |zj! jvvýcjlnjcrj! pgjc}lc |zj dlmjv zc ezjkh plvl mgj.

kh}! }hvbh} h zc }hah pjva bj bg}mlplmgblb wl njvjmj al mal}gmlmgýcbj }hr{lvj lmmj}gfaj# Lmmj}gfaj bjfj gnpagmlv |zj pzjbj bg}vzrlv}jphv mzla|zgjv pjv}hcl! mhc h }gc bg}mlplmgblb# Al lmmj}gfgagblb bjfj}jv zcgyjv}la! plvl rhbh} w phv rhbh}#

Ja ezjkh j} zcl lmrgygblb }hmgla |zj pjvngrj l al} pjv}hcl} j}rlfaj.mjv aluh} }hmglaj}! bgyjvrgv}j w njehvlv lakzcl} dlfgagblbj} î}gml} wnjcrlaj}# Al} pjv}hcl}! bj}bj pj|zjül}! la gkzla |zj hrvh} lcgnlaj}!

ezklnh} plvl lpvjcbjv! vjalmghclvch} mhc hrvh} ngjnfvh} bj czj}rvh

kvzph }hmgla w njehvlv czj}rvl} mlplmgblbj}#Ja ezjkh j} zrgagulbh mhnh rjvlpgl bj vjmzpjvlmgýc î}gml! p}î|zgml!}jc}hvgla w jnhmghcla# Zcl pjv}hcl pzjbj lmjprlv }z bg}mlplmgblb h}zpjvlv zcl bjpvj}gýc mhc zcl fzjcl rjvlpgl# Ja ezjkh! mhnh lmrgyg.blb bgcìngml w }hmglagulbhvl pzjbj }jv zcl fzjcl hpmgýc }gjnpvj wmzlcbh vj}pjrj l ah} ezklbhvj} gnpagmlbh} jc ja ezjkh w ch mvjj }grzl.mghcj} bj jtmaz}gýc h bg}mvgngclmgýc#

Al rjmchahkîl lmrzla! zrgagulbl bj hvnl vj}phc}lfaj w lpvhpglbl! pzjbjmvjlv zc gcrjvlu }hr{lvj lmmj}gfaj plvl rhbh}# Ja z}h bj }îcrj}g} bjyhu w bj gmhch} yg}zlaj} pzjbj pvhphvmghclv mlclaj} bj gchvnlmgýclmmj}gfaj} plvl l|zjaah} z}zlvgh} |zj cjmj}grlc zcl chrgmlmgýc bj



29

jyjcrh} bj ezjkh# Ja z}h bj plcrlaal} rìmrgaj} h rlfajvh} mgvmzalvj} wìvfhaj} bj njcõ pvhkvj}gyh} pzjbjc lwzblv l l|zjaah} z}zlvgh} mhcpvhfajnl} l al dhvl bj jtpahvlv ja gcrjvlu bj ezjkh h mhnpvjcbjval j}rvzmrzvl bja ng}nh# Ja z}h bj rjmchahkîl} bj vjmhchmgngjcrh bjyhu h pjv}hclagulmgýc bj ah} nçrhbh} bj mhcrvha }gnpagml al gcrj.

vlmmgýc dhnfvj.nì|zgcl plvl l|zjaah} z}zlvgh} mhc pvhfajnl} bjnlcgpzalmgýc#

Bjfjnh} dzgv bj al j}pjmgblb w fz}mlv al zcgyjv}lagblb w al mlplmg.blb bj pjv}hclagulmgýc#



6Njrhbhahkîl} bjjylazlmgýc plvlal njehvl bj al

lmmj}gfgagblb jc ygbjhezjkh}



24

6#< Lcìag}g} bj ygbjhezjkh}mhnjvmglaj} w }z} alkzcl}jc al lmmj}gfgagblb

plvl al} pjv}hcl} mhcbg}mlplmgblb }jc}hvgla# Ìckja Klvmîl Mvj}ph w Ìaylvh Klvmîl Rjejbhv

Ìckja Klvmîl Mvj}phZcgyjv}gblb Mlvah} GGG bj Nlbvgbdrrp5(({{{#zm=n#j} lmvj}phOgl#zm=n#j}

Ìaylvh Klvmîl RjejbhvMJGJM Zcgyjv}gblb Ivlcmg}mh bj Ygrhvgldrrp5(({{{#zy#j}l#krjejbhvOmjgjm#j}

Al Zcgyjv}gblb Mlvah} GGG bjNlbvgb j} zcl zcgyjv}gblb

ehyjc zfgmlbl jc ja }zv bjNlbvgb! mzwl ng}gýc j} mhcrvgfzgv l alnjehvl bj al }hmgjblb hvjmgjcbh zclbhmjcmgl bj mlagblb w bj}lvvhaalcbhzcl gcyj}rgklmgýc lylculbl bj lmzjvbhmhc jtgkjcrj} mvgrjvgh} gcrjvclmghclaj}#

Ja Mjcrvh bj GcchylmgýcJtpjvgnjcrla bja Mhchmgngjcrh

$MJGJM' bj al Zcgyjv}gblbIvlcmg}mh bj Ygrhvgl j} zc Gc}rgrzrhmvjlbh mhc ja lphwh bja Ngcg}rjvgh bjGcbz}rvgl w bj al Zcgýc Jzvhpjl mzwhhfejrh j} ja bj}lvvhaah bj gcgmglrgyl} jcja ìnfgrh bj al} RGM |zj mhcrvgfzwlcl vjbzmgv al fvjmdl bgkgrla! lmgagrjc algcmaz}gýc w lznjcrjc al lmmj}gfgagblb bjal ]hmgjblb bj al Gchvnlmgýc#

http://www.uc3m.es/

http://www.ufv.es/

http://www.ufv.es/

http://www.uc3m.es/



27

Jc bjrjvngclbl} hml}ghcj}! al larl bj zc jajnjcrh bj lmmj.}gfgagblb gnpgbj phbjv bg}vzrlv l nzmdl} pjv}hcl} bj ah}ygbjhezjkh}# J}h} jajnjcrh} bj lmmj}gfgagblb }zjajc }jv jc

nzmdh} ml}h} vjalrgylnjcrj }gnpaj} w ìmgaj} bj gnpajnjcrlv! rlcrhj} l}î |zj }j jcmzjcrvlc jc lakzcl} plvrj} bj zc ng}nh ygbjhezjkh!

ngjcrvl} |zj jc hrvl} plvrj} ch# Al bjrjmmgýc rjnpvlcl bj alkzcl} bjlmmj}gfgagblb w }z gnpajnjcrlmgýc mhvvjmrl pzjbj dlmjv |zj nzmdh}ygbjhezjkh} lamlcmjc l zc mhajmrgyh nzmdh nì} lnpagh# ]j dl bj}l.vvhaalbh zcl njrhbhahkîl |zj pjvngrj ja lcìag}g} mhcmgjcuzbh bj allmmj}gfgagblb plvl pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb }jc}hvgla! }j pvhmjbj lyjv }z lpagmlmgýc l zc ygbjhezjkh jc mhcmvjrh vj}pjmrh l! mýnh! mzn.pagjcbh zch} phmh} pzcrh} malyj bgmdh ygbjhezjkh phbvîl dlfjv }gbhlmmj}gfaj} plvl pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb }jc}hvgla#

Al cjmj}gblb bj jylazlv al lmmj}gfgagblb bj ygbjhezjkh} plvl pjv}h.cl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb }jc}hvgla! dl aajylbh la bj}lvvhaah bj zcl njrh.bhahkîl |zj pjvngrl lclagulv rhbh} w mlbl zch bj ah} plvìnjrvh} |zjdlmjc |zj zc ygbjhezjkh }jl zrgagulfaj mhc jmlmgl w jmgjcmgl phvrhbh}#

J}rj lcìag}g} }j dlmj! jygbjcrjnjcrj bj nlcjvl }jplvlbl! plvl allmmj}gfgagblb plvl al} pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb lzbgrgyl w plvl al}pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb yg}zla! mjcrvìcbh}j ja pvgnjvh jc ja }zfrg.rzalbh w lflvmlcbh l}pjmrh} rlaj} mhnh al mhvvjmrl yg}zlagulmgýc bjarjtrh! pzj} rhbh rjtrh nh}rvlbh jc al plcrlaal bjfj rjcjv jc mzjcrlzcl }jvgj bj vjmhnjcblmghcj} kjcjvlaj}5

» Bjfj vj}pjrlv}j al uhcl bj j}mvgrzvl }jkzvl plvl rjtrh

» Al zjcrj jnpajlbl ch bjfj bg}rhv}ghclv}j w }j bjfj zrgagulv zcrlnlüh }zmgjcrj plvl l}jkzvlv al mhvvjmrl ajkgfgagblb bja rjtrh#

» Cõnjvh bj zjcrj} |zj }j zrgagulc w }z mhvvjmrh yg}ghclbh

» Ajckzlej malvh w }jcmgaah

» Mhahv w Mhcrvl}rj

» Lvnhcîl bj mhahvj} |zj ch pjvezbg|zj al ajmrzvlLbjnì} al njrhbhah.kîl bj}lvvhaal l}pjmrh} mhnh5

» Mhckzvlmgýc bj gcrjvlu

» Clyjklmgýc

» Njcõ} bj clyjklmgýc

» Gnìkjcj} j gmhch}



:?

Hfyglnjcrj ch j} ja hfejrgyh bj j}rl mhnzcgmlmgýc jtpagmlv al njrhbh.ahkîl! phv ah |zj ch }j dl vjlagulbh zc ag}rlbh jtdlz}rgyh jc ah} îrjn}lcrjvghvj}! pjvh }î }j dl vjlagulbh zc vj}znjc bja vj}zarlbh hfrjcgbhbja bj}lvvhaah bj al njrhbhahkîl jc zc ml}h plvrgmzalv#

]j dl jajkgbh ja lcìag}g} bj zc ygbjhezjkh jc ja |zj lbjnì} bja

l}pjmrh aõbgmh bja ng}nh rgjcj zc mlvìmrjv jbzmlrgyh nzw gnphvrlcrj#Ja ygbjhezjkh jc mzj}rgýc j} Fzuu5 J}mzjal bj Rlajcrh}# J} zc ezjkh bjpvjkzcrl} w vj}pzj}rl} lblprlbh l ah} cgyjaj} pvgnlvgl w }jmzcblvgl!la mzla bjfjvîlc phbjv ezklv rhbh} ah} cgüh} gcbjpjcbgjcrjnjcrj bj }grgjcjc h ch bg}mlplmgblb }jc}hvgla#

Ja ezjkh }j nlcjel mhc zc mhcrvha bjchngclbh Fzuu#

Mlbl ezklbhv rgjcj zch bj ah} nzargpza}lbhvj}! |zj bj jcrvlbl ch }hclmmj}gfaj} plvl al} pjv}hcl} mgjkl} pzj} mlbl zch bj ah} mzlrvh mhah.vj} bja pza}lbhv ch j}rì gcbgmlbh#

Ihvnl plvrj bj al }lkl bj ezjkh} Fzuu plvl al mhc}hal _]6! mzwh palc.rjlngjcrh }j fl}l jc bgyjv}h} ngcgezjkh} bhcbj ja bjchngclbhv mhnõc

j} lmjvrlv ja nlwhv cõnjvh bj vj}pzj}rl} w l}î hfrjcjv al pzcrzlmgýcnì} larl w laulvch} mhc al ygmrhvgl#Al njmìcgml bja ezjkh j} al ng}nlzrgagulbl jc ja vj}rh bj ezjkh} bj al }lkl#

Jc pvgnjv azklv! }j ch} nzj}rvl zc njcõ bhcbj jajkgvjnh} al mhc.kzvlmgýc bj al plvrgbl! mhnh ja cõnjvh bj ezklbhvj}! al mlcrgblb bjvjrh}! jrm! w al }jajmmgýc bj ah} pjv}hclej} |zj vjpvj}jcrlc l mlbl zchbj ah} ezklbhvj}#

Bgmdh} njcõ} ch j}rìc lzbghclyjklbh}! zcl yhu jc h gcbgml |zj }j

dlkl zcl jajmmgýc! pjvh zcl pjv}hcl mgjkl ch phbvîl mhnjculv al plv.rgbl! pzj} ch pzjbj dlmjv al} jajmmghcj} pjvrgcjcrj}#



:<

Zcl yju }j dl mhckzvlbh ja ezjkh }j pl}l la ng}nh vj}phcbgjcbh lal} pvjkzcrl} w hfrjcgjcbh zc jjbflm` ph}grgyh h cjklrgyh# Jc rhrlajtg}rjc nì} bj :#??? pvjkzcrl} jc ja jcrhvch bj al jbzmlmgýc bj pvg.nlvgl j}plühal#

Lakzch} bj ah} ngcgezjkh} |zj dlw }hc wl mhchmgbh} plvl ah} lmghcl.bh} la Fzuu! mhnh phv jejnpah ja bjbh nì} yjahu jc ja |zj ch fl}rlvìmhc lmjvrlv al} pvjkzcrl} }gch |zj }j bjfj }jv ja pvgnjvh jc pza}lv jafhrýc bj mhahv mhvvjmrh! ja vhflpzcrh} jc ja |zj ja ezklbhv |zj lmgjvrjal pvjkzcrl }j lpvhpglvì bj ah} pzcrh} bj zc lbyjv}lvgh# Mlbl yju |zjrjvngcl zc ngcgezjkh Fzuu }j jcmlvklvì bj vjmhvblv |zgçc j} ja ygvrzlayjcmjbhv bj al plvrgbl! dlfgjcbh rlnfgçc }lrîvgmh} mhnjcrlvgh}! |zjbj}kvlmglblnjcrj ch }j jcmzjcrvlc }zfrgrzalbh}#Ja lcìag}g} vjlagulbh

mhcmazwj |zj zcl pjv}hcl }hvbl pzjbj ezklv pjvjmrlnjcrj! pzj}al} pvjkzcrl} w vj}pzj}rl} }j jcmzjcrvlc j}mvgrl}! pjvh ngjcrvl} |zjal} pvjkzcrl} }î }j ajjc phv ja pvj}jcrlbhv! al} vj}pzj}rl} ch! ah |zjgnpjbgvîl ezklv l zcl pjv}hcl mgjkl! h rjcbvîl |zj dlmjv}j lmhnpl.ülv phv lakzgjc |zj aj zjvl ajwjcbh al} bg}rgcrl} pvjkzcrl}# ]g }j dlcphbgbh ajjv phv zc ahmzrhv rhbl} al} pvjkzcrl}! ch plvjmj jtmj}gyl.njcrj mhnpagmlbh |zj }j dzfgjvlc ajîbh rhbl} al} vj}pzj}rl} plvl|zj mzla|zgjv pjv}hcl pzbgjvl ezklv#

Dlw |zj dlmjv chrlv |zj jc rhbh} ah} ezjkh} bj al klnl Fzuu }j zrgag.

ulc ah} mhahvj} luza! clvlcel! yjvbj w lnlvgaah plvl bgjvjcmglv al} bg}.rgcrl} hpmghcj}#



:6

Ah} plvjmgbh} jcrvj ja clvlcel w ja lnlvgaah }hc rlaj} |zj jc zcmgýc bjmýnh j}rì mhckzvlbl al rjajyg}gýc }j pzjbjc blv pvhfajnl} bj mhc.z}gýc gcmaz}h jc pjv}hcl} }gc pvhfajnl} bj yg}gýc w phv }zpzj}rh al}pjv}hcl} blarýcgml} pzjbjc mhczcbgv ah} mhahvj} yjvbj w vheh#

Jc mhcmaz}gýc! zcl pjv}hcl }hvbl pzjbj ezklv pjvjmrlnjcrj la ezjkh

w l zcl pjv}hcl mgjkl aj j} gnph}gfaj! pjvh }gnpajnjcrj mhc al clyj.klmgýc bja njcõ w al ajmrzvl bj al} vj}pzj}rl} phbvîl ezklv }gc pvhfaj.nl} pzj}! phv jejnpah! ja rgjnph |zj vj}rl plvl mhcrj}rlv l al pvj.kzcrl ygjcj blbh phv zc }hcgbh |zj ylvîl mzlcbh }j lmjvml ja cla#



:=

6#6_vhpzj}rl bj jylazlmgýcbj ygbjhezjkh}lmmj}gfaj}#Mlvgcl Khcuìaju w Ejccgjv Yjal

Mlvgcl Khcuìaju

Zcgyjv}gblb bj Al Alkzcl $Rjcjvgj'{{{#zaa#j} mekhculOzaa#j}

Ejccgjv Yjal

Zcgyjv}gblb bj Al} _lanl}bj Kvlc Mlclvgl $Kvlc Mlclvgl'{{{#zapkm#j}

eyjalObn#zapkm#j}

http://www.ull.es/

http://www.ulpgc.es/

http://www.ulpgc.es/

http://www.ull.es/



:2

J}rl mhalfhvlmgýc pvj}jcrl al jalfhvlmgýc bj zcl pvhpzj}rlbgbìmrgml jc hvnl bj mzj}rghclvgh bj jylazlmgýc bj}lvvhaalbhbjcrvh bja nlvmh bja _h}kvlbh bj Bj}lvvhaah bj Ygbjhezjkh}

bj al Zcgyjv}gblb bj Al Alkzcl# J}rl pvgnjvl pvhpzj}rl pjvngrj! phvpvgnjvl yju jc J}plül! jylazlv zc ygbjhezjkh lrjcbgjcbh l }z lmmj}gfg.

agblb jc bgjvjcrj} ìnfgrh} w hvnlv l ah} czjyh} mvjlbhvj} bj ygbjhezj.kh} jc j}rj l}pjmrh# Lbjnì}! pjvngrgvì jalfhvlv jc zc zrzvh zcl mal}g.mlmgýc }gngalv l al _JKG bj hvnl |zj }jl ìmga gbjcrgmlv ah} ygbjhezjkh}nì} lmmj}gfaj} }jkõc mlbl rgph bj bg}mlplmgblb#

Jc zcl }hmgjblb jc al |zj mlbl yju }j zrgagulc nì} al} rjmchahkîl}bj al gchvnlmgýc w bj al} mhnzcgmlmghcj} plvl gchvnlv}j! j}rzbglv!vjalmghclv}j! jcrvjrjcjv}j w rvlflelv! w jc al |zj mlbl yju }hc nì} ah}}jvygmgh} |zj }j pvj}rlc phv yîl rjajnìrgml! l}jkzvlv al z}lfgagblb wlmmj}gfgagblb bj ah} czjyh} njbgh} rjmchaýkgmh}! jc plvrgmzalv bj ah}}jvygmgh} w pvhbzmrh} jc Gcrjvcjr! vj}zarl pvghvgrlvgh# _hv jaah! bj}bj alZcgyjv}gblb bj Al Alkzcl }j dlc mvjlbh bgjvjcrj} j}rzbgh} bj ph}.kvlbh} jc Gcrjvlmmgýc _jv}hcl Hvbjclbhv! =B w Ygbjhezjkh} mhc jahfejrgyh bj vj}phcbjv l al} bjnlcbl} bj hvnlmgýc bj pvhj}ghclaj}jc j}rh} mlnph} rlc vj|zjvgbh} phv al }hmgjblb bj al gchvnlmgýc#Jcrvj al} bg}rgcrl} lmmghcj} bj j}rj pvhkvlnl bj ph}rkvlbh! mlfjbj}rlmlv ja Nì}rjv jc Mvjlmgýc bj Ygbjhezjkh}! mvjlbh jc mhalfhvl.mgýc mhc al Zcgyjv}gblb Hfjvrl bj Mlrlazcwl $ZHM' j gnpza}lbh phvja Ngcg}rjvgh bj Gcbz}rvgl! bjcrvh bja _vhkvlnl bj Vjb#j}! ‑_vhkvlnlbj Gnpza}h l ah} Mhcrjcgbh} Bgkgrlaj}„ bj al} Zcgyjv}gblbj}# Ja Nì}rjvmhc}rl bj 9? mvçbgrh} JMR] l gnplvrgv}j jc bh} lüh} bj bzvlmgýc $<mvçbgrh }jnlcla' w }j bgygbj jc mzlrvh nýbzah} pvgcmgplaj}! jc bhcbjlbjnì} bj al} l}gkclrzvl} zcblnjcrlaj} bj mvjlmgýc bj ygbjhezj.

kh} $Gcrvhbzmmgýc l ah} Ygbjhezjkh}! Ygbjhezjkh} 6B! Ygbjhezjkh} =B!]hcgbh} w Ygbjhezjkh}! GL jc Ygbjhezjkh}! jrm#'! }j yjc l}gkclrzvl}hprlrgyl} vjalmghclbl} la nzcbh bj G_H $Ezklfgagblb w Jtpjvgjcmglbja Ezklbhv! Bg}jüh Zcgyjv}la! Lmmj}gfaj w Z}lfaj! Dg}rhvgl w ClvvlrgylGcrjvlmrgyl! _}gmhahkîl w Ilmrhvj} Dznlch} h Bg}jüh bj Gcrjvlmj}Kvìml}! jcrvj hrvl}'#

Zcl bj al} kvlcbj} chyjblbj} |zj pvj}jcrl j}rj Nì}rjv jc mhnpl.vlmgýc mhc hrvh} wl jtg}rjcrj} j} al jchvnj gnphvrlcmgl |zj }j aj blla bg}jüh w pvhkvlnlmgýc lmmj}gfaj}! gcmhvphvlcbh phv pvgnjvl yju jc

J}plül zc nýbzah j}pjmîmh bj Bg}jüh Zcgyjv}la! Lmmj}gfaj w Z}lfaj#Ah} hfejrgyh} pvgcmgplaj} bj j}rj nýbzah $|zj mzjcrl mhc 2 mvçbgrh}JMR]' }hc rvj}5



::

» ]jvygv mhnh gcrvhbzmmgýc l al lmmj}gfgagblb nzargnjbgl plvlygbjhezjkh}#

» Jc}jülv bj}bj al pvhpgl jtpjvgjcmgl mhnh ezklbhvj}#

» Gcmvjnjcrlv al nhrgylmgýc w ja gcrjvç} phv al lmmj}gfgagblb jc ah}ygbjhezjkh}#

_lvjmj malvh |zj ja hfejrgyh bj rhbh fzjc bj}lvvhaah bj ygbjhezjkh}bjfj }jv }gjnpvj aajklv la nlwhv cõnjvh ph}gfaj bj ezklbhvj} w jcklc.mdlv phv gkzla l dhnfvj}! nzejvj}! nlwhvj} w cgüh}# _lvl mhc}jkzgvj}rh! bjfjc }jkzgv}j zch} pvgcmgpgh} bj bg}jüh zcgyjv}laj} |zj pjv.ngrlc klvlcrgulv al z}lfgagblb! lmmj}gfgagblb w ezklfgagblb bj zc rîrzah#Ja bg}jüh zcgyjv}la lpagmlbh l ah} ygbjhezjkh} ch bjfj mhc}gbjvlv}jmhnh zcl }jvgj bj rçmcgml} pjc}lbl} plvl mhajmrgyh} vjbzmgbh} w pjv.}hcl} bg}plmgrlbl}! }gch |zj mhnfgcl pvgcmgpgh} pvj}jcrj} jc ìvjl}

mhnh al z}lfgagblb w al ezklfgagblb mhc rçmcgml} wl zrgagulbl} bjcrvh bjal lmmj}gfgagblb nzargnjbgl! mhnh ja }zfrgrzalbh plvl pjv}hcl} }hvbl}w al lzbghbj}mvgpmgýc# Ja hfejrgyh j}! la c w la mlfh! ja ng}nh5 njehvlval jtpjvgjcmgl bj z}zlvgh w mvjlv ygbjhezjkh} mhnpajrlnjcrj lmmj}g.faj}! z}lfaj} w ezklfaj} |zj }j lblprjc l mzla|zgjv rgph bj ezklbhv wch la vjyç}# L}î ng}nh! w blbh |zj nzmdh} pvhfajnl} bj z}lfgagblb}hc rlnfgçc pvhfajnl} bj lmmj}gfgagblb! phbvîlnh} bjmgv |zj al lmmj.}gfgagblb ch j}! cg nì} cg njch}! |zj al lnpaglmgýc bj rhbh} ah} pvgc.mgpgh} bj z}lfgagblb w ezklfgagblb plvl aajylvah} l zc cgyja }zpjvghv |zj

gcmazwl l zc cõnjvh rhblyîl nlwhv bj ezklbhvj} $<'#_hv õargnh! ja nýbzah zrgagul zc jch|zj mhnpajrlnjcrj nzargbg}mgpagclv!blbh |zj }j plvrj bj al fl}j bj |zj! plvl bj}lvvhaalv zc ygbjhezjkhmhnpajrlnjcrj lmmj}gfaj! j} cjmj}lvgh gnpalcrlv bgjvjcrj} rçmcgml}bj lmmj}gfgagblb jc rhbh} w mlbl zch bj ah} pvhmj}h} w rlvjl} gcdjvjc.rj} la bj}lvvhaah bj zc ygbjhezjkh#



:9

Igkzvl <5 Jajnjcrh} lmmj}gfaj} bj zc ygbjhezjkh

w }z} vj}phc}lfaj} $Yjal! E# 6?<<'#

Zch bj ah} pvgcmgplaj} pvhfajnl} l al dhvl bj jc}jülv l bj}lvvhaalvygbjhezjkh} lmmj}gfaj} j} |zj al} njrhbhahkîl} wl jtg}rjcrj} pvj}jcrlcylvgh} pvhfajnl} bj gnpalcrlcmgýc w yglfgagblb# _hv j}l vluýc! ja nýbzahbja nì}rjv }gkzj al pvhpzj}rl palcrjlbl jc 6??: phv ja Dznlc”MhnpzrjvGcrjvlmrghc Alfhvlrhvw h GM].IHVRD fl}lbl jc ja mhcmjprh bj Ygbjhezjkh}Zcgyjv}lanjcrj Lmmj}gfaj} $6'# J}rl pvhpzj}rl rçmcgml fz}ml lwzblv l al

mvjlmgýc bj ygbjhezjkh} lmmj}gfaj} bj mlagblb |zj }j lblprjc l al} cjmj}g.blbj} bj ezklbhvj} mhc bgjvjcrj} kvlbh} w rgph} bj lmmj}gfgagblb! pzjblc}jv ezklbh} jc bgjvjcrj} palrlhvnl} dlvb{lvj w }hr{lvj w! }hfvj rhbh!}gklc ah} pvgcmgpgh} bja Bg}jüh plvl rhbh} $Bj}gkc hv Laa'! wl zrgagulbh} jcìnfgrh} mhnh ja bg}jüh {jf h al lmmj}gfgagblb î}gml#

L plvrgv bj j}rl} w hrvl} zjcrj}! rlaj} mhnh al l}hmglmgýc Lfaj Klnjv} $='! jaKlnj} Lmmj}}gfgagrw ]pjmgla Gcrjvj}r Kvhzp $2' bj al L}hmglmgýc Gcrjvclmghclabj Bj}lvvhaalbhvj} bj ]hr{lvj $GKBL' h gcmaz}h al FFM fvgrìcgml $:'! al}lzrhvl} bj j}rj lvrîmzah jalfhvlvhc zc }jcmgaah rj}r bj lmmj}gfgagblb |zj

pjvngrgjvl l ah} laznch} bja nýbzah phcjv jc pvìmrgml rhbh} ah} mhcmjprh}rçhvgmh} j}rzbglbh} w mal}gmlv bj nlcjvl mzlagrlrgyl w hfejrgyl ja cgyja bjlmmj}gfgagblb bj mzla|zgjv ygbjhezjkh mhnjvmgla $yjv kzvl 6'#



:;

_LVÌNJRVH] ]Î $6 _RH]'

L YJMJ]$< _RH'

CH$? _RH]'

RHRLA

LRLEH] W LMMJ]H] BGVJMRH]

Al} zcmghcj} nì} gnphvrlcrj} bja ezjkh

j}rìc bg}phcgfaj} mhc zc }hah fhrýc#

Jygrl al} mhnfgclmghcj} bj nõargpaj}rjmal} jc ah} lrleh} h lmmj}h} bgvjmrh}#

RZRHVGLAJ]

NLCJEH BJA EZJKH

Jygrl ja z}h }gnzarìcjh bj ylvgh}fhrhcj} h rjmal} plvl nlcjelv ja ezjkh#

_jvngrj mhcrvhalv al yjahmgblb bja ezjkh#

Ch bjpjcbj jtmaz}gylnjcrj bja mhahv!zrgagul hrvl} ylvglfaj} mhnh al hvnl h jarlnlüh#

_JV]HCLAGULMGÝC

_jvngrj al pjv}hclagulmgýc bja mhcrvl}rj!fvgaah w mhahv bja ezjkh#

_jvngrj al pjv}hclagulmgýc mhnpajrlbj ah} mhcrvhaj} bj ezjkh# _jvngrj aljagngclmgýc bj mhcrvhaj}#

_jvngrj bgjvjcrj} larjvclrgyl} bjnlcjeh $rjmalbh! vlrýc h pjvgçvgmh}'#_jvngrj lez}rlv ja cgyja bj bgmzarlb#

_jvngrj lez}rlv al }jc}gfgagblb bj ah}nlcbh}#

_jvngrj lmrgylv h bj}lmrgylv }zfrîrzah}#

_jvngrj mhckzvlv yjahmgblb bj ah}}zfrîrzah} _jvngrj mhckzvlv jjmrh} bj}hcgbh! ygfvlmgýc! jrm#

_jvngrj ja lznjcrh bj al} zjcrj} w ah}kvìmh}#

_jvngrj lez}rlv ja bjrlaaj bj ah} kvìmh}#

_jvngrj lez}rlv }hcgbh! dlfal w jjmrh}bj }hcgbh phv }jplvlbh# _jvngrgv lez}rlval yjahmgblb bj al clvvlmgýc h yhu jc h#



:4

MHCRJCGBH]

Z}l zc ajckzlej }jcmgaah w malvh! mhcgc}rvzmmghcj} ìmgaj} bj jcrjcbjv#

Gcmhvphvl }zfrîrzah} malvh} w ìmgaj} bj

ajjv#

Lphwl }gjnpvj al} lmmghcj} yg}zlaj}mhc }hcgbh} h ygfvlmghcj} bj vjjvjcmgl#

Bj}mvgfgv bj nlcjvl malvl w mhcmg}lal} lmmghcj} yg}zlaj} |zj hmzvvjc jc ja ezjkh $lzbghbj}mvgpmgýc h clvvlmgýc'#

RHRLA

Igkzvl 65 _vhpzj}rl bj rj}r bj lmmj}gfgagblb plvl laznch} bja Nì}rjv jcMvjlmgýc bj Ygbjhezjkh} bj al Zcgyjv}gblb bj Al Alkzcl $Yjal! E# 6?<<'#

Jc j}rl pvgnjvl lpvhtgnlmgýc }j dlc j}rlfajmgbh : lplvrlbh} j}jc.mglaj}5 lrleh} w lmmj}h} bgvjmrh}! rzrhvglaj}! nlcjeh bja ezjkh! pjv}h.clagulmgýc w mhcrjcgbh}# Mlbl zch bj j}rh} lplvrlbh} mhc}rl l }zyju bj zch h ylvgh} plvìnjrvh} |zj bjfjc pzcrzlv}j mhc ja hfejrgyhbj j}rlfajmjv zcl pzcrzlmgýc plvmgla w hrvl kahfla# Kvlmgl} l j}rl

pvhpzj}rl! ah} laznch} pzjbjc vjlagulv j}rzbgh} bj ml}h bj bgjvjc.rj} ygbjhezjkh}! lclagulv }z cgyja bj lmmj}gfgagblb! vjlagulv zc gchvnjmhc ah} vj}zarlbh} hfrjcgbh} w pvhphcjv }hazmghcj} l ah} jajnjcrh}gclmmj}gfaj} bjrjmrlbh} jc ja rj}r#

Hrvl kvlc yjcrlel bj j}j }g}rjnl bj lcìag}g} fl}lbh jc ja j}rzbghbj ml}h} bj ygbjhezjkh} wl jtg}rjcrj} j} |zj pjvngrj l ah} lazn.ch} pvhphcjv }hazmghcj} j}pjmîml} plvl mlbl ygbjhezjkh j}rz.bglbh! ah |zj lwzbl jchvnjnjcrj l al gcrjvghvgulmgýc bja mhcmjprh bj

Lmmj}gfgagblb zcgyjv}la mhnh zcl }jvgj j}rvlrjkgl} |zj bjfjc j}rlvpvj}jcrj} bzvlcrj ja pvhmj}h bj bj}lvvhaah bj zc ygbjhezjkh#

Ja }gkzgjcrj kvlc vjrh |zj }j pvj}jcrl ldhvl j} bj}lvvhaalv! mhnpajrlvw bgzcbgv j}rj pvgnjv rj}r plvl |zj pzjbl zrgagulv}j ch wl }hah phvplvrj bj bhmjcrj} w j}rzbglcrj}! }gch }hfvj rhbh! phv rhbh} l|zjaah}lmrhvj} bj al gcbz}rvgl bj ah} ygbjhezjkh} |zj j}rçc gcrjvj}lbh} jc}lfjv ja cgyja bj lmmj}gfgagblb bj zc ygbjhezjkh w al} ph}gfaj} }haz.mghcj} jc mlbl ml}h mhcmvjrh# J}rh pjvngrgvì ja bj}lvvhaah mhc}jc.}zlbh bj zcl }jvgj bj plvìnjrvh} bj njbgmgýc hmglaj} w j}rìcblvj}

mhnh ah} bj}lvvhaalbh} phv ja [hvab [gbj Mhc}hvrgzn $[=M' plvlmal}gmlv al lmmj}gfgagblb bj al} pìkgcl} {jf h ja }g}rjnl _JKG $_lcJzvhpjlc Klnj Gchvnlrghc' plvl mal}gmlv zc ygbjhezjkh#



:7


$<' Yjal! E# $6?<<'5 Klnj} Lmmj}}gfgagrw hv laa # Nzargagckzla! <66! yhaz.

njc 66! cõnjvh 9 $pìk 22.2;'#

$6' Kvlnnjch}! B#! ]lygbg}! L# $6??9'5 Zcgjb Bj}gkc h Zcgyjv}laaw

Lmmj}}gfaj Klnj} $]lw [dlr8'#

Jc5 drrp5(({{{#klnl}zrvl#mhn(ygj{(jlrzvj(<;92(zcgjbXbj}gkcXhXzcgyjv}laawX#pdp

$Mhc}zarlbh 6?#?4#6?<<'

$=' ‑Rdj Lfaj Klnjv} Ihzcblrghc„#Jc5 drrp5(({{{#lfajklnjv}#hvk

$Mhc}zarlbh 6?#?4#6?<<'

$2' ‑GKBL Klnj Lmmj}}gfgagrw„

Jc5 drrp5((gkbl.kl}gk#hvk

$Mhc}zarlbh 6?#?4#6?<<'

$:' ‑FFM„ $6?<?'5 Lmmj}}gfaj Klnj} ]rlcblvb y<#?#Jc5 drrp5(({{{#ffm#mh#z`(kzgbjagcj}(zrzvjnjbgl(lmmj}}gfgagrw( klnj}#}drna

$Mhc}zarlbh 6?#?4#6?<<'

http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/1764/unified_design_of_universally_.php




http://www.ablegamers.org/

http://igda-gasig.org/

http://www.bbc.co.uk/guidelines/futuremedia/accessibility/games.shtml





http://www.ablegamers.org/




9?

6#=Jtpjvgjcmgl bj Z}zlvghjc ah} ]jvghz} Klnj}plvl pjv}hcl} mhc

cjmj}gblbj} bj Lmmj}gfgagblb# Lccl Flbgl! H}mlv Klvmîl! Jngaglch Alfvlbhv!Nlvm _glvvç w Jyl Ygaajkl}

Njbgl Bhnj w Z}jvAlf Al ]laaj

Zcgyjv}grlr Vlnhc Aazaa{{{#zva#j} lflbgl! h}mlvk! jvzgu! npglvvj! jygaajkl}~O}laaj#zva#jbz

Ja Bjplvrlnjcrh bj Rjmchahkîl} Njbgl $BRN' bj Al ]laaj.ZVArgjcj zcl gnphvrlcrj lmrgygblb bj G + B + g jckahflcbh al nlwh.vîl bj ah} l}pjmrh} vjalrgyh} l al} rjmchahkîl} njbgl! jcrvj al}

mzlaj} ja pvhmj}lbh $gcmazwjcbh yhu! }jüla lmõ}rgml! gnlkjc w yîbjh'! alrvlc}ng}gýc bja mhcrjcgbh njbgl! al kjcjvlmgýc }gcrçrgml bj mhcrjcgbhnjbglcrj al} rjmchahkîl} bj kvìmh} w lcgnlmgýc =B w! clanjcrj! aljylazlmgýc bj al jtpjvgjcmgl bj z}zlvgh# Al lmrgygblb bj gcyj}rgklmgýc }jlvrgmzal njbglcrj ja Kvzph bj Gcyj}rgklmgýc jc Rjmchahkîl} Njbgl#

http://www.url.es/

mailto:[email protected];%[email protected];%[email protected];%[email protected];%[email protected]


http://www.url.es/



9<

Al gchvnlmgýc hfrjcgbl njbglcrj nçrhbh} plvrgmgplrgyh}bj jtpjvgjcmgl bj z}zlvgh jc Ygbjhezjkh} w ]jvghz} Klnj}mhfvl zcl gnphvrlcmgl bjrjvngclcrj! wl |zj ch fl}rl mhc |zj

ah} bj}lvvhaah} }jlc rçmcgmlnjcrj mhvvjmrh} }gch |zj rlnfgçc bjfjvìcpvhyhmlv jtpjvgjcmgl} }lrg}lmrhvgl} w njnhvlfaj} l ah} z}zlvgh} cl.

aj}# Ç}rh} bg}phcbvìc cjmj}gblbj} bj lblprlmgýc mhcmvjrl} bjpjc.bgjcbh bj }z} vjlagblbj} vj}pjmrgyl}#

Rhnlcbh ja ezjkh mhnh nhbjah bj lpvjcbgulej! ah} ]jvghz} Klnj}}j fl}lc jc ja jcrvjrjcgngjcrh }gjcbh lpagmlmghcj} mhc zc pvhpý}grhbg}rgcrh la pzvlnjcrj aõbgmh# Ah} ]jvghz} Klnj} j}rìc mlbl yju nì}

pvj}jcrj} jc nzmdh} }jmrhvj} mhnh al vjdlfgagrlmgýc zcmghcla! rjvl.pgl} p}gmhaýkgml}! kzîl} mzarzvlaj}! vjmzpjvlmgýc bj njnhvgl dg}rývgml!mhc}rvzmmgýc lv|zgrjmrýcgml! bjphvrj! jcrvj rlcrl} hrvl} bg}mgpagcl}# AlNzargnjbgl j} ja pgalv bj j}rj rgph bj lpagmlmghcj}! }gjcbh Al ]laaj ”ZVA zch bj ah} mjcrvh} pghcjvh} jc gnplvrgv j}rl bg}mgpagcl bj}bj <779#

Ja gckjcgjvh nzargnjbgl rgjcj zc pjva rvlc}yjv}la w phv jaah bjfj mhch.mjv nçrhbh} plvrgmgplrgyh} bj jtpjvgjcmgl bj z}zlvgh jc ja bg}jüh bjlpagmlmghcj} mhnh ygbjhezjkh} h }jvghz} klnj} mhc al clagblb bj

pvhyhmlv jtpjvgjcmgl} }lrg}lmrhvgl} w njnhvlfaj} l ah} z}zlvgh} cl.aj}# Jc mzla|zgjv ygbjhezjkh w(h ]jvghz} Klnj jc ja |zj al gcnjv}gýc ezjkzj zc plpja gnphvrlcrj! bjfjvjnh} bjcgv zcl }jvgj bj njrl}



96

w vjrh} |zj klvlcrgmjc zc fzjc flalcmj bj bj}rvjul(}zjvrj l al plv|zj klvlcrgulcbh zcl mgjvrl lmrgygblb hvnlrgyl $malvl plvl ja ml}h bj]jvghz} Klnj} w }gnzalbhvj}'# W malvlnjcrj }g jtg}rjc pvhj}ghcl.aj} mhc}mgjcrj} bj al} cjmj}gblbj} bj lblprlmgýc mhcmvjrl} bjpjc.bgjcbh bj al} vjlagblbj} bj mlbl z}zlvgh klvlcrgulvjnh} ja rjcjv jc

mzjcrl l ç}rh} rlcrh jc al} l}j} bj bg}jüh mhnh bj palcgmlmgýc bjah} ygbjhezjkh} w }jvghz} klnj}#

Ah} mhcmjprh} bj z}lfgagblb w lmmj}gfgagblb j}rìc vjalmghclbh}bgvjmrlnjcrj mhc al gcrjvlmmgýc jcrvj z}zlvgh.pvhbzmrh# Ja mhcmjprhz}lfgagblb bjcj zc z}h hprgngulbh bja mhcrjcgbh bja ezjkh w zclvjbzmmgýc bj j}zjvuh phv plvrj bja z}zlvgh plvl mhc}jkzgv ja nìtgnhvjcbgngjcrh# Ja mhcmjprh lmmj}gfgagblb gcbgml al mlplmgblb bj gcrjvlm.mgýc bj mzla|zgjv pjva bj z}zlvgh gcbjpjcbgjcrjnjcrj bj }z} agngrl.

mghcj}# _jvh plvl hfrjcjv zcl jtpjvgjcmgl bj z}zlvgh }lrg}lmrhvgl }jbjfjc rjcjv jc mzjcrl rlnfgçc ah} rçvngch} lzrhchnîl w cjmj}gblbj}j}pjmîml} bj mlbl pjva bj z}zlvgh# Lbjnì}! bj}bj ja pzcrh bj yg}rlbja ‑Klnj Bj}gkc„ h bg}jüh bj ezjkh}! w ml}g mgrlcbh l ‑Ej}}j ]mdjaa„!

mhc}jkzgnh} ezjkh} }g bg}jülnh} lmrgygblbj} vjalmghclbl} mhc alvj}hazmgýc bj pvhfajnl} }gkzgjcbh lpvhtgnlmghcj} fl}lbl} jc lmrg.rzbj} malvlnjcrj aõbgml}# Bj djmdh czj}rvl njcrj pzjbj }jv jcrvjrj.cgbl kvlmgl} l lakzcl} dlfgagblbj} mhnh czj}rvl mlplmgblb bj nhbj.alv! al ph}gfgagblb bj jchmlv h mhcmjcrvlv czj}rvh} j}zjvuh} jc zcl

rlvjl bjrjvngclbl! ja djmdh bj |zj }jlnh} mlplmj} bj nlcgj}rlvjnplrîl phv lakzgjc h lakh w al gnlkgclmgýc bj |zj bg}phcjnh} mhnh}jvj} dznlch}#



9=

_lvl hfrjcjv zcl lzrhchnîl bj z}zlvgh! w phv ah rlcrh! zcl }lrg}.lmmgýc jc ja ezjkh! }j bjfj gcmazgv la z}zlvgh bj}bj ja pvgcmgpgh bjapvhmj}h bj bj}lvvhaah dlmgçcbhaj plvrgmgplv bj hvnl lmrgyl# Jc al}l}j} gcgmglaj} }j pzjbjc hfrjcjv cjmj}gblbj}! bj}jh} w nhrgyl.mghcj}0 jc zcl l}j gcrjvnjbgl }j pzjbj ylahvlv al jtpjvgjcmgl bjz}h bja ezjkh w }z mjvmlcîl dlmgl ja nhbjah njcrla bja z}zlvgh wjc zcl l}j cla }j pzjbj vjlagulv zcl ylahvlmgýc jnhmghcla dlmgl

ja pvhbzmrh# Jc rhbl} jaal} bjfjvjnh} rjcjv jc mzjcrl ah} 2 jej}bja bg}jüh bj jtpjvgjcmgl} njnhvlfaj} w ezjkh}5 zcl fzjcl bj.cgmgýc bja Mvgrjvgh J}rçrgmh! al mvjlmgýc bj zc mhcezcrh bj Vjkal} hNjmìcgml} bj ezjkh! zcl fzjcl w bjc}l Dg}rhvgl w zc fzjc palcrjl.ngjcrh Rjmchaýkgmh# Rlnfgçc! }g pl}lnh} l zc nlwhv bjrlaaj! al}mhc}gbjvlmghcj} la vj}pjmrh bja j}plmgh bj ezjkh! ah} hfejrh} $phvjejnpah jcgknl} w vjrh} |zj }j vjalmghclc mhc zc ph}gfaj gcyjcrlvghbja _E h _jv}hclej Ezklbhv'! al} lmmghcj} l lmhnjrjv $mhnh jc zcllyjcrzvl kvìml h mhcyjv}lmghcla maì}gml! ph}gfgagrlcbh al vjalmgýc

jcrvj ah} hfejrh} w ja j}plmgh bj Ezjkh'! al} vjkal} bjcgbl} l pvghvg$gkzlaj} plvl rhbh} ah} ezklbhvj}(laznch}' w zc mhvvjmrh flalcmjjcrvj bj}rvjul! vjrh palcrjlbh w }zjvrj# ]j rvlrl pzj} bj bg}jülvjtpjvgjcmgl} njnhvlfaj} jc j}plmgh} gcrjvlmrgyh} w ygvrzlaj} |zjrjcklc jc mzjcrl al} fl}j} bja bg}jüh bj gcrjvlmj}! al} bgjvjcrj}rçmcgml} bj Z}lfgagblb w ‑Klngmlmgýc„ l}î mhnh ah} bg}rgcrh} pal.mjvj} |zj ja pvhwjmrh lagnjcrlvì jc ja z}zlvgh cla# Rla w mhnh bj.cîl ‑AjFalcm„ jc }z bîl! palmjvj} mhnh ja bj al }jc}lmgýc $‑Klnjl} }jc}jpajl}zvj„'! al lcrl}îl $‑Klnj l} nl`j.fjagjyj„' al clvvlrgyl

$‑Klnj l} zchabgck }rhvw„'! vjrh $‑Klnj l} hf}rlmaj mhzv}j„'! pjv.rjcjcmgl l mhnzcgblb $‑Klnj l} }hmgla vlnj{hv`„' h bja bj}mzfvg.ngjcrh $‑Klnj l} zcmdlvrjb rjvvgrhvw„'! jcrvj hrvh}#



92

Al bjcgmgýc bj pjvaj} bj z}zlvgh j} nzw gnphvrlcrj l al dhvl bj lcl.agulv al jtpjvgjcmgl bj z}h wl |zj al} bgjvjcmgl} jcrvj z}zlvgh} }hc nzwdjrjvhkçcjl}# Mzlcbh dlfalnh} bj pjva! dlfalnh} bj mal}gmlmgýc}jkõc plvrgmzalvgblbj} bj mlbl gcbgygbzh l cgyja pjv}hcla! l cgyja bjbg}mlplmgblb $mhckçcgrl h lb|zgvgbl' w l cgyja bj bj}lvvhaah }hmgla# Zclnzj}rvl bj zch} 9.4 z}zlvgh} phv pjva j} }zmgjcrj plvl j}rzbgh} bjrgph }zfejrgyh h gcrjv}zfejrgyh wl |zj! }g ja pjva bj z}zlvgh j}rì mhvvjmrl.njcrj }jajmmghclbh }j pzjbjc j}rlfajmjv vjalmghcj} jcrvj gchvnlmgh.cj} j}phcrlcjl} bj al nzj}rvl }zmgjcrjnjcrj lfaj}#

La dlfalv bj njrhbhahkîl} bj jylazlmgýc }j pvhphcj zc }g}rjnl |zjnjehvl }z}rlcmglanjcrj ah} vj}zarlbh} bja lcìag}g} bj al jtpjvgjcmgl! al

mhnpvjc}gýc bj ah} bj}jh} w al} cjmj}gblbj} bja z}zlvgh jc ja z}h wbg}vzrj bj ]jvghz} Klnj} njbglcrj al mhnfgclmgýc bj njrhbhahkîl}wl jtg}rjcrj} jc z}lfgagblb $mznpagngjcrh bj chvnlrgyl}! mznpagngjcrhbj djzvî}rgml}! rj}r bj rlvjl}! ‑mlvb }hvrgck„! ‑hmz} kvhzp„! mzj}rghcl.vgh bj }lrg}lmmgýc ]Z]! mzj}rghclvgh bj bjcgmgýc bj pjva'! lmmj}gfgag.blb $jylazlmghcj} lzrhnìrgml}! mznpagngjcrh bj chvnlrgyl}!…'! nçrh.bh} bj jtpjvgjcmgl bj z}zlvgh bj fl}j gcbzmrgyl $jcrvjyg}rl} lfgjvrl}!jcrvjyg}rl ‑Fgphalv Albbjvgck„' w rçmcgml} bj ‑palwrj}rgck„# Jc j}rl}õargnl} ah} mvjlbhvj} pvjyçc }jcbl} mzvyl} bj gcrjvç} l ah alvkh bj al

jtpjvgjcmgl |zj ah} z}zlvgh} vlrgmlc! h ch! rvl} clagulval jc zcl }j}gýcbj rj}r h ‑palwrj}r„ }g ch} vjjvgnh} l al grjvlmgýc }zmj}gyl bja ezjkhbj mlvl l vjclv }z} vjkal} h ‑Klnj Njmdlcgm}„# Bj j}rl nlcjvl }j



9:

mhc}gkzj zc lznjcrh }z}rlcmgla jc al pvjmg}gýc bj al bjcgmgýc bj ah}jajnjcrh} bj bg}jüh }hnjrgbh} l j}rzbgh#

Bj djmdh al ng}nl nìtgnl |zj }j lpagml jc Bg}jüh Lmmj}gfaj lpagml laBg}jüh bj Ezjkh}5 jc bjcgrgyl! Bg}jüh ez}rh w plvl rhbh}(l}# ]j rvlrlbj nlcrjcjv zc mhvvjmrh j|zgagfvgh jcrvj ah} vjrh} pvj}jcrlbh} w ja çtgrh

lmhnjrgçcbhah}0 klvlcrgulv zc mhcezcrh bj bjmg}ghcj} }gkcgmlrgyl} wpajcl}0 bh}g} plvjel} bj bj}rvjul $mhnpjrjcmgl' w }zjvrj0 zc fzjc z}hbj ‑al mlfjul„ }gc haygblv |zj ‑al} nlch}„ rlnfgçc }jvìc gnphvrlcrj}jc bjrjvngclbh} nhnjcrh}0 mhnpjrgmghcj} jc al} |zj rlnfgçc mlfjal mhhpjvlmgýc0 pvjngh} w vjmhnpjc}l} mhcrgczh}0 zc mgjvrh cgyja bj‑ml}rgkh„! }gjnpvj bjcrvh bj zcl jtpjvgjcmgl mhcrvhalbl $lzc|zj chah plvjuml la ezklbhv(l' w al pvj}jcrlmgýc bj bjrlaaj} lõc bjelcbh zcfzjc nlvkjc bj nlcghfvl plvl czj}rvl pvhpgl gnlkgclmgýc#

Nzmdl} yjmj}! ja rçvngch lmmj}gfgagblb }j vjalmghcl bgvjmrlnjcrj mhcal} pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb! pjvh jc mlnfgh! }jkõc j}rzbgh} vjl.agulbh} phv ja bjplvrlnjcrh! nzmdh} bj jaah} ch cjmj}grlc kvlcbj}lblprlmghcj} rjmchaýkgml}! }g ch |zj cjmj}grlc |zj }j mzjcrj mhc jaah}jc al} l}j} bj mvjlmgýc bj mhcrjcgbh}! bg}jüh zcmghcla! bg}jüh bjgcrjvlmmgýc! bg}jüh kvìmh w j}rçrgmh l}î mhnh jc ja bg}jüh bj njmì.cgml} bj ezjkh w ‑klngmlmgýc„ bj al jtpjvgjcmgl! lbjnì} bj }jkzgv‑rjcgjcbh bjvjmdh l klclv„ w ch }halnjcrj ‑l pvhflv„#

Lmrzlanjcrj! plvl bj}lvvhaalv zc pvhbzmrh gcchylbhv wl ch fl}rl mhc

|zj }jl rçmcgmlnjcrj yìagbh# Ja bg}jüh kvlmh w zcmghcla! ja rgph bjgcrjvlmmgýc mhc ja z}zlvgh! al lv|zgrjmrzvl bj gchvnlmgýc! al} vjkal}bg}jülbl} w al dg}rhvgl |zj }j mzjcrl }hc l}pjmrh} bjrjvngclcrj} plvl|zj zc pvhbzmrh rjmchaýkgmh! gcrjvlmrgyh w }z}rjcrlbh phv al nzargnj.bgl! }jl jtgrh}h# J} phv jaah |zj ah} nçrhbh} |zj lfhvblc ah} l}pjm.rh} mjcrvlbh} jc ja z}zlvgh jc pvhwjmrh} bj gcchylmgýc mhfvlc zclgnphvrlcmgl bjrjvngclcrj! }gngalv gcmaz}h l al |zj pzjbl rjcjv ja pvh.pgh bj}lvvhaah jc }î#

Mhcmaz}ghcj} w zrzvh

Bjfgbh l ah} mlnfgh} }hmglaj}! kjcjvlmghclaj}! mhcmjprzlaj} w rjm.chaýkgmh} |zj j}rlnh} ygygjcbh l ah alvkh bj ah} õargnh} <: lüh}!ah} ]jvghz} Klnj} j}rìc bjnh}rvlcbh }jv mlbl yju nì} jmlmj} jcnzmdh} ìnfgrh} l ah} mzlaj} ch }j dlfîl lpagmlbh cgckzcl nçrvgmlvjalmghclbl mhc ja ‑Klnj Bj}gkc„ mhc lcrjvghvgblb# _zjbjc }jv bjkvlc lwzbl plvl ah} z}zlvgh} mhc cjmj}gblbj} j}pjmglaj}! }gjcbh al

lmmj}gfgagblb zc pzcrh malyj plvl |zj j}rh hmzvvl! l}î mhnh ja fzjcbg}jüh jc nlrjvgl bj mvgrjvgh j}rçrgmh! kzgýc! vjkal} j}pjmîml} bja ezjkh w bj}lvvhaah! phv jejnpah jc nlrjvgl bj jjmrh} î}gmh} |zj }j



99

}gnzalc j gcrjagkjcmgl lvrgmgla! phv njcmghclv bh} bg}mgpagcl} gckj.cgjvgaj}# _lvl ja mlnph bj al lmmj}gfgagblb! phbjnh} mjcrvlv al} mhc.maz}ghcj} jc5

. _lvl mhc}gbjvlv |zj zc pvhbzmrh }jl lmmj}gfaj bjfj mhcrjn.palv}j |zj }z gcrjvlmmgýc }jl }lrg}lmrhvgl#

. Al jtpjvgjcmgl bj z}zlvgh }lrg}lmrhvgl j}rì bgvjmrlnjcrj vjal.mghclbl mhc al lzrhchnîl bj ezklfgagblb $‑klnjpalw„' bja z}zlvgh#

. Al mhvvjmrl bjcgmgýc bj ah} pjvaj} bj z}zlvgh j} nzw gnphv.rlcrj la bg}jülv ja rj}r! wl |zj al} bgjvjcmgl} jcrvj al} cjmj}g.blbj} bj ah} z}zlvgh} }hc nzw djrjvhkçcjl}# Rlcrh l cgyja bjgcrjvlmmgýc mhnh bj pjva $‑dlvbmhvj„! ‑vgckj„ h ‑vj}g}rlcr„ phvjejnpah0 h hvgjcrlbh l }hmglagulv! jtpahvlv h mhc}jkzgv zc bjrjv.ngclbh ‑hzrmhnj„ }g jnpajlnh} hrvl nçrvgml mhnh al bj Flvraj'#

. Al bgyjv}gblb bj cjmj}gblbj} bj mlbl pjva bj z}zlvgh dlmj |zjmlbl gcrjvlmmgýc }jl plvrgmzalv! bj nhbh |zj }j bjfjvîl lclagulvrlnfgçc }z mhcrjtrh w jcrhvch mhchmgbh#

. _lvl phbjv jtrvljv blrh} vjajylcrj} bj zc j}rzbgh bj lmmj}gfgag.blb }j vjmhngjcbl palcrjlv al mhnfgclmgýc bj aîcjl} njrhbhaýkg.ml} bj jylazlmgýc bj al lmgagblb bj z}h mhc rçmcgml} gcrjv}zfejrg.yl} bj jtpahvlmgýc bj cjmj}gblbj} bj z}zlvgh#

. Al pjvmjpmgýc dlmgl ja ezjkh bjfjvîl }jv ph}grgyl plvl |zj ja

z}zlvgh pzjbl pjvmgfgv al lmmj}gfgagblb mhnh zc djmdh rlckgfaj#Ch haygbjnh} |zj ‑ezklv j} nlcgpzalv plvl }lrg}lmjv al mzvgh}g.blb„ l plvrgv bj al bgyjv}gýc! |zj j} ja palmjv mhc }hvpvj}l} $‑Ej}}j]mdjaa„'#

. W ch haygbjnh} lagnjcrlv ‑ah} palmjvj}„ |zj ja z}zlvgh j}pjvljcmhcrvlv $‑AjFalcm„'#

Mhnh aîcjl} zrzvl} }j bjfjvîl rjcjv jc mzjcrl ja mýnh bj}lvvhaalvczjyl} rçmcgml} bj jtpjvgjcmgl bj z}zlvgh! mýnh lpagmlv nçrhbh}

jtpjvgnjcrlaj} jc mlbl pjva bj z}zlvgh w j}rzbglv al} bj}yglmghcj}jc ah} vj}zarlbh} bj rj}r bjfgbl} l al lmrzlmgýc bja jcrvjyg}rlbhv!lmgagrlbhv h nhcgrhv.rzrhv bj rj}r#



9;


$<' Ygaajkl}! J#! _glvvç! N#! Ihc}jml! B#! Klvmîl! H#! ‑Vj|zg}grh} bj

gcrjkvlmgýc jc zcl mhnzcgblb ygvrzla {jf plvl z}zlvgh} bg}mlplmg.rlbh} zrgagulcbh al mhnfgclmgýc bj bgjvjcrj} aîcjl} njrhbhaýkgml}„!_vhm# ;¥ Mhcjvjcmgl Gfjvhlnjvgmlcl jc ]g}rjnl}! Mgfjvcçrgml jGchvnìrgml! Hvalcbh! 6??4! pp#2:.:?#

$6' Ygaajkl}! J#! _glvvç! N#! ]lcrh} J# ‑Lmmj}gfgagblb Mjcrvlbl jc jaZ}zlvgh„! Vjyg}rl Mvjlrgygblb w ]hmgjblb ${{{#mvjlrgygblbw}hmgj.blb#mhn'! G]]C5 <44; ” ;=;?! 6?<<#

$=' Ihc}jml B#! _glvvç N#! Ygaajkl} J#! Klvmîl H#! ‑_vhpzj}rl Kvìml

bj mal}gmlmgýc w fõ}|zjbl jnhmghcla bj gnìkjcj} phv Gcrjvcjrlblprlbl plvl z}zlvgh} bg}mlplmgrlbh} h ch jtpjvrh}„! Njnhvgl}#Yhaznjc GGG# ;l# Mhcjvjcmgl Gfjvhlnjvgmlcl jc ]g}rjnl}! Mgfjvcçrgmlj Gchvnìrgml! Hvalcbh 6??4#

$2' Klvmgl H#! Ihc}jml B# lcb _glvvç N# $6?<?'# Jbzrlgcnjcr gc rdjNzargnjbgl Ihvnlrghc5 Bj}gkcgck _vhj}}ghcla _vhaj}# Rdj Nzargnjbglgc Jbzmlrghc5 Lblprgyj Ajlvcgck lcb Rj}rgck ehzvcla# 27.;9# [hvab]mgjcrgm _zfag}dgck Mh# G]FC5 7;4.74<.64=.;?:.7#

$:' [hvab Djlard Hvklcgulrghc! ‑Rh{lvb} l Mhnnhc Alckzlkj hvIzcmrghcgck! Bg}lfgagrw lcb Djlard5 Gcrjv# Mal}}gmlrghc hv Izcmrghcgck!Bg}lfgagrw lcb Djlard„ Kjcjyl! 6??6#drrp5(({{{#{dh#gcr(mal}}gmlrghc}

$9' Fvhh`j! E#! ‑]Z]5 L \zgm` lcb Bgvrw Z}lfgagrw ]mlaj„! Z}lfgagrwJylazlrghc gc Gcbz}rvw! Ahcbhc <779! Rlwahv ) Ivlcmg}#

$;' Cgja}jc! E#! ‑[dw whz hcaw cjjb rh rj}r {grd : z}jv}„! {{{#z}jgr#mhn! 6???#

$4' AjFalcm N# $6??4'# Rdj mhaajmrjb klnj bj}gkc vlcr} lcb rdj ag}r hrdj ‑Jgkdr @gcb} h Izc„# Vjrvgjyjb vhn drrp5((4`gcb}hzc#mhn

$7' ]mdjaa E# $6??4'# Rdj Lvr h Klnj Bj}gkc5 L fhh` h ajc}j}# Nhvklc@lznlcc0 < jbgrghc $Lzkz}r <4! 6??4'#

$<?' Blygb}hc B# jr la# $6??4'# Fjwhcb Izc5 ]jvghz} Klnj} lcb Njbgl#JRM _vj}}#

$<<' Flvraj V# $pvj}jcr' Rdj rlthchnw h rdj palwjv# Zpblrjb vhndrrp5(({{{#nzb#mh#z`(vgmdlvb

http://www.who.int/classifications

http://www.useit.com/




http://8kindsoffun.com/

http://www.mud.co.uk/richard

http://www.mud.co.uk/richard

http://8kindsoffun.com/


http://www.who.int/classifications



94

6#2Ilyhvjmgjcbh al ezklfgagblb jcygbjhezjkh} lmmj}gfaj}#Eh}ç Azg} Khcuìaju! Clrlagl _lbgaal! NlvmjagchMlfvjvl! Ivlcmg}mh Azg} Kzrgçvvju w _lrvgmgl_lbjvj{}`g

AGYJ ” Alfhvlrhvgh bj Gcyj}rgklmgýc jc Ygbjhezjkh} j J.Ajlvcgck

Zcgyjv}gblb bj Kvlclbldrrp5((a}g#zkv#j}(sezjkh}( eh}jazg}k}0 cplbgaal0 nmlfvjvl0 kzrgjvv0 plrvgmgl~Ozkv#j}

AGYJ $Alfhvlrhvgh bj Gcyj}rgklmgýc jc Ygbjhezjkh} wJ.Ajlvcgck'! bjcrvh bja kvzph bj gcyj}rgklmgýc KJBJ] $Kvzphbj J}pjmgmlmgýc! Bj}lvvhaah w Jyhazmgýc bj ]hr{lvj'! mjc.

rvl }z alfhv gcyj}rgklbhvl jc ja j}rzbgh bj ah} ygbjhezjkh}! w ph}rjvghv.njcrj }z z}h jc yjvrgjcrj} jbzmlrgyl! }hmglaj}! bj vjdlfgagrlmgýc w bjgcrjkvlmgýc#

http://lsi.ugr.es/~juegos/



http://lsi.ugr.es/~juegos/



97

Jc ja bg}jüh bj ah} ygbjhezjkh}! mhnh jc mzla|zgjv }g}rjnlgcrjvlmrgyh! j} gnphvrlcrj rjcjv jc mzjcrl al lmmj}gfgagblb mhcja c bj |zj ja pvhbzmrh cla pzjbl }jv zrgagulbh phv ja nlwhv

cõnjvh ph}gfaj bj pjv}hcl}# Lbjnì}! ch phbjnh} haygblv hrvl pvh.pgjblb gnphvrlcrj mhnh j} al ezklfgagblb! |zj ch} pjvngrj mlvlmrjvgulv

al jtpjvgjcmgl bja ezklbhv w hprgngulv ja z}h bj zc ygbjhezjkh! }hfvjrhbh bj}bj ja pzcrh bj yg}rl bj al bgyjv}gýc#

Gcrvhbzmmgýc

Ja Bg}jüh Zcgyjv}la bj Ygbjhezjkh} j} ja bg}jüh bj pvhbzmrh} bj ìmgaz}h plvl ja nlwhv cõnjvh bj pjv}hcl} ph}gfaj! }gc al cjmj}gblb bjlblprlvah} h vjbg}jülvah} bj zcl hvnl j}pjmîml! w }gjnpvj nlcrj.cgjcbh |zj al ‑Mlagblb jc Z}h„ bj ah} ng}nh} }jl al nì} lbjmzlblplvl ja mhcezcrh bj z}zlvgh} la |zj yl bgvgkgbh P9^# Jtg}rj zc lnpaghmhcezcrh bj lmrhvj} |zj pzjbjc gcizgv jc al mlagblb jc z}h mzlcbh}j rvlrl bj ygbjhezjkh}5 al }lrg}lmmgýc bja z}zlvgh! al pvjyjcmgýc bjvgj}kh} h al ijtgfgagblb l cgyja bj gcrjvlmmgýc! yg}zla h }hchvl! bjaygbjhezjkh# J} jc al ijtgfgagblb vj}pjmrh l al} mlvlmrjvî}rgml} bja

z}zlvgh bhcbj rgjcj j}pjmgla vjajylcmgl ja mhcmjprh bj lmmj}gfgagblb#Al} njbgbl} bj lmmj}gfgagblb fz}mlc njehvlv al} jtpjvgjcmgl} ph}g.rgyl} ygygbl} phv rhbh rgph bj ezklbhvj}! ijtgfgagulcbh h lblprlcbh jazcmghclngjcrh bj zc ygbjhezjkh# Ch hf}rlcrj! j}rl} njbgbl} pzj.bjc! l al yju! mvjlv zc pvhfajnl czjyh5 zcl vjbzmmgýc bvì}rgml bj albgyjv}gýc |zj pvhyhml ja ygbjhezjkh jc ja ezklbhv# _hv rlcrh! ch }jbjfj haygblv al ezklfgagblb mzlcbh }j bg}jülc w lclagulc ygbjhezjkh}lmmj}gfaj}5 bjfjnh} mhc}jkzgv ygbjhezjkh} lmmj}gfaj} |zj nlcrjc.klc al bgyjv}gýc pvhpgl bja ezjkh#

Ezklfgagblb w al Jtpjvgjcmgl bja Ezklbhv

Al Jtpjvgjcmgl bja Z}zlvgh $ZT' pzjbj jcrjcbjv}j mhnh ja mhcezcrhbj }jc}lmghcj}! }jcrgngjcrh} h jnhmghcj} |zj }j pvhbzmjc jc jaz}zlvgh mzlcbh nlcjel zc }g}rjnl gcrjvlmrgyh0 zc pl}h |zj yl nì}laaì bja j}rzbgh rvlbgmghcla bj al} dlfgagblbj} w pvhmj}h} mhkcgrgyh}bja z}zlvgh w }z mhnphvrlngjcrh vlmghcla# Ah} Ygbjhezjkh} }hc }g}.

rjnl} gcrjvlmrgyh} mhcmjfgbh} plvl jtpahrlv la nìtgnh al jtpjvgjc.mgl bja z}zlvgh mzlcbh dlmj z}h bj jaah}! pzj} }z pvgcmgpla hfejrgyhj} zrgagulv al} bgjvjcrj} jnhmghcj} pvhphvmghclbl} jc ja z}zlvgh w



;?

l}jkzvlv ja jcrvjrjcgngjcrh# _jvh! ¸mýnh njbgnh} }g ja bg}jüh bj zcygbjhezjkh mznpaj mhc }z hfejrgyh cla $jcrvjrjcjv' h }g al jtpjvgjc.mgl |zj ja ezklbhv jtpjvgnjcrl j} al nì} ph}grgyl $bgyjv}gýc' gcbj.pjcbgjcrjnjcrj bj al ijtgfgagblb la pjva bj ah} ezklbhvj} |zj }jpvj}jcrj $lmmj}gfgagblb'8

Al vj}pzj}rl al jcmhcrvlnh} jc al pvhpgjblb bj Ezklfgagblb |zj }j dlbjcgbh plvl njbgv al mlagblb bj al jtpjvgjcmgl bj ezjkh w! bj hvnlgcbgvjmrl! al mlagblb cla bja ygbjhezjkh mhnh pvhbzmrh# _hbjnh}bjcgv al ezklfgagblb mhnh ja ‑mhcezcrh bj pvhpgjblbj} |zj bj}mvgfjcal jtpjvgjcmgl bja ezklbhv lcrj zc }g}rjnl bj ezjkh bjrjvngclbh! mzwhpvgcmgpla hfejrgyh j} bgyjvrgv w jcrvjrjcjv bj hvnl }lrg}lmrhvgl w mvjî.faj wl }jl }hah h jc mhnplüîl„ P<^# Bgmdh bj hrvh nhbh! al Ezklfgagblbvjpvj}jcrl ‑ja kvlbh jc ja mzla ezklbhvj} j}pjmîmh} lamlculc njrl}mhcmvjrl} bja ezjkh mhc jjmrgygblb! jmgjcmgl! ijtgfgagblb! }jkzvgblbw! j}pjmglanjcrj! }lrg}lmmgýc jc zc mhcrjtrh ezklfaj bj z}h„#_lvrgjcbh bj j}rl bjcgmgýc! djnh} mlvlmrjvgulbh al ezklfgagblb P6^njbglcrj zcl }jvgj bj lrvgfzrh} w pvhpgjblbj} |zj ch} pjvngrjc lcl.agulval w jylazlval jc zc ygbjhezjkh mhcmvjrh# J}rh} lrvgfzrh} }hc5]lrg}lmmgýc! lkvlbh h mhnpalmjcmgl bja ezklbhv lcrj ja ygbjhezjkh hplvrj bj ç}rj0 Lpvjcbgulej! lmgagblb plvl mhnpvjcbjv ja }g}rjnl w alnjmìcgml bja ygbjhezjkh0 Jjmrgygblb! rgjnph w vjmzv}h} cjmj}lvgh}plvl ahkvlv ah} hfejrgyh} pvhpzj}rh} jc ja ygbjhezjkh0 Gcnjv}gýc! mlpl.

mgblb plvl mvjjv}j ah |zj }j ezjkl j gcrjkvlv}j jc ja nzcbh ygvrzlanh}rvlbh jc ja ezjkh0 Nhrgylmgýc! mlvlmrjvî}rgml bja ygbjhezjkh |zjnzjyj l al pjv}hcl l vjlagulv bjrjvngclbl} lmmghcj} w pjv}g}rgv jc jaal}plvl }z mzangclmgýc0 Jnhmgýc! gnpza}h gcyhazcrlvgh! hvgkgclbh mhnhvj}pzj}rl l ah} j}rînzah} bja ygbjhezjkh! |zj gcbzmj }jcrgngjcrh} w|zj bj}jcmlbjcl mhcbzmrl} bj vjlmmgýc lzrhnìrgml0 w ]hmglagulmgýc!lrvgfzrh} |zj dlmjc lpvjmglv ja ygbjhezjkh bj bg}rgcrl nlcjvl la ezklvahjc mhnplüîl $nzargezklbhv' wl }jl bj hvnl mhnpjrgrgyl! mhalfhvlrgylh mhhpjvlrgyl#

Kvlmgl} l al Ezklfgagblb }j pzjbj lclagulv! jc rgjnph bj bg}jüh! |zçjajnjcrh} bj zc ygbjhezjkh }hc cjmj}lvgh} plvl njehvlv al} jtpjvgjc.mgl} hvjmgbl} phv ja zrzvh ezjkh w jylazlv! z}lcbh al} jtpjvgjcmgl}pvhphvmghclbl} phv zc mhcezcrh bj ezklbhvj}! mzìaj} }hc ah} jajnjc.rh} bj}rlmlbh} |zj pvhnzjyjc zcl jtpjvgjcmgl ph}grgyl $h cjklrgyl'#J}rh} lcìag}g} pjvngrjc bjrjmrlv ah} jajnjcrh} |zj }hc cjmj}lvgh}njehvlv h lblprlv }jkõc ja pjva bj ah} ezklbhvj} |zj ylc l dlmjv z}hbja ygbjhezjkh#



;<

Lmmj}gfgagblb jc ]g}rjnl} Gcrjvlmrgyh} bjHmgh Jajmrvýcgmh

Vjlagulv ygbjhezjkh} lmmj}gfaj} }zphcj zc lmjvmlngjcrh w zc fjcj.mgh plvl kvlc cõnjvh bj z}zlvgh}! njehvlcbh al ezklfgagblb bj ç}rh}#Mhnh }j pzjbj hf}jvylv jc ja vj}rh bja rvlfleh! ch}hrvh} plvrgnh}bj al vjalmgýc jtg}rjcrj jcrvj lmmj}gfgagblb w njehvl bj al ezklfgagblb#

Bjcgnh} ‑Lmmj}gfgagblb bj Ezjkh„ mhnh al lmgagblb plvl ezklv l zc ezjkh! gcmaz}h jc mhcbgmghcj} agngrlbl}! }gc |zj mhc jaal} ja z}zlvghpjvmgfl zcl vjbzmmgýc bj al ezklfgagblb hfrjcgbl phv ja ezjkh# J}rlpvhpgjblb! |zj l pvgnjvl yg}rl plvjmj rjcjv zcl gnphvrlcmgl bjrjv.ngclcrj! ch ah j} rlcrh jc al vjlagblb bj al gcbz}rvgl pvhj}ghcla bjaygbjhezjkh! bhcbj al lmmj}gfgagblb! plvl al nlwhvîl bj al} jnpvj}l}!

ch j} pvghvgrlvgl# Zcl} yjmj}! phv|zj al} jnpvj}l} bj}lvvhaalbhvl}ch }hc mhc}mgjcrj} bj al mlcrgblb bj z}zlvgh} |zj ch pzjbjc z}lv}z} ezjkh}# Hrvl}! phv|zj }hc mhcmjfgbh} plvl ezklvah} bj zcl bjrjv.ngclbl nlcjvl w! phv ah rlcrh! bg}jülbh} plvl zc rgph mhcmvjrh bj

ezklbhv#

Lmrzlanjcrj! nì} bja 6?* bj al phfalmgýc }j yj ljmrlbh phv lakõcrgph bj bg}mlplmgblb |zj ch aj dlmj }jcrgv}j jagu l al dhvl bj gcrj.vlmrzlv mhc bg}ph}grgyh} gchvnìrgmh}# Zc gchvnj gcrjvj}lcrj jc j}rj}jcrgbh! j} ja vjlagulbh phv ja ejj bj gckjcgjvh} |zj rvlflelc plvl TfhtP=^! |zj gcbgml |zj gnpajnjcrlcbh njbgbl} bj lmmj}gfgagblb lznjcrl.vîl zc 6:* ja cõnjvh bj ezklbhvj} phrjcmglaj}! nì} hrvh} rlcrh} |zjwl ezjklc mhc bgmzarlb w ah dlvîlc nzmdh nì} jagmj}! njehvlcbh al

ezklfgagblb hvjmgbl phv ah} ygbjhezjkh} w al} jtpjvgjcmgl} }jcrgbl} phvja ezklbhv#

Jtg}rjc bgyjv}h} rgph} bj bg}mlplmgblbj} h agngrlmghcj} |zj pzjbjcljmrlv al jtpjvgjcmgl bj ezjkh w jygrlv |zj zc ezklbhv bg}vzrj bjzc ygbjhezjkh rla w mhnh bjfjvîl dlmjvah# J}rh} rgph} bj agngrlmgh.

cj} pzjbjc lkvzplv}j jc ah} }gkzgjcrj} kvzph}5 yg}zlaj}! lzbgrgyl}!nhrhvl}! w mhkcgrgyl} jcrvj hrvl} P2!:!9^5 Yg}zlaj} $gnph}gfgagblb bj yjvlakzch bj ah} jajnjcrh} gnphvrlcrj} bja ygbjhezjkh'! Lzbgrgyl} $gnph.}gfgagblb bj pjvmgfgv rhbl} al} }jc}lmghcj} }hchvl} bja ezjkh'! Nhrhvl}$pçvbgbl bj nhygagblb bj bjrjvngclbl} uhcl} bja mzjvph |zj pzjbjcpvhyhmlv |zj }j yjl ljmrlbl al gcrjvlmmgýc bja z}zlvgh mhc ja ezjkh'h Mhkcgrgyl} $gnph}gfgagblb bj }jkzgv al dg}rhvgl h mhnpvjcbjv al njmì.cgml bja ezjkh'#



;6

Lmmj}gfgagblb w Ezklfgagblb5 Jc fz}ml bj alnjehv jtpjvgjcmgl bj ezjkh

Bjfjnh} rjcjv jc mzjcrl |zj al lmmj}gfgagblb w al ezklfgagblb ylc bjal nlch jc ph} bj mhc}jkzgv zcl njehv jtpjvgjcmgl bja ezklbhv# Flehj}rj pzcrh bj yg}rl! j} gnphvrlcrj bj}rlmlv |zj }g zc ygbjhezjkh j}lmmj}gfaj pjvh rgjcj pvhfajnl} bj ezklfgagblb! ch mlz}lvì }zmgjcrjbgyjv}gýc w jcrvjrjcgngjcrh l ah} ezklbhvj}! }jvì zc ezjkh |zj vlml.}lvì mhnh rla! la ch mznpagv }z pvgcmgpla hfejrgyh# _hv hrvh albh! }g zcygbjhezjkh j} ezklfaj pjvh ch j} lmmj}gfaj! zc mhcezcrh bj ezklbhvj}pzjbjc yjv}j agngrlbh} w ch jtpjvgnjcrlv mhnpajrlnjcrj ja mhcezcrhbj jtpjvgjcmgl} ph}grgyl} |zj aj fvgcbl ja ezjkh $pvhyhmlcbh jtpj.vgjcmgl} cjklrgyl} mhnh pzjbjc }jv al vz}rvlmgýc! al larl bj mhcrvha

j gc}jkzvgblb jc al} lmmghcj}! jrm#'#

Lmmj}gfgagblb mhnh ‑pvhnhrhv„ bj alEzklfgagblb

Rhbh} ah} ezklbhvj}! jc nlwhv h njchv njbgbl! }hnh} pjv}hcl}mhc lakõc kvlbh bj bg}mlplmgblb |zj pzjbj yjv}j hnjcrlbh phvlakõc pvhfajnl î}gmh $vhrzvl lmmgbjcrla bj zc fvluh h zcl nzüjml!

h gnph}gfgagblb bj vjlagulv zc mhnfgclmgýc bj nhygngjcrh} izgbl' hmhkcgrgyh $bgmzarlb bja ezjkh jajylbl! mlc}lcmgh lmznzalbh h larlbj mhcmjcrvlmgýc' h }gnpajnjcrj phv ja njbgh h al palrlhvnl jc al|zj ezklnh} $rjajyg}gýc pj|zjül plvl ajjv ah} }zfrîrzah}! ch phbjv

ezklv mhc zc yhaznjc |zj ch} pjvngrl jcrjcbjv ah} bgìahkh} dlfal.bh}! jrm#'# J} phv jaah |zj rhbh} ah} ezklbhvj} pzjbjc fjcjmglv}jbj al} njbgbl} bj lmmj}gfgagblb! plvl |zj al ezklfgagblb }jl nì}mhnpajrl! vhnpgjcbh flvvjvl} jc ah} ygbjhezjkh} w pjvngrgjcbh |zjrhbh ja rgjnph bj ezjkh pzjbl lpvjmglv}j }gc vz}rvlmghcj} w mhnh

zcl jtpjvgjcmgl ph}grgyl lcrj ja ygbjhezjkh#Jc al Rlfal < nh}rvlnh} jejnpah} bj lakzch} pvhfajnl} rîpgmh} |zjpzjbjc ljmrlv cjklrgylnjcrj l al jtpjvgjcmgl bj ezjkh! phv|zj hnjc.rlc zcl ezklfgagblb cjklrgyl! w mýnh rçmcgml} rîpgml} bj al lmmj}gfgag.blb lwzblc l njehvlv al ezklfgagblb w ja gcmvjnjcrh bj al jtpjvgjcmglbja ezklbhv# Mhnh jejnpah jc j}rj mlnph rjcjnh} ja mhchmgbh Ajr 2Bjlb P;^! pvhpza}hv bj al njehvl bj al ezklfgagblb zrgagulcbh zcl lmmj.}gfgagblb ‑plvl rhbh}„ w ch }ýah plvl kjcrj ljmrlbl mhc zc rgph bjbg}mlplmgblb#



;=

Rlfal <5 Jejnpah} bj pvhfajnl} mhnzcj}jc al ezklfgagblb |zj ljmrlc al Jtpjvgjcmglbj Ezjkh w njehvl} z}lcbh rçmcgml} bjlmmj}gfgagblb

_vhfajnl bjrjmrlbh Jejnpah} bj pvhfajnl}bj Ezklfgagblb

Jejnpah} bj ph}gfaj}Njehvl} z}lcbh rçmcg.ml} bj Lmmj}gfgagblb

Gnph}gfgagblb bj }jkzgvja lvkznjcrh dg}rývgmh#_hv jejnpah! j}rì jc hrvhgbghnl h j} bjnl}glbhmhnpajeh#

]g ch }jkzgnh} ja lvkz.njcrh }j yl l pvhbzmgvzcl pçvbgbl bj gcnjv}gýcw! bj hvnl gcbgvjmrl! bjnhrgylmgýc la ch jcrj.vlvch} cg gcrjkvlvch}mhc al dg}rhvgl bja ezjkh#Bgmzarlb jc ja lpvjcbgulejphv ch }lfjv |zç dlmjv#

Gcmazgv hvnl} larjvclrgyl}bj }jkzgngjcrh bja lvkz.njcrh# Z}h bj }zfrîrzah}}g al dg}rhvgl }ýah lylculphv j}mjcl} bj ygbjh$lmmj}gfgagblb mhkcgrgyl!lzbgrgyl'# ]g al dg}rhvgl j}mhnpajel w bgîmga bj }jkzgv!z}lv zc bglvgh |zj lwzbjl vjmlpgrzalv gchvnlmgýcvjajylcrj $mhkcgrgyl'

Gnph}gfgagblb bj mhnpaj.rlv zc pzuaj h rlvjl# Ch }j}lfj |zç dlmjv h al bg.mzarlb j} jajylbl#

Bg}ngczmgýc kjcjvla bj al}lrg}lmmgýc bja ezklbhv# Lplvgmgýc bj jnhmghcj}cjklrgyl} mhnh al vz}rvl.mgýc# Lpvjcbgulej cjklrgyh#_çvbgbl bj nhrgylmgýc#

Hvjmjv bg}rgcrh} njml.cg}nh} plvl nh}rvlv ah}hfejrgyh} w bjrlaaj} ygrl.aj} plvl al vj}hazmgýc $Je5ygbjh! rjtrh! ygfvlmgýc'#Jygrlv |zj rhbh} ah} bjrl.aaj} ygrlaj} }jlc blbh} phv rjtrh $yg}zla'# _vhphvmghclvzc rgjnph bj jejmzmgýcagngrlbh phv rgjnph h

phv ja mhcrvha $nhrhvl'#_vj}mgcbgv bj }grzlv ja mzv.}hv jtlmrlnjcrj jc lakõcazklv $nhrhvl'#

Gnph}gfgagblb bj }lfjvmýnh }j bjfj ezklv lzc ezjkh h bj z}lv jadlvb{lvj bj mhcrvha

lbjmzlblnjcrj#

Lpvjcbgulej cjklrgyh |zjpzjbj lznjcrlv al vz}.rvlmgýc# _çvbgbl bj gcnjv.}gýc w bj mhcmgjcmgl jc

ah |zj }j ezjkl# Ezklbhvnì} pvjhmzplbh jc mýnh ezklv |zj jc ezklv#

_vhphvmghclv zc rzrhvglabj ezjkh j}mvgrh phv ch ezklbhvj} jtpjvgnjcrlbh}$mhkcgrgyl'# Gnpajnjcrlv

bg}rgcrl} hvnl} h ph}gfgag.blbj} bj mhcrvha bj ezjkh$nhrhvl'#



;2

Ja pjv}hclej bja ezjkhj} ‑nlrlbh„( ‑gc}zarlbh„vjpjrgblnjcrj jc zc ezjkh#

Lznjcrh bj al vz}rvl.mgýc! pçvbgbl bj al nhrg.ylmgýc! ihvjmgngjcrh bjjnhmghcj} cjklrgyl}#Bg}ngczmgýc bj al }hmgl.

agulmgýc phv ch gbjcrgmlvmhnplüjvh} jc ja ezjkh#

Mhnpvhflv |zj }j hvjmjbg}rgcrh} }g}rjnl} bjvjlagnjcrlmgýc la z}zlvgh5}j pzjbj vjmhchmjv ja}hcgbh w al gchvnlmgýc bja

ezjkh $lzbgrgyl! mhkcgrgyl'#]j gbjcrgml w bjrjmrlal }grzlmgýc bj pjagkvh$mhkcgrgyl'# ]j hvjmj alph}gfgagblb bj vj}phcbjvjc zc rgph }zmgjcrj mhcja mhcrvha $nhrhvl' w bjlarjvlv al yjahmgblb bj ezjkh $nhrhvl'# Vjnlvmlv

mhvvjmrlnjcrj ‑lngkh}„w ‑jcjngkh}„ plvl |zj chdlwl mhcz}gýc $mhkcgrgyl'#

Mhcmaz}ghcj}

Al Jtpjvgjcmgl bja Z}zlvgh z}lcbh Ygbjhezjkh} j} ja mhcezcrh bj}jc}lmghcj} |zj pjvmgfj mzlcbh j}rl gcrjvlmrzlcbh mhc jaah}# Rhbh}ah} ezklbhvj} }hnh} õcgmh}! w j}rh ch} dlmj ‑j}pjmglaj}„! ah |zj bg.mzarl jc kvlc njbgbl phbjv njbgv j}rl jtpjvgjcmgl# Al Ezklfgagblb j}al pvhpgjblb |zj ch} pjvngrj mlvlmrjvgulval w njbgval bj zcl hvnljjmrgyl#

Zc ezklbhv mhc lakõc rgph bj bg}mlplmgblb }jvì zc ezklbhv |zj! jc al

nlwhv plvrj bj al} }grzlmghcj}! ch phbvì jtpjvgnjcrlv zcl jtpjvgjc.mgl mhnpajrl bj ezjkh# J} cjmj}lvgh gnpajnjcrlv njbgbl} bj lmmj.}gfgagblb jc ah} ygbjhezjkh}! bj hvnl |zj rhbh} ah} ezklbhvj} pzj.blc jtpjvgnjcrlv al j}jcmgl bja ygbjhezjkh bj nlcjvl }lrg}lmrhvgl!

ezklcbh mhc mhnhbgblb w jmgjcmgl#

J} cjmj}lvgh pjv}jkzgv al njehvl bj al jtpjvgjcmgl bj ezjkh plvl rhbh}ah} ezklbhvj}! rjcklc lakzcl bg}mlplmgblb h ch# Al mhcezcmgýc bjnçrhbh} w rçmcgml} bj al lmmj}gfgagblb w al ezklfgagblb ch} lwzblc lmznpagv j}rj hfejrgyh! phv ah |zj al pvhpzj}rl bj njrhbhahkîl} |zj

zclc j}rl} bh} rjhvîl} pjvngrgvîl zc lylcmj gnphvrlcrj j}rl aîcjl#



;:


$<' Khcuìaju ]ìcmdju! E# A#0 _lbgaal Ujl! C#0 Kzrgçvvju! I# A# $6??7'5

Ivhn Z}lfgagrw rh _alwlfgagrw5 Gcrvhbzmrghc rh _alwjv.Mjcrvjb YgbjhKlnj Bjyjahpnjcr _vhmj}}# _vhm# Dznlc.Mhnpzrjv GcrjvlmrghcGcrjvclrghcla $DMGG‗?7'# 9:”;2#

$6' Khcuìaju ]ìcmdju! E#A#0 _lbgaal Ujl! C#0 Kzrgçvvju! I#A# $6??7'5_alwlfgagrw5 Dh{ rh Gbjcrgw rdj _alwjv Jtpjvgjcmj gc l Ygbjh Klnj#

_vhm# <6rd GIG_ RM<= Mhcjvjcmj hc Dznlc.Mhnpzrjv Gcrjvlmrghc$GCRJVLMR‗?7'# =:9.=:7#

$=' Uldlcb! F# Nl`gck Ygbjh Klnj} Lmmj}}gfaj5 Fz}gcj}} Ez}rgmlrghc} lcb Bj}gkc Mhc}gbjvlrghc}! ]hr{lvj Rj}r Jckgcjjv Ajlb! Tfht Klnj\zlagrw# Ngmvh}hr _vj}}# $6??9'#

$2' Fgjvvj! @#! Mdjr{wcb! E#! ) Flvvgj! J## Klnj Chr Hyjv5 Lmmj}}gfgagrw

G}}zj} gc Ygbjh Klnj}# DMG Gcrjvclrghcla# $6??:'

$:' GKBL# $6??2'# Lmmj}gfgagrw gc Klnj}5 Nhrgylrghc} lcb Lppvhlmdj}5drrp5(({{{#gkbl#hvk(lmmj}}gfgagrw(

$9' NjbglAR# $6??;'# Kzgbjagcj} hv bjyjahpgck lmmj}}gfaj klnj}5drrp5((klnjlmmj}}#njbglar#ch(kzgbj#pdp

$;' Ajr 2 Bjlb# Ylayj ]hr{lvj5 drrp5(({{{#a2b#mhn(

http://www.igda.org/accessibility/

http://gameaccess.medialt.no/guide.php

http://www.l4d.com/

http://www.l4d.com/

http://gameaccess.medialt.no/guide.php

http://www.igda.org/accessibility/



=]hazmghcj} bjlmmj}h larjvclrgyh w }hazmghcj} plvl

ja bj}lvvhaah w bg}jüh bj ygbjhezjkh}

lmmj}gfaj}



;;

=#<Ezklv l ygbjhezjkh}mzlcbh al} nlch} chlmhnplülc#

Hfejrgyh5 klclv#Fhvel Vhnjvh

FE Lblprlmghcj}{{{#fe.lblprlmghcj}#mhn

fhvel#vhnjvhOfe.lblprlmghcj}#mhn

FE Lblprlmghcj} j} zcl jnpvj}l mzwl ng}gýc j} al njehvlbj al mlagblb bj ygbl bj al} pjv}hcl} mhc bgyjv}gblb zcmghclanjbglcrj al rjmchahkîl# ]z lmrgygblb mhc}g}rj jc al bg}rvgfzmgýc

bj pvhbzmrh} bj rjmchahkîl bj lphwh plvl ja njvmlbh j}plüha l}î mhnhja bj}lvvhaah w lfvgmlmgýc bj pvhbzmrh} bj j}rj ìnfgrh plvl ja njvmlbh

gcrjvclmghcla#

http://www.bj-adaptaciones.com/




;4

Ezklv l ygbjhezjkh} pzjbj }jv zcl lmrgygblb bj larh ylahvplvl al} pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb! bjfgbh l }z} ph}gfgagbl.bj} bj hmgh w rjvlpçzrgml}P<^# ]gc jnflvkh! ja lmmj}h pzjbj

vj}zarlv mhnpajeh plvl pjv}hcl} mhc bgmzarlbj} jc ja nhygngjcrh bjal} nlch}# Jc j}rj lvrîmzah }j jtphcj ja j}rlbh bj al mzj}rgýc bj al

lmmj}gfgagblb î}gml l ah} ygbjhezjkh} jtg}rjcrj}! l}î mhnh al} aîcjl}zrzvl} bj gcyj}rgklmgýc! mhc zcl gbjl jc ja dhvguhcrj5 ‑ch fl}rl hvj.mjv zc }g}rjnl bj lmmj}h l ygbjhezjkh} }zmgjcrj! ja hfejrgyh j} |zj jaklnjv mhc bg}mlplmgblb pzjbl dlmjvah jc mhcbgmghcj} mhnpjrgrgyl}la vj}rh bj pjv}hcl}„#

Al} pjv}hcl} |zj lrjcbjnh} jc czj}rvl jnpvj}l ch} dlc jc}jülbhmýnh al rjmchahkîl pzjbj njehvlv }z} ygbl} w! jc mhcmvjrh! mýnh jalmmj}h la hmgh j} zch bj ah} l}pjmrh} nì} ylahvlbh} plvl mhc}j.kzgvah# _hv hrvl plvrj! jtg}rj zc lnpagh mhc}jc}h }hfvj ja phrjcmgla bjhmgh j gcmaz}h al} mlplmgblbj} rjvlpçzrgml} bj ah} ygbjhezjkh} plvlpjv}hcl} mhc bgmzarlbj} jc ja nhygngjcrh bj al} nlch} $lakzcl}pjv}hcl} mhc aj}gýc njbzalv! bg}rvhl nz}mzalv! plvìag}g} mjvjfvla!jcjvnjblbj} cjzvhbjkjcjvlrgyl}! djngpajegl! jcrvj hrvh}'#

Ch hf}rlcrj! bjfjnh} vjmhchmjv |zj jc j}rj rjvvjch al bg}rlcmgl jcrvjal} jtpjmrlrgyl} w al vjlagblb bj al} }hazmghcj} bg}phcgfaj} jc ja njv.

mlbh j} nzw jajylbl! }hfvj rhbh jc mhnplvlmgýc mhc hrvl} ìvjl}# L}î!phv jejnpah! j} rçmcgmlnjcrj }jcmgaah hvjmjv zc }g}rjnl bj lmmj}hlarjvclrgyh la hvbjclbhv plvl zcl pjv}hcl mhc rjrvlpajegl w nzmdh nì}mhnpajeh hvjmjv zc lmmj}h mhnpajrh w zcmghcla l ah} ygbjhezjkh}#Ylnh} l yjv phv|zç! ch }gc lcrj} jtphcjv bhcbj }î jtg}rj }hazmgýc#

]hazmghcj} jtg}rjcrj} bj lmmj}h larjvclrgyh lah} ygbjhezjkh}

<#. Lblprlmghcj} njmìcgml} bj nlcbh} bj ygbjhezjkh} fl}lbh} jc

ja nhygngjcrh clrzvla # J} ja ml}h bj [gg! @gcjmr h }gngalvj}# J}rl}czjyl} hvnl} bj ezjkh dlc lfgjvrh gcrjvj}lcrj} ph}gfgagblbj} plvlpjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb î}gml w(h gcrjajmrzla# ]gc jnflvkh! }z z}hplvl pjv}hcl} mhc kvlyj bg}mlplmgblb! |zjbl agngrlbh l zc z}h rjvl.pçzrgmh! ch mhnpjrgrgyh! phv al pvhpgl clrzvlajul bja mhcrvha bj j}rh}

ezjkh}# L pj}lv bj |zj jtg}rj zc jajylbh cõnjvh bj lmmj}hvgh} $jcnzmdh} ml}h} bjcrvh bja njvmlbh kjcjvla bj j}rh} ygbjhezjkh}' |zj

pzjbjc dlfgagrlv ja mhcrvha larjvclrgyh plvl pjv}hcl} mhc bgmzarlbj}jc ja nhygngjcrh bj al} nlch}! al} pjv}hcl} mhc bgmzarlbj} nì}}jyjvl} ch }j pzjbjc fjcjmglv bj jaah}#



;7

6#. Ja lmmj}h la hvbjclbhv mhnh hvnl bj lmmj}h la ygbjhezjkh# Zclhvnl bj lmmjbjv l ah} ygbjhezjkh} j} l rvlyç} bj zc hvbjclbhv wphbjnh} jcmhcrvlv bg}ph}grgyh} bj lmmj}h mhnh ehw}rgm`}! vlrhcj} bjfhal! }g}rjnl} bj }jkzgngjcrh bj al mlfjul h gcmaz}h bj al ngvlblP6^#Rhbh} j}rh} }g}rjnl} pjvngrjc hvjmjv zcl jmgjcrj hvnl bj lmmj}h

l al} zcmghcj} bja vlrýc bja hvbjclbhv! |zj pzjbjc }jv mhnpajnjcrl.bh} mhc zc rjmalbh ygvrzla# J}rj rgph bj lmmj}h }j agngrl l ezjkh} |zjpzjblc }jv mhcrvhalbh} mhc j}rl} zcmghcj} w |zjblc jtmazgbh} zckvlc cõnjvh bj ezjkh} nì} mhnpajeh} |zj cjmj}grlc ja z}h vìpgbh bjrjmal} h mhnfgclmghcj} bj al} ng}nl}#

=#. Nlcbh} j}pjmîmh} plvl pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb # Jtg}rj zclnpagh mlrìahkh! pvgcmgplanjcrj jc ja njvmlbh gcrjvclmghcla! bj nlc.bh} larjvclrgyh} l ah} maì}gmh} klnjplb} P=^# J} ph}gfaj jcmhcrvlvah}bg}jülbh} plvl }jv zrgagulbh} mhc zcl nlch! mhc al fhml h mhc ah}fhrhcj} kvlcbj} plvl pjv}hcl} mhc njchv mhcrvha jc al} nlch}# J}rjrgph bj nlcbh} pzjbjc }jv bj kvlc zrgagblb plvl lakzcl} pjv}hcl}w pjvngrgv ja lmmj}h la ygbjhezjkh P2^ P:^! }gc jnflvkh! ch vj}zjayjclakzch} pvhfajnl} |zj jcmzjcrvl ja ezklbhv mhc bg}mlplmgblb! mhnhyjnh} jc ja lplvrlbh }gkzgjcrj#

Vjrh} jc ja lmmj}h larjvclrgyh l ah}ygbjhezjkh}

Zc jmgjcrj lmmj}h la ygbjhezjkh bjfj vj}hayjv ah} }gkzgjcrj}pvhfajnl}5

. Zc klnjplb bg}phcj bj zc cõnjvh nzw jajylbh bj fhrhcj} wylvglfaj} plvl mhcrvhalv# Jc kjcjvla! mlbl ezjkh zrgagul zcl }jajm.mgýc bj ah} ng}nh} plvl }z mhcrvha# _vj}jcrlv rlcrl} hpmghcj} bjnhygngjcrh l zcl pjv}hcl mhc bg}mlplmgblb }jyjvl pzjbj vj}za.rlv bjnl}glbh mhnpajeh# Al }hazmgýc bjfj pl}lv phv zrgagulv zc

cõnjvh njchv bj fhrhcj} w phbjv ‑vjnlpjlv„ al zcmgýc l}gk.clbl l mlbl fhrýc plvl mlbl ezjkh#

. Jc nzmdh} ezjkh} j} cjmj}lvgl al mhnfgclmgýc w(h }jmzjcmgl.mgýc vìpgbl bj rjmal}# Mhc ah} bg}ph}grgyh} jtg}rjcrj}! nzmdl}pjv}hcl} ch pzjbjc vjlagulv j}rl zcmgýc#

. Bg}jüh ch nhbzalv bj ah} nlcbh}# _lvl |zj zcl pjv}hcl pzjblzrgagulv ja nìtgnh cõnjvh bj zcmghcj}! bjfj phbjv mhcrvhalv jaygbjhezjkh mhc bgjvjcrj} plvrj} bja mzjvph# _lvl jaah! j} cjmj.

}lvgh |zj ah} nlcbh}! jc yju bj }jv zcl pgjul õcgml! pzjblc }jvzc mhcezcrh bj plvrj} |zj pzjblc mhahmlv}j jc bgjvjcrj} azklvj}plvl }jv mhcrvhalbh} mhc bgjvjcrj} plvrj} bja mzjvph#



4?

Czj}rvl vj}pzj}rl

Blygb j} zc mdgmh mhc rjrvlpajegl la |zj czj}rvl jnpvj}l aj dl hvj.mgbh }hazmghcj} bj lmmj}h la hvbjclbhv w bj mhcrvha bj jcrhvch# Zclyju! Blygb }j palcrý jc czj}rvl hmgcl w ch} bgeh5 ‑Ldhvl wl pzjbh

lmmjbjv la hvbjclbhv! pjvh l nî ah |zj nì} nj kz}rl j} ezklv w mhcal }hazmgýc |zj bg}phckh }ýah pzjbh ezklv l zch} phmh} ezjkh} w ng}lngkh} nj klclc„# Bj}bj jcrhcmj}! czj}rvl jnpvj}l }j dl lmrgylbhjc j}rl bgvjmmgýc# Czj}rvh bjplvrlnjcrh bj G+B j}rì bj}lvvhaalcbhzc }g}rjnl bj lmmj}h l ygbjhezjkh} |zj pjvngrgvì vj}hayjv jc kvlcnjbgbl al} agngrlmghcj} |zj }j dlc jtpzj}rh# Lmrzlanjcrj wl rjcj.nh} zcl fzjcl plvrj bja bg}jüh vjlagulbh w j}pjvlnh} phbjv hvj.mjv jc nzw phmh rgjnph }hazmghcj} bj lmmj}h la ygbjhezjkh lblp.rlbl} l mlbl pjv}hcl! gcbjpjcbgjcrjnjcrj bj }z} mlvlmrjvî}rgml}

bgjvjcmglbhvl}#Ngjcrvl}! wl j}rlnh} jc bg}ph}gmgýc bj dlmjv lblprlmghcj} pjv}hcl.agulbl} plvl pjv}hcl} mhcmvjrl} w hvjmjvaj} zc nlwhv lmmj}h la hmghl rvlyç} bja ygbjhezjkh#

Fgfaghkvlîl$<' _jvju.Ml}rgaal! A# $6??4' Rjmchahkîl} w pvhbzmrh} plvl al plvrgmg.

plmgýc bj rhbh}5 ygbjhezjkh}! vjlagblb ygvrzla w vjlagblb lznjcrlbl#

Fhajrîc :7 Mjlplr#

$6' drrp5(({{{#fe.lblprlmghcj}#mhn

$=' Ivlcmh! ]# $6??;'# Ygbjhezjkh} lmmj}gfaj}# Klnj g} chr hyjv #Jc5 drrp5(({{{#fe.lblprlmghcj}#mhn(_BI}(ygbjhezjkh}#pb

$2' drrp5(({{{#lfajklnjv}#mhn

$:' drrp5(({{{#klnj.lmmj}}gfgagrw#mhn


http://www.bj-adaptaciones.com/PDFs/videojuegos.pdf

http://www.ablegamers.com/

http://www.game-accessibility.com/

http://www.game-accessibility.com/


http://www.bj-adaptaciones.com/PDFs/videojuegos.pdf




4<

=#61j.Lbyjcrzvj35 Bj}lvvhaahbj zc jbgrhv plvl almvjlmgýc bj ezjkh}

lmmj}gfaj}#Elygjv Rhvvjcrj! _lfahNhvjch! Flarl}lv IjvcìcbjuZcgyjv}gblb Mhnpazrjc}j bjNlbvgb! Bprh# G]GL! Kvzph 1j.ZMN3

Nlczja Hvrjkl.NhvlaRjmdch}grj! Kvzph Izcbh}l

Mhcrlmrh pvgcmgpla5 Elygjv Rhvvjcrj$erhvvjcrjObg#zmn#j}'

Ja kvzph bj gcyj}rgklmgýc j.ZMN pjvrjcjmj la Bjplvrlnjcrh bjGckjcgjvîl bja ]hr{lvj j Gcrjagkjcmgl Lvrgmgla bj al Zcgyjv}gblbMhnpazrjc}j bj Nlbvgb# ]z} pvgcmgplaj} ìvjl} bj gcrjvç} }hc

al} rjmchahkîl} jbzmlrgyl}! ah} ezjkh} bgkgrlaj} mhc pvhpý}grh }jvgh$}jvghz} klnj}' w al} rjmchahkîl} bj lmmj}gfgagblb# Jc ah} õargnh} lüh}

ja kvzph dl lb|zgvgbh zcl lnpagl jtpjvgjcmgl jc ja ìvjl bj ezjkh} lmmj.}gfaj} l rvlyç} bj }z plvrgmgplmgýc jc ah} pvhwjmrh} clmghclaj} bj G+BGCVJBG]! Klnj Rja w jbz[LG#

Rjmdch}grj j} zcl jnpvj}l bja Kvzph Izcbh}l $HCMJ' j}pjmglagulbl jcja ìnfgrh bj al lmmj}gfgagblb w z}lfgagblb! lpagmlbl} ch }ýah la jcrhvch[jf }gch l al} bg}rgcrl} gcrjvlmj} w bg}ph}grgyh} bj mhnzcgmlmgýc# Ah}jtpjvrh} bj lmmj}gfgagblb bj Rjmdch}grj hvnlc plvrj bj gnphvrlc.rj} kvzph} bj rvlfleh bja [=M! bj al vjb bj Mjcrvh} bj Jtmjajcmgl jcBg}jüh plvl Rhbh} pvhnhygbl phv al Mhng}gýc Jzvhpjl! bj ah} mhngrç}

bj rvlfleh bj LJCHV plvl al jalfhvlmgýc bj chvnl} vjalmghclbl} mhc allmmj}gfgagblb w bj palrlhvnl} rjmchaýkgml} j}plühal} vjalmghclbl} mhcrjmchahkîl w lmmj}gfgagblb#



46

Al lmmj}gfgagblb bj ah} ygbjh ezjkh}! pj}j l }jv zch bj ah}kvlcbj} }jmrhvj} bj al gcbz}rvgl bja jcrvjrjcgngjcrh lmrzla!}gkzj }gjcbh ngchvgrlvgl# Jcrvj hrvh} lmrhvj}! j}rl mlvjcmgl

pzjbj lrvgfzgv}j la jajylbh mh}rj |zj gnpagml al gcrvhbzmmgýc bj lmmj.}gfgagblb jc pvhbzmrh} rlc mhnpajeh} mhnh }hc ah} ygbjh ezjkh}! l}î

mhnh l zcl mhcmgjcmglmgýc lõc j}ml}l bj ah} bj}lvvhaalbhvj}# Zcl bjal} ph}gfaj} hvnl} bj lfhvblv j}rh} pvhfajnl} mhc}g}rj jc lmgagrlvj}rl rlvjl l ah} bj}lvvhaalbhvj} njbglcrj al gcrvhbzmmgýc bj }hazmgh.cj} jc al} pvhpgl} djvvlngjcrl} bj bj}lvvhaah# Bj j}rj nhbh lbjnì}}j lznjcrl al mhcmgjcmglmgýc jcrvj ah} pvhj}ghclaj} }hfvj al cjmj}g.blb bj mvjlv ezjkh} nì} lmmj}gfaj}# Jc j}rj mlpîrzah lfhvblnh} bjnlcjvl fvjyj mhnh j}rl} gbjl} }j j}rìc pal}nlcbh jc al djvvlngjcrl1j.Lbyjcrzvj3 bj mvjlmgýc bj ezjkh} jbzmlrgyh}#

Al} rjmchahkîl} bj al gchvnlmgýc w mhnzcgmlmgýc $RGM' }hc zc jaj.njcrh mjcrvla jc al ygbl bj al} pjv}hcl} w! phv rlcrh! bjfjc }jv lmmj.}gfaj} plvl rhbh}! gcbjpjcbgjcrjnjcrj bj al} mlplmgblbj} gcbgygbzl.aj} bj mlbl pjv}hcl# J}rl cjmj}gblb j}rì mlbl yju nì} pvj}jcrjw rgjcj zcl nlwhv lmjprlmgýc jc al }hmgjblb lmrzla# ]gc jnflvkh!

dl}rl ldhvl ah} j}zjvuh} }j dlc mjcrvlbh nlwhvgrlvglnjcrj jc hrvh}ìnfgrh} mhnh! phv jejnpah! al} pìkgcl} {jf! ngjcrvl} |zj al} rjmch.ahkîl} l}hmglbl} la hmgh jc kjcjvla w bj ah} ygbjhezjkh} jc plvrgmzalv}gkzjc |zjblcbh zc rlcrh la nlvkjc bj al} }hazmghcj} bj lmmj}g.fgagblb pvhpzj}rl}# Lzc|zj mlbl yju dlw zcl nlwhv pvj}gýc bj}bjbgyjv}h} mhajmrgyh} pgbgjcbh |zj ja bj}lvvhaah bj ygbjh ezjkh} }j dlklrjcgjcbh jc mzjcrl al} cjmj}gblbj} bj al} pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmg.blb! rhblyîl jtg}rjc nzw phmh} ezjkh} lmmj}gfaj} w al nlwhvîl bj ah}rîrzah} mhnjvmglaj} mhcrgjcjc flvvjvl} bj lmmj}gfgagblb gc}laylfaj}#

J}rl mlvjcmgl bj ygbjh ezjkh} ‑zcgyjv}laj}„ pzjbj vjalmghclv}j bgvjm.rlnjcrj mhc ja larh mh}rj lbgmghcla |zj rgjcj bj}lvvhaalv ezjkh} lmmj}g.faj}# _hv jejnpah! plvl mhc}jkzgv |zj zc ezjkh }jl lmmj}gfaj plvl pjv.}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb yg}zla plvrj bj al }hazmgýc pzjbj gnpagmlv |zjrhbh} ah} bgìahkh} bjflc }jv ahmzrlbh}# ]g lbjnì} lülbgnh} ahmlag.ulmgýc la ezjkh $rvlbzmmgýc l nõargpaj} gbghnl}' ja mh}rj pzjbj bg}pl.vlv}j# Al gcbz}rvgl bj ah} ygbjh ezjkh} j} jtrvjnlblnjcrj mhnpjrgrgyl!ah |zj hfagkl l jbgrhvglaj} w j}rzbgh} bj bj}lvvhaah l vjlagulv kvlcbj}gcyjv}ghcj} mhc zc vgj}kh l njczbh nzw jajylbh# Bjfgbh l al pvj}gýc|zj jejvmj ja njvmlbh al} bjmg}ghcj} j}rvlrçkgml} }zjajc hvgjcrlv}j llpzj}rl} |zj klvlcrgulc ja vjrhvch clcmgjvh bj al gcyjv}gýc# Fleh j}rl



4=

pjv}pjmrgyl al gcyjv}gýc jc }hazmghcj} bj lmmj}gfgagblb ch plvjmj }jv}zmgjcrjnjcrj lrvlmrgyl jc ja palch jmhcýngmh plvl al} jnpvj}l}bj}lvvhaalbhvl}#

]gc jnflvkh! ch rhbh} ah} pvhfajnl} bj lmmj}gfgagblb vjalmghclbh}mhc ah} ygbjh ezjkh} }hc bgvjmrlnjcrj lrvgfzgfaj} l }z mh}rj# ]jkõc

vjmhchmjc hvklcgulmghcj} bjbgmlbl} la ìnfgrh bj al lmmj}gfgagblb!dlw flvvjvl} |zj phbvîlc jagngclv}j ìmganjcrj }g }j rzygjvl jc mzjcrlja bg}jüh plvl rhbh} bj}bj al} l}j} bj bg}jüh gcgmgla bja ezjkh# Zcjejnpah rîpgmh }hc al} flvvjvl} vjalmghclbl} mhc al mhckzvlmgýc bjah} bg}ph}grgyh} bj jcrvlbl# Nzmdh} ezjkh} ch }hc lmmj}gfaj} plvlpjv}hcl} mhc nhygagblb vjbzmgbl phv vluhcj} rlc }jcmgaal} mhnh! phvjejnpah! al yjahmgblb l al |zj j} cjmj}lvgh vjlagulv zc bhfaj magm bjcrvhbja ezjkh# J}rh} pvhfajnl} phbvîlc vj}hayjv}j }g }j bgjvlc l ah} z}zl.vgh} nlwhvj} hpmghcj} bj mhckzvlmgýc# _hv rlcrh! plvjmj malvh |zjrlnfgçc jtg}rj zc pvhfajnl bj mhcmgjcmglmgýc w hvnlmgýc jcrvj ah}bj}lvvhaalbhvj} bj ygbjh ezjkh}#

Czj}rvh hfejrgyh j} lfhvblv lnfh} pvhfajnl}! rlcrh ja bja mh}rjmhnh ja bj al mhcmgjcmglmgýc! plvl lmgagrlv |zj ah} ygbjh ezjkh} mlblyju }jlc nì} lmmj}gfaj} plvl rhbh}# Czj}rvl pvhpzj}rl mhc}g}rj jcgcrvhbzmgv mlvlmrjvî}rgml} bj lmmj}gfgagblb bgvjmrlnjcrj jc al} pvhpgl}djvvlngjcrl} bj bj}lvvhaah bj ygbjh ezjkh}# Chvnlanjcrj ah} pvh.j}ghclaj} bja mlnph zrgagulc }hr{lvj larlnjcrj j}pjmglagulbh plvl

mvjlv ah} ezjkh}! rlaj} mhnh jcrhvch} bj pvhkvlnlmgýc j}pjmîmh}!nhrhvj} bj ygbjh ezjkh}! djvvlngjcrl} bj lzrhvîl bj larh cgyja! jrm# Algbjl j} lmgagrlv al rlvjl bja bj}lvvhaalbhv pvhphvmghcìcbhaj }hazmghcj}mhnpajrl} |zj pzjblc mhckzvlv}j j gcrvhbzmgv}j bgvjmrlnjcrj jc ah}

ezjkh}# Bj j}rl nlcjvl }j lpagml ja mhcmjprh bj ‑mvjl zcl yju! vjzrg.agul nzmdl} yjmj}„ $bja gckaç} nl`j hcmj! z}j nlcw ' mhnh hvnl bjlnhvrgulv la nìtgnh al gcyjv}gýc jc }hazmghcj} bj lmmj}gfgagblb#

Mhc j}rj jch|zj rlnfgçc }j pvjrjcbj lznjcrlv al yg}gfgagblb bj allmmj}gfgagblb jcrvj bj}lvvhaalbhvj} bj ygbjh ezjkh}! w mhnh vj}zarlbhlznjcrlv al mhcmgjcmglmgýc bj ah} pvhj}ghclaj}# _lvl rla c j} cjmj.}lvgh pvhphvmghclv l ah} bj}lvvhaalbhvj} djvvlngjcrl} mhnpajnjcrl.vgl} |zj aj} lmgagrjc ja lcìag}g} w bjrjmmgýc bj flvvjvl} bj lmmj}gfgagblbjc ah} ezjkh}# Lbjnì} j}rj rgph bj djvvlngjcrl} rgjcjc zc larh ylahvhvnlrgyh! wl |zj pzjbjc kzglv la bj}lvvhaalbhv jc al vj}hazmgýc bj ah}pvhfajnl} bjrjmrlbh}# J}rj jch|zj }j dl lpagmlbh mhc çtgrh plvlhrvl} rjmchahkîl} mhnh! phv jejnpah! al [jf! bhcbj jtg}rjc djvvlngjc.rl} |zj bjrjmrlc bj hvnl lzrhnìrgml pvhfajnl} bj lmmj}gfgagblb#

J}rh} pvgcmgpgh} }j j}rìc phcgjcbh jc pvìmrgml jc al djvvlngjcrl bjmvjlmgýc bj ygbjh ezjkh} 1j.Lbyjcrzvj3 $yjv Igkzvl <'! bj}lvvhaalblphv ja kvzph bj j.Ajlvcgck bj al Zcgyjv}gblb Mhnpazrjc}j bj Nlbvgb



42

$ drrp5((j.lbyjcrzvj#jzmn#j} '# J}rl djvvlngjcrl pvhphvmghcl zc jcrhvchbj mvjlmgýc bj ezjkh} jbzmlrgyh} bj kçcjvh lyjcrzvl mhcyjv}lmghcla!la j}rgah bj }lkl} maì}gml} mhnh Nhc`jw G}alcb RN h Nw}r # Yl j}pjmî.mlnjcrj bgvgkgbl l pvhj}hvj} w jbzmlbhvj}! w pjvngrj! njbglcrj zcjbgrhv! al mvjlmgýc bj ygbjh ezjkh} }gc cjmj}gblb bj rjcjv zc pjva rçm.

cgmh h mhchmgngjcrh} bj pvhkvlnlmgýc#

Igkzvl <# Mlprzvl bj al yg}rl pvgcmgpla bj 1j.Lbyjcrzvj3! yjv}gýc lblprlblplvl ja pvhwjmrh Klnj»Rja# ]hfvj ç}rl }j nzj}rvl ja bgìahkh kjcjvla bjhpmghcj} bj lmmj}gfgagblb! bhcbj ja lzrhv bja ezjkh lmrgyl ah} nýbzah} bjlmmj}gfgagblb |zj ylc l j}rlv lmrgyh}#

http://e-adventure.eucm.es/

http://e-adventure.eucm.es/



4:

Mhnh plvrj bja pvhwjmrh Klnj»Rja $ drrp5(({{{#klnjrja#jz ' }j j}rìcbj}lvvhaalcbh nýbzah} bj lmmj}gfgagblb jc 1j.Lbyjcrzvj3 |zj ja mvjl.bhv bj ah} ezjkh} phbvì gcmazgv jc }z ezjkh njbglcrj al lmrgylmgýc bjzcl} }jcmgaal} hpmghcj} bj mhckzvlmgýc $yjv Igkzvl <'5

» Nýbzah bj ahmzmgýc# Mzlcbh j}rj nýbzah }j lmrgyl ja nhrhv bj

ezjkh} bj 1j.Lbyjcrzvj3 pvhphvmghclvì gchvnlmgýc la ezklbhv ch}ýah bj hvnl yg}zla! }gch rlnfgçc lzbgrgyl# J}rl }hazmgýc mhn.fgcl zc }gcrjrgulbhv bj yhu |zj ajj lzrhnìrgmlnjcrj al} aîcjl} bjbgìahkh bj al} mhcyjv}lmghcj} bja ezjkh! l}î mhnh lzbghbj}mvgp.mghcj} |zj ja mvjlbhv bja ezjkh pvhphvmghcl plvl mlbl j}mjcl.vgh! mhc }hcgbh} bj}mvgprgyh} plvl vjlmmghcj} mhnzcj} bja ezjkh$phv jejnpah! mzlcbh ja ezklbhv hfrgjcj zc czjyh hfejrh jc }zgcyjcrlvgh'#

» Nhbh jc larh mhcrvl}rj# _jvngrj la ezklbhv lmrgylv zc nhbh bjyg}zlagulmgýc larjvclrgyh mhc nlwhv mhcrvl}rj w rjtrh} lnpaglbh}!jc ja |zj ah} hfejrh} gcrjvlmrgyh} bj}rlmlc }hfvj ja hcbh bj ah}j}mjclvgh} bja ezjkh# J}pjmglanjcrj õrga plvl pjv}hcl} mhc vj}rhyg}zla#

» Nýbzah bj gcrjvlmmgýc phv rjmalbh# Mzlcbh j}rl hpmgýc }j lmrgyl!ja ezklbhv phbvì gcrjvlmrzlv mhc ja ezjkh zrgagulcbh mhnlcbh} bjrjtrh |zj }j gcrvhbzmjc phv rjmalbh $phv jejnpah! ‑lfvgv al pzjvrl„h ‑dlfalv mhc ja bgvjmrhv„# Bj j}rl nlcjvl ja ezjkh }jvì nì} lmmj.

}gfaj plvl pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb yg}zla#» Nýbzah bj gcrjvlmmgýc phv yhu# _jvngrj la ezklbhv gcrjvlmrzlv mhcja ezjkh l rvlyç} bj al yhu! mhc ah} ng}nh} mhnlcbh} |zj jc jaml}h lcrjvghv pjvh bgmrlbh} la hvbjclbhv# Õrga plvl pjv}hcl} mhcflel bj}rvjul h nhygagblb vjbzmgbl jc ngjnfvh} }zpjvghvj}#

Ja zcmghclngjcrh bj ah} nýbzah} j} pvìmrgmlnjcrj lzrhnìrgmh! lzc.|zj plvl }z mhvvjmrh zcmghclngjcrh j} cjmj}lvgh |zj ja mvjlbhv bja

ezjkh lphvrj mhcrjcgbh jtrvl# _hv jejnpah! bj}mvgpmghcj} larjvclrgyl}plvl ah} j}mjclvgh} bj ezjkh# Jc hrvh} ml}h}! lzc|zj ja }g}rjnl pzjblzcmghclv bj nlcjvl lzrhnìrgml! ja mvjlbhv bja ezjkh pzjbj lülbgvjajnjcrh} |zj njehvjc }z mhnphvrlngjcrh# J} ja ml}h bja nhbh jclarh mhcrvl}rj! |zj pzjbj njehvlv}j }g jc mgjvrh} j}mjclvgh} }j mhc.kzvlc yjv}ghcj} larjvclrgyl} bj ah} jajnjcrh} bj ezjkh jc azklv bjzrgagulv al} hpmghcj} phv bjjmrh |zj gcmazwj al djvvlngjcrl#

Ja bj}lvvhaah bj j}rl} }hazmghcj} ch j}rì jtjcrh bj pvhfajnl}# Bj}bjja pzcrh bj yg}rl rçmcgmh ja bj}lvvhaah bj }hazmghcj} bj lmmj}gfgagblb!

|zj wl j} mhnpajeh mzlcbh }j lfhvbl plvl ml}h} mhcmvjrh}! }j lkz.bgul mzlcbh }j palcrjlc }hazmghcj} kjcçvgml} |zj pzjblc vjzrgagulv}jjc nõargpaj} ezjkh}# Jc ja ml}h bj 1j.Lbyjcrzvj3! j}rj j} zc rvlfleh

http://www.gametel.eu/




49

rhblyîl jc mzv}h! w |zj ch j}rì bg}phcgfaj plvl bj}mlvkl jc al yjv}gýchmgla bj al palrlhvnl#

_hv hrvh albh! al gcrvhbzmmgýc bj mlvlmrjvî}rgml} bj lmmj}gfgagblb jc1j.Lbyjcrzvj3 }zphcj zc pvgnjv pl}h jc ja alvkh w mhnpajeh mlngchplvl ahkvlv ezjkh} lmmj}gfaj}# Bj nhnjcrh al} }hazmghcj} lbhprl.

bl}! lzc|zj jmlmj} plvl lakzch} z}zlvgh}! }gkzjc }gjcbh bjnl}glbhkjcjvlaj} mhnh plvl aajklv l al nlwhvîl bj z}zlvgh} plvl ah} |zj ah}

ezjkh} }hc phmh lmmj}gfaj}# Lbjnì} }j mjcrvl jc zc rgph bj ezjkhmhcmvjrh! phv ah |zj j} cjmj}lvgh pvhphcjv }hazmghcj} |zj }jlc j}ml.alfaj} l hrvh rgph bj ezjkh} w |zj hrvl} djvvlngjcrl} w palrlhvnl} al}lbhprjc# _hv õargnh! plvl njehvlv al lmmj}gfgagblb bj ah} ygbjh ezjkh}j} zcblnjcrla mhnpajnjcrlv j}rj rgph bj gcgmglrgyl} |zj plvrjc bjabj}lvvhaah }hr{lvj mhc jch|zj} fl}lbh} jc al jbzmlmgýc w mhcmgjc.mglmgýc bj ah} gnpagmlbh} jc al mvjlmgýc bj ygbjh ezjkh} mhnh! phvjejnpah! al gcrvhbzmmgýc bj nlrjvgl} |zj lfhvbjc ja bg}jüh plvl rhbh}jc ah} palcj} bj hvnlmgýc bj ah} bj}lvvhaalbhvj}#

Jcalmj} bj gcrjvç}

drrp5((j.lbyjcrzvj#j.zmn.j}{{{#klnjrja#jz

{{{#j.zmn#j}

{{{#rjmdch}grj#j}

http://e-adventure.e-ucm-es/


http://www.e-ucm.es/

http://www.technosite.es/







4;

=#= Lmmj}gfgagblb jcygbjhezjkh} jbzmlrgyh}plvl pjv}hcl} mhc

bg}mlplmgblb yg}zla#Nlvgh Mlvvgh

HCMJ Bgvjmmgýc bj Jbzmlmgýc! Jnpajh w _vhnhmgýcMzarzvla

Bjplvrlnjcrh bj Lrjcmgýc JbzmlrgylKvzph LMMJBHdrrp5((jbzmlmghc#hcmj#j}nmbOhcmj#j}

Ja kvzph LMMJBH $Lmmj}gfgagblb l Mhcrjcgbh} Jbzmlrgyh}Bgkgrlaj} bj al HCMJ' j} zc kvzph hvnlbh phv bgjvjcrj} pvh.

j}ghclaj} mzwl} pvgcmgplaj} rlvjl} }hc al} bj l}j}hvlv! gcyj}rg.klv! hvnlv w plvrgmgplv jc jyjcrh} vjalmghclbh} mhc al lmmj}gfgagblb bjah} vjmzv}h} bgkgrlaj} jbzmlrgyh}#

Al Hvklcgulmgýc Clmghcla bj Mgjkh} J}plühaj} mvjý j}rj j|zgph! bjpjc.bgjcrj bj al jcrhcmj} Bgvjmmgýc bj Jbzmlmgýc! jc 6??2! nhnjcrh jc ja|zj lakzcl} Mhnzcgblbj} Lzrýchnl} mhnjculvhc l bg}jülv al gcrvh.bzmmgýc jc al j}mzjal bj ah} vjmzv}h} jbzmlrgyh} bgkgrlaj}#

http://educacion.once.es/




44

Jc al pvj}jcrj mhalfhvlmgýc }j pvjrjcbjc jtpagmlv al} plvrgmz.alvgblbj} |zj pvj}jcrlc ah} ygbjhezjkh} bj mlvìmrjv jbzmlrgyh!jc mzlcrh l }z lmmj}gfgagblb plvl pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb

yg}zla# L}î ng}nh }j jtpagmlvìc al} plzrl} fì}gml} bj lmmj}gfgagblb|zj bjfjc }jkzgv ah} mvjlbhvj}! bg}jülbhvj} w bj}lvvhaalbhvj} bj j}rj

rgph bj lpagmlmghcj}#

Jc ah} õargnh} lüh} }j dl pvhbzmgbh zc lznjcrh bja z}h bj al} rjm.chahkîl} bj al gchvnlmgýc w al mhnzcgmlmgýc jc ja ìnfgrh bj al jbz.mlmgýc! ah |zj dl aajylbh mhc}gkh zc zjvrj lznjcrh jc al pvhbzmmgýc

bj mhcrjcgbh} jbzmlrgyh} bgkgrlaj}# J}rl} lpagmlmghcj} jbzmlrgyl}lphvrlc kvlcbj} yjcrlel} l al dhvl bj lpvjcbjv! l ah} laznch} |zjbg}vzrlc bj jaal}! rlaj} mhnh nlwhv nhrgylmgýc plvl ja lpvjcbgulej!nlwhv ijtgfgagblb l al dhvl bj j}rzbglv! w ja mhcrlmrh mhc bg}ph}grgyh}|zj ylc l rjcjv |zj zrgagulv ja vj}rh bj }z ygbl! rlcrh jc ja ìnfgrhalfhvla! mhnh jc al ygbl bglvgl#

Aajklbh} l j}rj pzcrh j} cjmj}lvgh palcrjlv}j al mzj}rgýc bj |zçdlmjv plvl |zj ah} laznch} mhc bg}mlplmgblb yg}zla pzjblc bg}vzrlv

jc gkzlablb bj mhcbgmghcj} bj al} yjcrlel} |zj lphvrlc al} lpagmlmgh.cj} jbzmlrgyl} bgkgrlaj}! rlcrh al} |zj rvlrlc mhcrjcgbh} mzvvgmzalvj}!mhnh al} |zj rgjcjc zc mlvìmrjv nì} aõbgmh! rlaj} mhnh ah} ygbjhezj.kh} jbzmlrgyh}#

Mhc ja c bj blv }hazmgýc l rhbl} j}rl} cjmj}gblbj}! al HCMJ mvjýjc ja lüh 6??2! bjpjcbgjcrj bj al jcrhcmj} Bgvjmmgýc bj Jbzmlmgýc!ja kvzph LMMJBH $Lmmj}gfgagblb l Mhcrjcgbh} Jbzmlrgyh} Bgkgrlaj}HCMJ'! mzwh} ngjnfvh} mzjcrlc mhc pjvaj} pvhj}ghclaj} nzw ylvgl.bh}! nlj}rvh}! pvhj}hvj}! gchvnìrgmh}! p}gmýahkh}! rçmcgmh} jc lblp.

rlmgýc bj nlrjvglaj}! jrm! w mzwl} aîcjl} pvgcmgplaj} bj lmrzlmgýc }hc algcyj}rgklmgýc! mhcmgjcmglmgýc! hvnlmgýc w l}j}hvlngjcrh#

Bj}bj al jtpjvgjcmgl lmznzalbl jc j}rh} lüh}! }j gcrjcrlvì jc j}rjrjtrh! gcrvhbzmgv l ah} bj}lvvhaalbhvj}! mvjlbhvj} w bg}jülbhvj} bjygbjhezjkh} bj rgph jbzmlrgyh! jc al} plzrl} fì}gml} |zj bjfjc mzn.pagv plvl |zj j}rh} ygbjhezjkh} }jlc lmmj}gfaj} plvl pjv}hcl} mhcbg}mlplmgblb yg}zla#

Al lmmj}gfgagblb bj j}rj rgph bj ygbjhezjkh}! pvj}jcrl zcl mlvlmrjvî}rgml

nzw bj}rlmlbl! w j} |zj ja z}zlvgh ch }ýah bjfj }jv mlplu bj nlcjelvja ygbjhezjkh! }gch |zj bjfj rlnfgçc mznpagv ah} hfejrgyh} pjblkýkgmh}plvl ah} |zj dl }gbh bg}jülbh! j} bjmgv bjfj lpvjcbjv mhc ça#



47

_lvrgjcbh bj j}rl pvjng}l! al} pvgcmgplaj} plzrl} |zj }j bjfjc mzn.pagv plvl |zj zc ygbjhezjkh jbzmlrgyh }jl lmmj}gfaj plvl pjv}hcl} mhcbg}mlplmgblb yg}zla! }hc al} }gkzgjcrj}5

. ]j bjfj gchvnlv bj hvnl }hchvl bj al} gc}rvzmmghcj}#

. Bjfj jtg}rgv jc rhbh nhnjcrh zcl nõ}gml h }hcgbh bj hcbh!|zj gcbg|zj la z}zlvgh |zj ja ezjkh j}rì jc zcmghclngjcrh#

. Mzla|zgjv mlnfgh |zj }j pvhbzuml jc ja ezjkh bjfj gchvnlv}jbj hvnl }hchvl#

. Jc ja ml}h bj |zj ja ezjkh }j jejmzrj jc zc hvbjclbhv! bjfjvìphbjv nlcjelv}j mhc rjmalbh! }gc phv jaah jtmazgv ja nlcjeh mhcvlrýc#

. Ah} rjtrh} bjfjvìc rjcjv zc rlnlüh kvlcbj w zc mhahv fgjc mhc.

rvl}rlbh mhc ja hcbh#. Ah} jajnjcrh} kvìmh} bja ezjkh bjfjvìc }jv bj mhahvj} |zjmhcrvl}rjc }zmgjcrjnjcrj mhc ja hcbh#

. Ja vj}zarlbh bj al} lmmghcj} |zj jjmrõl ja z}zlvgh bjfjvì gchv.nlv}j bj hvnl }hchvl#

. Ah} ylahvj} bj mhcrlbhvj} bj rgjnph! bj lmgjvrh} h laah}! bjfj.vìc lmgagrlv}j bj zcl hvnl }hchvl#

. Ja cõnjvh bj rjmal} bj nlcjeh bj al lpagmlmgýc bjfj }jv ja

nîcgnh ph}gfaj#. ]g jtg}rjc yîbjh} jc ja ezjkh j}rh} bjfjvìc mhcrlv mhc zcl lzbgh.bj}mvgpmgýc lbjmzlbl#

J}rl} }hc al} pvgcmgplaj} plzrl} |zj }j bjfjc }jkzgv l al dhvl bj bg}j.ülv w bj}lvvhaalv zc ygbjhezjkh jbzmlrgyh lmmj}gfaj plvl pjv}hcl} mhcbg}mlplmgblb yg}zla#

Ch bjfjnh} haygblvch} bja l}pjmrh yg}zla bja ezjkh! |zj ch rgjcj phv.

|zç bjelv bj }jv lrvlmrgyh! wl |zj ja hfejrgyh cla j} |zj ja ezjkh }jlzrgagulbh phv pjv}hcl} mhc h }gc bg}mlplmgblb yg}zla! |zguì} mhc bg}rgc.rh} nçrhbh} plvl gcrjvlmrzlv mhc ça! pjvh }gjcbh ja ng}nh ezjkh#

Ch pvjrjcbjnh} phv rlcrh! mvjlv ezjkh} jbzmlrgyh} j}pjmîmh} plvlpjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb yg}zla! }gch |zj mzla|zgjv ezjkh pzjbl }jvzrgagulbh phv mzla|zgjv pjv}hcl#

Jc mhcmaz}gýc al lmmj}gfgagblb plvl pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb yg}zlajc ah} ezjkh} jbzmlrgyh}! yl nì} laaì bja }gnpaj nlcjeh bja ezjkh!

rlnfgçc bjfjc phbjv lpvjcbjv mhc ça! la gkzla |zj ah dlmjc al} pjv}h.cl} }gc cgckõc rgph bj bg}mlplmgblb#



7?

Al lmmj}gfgagblb plvl j}rj rgph bj pvhbzmrh} j} ph}gfaj! w }g }j rgjcjjc mzjcrl bj}bj al} pvgnjvl} l}j} bja pvhmj}h bj bj}lvvhaah! ch rgjcjphv|zç }zphcjv cgckõc gcmvjnjcrh jc ah} mh}rj} bj pvhbzmmgýc#

]g ch mhc}jkzgnh} |zj j}rj rgph bj ygbjhezjkh} }jlc lmmj}gfaj}! ch}ýah j}rlvjnh} pvgylcbh bj zcl hvnl bj bgyjv}gýc l al} pjv}hcl} mhc

bg}mlplmgblb yg}zla! mhnh hmzvvj jc ja ml}h bj hrvh rgph bj ygbjhezj.kh}! lbjnì} aj} j}rlnh} pvgylcbh bj zcl hvnl bj lpvjcbjv! |zj mlblyju j}rì mhfvlcbh nì} gnphvrlcmgl jc czj}rvh }g}rjnl jbzmlrgyh#


‑_lzrl} plvl ja bg}jüh bj jcrhvch} jbzmlrgyh} lmmj}gfaj} plvl pjv.}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb yg}zla„

Jc5 drrp5((jbzmlmghc#hcmj#j}(dhnj#mn8gb>92)cgyja>6)hvbjc>6

Jcalmj} bj gcrjvç}_ìkgcl {jf bj Jbzmlmgýc bj al HCMJdrrp5((jbzmlmghc#hcmj#j}(

http://educacion.once.es/home.cfm?id=64&nivel=2&orden=2






7<

=#2_lcrlaal} rìmrgaj} mhnhnçrhbh bj jcrvlbl(}lagblgbjla plvl mgjkh}#Ehclrdlc Mdlmýc

Bj}lvvhaalbhv w mhc}zarhv jc lmmj}gfgagblb!z}lfgagblb w czjyl} rjmchahkîl}drrp5(({{{#pvhkvlnlvlmgjkl}#j}

ehclrdlcmdlmhcflvfjvhOknlga#mhn





76

Ja gcrjvlu bj jcrvlbl(}lagbl hvjmgbh phv al} plcrlaal} rìmrg.aj} lfvj zc czjyh plvlbgknl bj z}h plvl ah} z}zlvgh} mgjkh}lphvrlcbh czjyh} nçrhbh} plvl vjmhkjv j gcrvhbzmgv gchvnl.

mgýc bj zcl hvnl nì} mjvmlcl l ah} dìfgrh} bj jtpahvlmgýc vjla bj al}pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb yg}zla#

Al} pjv}hcl} mgjkl}! l al dhvl bj jtpahvlv zc gcrjvlu! }jl zcl }zpjv.mgj î}gml h zc gcrjvlu aýkgmh! }gkzjc zc hvbjc bjrjvngclbh |zjaj} pjvngrl mvjlv zc nlpl njcrla bj al bg}rvgfzmgýc bj ah} bgyjv}h}jajnjcrh}#

L al dhvl bj jtpahvlv zcl }zpjvmgj î}gml! al pjv}hcl mgjkl }zjaj jtpah.vlv pvgnjvh ja mhcrhvch bja gcrjvlu ahmlagulcbh fhvbj} w njnhvgulcbhal bg}rvgfzmgýc vjkzalv bj ah} mhnphcjcrj}# J}rl hvnl bj jtpahvlmgýcj} al nì} mhnõc w al |zj nì} gchvnlmgýc fvgcbl l al pjv}hcl mgjklla zrgagulv ja }jcrgbh bja rlmrh# _jvh al} pjv}hcl} mgjkl} rgjcjc |zj }z}.rgrzgv ja }jcrgbh bja rlmrh l al dhvl bj jtpahvlv gcrjvlmj} ch î}gmh}!mhnzcj} jc bg}ph}grgyh} rjmchaýkgmh} h lpagmlmghcj} }hr{lvj#

Jc ah} gcgmgh} bj al gchvnìrgml ja nlpl njcrla bj zcl lpagmlmgýc h ezjkh

bj hvbjclbhv j}rlfl nzw }gnpagmlbh la rvlrlv}j bj zc jcrhvch bj 6:aîcjl} bj rjtrh phv 4? mlvlmrjvj} phv aîcjl# Al} pjv}hcl} mgjkl} }gnpag.mlflc al bg}rvgfzmgýc bj ah} jajnjcrh} }jkõc }z larzvl# J}rh }j bjfgýl |zj ah} ajmrhvj} bj plcrlaal! al} lpagmlmghcj} |zj al} pjv}hcl} mgjkl}z}lc plvl lmmjbjv l al gchvnlmgýc nh}rvlbl phv plcrlaal! lmmjbîlc lal gchvnlmgýc bj rjtrh bja }g}rjnl hpjvlrgyh w rvlc}ngrîlc aîcjl l aîcjlal gchvnlmgýc la z}zlvgh zrgagulcbh zcl }îcrj}g} bj yhu# Ja z}zlvgh mgjkhphbîl mhc}zarlv al} aîcjl} bj al plcrlaal }zfgjcbh h flelcbh zc mzv}hvygvrzla kjcjvlbh phv ja ajmrhv bj plcrlaal}# Mhc al lplvgmgýc bj ah} }g}.

rjnl} hpjvlrgyh} mhc jcrhvch} kvìmh}! mhnh Ngmvh}hr [gcbh{} h Lppaj NlmH] T! ja nçrhbh bj jtpahvlmgýc }j mhnpagmý chrlfajnjcrj#

Ja nçrhbh bj lkvzplmgýc bj mhcrvhaj} w mhnphcjcrj} bja gcrjvlu }jvjj}rvzmrzvý bg}rvgfzwjcbh ja gcrjvlu kjcjvla jc yjcrlcl}! }zfyjcrl.cl}! mzlbvh} bj bgìahkh! flvvl} bj j}rlbh w djvvlngjcrl} w bg}rgcrh}cgyjaj} bj gchvnlmgýc plvl mlbl lpagmlmgýc#

Al nlwhvîl bj ajmrhvj} bj plcrlaal hprlvhc phv hvjmjv! mhnh nçrhbhpvgcmgpla bj jtpahvlmgýc! ja }jkzgv ja hvbjc bjcgbh phv ja hvbjc bj

}larh phv rlfzalmgýc jc al} yjcrlcl} $la pza}lv al rjmal rlf }j }larl la}gkzgjcrj mhcrvha bja gcrjvlu'# _jvh j}rl }hazmgýc vj}zarlfl gc}zmgjcrjbjfgbh l |zj jc j}rj hvbjc bj rlfzalmgýc }ýah lplvjmjc ah} jajnjcrh}



7=

lmrgylfaj}! mhnh fhrhcj} h mzlbvh} bj jbgmgýc bj rjtrh! pjvh ch jrg.|zjrl} h jajnjcrh} bj gchvnlmgýc mhnh gmhch} bj j}rlbh h flvvl}bj pvhkvj}h# J}rj }g}rjnl bj lkvzplmgýc bj mhcrvhaj} j gchvnlmgýc j}bjnl}glbh mhnpajeh mhnh plvl }jv mhcbjc}lbh jc zc nlpl njcrlaagcjla ìmganjcrj mhnpvjc}gfaj phv zcl pjv}hcl mgjkl#

Ah} ajmrhvj} bj plcrlaal }j mhnpagmlc rlcrh jc }z z}h mhnh jc }z bj}l.vvhaah w vj|zgjvjc bj zc pvhrhmhah plvl rvlc}ngrgv rhbl al gchvnlmgýcbj al plcrlaal la z}zlvgh mgjkh bj hvnl mhnpvjc}gfaj# J}rj pvhrhmhah}j mhchmj mhnh hzr }mvjjc nhbja# Ah} z}zlvgh} mgjkh} bjfjc njnh.vgulv bgyjv}h} mhnlcbh} plvl jtpahvlv ja gcrjvlu kvìmh }gkzgjcbhal} bgyjv}l} j}rvzmrzvl} bj yjcrlcl}! flvvl} bj njcõ h djvvlngjcrl}!mhcrvhaj} hmlagulfaj}! jrm# Rhbl j}rl mhnpagmlmgýc jc ja nçrhbh bjjtpahvlmgýc ch klvlcrgul ja lmmj}h l rhbl al gchvnlmgýc hvjmgbl phval lpagmlmgýc wl |zj ja hzr }mvjjc nhbja bj ah} ajmrhvj} bj plcrlaal chmhcrjnpalc al rhrlagblb bj mhcrvhaj} pvj}jcrj} jc zc gcrjvlu la }jvvj}phc}lfgagblb bja bj}lvvhaalbhv gbjcrgmlv ja vha bj mlbl mhcrvha bjagcrjvlu#

J}rh jtpagml al kvlc nlwhvîl bj pvhfajnl} jcmhcrvlbh} phv z}zlvgh}mgjkh} l al dhvl bj lmmjbjv w zrgagulv lpagmlmghcj} gchvnìrgml} lmrzlaj}#

Zc pvhfajnl nzw mhnõc! phv jejnpah! j} ja bj zcl jrg|zjrl bj rjtrhw! ez}rh bjfleh! zcl mlel bj rjtrh vjalmghclbl# J}rl bg}rvgfzmgýc yjvrgmlabj jrg|zjrl(mhcrvha j} mhnõc! phv jejnpah! plvl gcrvhbzmgv cõnjvh} bj

}jvgj! flcmlvgh} h blrh} cznçvgmh} vjalmghclbh}# Ah} ajmrhvj} bj plc.rlaal! dlfgrzlanjcrj! l}hmglc al} jrg|zjrl} w al} mlel} bj rjtrh bj hvnldhvguhcrla phv ah |zj }g ja bj}lvvhaalbhv ch dl gcmazgbh mlvlmrjvî}rgml}j}pjmîml} jc }z} mhcrvhaj} bja gcrjvlu! }gjnpvj w mzlcbh ja }g}rjnlhpjvlrgyh ph}jl zcl mlpl bj lmmj}gfgagblb plvl pvhphvmghclv j}rl gchv.nlmgýc! ja ajmrhv bj plcrlaal} ch phbvì vjlagulv zcl l}hmglmgýc mhvvjmrljcrvj jrg|zjrl w mhcrvha pvhyhmlcbh |zj ja z}zlvgh mgjkh jcmzjcrvj zclmlel bj rjtrh ylmîl w }gc }lfjv |zç bjfj gcrvhbzmgv jc jaal#

Jc lakzcl} lpagmlmghcj} jc al} |zj }j zrgagulc zcl vjegaal bj blrh}!mhnh zcl dhel bj mìamzah h zc rlfajvh bj lejbvju! al pjv}hcl mgjkl}ýah phbvì clyjklv phv j}j rlfajvh }g ja bj}lvvhaalbhv dl j}rlfajmgbhvjalmghcj} bj yjvrgmlagblb w dhvguhcrlagblb jcrvj al} mjabl} h ml}gaal}#Bj j}rl hvnl! w zrgagulcbh al} ijmdl} bj mzv}hv bja rjmalbh! ja z}zlvghmgjkh phbvì jtpahvlv ja gcrjvlu# J}rl hvnl bj jtpahvlmgýc dlmj |zjja z}zlvgh mgjkh pzjbl pjvbjv gchvnlmgýc h }j bj}pg}rj phv ah |zj }j}zjaj hprlv phv pvhphvmghclv nì} gchvnlmgýc gcbgmlcbh! phv jejnpah!ja cõnjvh bj mhazncl w al bj al mjabl# J}rj nçrhbh bj jtpahvlmgýc

j} ajcrh w! jc lakzch} ml}h}! mh}rh}h jc j}zjvuh njcrla w rjnphvlawl |zj ja z}zlvgh bjfj clyjklv mhcrîczlnjcrj ja rlfajvh plvl mhchmjvja j}rlbh bj mlbl ml}gaal#



72

L claj} bja pl}lbh }gkah TT al} plcrlaal} rìmrgaj} gvvznpjc jc rjvng.claj} bj pzcrh bj yjcrl j gchvnlmgýc w jc bg}ph}grgyh} nýygaj} fz}.mlcbh al }gnpagmlmgýc jc ah} nçrhbh} bj lmmj}h w kj}rgýc bj al gchv.nlmgýc# Ah} bg}ph}grgyh} lpzcrlbhvj}! mhnh vlrhcj} h rvlm`flaa}! l}î mhnh ah} rjmalbh} vj}zarlc mhcz}h} plvl l|zjaal} pjv}hcl} mhc phmh

h czah mhcrlmrh mhc al gchvnìrgml l}î mhnh al lplvgmgýc bj nzargrzb bjflvvjvl} bj lmmj}gfgagblb plvl al} pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb }jc}h.vgla w î}gml#

Al lplvgmgýc bj al} plcrlaal} rìmrgaj} dl lmjvmlbh ah} bh} plvlbgknl}bj gcrjvlu î}gmh w aýkgmh# Al} pjv}hcl} wl ch bjfjc z}lv zc gcrjv.njbglvgh! mhnh zc vlrýc! plvl lmrgylv zc mhcrvha bj al plcrlaal! ldhvl}ýah bjfjc }jkzgv zc kj}rh rlc clrzvla mhnh pvj}ghclvah h rhmlvah plvlmhc}jkzgv ja ng}nh jjmrh#

Al} pjv}hcl} mgjkl} rlnfgçc }j fjcjmglc bj j}rj lmjvmlngjcrh bjnçrhbh} bj gcrjvlu# Ah} mgjkh} yzjayjc l rhmlv plvl lmrgylv fhrhcj}h ajjv rjtrh#

J}rj czjyh gcrjvlu zrgagul al ng}nl }zpjvmgj mhnh mlcla bj jcrvlblw }lagbl bj gchvnlmgýc plvl ja z}zlvgh# Al} pjv}hcl} lmrgylc w nhbg.mlc al gchvnlmgýc nh}rvlbl phv al plcrlaal l rvlyç} bj al plcrlaal# _jvhj}rj mlcla bj }lagbl }gkzj }gjcbh gclmmj}gfaj plvl lakzch} pjvaj} bjbg}mlplmgblb! mhnh phv jejnpah al} pjv}hcl} mgjkl}# J} cjmj}lvghpvhphvmghclv zc mlcla bj }lagbl bj gchvnlmgýc larjvclrgyh l al plcrl.

aal# Dlmjv zc bg}ph}grgyh mhc plcrlaal rìmrga w lmmj}gfaj plvl pjv}hcl}mgjkl} j} ph}gfaj w }j dl bjnh}rvlbh mhc pvhbzmrh} jc ja njvmlbh#

Lakzch} bg}ph}grgyh} rìmrgaj}! mhnh ja g_dhcj h ja g_lb! zrgagulc zc ajm.rhv bj plcrlaal} j}pjmîmh plvl j}rj rgph bj bg}ph}grgyh}# Jc azklv bjzrgagulv ja rjmalbh mhnh nçrhbh bj mhcrvha zrgagul zcl }jvgj bj kj}.rh} }gnpaj} lvvl}rvlcbh zch h ylvgh} bjbh} jc zcl bgvjmmgýc bjrjvng.clbl! plvl aajylv l mlfh rhbl} al} zcmghcj} bj jtpahvlmgýc l}hmglbl}la ajmrhv bj plcrlaal}# Mhnh mlcla bj }lagbl bj gchvnlmgýc }j zrgagulc

bgyjv}h} }hcgbh} plvl chrgmlv jyjcrh} bj lpjvrzvl h mgjvvj w zcl yhu}gcrçrgml plvl rvlc}ngrgv rjtrh} w hrvl} gchvnlmghcj} bja gcrjvlu#

Al pjv}hcl mgjkl lvvl}rvlvì }z bjbh phv al plcrlaal rìmrga w njbglcrj}hcgbh h zcl yhu }gcrçrgml }lfvì |zç jajnjcrh j}rì fleh }z bjbh#Kvlmgl} l al vjjvjcmgl î}gml bj ah} fhvbj} bja bg}ph}grgyh w al plcrlaal!al pjv}hcl mgjkl pzjbj bjrjvngclv }g ja fhrýc! mlel bj rjtrh h jrg|zjrlbj rjtrh j}rì lvvgfl l al gu|zgjvbl! la mjcrvh h jc al plvrj flel bj alplcrlaal bj al lpagmlmgýc# Al pjv}hcl mgjkl pzjbj lmmjbjv l rhbh}ah} jajnjcrh} yg}gfaj} jc ja gcrjvlu! gkzla |zj zcl pjv}hcl |zj ch

rjckl bg}mlplmgblb yg}zla! w lbjnì} }lfj býcbj }j jcmzjcrvl mlbljajnjcrh w al vjalmgýc j}plmgla mhc ah} jajnjcrh} bj lavjbjbhv#



7:

L al dhvl bj jtpahvlv zc rlfajvh bj ezjkh al plcrlaal rìmrga! mhc }hphvrjbj lmmj}gfgagblb! vj}zarl gbjla la pjvngrgv l al pjv}hcl mgjkl mhnplv.rgv ja ng}nh gcrjvlu l al dhvl bj ezklv# Ch }j vj|zgjvjc lblprlmghcj}yg}zlaj} w ezjkh} jajmrvýcgmh} mhnh ja lejbvju h al} blnl} pzjbjcpvlmrgmlv}j jc zcl plcrlaal rìmrga jcrvj bh} pjv}hcl} mhc h }gc bg}ml.

plmgblb yg}zla#Al jtpahvlmgýc bja rlfajvh vj}zarl nì} vìpgbl |zj z}lcbh rjmal} bj mzv.}hv wl |zj }j pzjbj jtpahvlv jc yjvrgmla! dhvguhcrla h bglkhclanjcrj0gcmaz}h ja z}zlvgh mgjkh pzjbj ajylcrlv ja bjbh w rhmlv hrvl plvrj bg}.rlcrj bja rlfajvh jc al |zj }j jcmhcrvlfl jtpahvlcbh#

Al pjv}hcl mgjkl zrgagul ja ng}nh nhbjah njcrla w al} ng}nl} dlfg.agblbj} l}hmglbl} la rlmrh plvl mhchmjv w zrgagulv zc gcrjvlu aýkgmhw î}gmh phv ah |zj al jtpjvgjcmgl bj z}zlvgh njehvl chrlfajnjcrj w

vj}zarl nì} mýnhbh j gcrzgrgyh plvl al pjv}hcl mgjkl#



2Vjmhnjcblmghcj}bj lmmj}gfgagblbjc ygbjhezjkh}5

jejnpah} bjlylcmj} jc jabg}jüh



7;

2#<Jtpjvgjcmgl} jcja bj}lvvhaah bjlmmj}gfgagblb jc

ygbjhezjkh}#Elygjv Nlgvjcl

Lmmj}}Lfaj Klnj}{{{#Lmmj}}LfajKlnj}#mhn

enlgvjclOlmmj}}lfajklnj}#mhn

Lmmj}}Lfaj Klnj}5 Bj}lvvhaah w mhc}zarhvîl bjlmmj}gfgagblb jc ygbjhezjkh}#

http://www.accessablegames.com/




74

Al nzj}rvl bj mlvlmrjvî}rgml} gcmazgbl} jc pvhwjmrh} vjlaj}}hc zc fzjc jejnpah bj hpmghcj} ph}gfaj} l vjlagulv jc zcbj}lvvhaah w |zj pzjbjc }jvygv bj kzîl plvl hrvh}# Hpmghcj}

|zj bjpjcbjvìc bja rgph bj ezjkh! }g yl h ch bgvgkgbh l zc mhajmrgyhmhcmvjrh w bja rgjnph bj bj}lvvhaah#

Lmmj}}gfgagblb jc ‑Nw Kvjjc Mgrw„

Nw Kvjjc Mgrw j} zc ezjkh bj}lvvhaalbh phv Rdj Klnj @grmdjc |zj dlmhcrlbh mhc al mhalfhvlmgýc bj Lmmj}}Lfaj Klnj} plvl mhc}jkzgvzc bg}jüh w hpmghcj} j}pjmglaj} bj lmmj}gfgagblb nzw gnphvrlcrj}# Ja

ezjkh j}rì fl}lbh jc ja zcgyjv}h bj ]lanld ]rlv! j} bj mlvìmrjv jmh.aýkgmh w }j pzjbj ezklv kvlrzgrlnjcrj jc al {jf5 {{{#}lanld}rlv#mhn

Ja hfejrgyh bja ezjkh j} agnpglv al mgzblb bj fl}zvl} mhc al lwzbl bjczj}rvh} lc}! rvlc}hvnlcbh zcl mgzblb }zmgl w kvg} jc zcl agnpgl wyjvbj jc mlbl cgyja# ]j mhcrvhal mhc ah} mzv}hvj} bja rjmalbh h mhc javlrýc! pza}lcbh jc al plcrlaal plvl |zj ja pjv}hclej lcbj dlmgl ja mzv.}hv bja vlrýc#

Gnlkjc bj zc cgyja rjvngclbh! mhc al mgzblb agnpgl w yjvbj#

http://www.salmahstar.com/




77

Bj}bj ja pvgcmgpgh bj }z bj}lvvhaah }j rzyh nzw jc mzjcrl al lmmj}g.fgagblb bja ezjkh! lzc|zj ch }j pjc}lfl jc zc mhajmrgyh mhcmvjrh la|zj zjvl bj}rgclbh w phv jaah al} hpmghcj} bj lmmj}gfgagblb |zj }jgnpajnjcrlvhc zjvhc al} |zj njehv jcmlelflc mhc ja rgph bj ezjkh wrgjnph bj bj}lvvhaah#

Zcl bj al} nì} gnphvrlcrj} j} al mhckzvlmgýc bj al yjahmgblb bja ezjkh! mhc al |zj phbjnh} vjbzmgv dl}rl zcl mzlvrl plvrj al yjahmgblbl al |zj yl ja ezjkh $nhygngjcrh} bja pjv}hclej! jcjngkh}! lplvgmgýcbj fl}zvl}…'# J}rl hpmgýc j} nzw õrga phv|zj pzjbj lwzblv l pjv}h.cl} mhc bgmzarlbj} nzw bg}rgcrl} l al dhvl bj ezklv ja ezjkh hvgkgcla#

L cgyja bj nhygagblb! zcl mlvlmrjvî}rgml nì} mhnpajel! j} al hpmgýcbj mhcrvha mhc zc fhrýc# Mhc j}rl hpmgýc! mzlcbh pza}lnh} mzla.|zgjv fhrýc bja rjmalbh h bja vlrýc ja ezjkh }j bjrgjcj w ch} nzj}.

rvl al} bgvjmmghcj} ph}gfaj} l al} |zj pzjbj gv czj}rvh pjv}hclej mhczcl} ijmdl}0 }ýah zcl bj jaal} j}rì rhrlanjcrj yg}gfaj! al} hrvl} njbghrvlc}plvjcrj}! al ijmdl yg}gfaj yl mlnfglcbh lzrhnìrgmlnjcrj w ch}h.rvh} pza}lvjnh} hrvl yju zc fhrýc mzlcbh |zjvlnh} |zj ja pjv}hclejjnpgjmj l nhyjv}j jc j}l bgvjmmgýc#

Gnlkjc bja ezjkh jc nhbh zc fhrýc! mzlrvh bgvjmmghcj}ph}gfaj} w }ýah zcl nlvmlbl#



<??

Lbjnì}! jc ja nhbh bj zc fhrýc phbjnh} jajkgv zrgagulv ja ngmvýhchbja _M mhnh pza}lmgýc w mlbl yju |zj jngrlnh} zc }hcgbh }jmh $‑jd„!‑ld„' h }hpajnh} la ngmvýhch }jvì mhnh }g dzfgçvlnh} pza}lbh j}jfhrýc õcgmh#

Jc ja nhbh mhnplrgfaj mhc vlrýc lmgla ja pjv}hclej }gkzj mhc}rlc.

rjnjcrj la vlrýc! }gc cjmj}gblb bj dlmjv magm` jc cgckõc nhnjcrh!wl |zj jc ja nhbh chvnla dlw |zj dlmjv magm` plvl |zj }j nzjyl wvj}zarl nzw gcmýnhbh plvl al} pjv}hcl} |zj zrgagulc vlrýc lmgla j}rlvmhc}rlcrjnjcrj dlmgjcbh magm`} plvl ezklv#

Jtg}rj rlnfgçc zc nhbh bj larh mhcrvl}rj! plvl pjv}hcl} |zj mhc.}jvylc lakh bj yg}gýc pjvh cjmj}grlc |zj al gnlkjc j}rç nzw mhcrvl}.rlbl# Jc j}rj nhbh ja hcbh }j yzjayj rhrlanjcrj malvh! ml}g falcmh! wah} jajnjcrh} gnphvrlcrj} $pjv}hclej! jcjngkh}! fl}zvl}' }j h}mzvj.

mjc# Lbjnì} ah} mlngch} phv ah} |zj phbjnh} gv j}rìc nlvmlbh} phvaîcjl} cjkvl}#

Gnlkjc bja ezjkh jc larh mhcrvl}rj#

Jc mzlcrh la bg}jüh bja ezjkh }j pjc}ý |zj }j pzbgjvl mhcrvhalv mhczcl }hal nlch w }gc cjmj}gblb bj vjlagulv pza}lmghcj} }gnzarìcjl} bjfhrhcj} $nhygagblb'! |zj cgckõc jajnjcrh bja ezjkh }j fl}lvl jtmaz}g.

ylnjcrj jc al mhnzcgmlmgýc lzbgrgyl! |zj dzfgjvl }hcgbh} gcbgmlbhvj}mhnh vjzjvuh w |zj ch dzfgjvl gbjcrgmlmgýc õcgml phv mhahvj} $plvljygrlv pvhfajnl} jc pjv}hcl} mhc blarhcg}nh'#



<?<

Lmmj}gfgagblb jc ‑Lrvlmrhvj}„

Lrvlmrhvj} j} zc }jcmgaah ezjkh bj aýkgml# Ja hfejrgyh j} aajylv zcl}pj|zjül} fhal} falcml} l zch} lkzejvh} cjkvh}! pjvh ch phbjnh}nhyjv bgvjmrlnjcrj al} fhal}! rjcbvjnh} |zj lmrgylv zch} ‑lrvlmrhvj}„

w ‑vjpza}hvj}„ |zj dlvìc |zj al} fhal} }j nzjylc# ]j pzjbj ezklv bjhvnl rhrlanjcrj kvlrzgrl jc5 {{{#rdjklnj`grmdjc#mhn(lrrvlmrhv

Gnlkjc bj zc cgyja bja ezjkh#

Jc Lrvlmrhvj} jcmhcrvlnh} al} ng}nl} hpmghcj} |zj jc ‑Nw KvjjcMgrw„! pjvh lakzcl}! phv }jv zc rgph bj ezjkh bg}rgcrh! vj|zgvgjvhc zcl

gnpajnjcrlmgýc bg}rgcrl#Jc ja nhbh bj mhcrvha mhc zc fhrýc! la plvlv}j ja ezjkh! lplvjmj zc}jajmrhv }hfvj zch bj ah} lrvlmrhvj} h vjpza}hvj} bja cgyja# Mlbl mgjvrhrgjnph j}rj }jajmrhv mlnfgl la }gkzgjcrj jc al plcrlaal dl}rl |zj yha.ylnh} l pza}lv ja fhrýc plvl lmrgylv ja }jajmmghclbh w |zj ja ezjkhmhcrgcõj#

Jc ja nhbh lngklfaj plvl vlrýc lmgla jc yju bj rjcjv |zj dlmjv magm`}hfvj zc lrvlmrhv h vjpza}hv plvl lmrgylvah! fl}rl mhc pl}lv phv jcmgnl

bj zch bj jaah} plvl |zj }j lmmghcj# Ch }zjaj dlfjv bjnl}glbh} lrvlm.rhvj} w vjpza}hvj} jc zc ng}nh cgyja mhc ah |zj rjcjnh} j}plmgh }z.mgjcrj jc al plcrlaal plvl lmrgylv }ýah ja |zj |zjvjnh} la nhyjv ja vlrýc#

http://www.thegamekitchen.com/attractor




<?6

Lbjnì}! jc ja bg}jüh bj Lrvlmrhvj} }j gcmazwjvhc lakzch} mhcmjprh}|zj dlmjc |zj ja ezjkh }jl nì} lmmj}gfaj |zj Nw Kvjjc Mgrw5 ch jtg}rjaîngrj bj rgjnph plvl mhnpajrlv mlbl cgyja! ch jtg}rjc jcjngkh}! chphbjnh} nhvgv cg pjvbjv0 ja ezjkh j} ml}g zc vjrh pjv}hcla phv |zjvjvaajklv dl}rl ja cla w bg}vzrlv bj mlbl cgyja phv ja mlngch l czj}rvh

pvhpgh vgrnh#

Jcalmj} bj gcrjvç}

{{{#}lanld}rlv#mhn

{{{#rdjklnj`grmdjc#mhn(lrrvlmrhv







<?=

2#6Gnpajnjcrlmgýc bj al}vjmhnjcblmghcj} bjlmmj}gfgagblb jc zc

ygbjhezjkh#Gvjbgl5 zc ml}h pvìmrgmh#

Laylvh Eh}ç Klvmîl w Hakl _jülafl

MJGJM . Zcgyjv}gblb Ivlcmg}mh bj Ygrhvgldrrp5(({{{#mjgjm#j}l#krjejbhvOmjgjm#j}pjclaflOzy#j}

Ja Mjcrvh bj Gcchylmgýc Jtpjvgnjcrla bja Mhchmgngjcrh $MJGJM'bj al Zcgyjv}gblb Ivlcmg}mh bj Ygrhvgl j} zc Gc}rgrzrh mvjlbhmhc ja lphwh bja Ngcg}rjvgh bj Gcbz}rvgl w bj al Zcgýc Jzvhpjl

mzwh hfejrh j} ja bj}lvvhaah bj gcgmglrgyl} jc ja ìnfgrh bj al} RGM |zjmhcrvgfzwlc l vjbzmgv al fvjmdl bgkgrla! lmgagrjc al Gcmaz}gýc! lznjcrjcal lmmj}gfgagblb bj al ]hmgjblb bj al Gchvnlmgýc w njehvjc al} mhcbg.mghcj} bj ygbl w lzrh}zmgjcmgl bj bjrjvngclbh} mhajmrgyh} l rvlyç} bjrjmchahkîl} l}g}rjcmglaj}#

http://www.ceiec.es/

http://www.ceiec.es/



<?2

Mhnh plvrj bja bj}lvvhaah bj Gvjbgl! zc ezjkh bj }jc}gfgagul.mgýc plvl |zj ah} cgüh} chvnhwjcrj} jcrgjcblc ah |zj j} janzcbh bj al bg}mlplmgblb lzbgrgyl! }j dl aajylbh l mlfh zc

j}rzbgh bj lmmj}gfgagblb jc zcl l}j rlvbîl bja pvhwjmrh# J}rl mhnzcg.mlmgýc pvj}jcrl al} pvgcmgplaj} mhcmaz}ghcj} hfrjcgbl} bj j}rj j}rzbgh

w al} ajmmghcj} |zj }j pzjbjc lpvjcbjv plvl ja bj}lvvhaah bj zrzvh}ygbjhezjkh} lmmj}gfaj}! rjcgjcbh jc mzjcrl }z gnplmrh jc ja mh}rj bjbj}lvvhaah w jc }z ezklfgagblb#

Jtph}gmgýc bj al Gcgmglrgyl

Al gcmaz}gýc jbzmlrgyl bj cgüh} mhc bg}mlplmgblb lzbgrgyl mhc}rgrzwjzcl hjvrl wl mhc}hagblbl# Al nlwhv plvrj bj ah} plbvj} mhc dgeh}jc j}rl }grzlmgýc |zgjvjc |zj }jlc jbzmlbh} jc zcl mal}j mhc cgüh}chvnhwjcrj}! }gkzgjcbh j}rj nhbjah jbzmlrgyh# ]gc jnflvkh! jc j}rjjcrhvch bj gcrjkvlmgýc pzjbjc lplvjmjv pvhfajnl} bj vjalmgýc! rlcrhjc al} mal}j} mhnh jc al} lmrgygblbj} jtrvlj}mhalvj}! |zj hml}ghcjclg}alngjcrh h vjrvl}h jc ja bj}lvvhaah }hmgla bja mhajmrgyh }hvbh#

Clmj l}î ‑Gvjbgl5 Ja }jmvjrh bj Lrvln„! zc ygbjhezjkh 6B |zj rvlc}ngrjl ah} cgüh} al gbjl bj |zj al pjv}hcl mhc bg}mlplmgblb lzbgrgyl j} zc



<?:

ngjnfvh nì} bj al }hmgjblb jc al |zj ygyj $lzrýchnh w mhc gkzlaj}hphvrzcgblbj}' w lwzbl l |zj mhnpvjcblc al vjlagblb bj }z} mhnpl.üjvh} }hvbh}#

_lvl jaah palcrjl bgyjv}l} }grzlmghcj} plvl lwzblv l mhnpvjcbjv al}agngrlmghcj} |zj jcmzjcrvlc l bglvgh al} pjv}hcl} }hvbl} w dlmj |zj ja

ezklbhv $cgüh} jcrvj 4 w << lüh}' }j jcvjcrj l jaal} jcmlvcìcbh}j jc japlpja bj ]lvl $al pvhrlkhcg}rl'! |zj lmlfl bj rjcjv zcl djvnlcgrl }hvbl#

Al lyjcrzvl aajyl la cgüh l vjmzpjvlv al ilzrl |zj ]lvl gfl l vjklalv l}z djvnlcl w |zj ja klrh @g`lvluz }j dl aajylbh l Gvjbgl! zc nzcbhlcrì}rgmh! bhcbj mhchmjvì l Lrvln w bja |zj azjkh bjfjvì vjkvj}lv#Ja yglej pjvngrj rlnfgçc l ]lvl $w la ezklbhv' bj}mzfvgv al} bgjvjcrj}pvhpgjblbj} bja }hcgbh w al lzbgmgýc w mýnh ç}rl} ljmrlc l czj}rvlhvnl bj mhnzcgmlvch}#

Ja ezjkh }j dl bj}lvvhaalbh plvl _M w Tfht mhc ja lphwh bj Ngmvh}hrGfçvgml w ja plrvhmgcgh bja Vjla _lrvhclrh }hfvj Bg}mlplmgblb w bj alZcgýc Jzvhpjl w }j bg}rvgfzwj kvlrzgrlnjcrj plvl lnfl} palrlhvnl}#J} plvrj bj al gcgmglrgyl jNj] $ja Nzcbh jc ]gajcmgh'! zcl gcgmglrgyl bj}jc}gfgagulmgýc }hmgla pvhnhygbl w pzj}rl jc nlvmdl phv ja Mjcrvh bjGcchylmgýc Jtpjvgnjcrla bja Mhchmgngjcrh plvl blv l mhchmjv l ah}nì} pj|zjüh} ja nzcbh bj al }hvbjvl#

Gvjbgl ch j} zc ezjkh plvl bg}mlplmgrlbh} pjvh gcrjcrlnh} dlmjv zc ezjkh lmmj}gfaj plvl cgüh} }hvbh}! lpvhyjmdlcbh |zj al dg}rhvgl }jmzjcrl yîl mhcyjv}lmghcj} gc}jvrlbl} jc ja ezjkh# Mhnh plvrj bjabj}lvvhaah! jc zcl l}j rlvbîl bja pvhwjmrh }j aajyý l mlfh zc j}rzbghbj lmmj}gfgagblb mhc ja |zj }j |zjvîl hfrjcjv zcl }jvgj bj pvhpzj}.rl} plvl njehvlv lõc nì} al lmmj}gfgagblb jc ja ezjkh# J}rl} pvhpzj}.

rl} }j mhcyjvrgvîlc jc vjmhnjcblmghcj} l }jkzgv jc ja bj}lvvhaah bjaygbjhezjkh! |zj dl}rl j}j nhnjcrh }j dlfîl kzglbh phv bjmg}ghcj}fl}lbl} jc ja ‑}jcrgbh mhnõc„#



<?9

Ja gchvnj }j palcrjý plvl zc ezjkh |zj wl j}rlfl ml}g rjvngclbh! phvah |zj }j }lfîl |zj l pvghvg }hah }j rjcbvîlc jc mzjcrl al} }hazmgh.cj} bj gnpajnjcrlmgýc nì} ìmga# J}rh dlmj |zj ja gchvnj }jl njch}jtrjc}h w |zj }j palcrjjc nzmdl} njch} }hazmghcj}# ]j dguh çcl}g}jc }hazmghcj} lpagmlfaj} jc j}l l}j bj bj}lvvhaah bja ezjkh#

Mlnfgh} _vghvgrlvgh}

.Mhcrvha bj yjahmgblb bj ezjkh5 Izcmghclagblb wl dlfgagrlbl jc allv|zgrjmrzvl gcrjvcl bja ezjkh! pjvh cjmj}grlfl zc mhcrvha jc janjcõ bj hpmghcj} w pvzjfl} jc pvhzcbgblb wl |zj j}j mhcrvhaljmrl l rhbh jc ja ezjkh! mhc ja vgj}kh bj kjcjvlv czjyh} jvvhvj}#

J} zc jejnpah bj lakh |zj rjcbvîl |zj dlfjv}j rjcgbh jc mzjcrlbj}bj ja pvgcmgpgh $phv }jv bj al lv|zgrjmrzvl gcrjvcl bja nhrhv bj ezjkh'#

. ]zfrîrzah}5 ]j ylahvý |zj rhbl al gchvnlmgýc lzbgrgyl cjmj}lvglplvl ezklv wl j}rlfl vjpvj}jcrlbl rlnfgçc yg}zlanjcrj h njbglcrjrjtrh! phv ah |zj ch jvl cjmj}lvgh plvl hrvh} }hcgbh} bj lnfgjcrj#

.Mhckzvlmgýc bj ah} mhcrvhaj} $}hah plvl Tfht'5 Ch }j pzbgj.vhc gnpajnjcrlv al} vjmhnjcblmghcj} pvghvgrlvgl} w |zj al nlwhvplvrj bj jaal} gnpagmlflc mlnfgh} jc ja nhrhv bj ezjkh h fgjc zcrgjnph(mh}rj ch lfhvblfaj phv ja pvhwjmrh#

Vjmhnjcblmghcj}

.Nhbh bj bgmzarlb ìmga5 Al njehvl }ýah ljmrlvîl l zc õcgmh pzcrhbja ezjkh#

. Gcnzcgblb5 Vjalrgylnjcrj ìmga bj gnpajnjcrlv! dlmgjcbh |zj chljmrl}jc ah} jyjcrh} nlvmlbh} mhnh nzjvrj# ]gc jnflvkh! ja

bg}jüh bja ezjkh vj|zgjvj al jtg}rjcmgl bj j}l} }grzlmghcj} mhnhvjzjvuh bja njmlcg}nh bj lpvjcbgulej#



<?;

. Kvìmh} }gnpagmlbh}5 ]j pjc}lvhc bh} ph}gfaj} }hazmghcj}pjvh cgckzcl }j pzbh gnpajnjcrlv phv pvhfajnl} bj mh}rj bjbj}lvvhaah $gcmvjnjcrh bj al mhnpajegblb w pvzjfl}' h mvjmgngjcrhbja rlnlüh bja jejmzrlfaj#

Mhcmaz}ghcj} Lzc|zj ja lcìag}g} zj bjrlaalbh! gbjcrgmlcbh vj|zjvgngjcrh} bj mln.fgh} pvghvgrlvgh} w ch pvghvgrlvgh}! ch rhbl} al} vjmhnjcblmghcj} }jgnpajnjcrlvhc! bjfgbh la nhnjcrh jc |zj }j aajyý l mlfh ja lcìag}g} wl al mhnpajegblb bja pvhmj}h bj gnpajnjcrlmgýc jc }î ng}nh#

Al} }gkzgjcrj} fzjcl} pvìmrgml} }j pzjbjc jtrvljv bj al jtpjvgjcmglbj Gvjbgl5

. Ja hfejrgyh bjfgjvl bj dlfjv }gbh lclagulv al} mlvlmrjvî}rgml} bjlmmj}gfgagblb wl gnpajnjcrlbl} jc azklv bj pvhphcjv czjyl}! |zjjc al l}j bj bj}lvvhaah jvlc bgîmgaj} bj gcmhvphvlv#

. Dlfvîl |zj dlfjv vjalmghclbh ah} hfejrgyh} bj lmmj}gfgagblb mhcah} pvhpgh} bja ezjkh#

. J}rlfajmjv zc }g}rjnl bj vjyg}ghcj} pjvgýbgml} bja ezjkh plvlylagblv al gnpajnjcrlmgýc w z}h $l rvlyç} bj zc njmlcg}nh bj \L'bj j}l} mlvlmrjvî}rgml}#

. $Jc al l}j bj lcìag}g}' Ylahvlmgýc bj zrgagulv zcl nçrvgml bj allmmj}gfgagblb bja ezjkh bj}bj rhbl} al} pjv}pjmrgyl}#

. $Jc al l}j bj pvhbzmmgýc w ph}rpvhbzmmgýc' Gbjcrgmlv }grzlmgh.cj} mhcmvjrl} bj fah|zjh} h bj larl bj lmmj}gfgagblb }zpzj}rl.njcrj }laylfaj} }g ch }hc bja cõmajh bj al ezklfgagblb#

Jcalmj} bj gcrjvç}

drrp5(({{{#gvjbgl#j}

drrp5(({{{#janzcbhjc}gajcmgh#mhn

http://www.iredia.es/

http://www.elmundoensilencio.com/

http://www.elmundoensilencio.com/

http://www.iredia.es/



<?4

2#=_lzrl} plvl njehvlvja }zfrgrzalbh jcygbjhezjkh}#Mlvnj Nlckgvhc

Kvzph bj gcyj}rgklmgýc Rvlc}njbgl MlrlahcglMjcrvh bj Lmmj}gfgagblb j Gcrjagkjcmgl Lnfgjcrla bj Mlrlazül$MLGLM' Zcgyjv}grlr Lzröchnl bj Flvmjahcldrrp5((mlglm#zlf#mlrmlvnj#nlckgvhcOzlf#mlr

Rvlc}njbgl Mlrlahcgl j} zc kvzph bj gcyj}rgklmgýc zcgyjv}grlvghbj al Zcgyjv}gblb Lzröchnl bj Flvmjahcl! lb}mvgrh la Mjcrvhbj Lmmj}gfgabrlb j Gcrjagkjcmgl Lnfgjcrla bj Mlrlazcwl $MLGLM'

w la Bjplvrlnjcrh bj Rvlbzmmgýc w bj Gcrjvpvjrlmgýc! agbjvlbh phv alBvl# _galv Hvjvh# Rvlc}Njbgl Mlrlahcgl j}rzbgl bgyjv}h} l}pjmrh} bj alrvlbzmmgýc lzbghyg}zla $bhfalej! }zfrgrzalbh! yhgmj hyjv! jrm#' w bj al lmmj.}gfgagblb lzbghyg}zla $}zfrgrzalbh plvl }hvbh}! lzbghbj}mvgpmgýc! }zfrgrz.albh njbglcrj ja vjmhchmgngjcrh bja dlfal'# ]j rvlrl bj zc kvzph mhc.}hagblbh mhc clcmglmgýc bj al Kjcjvlagrlr bj Mlrlazcwl $6??7]KV;??'#

Jc }jrgjnfvj bja lüh 6??7 Rvlc}njbgl Mlrlahcgl lülbgý al lmmj}gfg.agblb jc ygbjhezjkh} l }z} aîcjl} bj gcyj}rgklmgýc kvlmgl} l al hfrjc.mgýc bj zcl fjml ph}rbhmrhvla bj bh} lüh} Fjlrvgz bj _gcý} phv plvrjbj al Bvl# Mlvnjc Nlckgvhc# Bj}bj jcrhcmj} dl j}rlbh gcyj}rgklcbhja j}rlbh bj al mzj}rgýc jc lmmj}gfgagblb l ygbjhezjkh} w nì} j}pj.

mîmlnjcrj al lmmj}gfgagblb plvl ezklbhvj} mhc bgyjv}gblb zcmghclalzbgrgyl#





<?7

J}rl mhcrvgfzmgýc lclagul al} pvìmrgml} bj }zfrgrzalbh dlfg.rzlaj} jc ah} ygbjhezjkh}! bj}rlmlcbh ja jch|zj lb dhm |zj}j }gkzj w al nlal mlagblb bj lakzch} }zfrîrzah}# Fl}ìcbhch}

jc al} chvnl} plvl }zfrgrzalbh jc hrvh} njbgh} lzbghyg}zlaj}! }j pvh.phcjc lakzcl} plzrl} plvl njehvlv al mlagblb bj ah} }zfrîrzah} jc ah}

ygbjhezjkh} w! phv rlcrh! njehvlv }z lmmj}gfgagblb plvl rhbh rgph bj ezklbhvj}! j}pjmglanjcrj l|zjaah} mhc bgyjv}gblb zcmghcla lzbgrgyl#

Gcrvhbzmmgýc

Al gcbz}rvgl bj ah} ygbjhezjkh} }j dl mhcyjvrgbh jc zcl hpmgýc bj hmghpvjjvgbl phv nzmdh} w zc jcýnjch kahfla |zj kjcjvl lczlanjcrjngaahcj} bj jzvh} jc yjcrl}# Lbjnì}! bj}bj al bçmlbl bj 6???! ah}

ezjkh} mlbl yju rgjcjc zc plpja nì} gnphvrlcrj jc czj}rvl} ygbl}bjfgbh la lzkj bj }z} lpagmlmghcj} nì} ‑}jvgl}„! pvgcmgplanjcrj mhccj} jbzmlrgyh} w rjvlpçzrgmh}! w l }z zfgmzgblb! wl |zj j}rìc bg}ph.cgfaj} mlbl yju jc nì} palrlhvnl} $rjaçhch} nýygaj}! ezjkh} hcagcj!vjbj} }hmglaj}! jrm#'#

L njbgbl |zj al rjmchahkîl bj ah} ygbjhezjkh} dl lylculbh! j}rh} dlclznjcrlbh }z mlplmgblb bj lanlmjclngjcrh bj blrh}! l}î mhnh almlagblb bj ah} kvìmh} w al mhnpajegblb bj }z} dg}rhvgl}! dl}rl ja pzcrh|zj ah} ygbjhezjkh} mlbl yju }j l}jnjelc nì} l pjaîmzal} gcrjvlmrgyl}#Jc mhcmvjrh! al rvlc}gmgýc bj MB.VHN l BYB mhnh njbgh bj lanlmj.clngjcrh bj blrh}! |zj rzyh azklv mhc al} mhc}hal} bj }jtrl kjcjvl.mgýc mhnh al _alw]rlrghc 6 h Ngmvh}hr Tfht! pjvngrgý phv pvgnjvl yjugcmazgv bgìahkh} mhc yhmj} dznlcl} jc ah} ygbjhezjkh}! l bgjvjcmglbj ah} mzlbvh} bj rjtrh |zj }j dlfîlc zrgagulbh dl}rl j}j nhnjcrh#

Lmrzlanjcrj nzmdh} ezjkh}! j}pjmglanjcrj ah} bj vha! lmmgýc w lyjc.rzvl! gcmazwjc zc kzgýc gcrjvpvjrlbh phv lmrhvj}! mlcmghcj} w bj yjujc mzlcbh gc}rvzmmghcj} jc lzbgh jc ah} ezjkh}# ]gc jnflvkh! }g j}rh}mhnphcjcrj} bj lzbgh ch }j }zfrgrzalc vjpvj}jcrlc zcl flvvjvl bjlmmj}gfgagblb plvl ah} ezklbhvj} mhc bgyjv}gblb zcmghcla lzbgrgyl!|zgjcj} }j pgjvbjc al gchvnlmgýc |zj }j pvj}jcrl õcgmlnjcrj mhclzbgh! ah |zj ljmrl cjklrgylnjcrj l }z jtpjvgjcmgl bj ezjkh# Lbjnì}!zcl nlwhv lmmj}gfgagblb j} fjcjmgh}l plvl rhbh}! wl |zj l|zjaah}

ezklbhvj} |zj j}rìc ezklcbh jc hrvh gbghnl plvl lpvjcbjvah h l|zj.

aah} |zj bjfgbh l vzgbh} lnfgjcrlaj} z hrvh} nhrgyh} pvjjvjc ezklvmhc ah} }zfrîrzah} lmrgylbh} rlnfgçc }j fjcjmglc bj zcl nlwhv mlag.blb bja }zfrgrzalbh jc ygbjhezjkh}#



<<?

J}rl mhcrvgfzmgýc jtpahvl al} pvìmrgml} lmrzlaj} bj }zfrgrzalbh jc ah} ezjkh}! |zj bj}rlmlc phv }z larl bj j}rlcblvgulmgýc la mhnplvlval}mhc ja }zfrgrzalbh plvl rjajyg}gýc w BYB# ]j vj}larl al cjmj}gblb bjjalfhvlv plzrl} bj }zfrgrzalbh w }j dlmjc lakzcl} pvhpzj}rl} mhc jac bj njehvlv al mlagblb bj ah} }zfrîrzah} jc ygbjhezjkh} w mhcbzmgv l

zcl jtpjvgjcmgl bj ezjkh nì} }lrg}lmrhvgl plvl rhbh rgph bj ezklbh.vj}! }jl mzla }jl }z mlplmgblb lzbgrgyl#

]zfrgrzalbh jc ygbjhezjkh}5 pvìmrgml}lmrzlaj}

J} lmhc}jelfaj palcgmlv al gcmaz}gýc bj }zfrîrzah} bj}bj al l}j bjbj}lvvhaah bja ezjkh! plvl jygrlv rjcjv |zj dlmjv nhbgmlmghcj} ph}rj.

vghvj} la mýbgkh bja ezjkh#Jtg}rjc bh} rgph} bj }zfrîrzah} jc ygbjhezjkh}5 gcrvlagckñî}rgmh}! j} bjmgv!jc ja ng}nh gbghnl |zj al flcbl }hchvl! h gcrjvagckñî}rgmh}! mzlcbh alflcbl }hchvl j}rì jc hrvh gbghnl! dlfgrzlanjcrj ja gckaç}! w }j }zfrgrzall al ajckzl njrl! phv jejnpah! ja j}plüha# Chvnlanjcrj ah} }zfrîrzah} }hchpmghclaj} w bjfjc lmrgylv}j jc ja njcõ bj mhckzvlmgýc bja ezjkh# L bgjvjcmgl bj ah |zj hmzvvj mhc ah} }zfrîrzah} plvl rjajyg}gýc w BYB! jc ah}|zj }j vjmhngjcbl zc mgjvrh kvlbh bj mhcbjc}lmgýc bja njc}lej plvl|zj bç rgjnph l ajjv ja }zfrîrzah! jc ja ml}h bj ah} ygbjhezjkh}! al} jnpvj.}l} pvhpgjrlvgl} bj al} palrlhvnl} jc al} |zj }j pzfagmlvìc ah} ezjkh}!mhnh ]hcw w Ngmvh}hr! jtgkjc |zj ah} }zfrîrzah} }jlc yjvflrgn! j} bjmgv!|zj vjpvhbzumlc plalfvl phv plalfvl ja bgìahkh jc lzbgh# J}rj nçrhbhpvj}jcrl al bj}yjcrlel bj |zj j} ph}gfaj |zj ch bç rgjnph l ajjv rhbh ja}zfrîrzah jc ja ml}h bj }zfrîrzah} alvkh} w mhcrvlygjcj al} plzrl} j}rlfaj.mgbl} bj }zfrgrzalmgýc jc hrvh} njbgh}! |zj vjmhngjcblc mgjvrh kvlbh bjmhcbjc}lmgýc h vjbzmmgýc bja njc}lej plvl |zj bç rgjnph l ajjvah#

Jc mzlcrh la cgyja bj }zfrgrzalbh! dlw ezjkh} |zj õcgmlnjcrj }zfrgrzalc

al} j}mjcl} mgcjnìrgml}! ezjkh} |zj }zfrgrzalc al} j}mjcl} mgcjnìrg.ml} nì} ja bgìahkh |zj rgjcj azklv bzvlcrj ja ezjkh w! phv õargnh! hrvh}|zj }zfrgrzalc rhbh} ah} mhnphcjcrj} mhc lzbgh! gcmazgbh} ah} }hcgbh}lnfgjcrlaj}! al} mlcmghcj} w ah} rzrhvgla} jc lzbgh }g ah} dlw# ]hc lõcphmh} ah} ezjkh} jc ah} |zj }j }zfrgrzalc ah} }hcgbh} lnfgjcrlaj}!l pj}lv bj |zj j}rh} }hc mvzmglaj} plvl lakzch} kçcjvh}! mhnh ah}bj bg}plvh} jc pvgnjvl pjv}hcl $ v}r pjv}hc }dhhrjv '! jc ah} |zj ah}}hcgbh} bj pl}h} h flal} |zj }j lpvhtgnlc pvhphvmghclc la ezklbhvgchvnlmgýc gnphvrlcrj plvl vjlmmghclv w lylculv jc ja ezjkh# Jcrvj

ah} phmh} ezjkh} |zj mhcrgjcjc }zfrîrzah} plvl ah} jjmrh} bj }hcgbh}j jcmzjcrvlc Uhv`5 Kvlcb Gc|zg}grhv $<77;'! Dla.Agj 6 $6??2'! al }jvgj_hvrla $6??;s' w al }jvgj Bvlkhc Lkj $6??7'#



<<<

L pj}lv bj |zj ch dlw }zfrgrzalbh plvl }hvbh} $]_]' jc ygbjhezjkh}!ah} }zfrîrzah} jc j}rj njbgh mhnplvrjc lakzcl} mlvlmrjvî}rgml} mhcj}rj rgph bj }zfrgrzalbh! mhnh ja z}h bj bg}rgcrh} mhahvj} plvl gbjc.rgmlv la dlfalcrj |zj }j z}l jc lakzch} ezjkh}! mhnh J}mlpj vhn

Nhc`jw G}alcb $6???'# Lbjnì}! lakzch} ezjkh} vj}larlc gchvnlmgýc

gnphvrlcrj h pg}rl} plvl ah} ezklbhvj} jc hrvh mhahv! ah |zj lmgagrlal mhnpvjc}gýc bj ah} ezklbhvj} la bj}rlmlv}j ah} jajnjcrh} nì}gnphvrlcrj} bja }zfrîrzah! mhnh jc ah} ezjkh} bj al }jvgj bj vha Igcla

Ilcrl}w $<74;.'#

Jc mzlcrh la rgph bj }zfrîrzah} |zj }j z}lc jc ygbjhezjkh}! lmrzla.njcrj al nlwhvîl bj }zfrîrzah} ch }gkzjc al} plzrl} j}rlfajmgbl} plvlal }zfrgrzalmgýc plvl rjajyg}gýc w BYB# J} vjmzjcrj jcmhcrvlv }zfrîrzah}mhc rvj} aîcjl} h nì}! |zj }j dlc }jknjcrlbh }gc rjcjv jc mzjcrl alzcgblb }jnìcrgml h al ajkgfgagblb# J}rh l njczbh }j bjfj la djmdhbj |zj ja pvhkvlnl plvrj lzrhnìrgmlnjcrj ah} }zfrîrzah} la aajklv lacla bj al aîcjl# Jc j}j ml}h! j} vjmhnjcblfaj |zj ja bj}lvvhaalbhv hja rvlbzmrhv! jc ja ml}h bj ah} ygbjhezjkh} rvlbzmgbh}! vjyg}j al plvrg.mgýc bj ah} }zfrîrzah} w dlkl ah} mlnfgh} |zj mhc}gbjvj cjmj}lvgh}nlczlanjcrj# Lbjnì}! l pj}lv bj |zj jc }zfrgrzalmgýc rvlbgmghcla }jvjmhngjcbl |zj ah} }zfrîrzah} mhcrjcklc jcrvj =; w 2? mlvlmrjvj} phvaîcjl! jc ygbjhezjkh} j}rl mlcrgblb }zjaj }jv nlwhv w ylvglfaj# _hvjejnpah! ah} ezjkh} bj al }jvgj Igcla Ilcrl}w }zjajc rjcjv zcl njbgl bj2: mlvlmrjvj}! ngjcrvl} |zj hrvh} ezjkh}! mhnh Dla Agj 6 $6??2' z}lczcl njbgl bj ;? mlvlmrjvj} phv aîcjl# Jc ja ezjkh plvl _M [hvab} h

Mhcigmr $6??;' }j pzjbjc yjv }zfrîrzah} bj dl}rl <2= mlvlmrjvj}! phvah |zj vj}zarl bgîmga ajjvah} l rgjnph# _lvl phbjv gcmazgv rla mlcrgblb bjmlvlmrjvj} ah} bj}lvvhaalbhvj} rgjcbjc l z}lv zjcrj} nzw pj|zjül}!|zj vj}zarlc bgîmgaj} bj ajjv# Lbjnì}! nzmdh} ezjkh} lmrzlanjcrjj}rìc bg}jülbh} plvl rjajyg}hvj} bj larl bjcgmgýc! phv ah |zj al ajrvlvj}zarl nzw pj|zjül w bgîmga bj ajjv jc rjajyg}hvj} j}rìcblv#

Vjmhnjcblmghcj} plvl ja }zfrgrzalbh jcygbjhezjkh}

L mhcrgczlmgýc pvj}jcrlnh} lakzcl} vjmhnjcblmghcj} plvl njeh.vlv al} pvìmrgml} bj }zfrgrzalbh lmrzlaj} jc ygbjhezjkh}! lzc|zj }jcjmj}grl nì} gcyj}rgklmgýc bj}mvgprgyl w jnpîvgml njbglcrj j}rzbgh}mhc z}zlvgh}! plvl phbjv j}rlfajmjv zcl} plzrl} plvl j}rlcblvgulvw njehvlv al mlagblb bj ah} }zfrîrzah} jc ygbjhezjkh}# Al} pvhpzj}.

rl} }j gc}pgvlc pvgcmgplanjcrj jc al} vjmhnjcblmghcj} j}rlfajmgbl}plvl ja }zfrgrzalbh plvl rjajyg}gýc w BYB $Bîlu Mgcrl} ) Vjnlja! 6??;'!zcl pvhpzj}rl bja bg}jülbhv bj ygbjhezjkh} Klvvjrd Kvgrd} $6??7'!



<<6

al} pvhpzj}rl} bja bg}jülbhv Vgmdlvb Ylc Rha $6??9' plvl jtpvj}lv ja}hcgbh jc ah} ygbjhezjkh} z}lcbh nçrhbh} |zj ylc nì} laaì bj ah}}zfrîrzah} w czj}rvl gcyj}rgklmgýc jc j}rj mlnph dl}rl ja nhnjcrh#

<. ]zfrgrzalv rhbh} ah} jajnjcrh} mhc lzbgh jc ja rjtrh5 bgìahkh}!rzrhvgla} mhc lzbgh! }hcgbh} lnfgjcrlaj}! mlcmghcj}! jrm# Jc ja

ml}h bj ah} }hcgbh} lnfgjcrlaj}! j} ph}gfaj z}lv rlnfgçc lcgnl.mghcj}! phv jejnpah! zc rjaçhch |zj }j nzjyj plvl gcbgmlv |zjj}rì }hclcbh! h gmhch}! mhnh chrl} nz}gmlaj} |zj }j bj}pvjc.bjc bj zc j}rçvjh# Hrvl ph}gfgagblb mhc}g}rj jc zrgagulv hchnlrh.pjwl} j}rgah mýngm |zj bj}mvgflc ja }hcgbh# Rlnfgçc }j pzjbj zrg.agulv ja mhcrvhalbhv plvl pvhphvmghclv jjbflm` bj rgph rìmrga plvll|zjaah} ezklbhvj} |zj ch rjcklc lmmj}h la jjbflm` }hchvh#

6. Zrgagulv zjcrj} ìmgaj} bj ajjv! }gc }jvg! mhnh Rgnj} Cj{

Vhnlc! Djayjrgml! Lvgla! Mlagfvg h Rgvj}gl}#=. _jvngrgv la z}zlvgh lez}rlv ja rlnlüh bj al zjcrj# Bj ch }jvph}gfaj! zrgagulv zjcrj} kvlcbj}! mhc zc nîcgnh bj =6 pîtjaj}! |zjj|zgylaj lpvhtgnlblnjcrj l 62 pzcrh}#

2. L}jkzvlv}j bj |zj ah} }zfrîrzah} pzjbjc ajjv}j fgjc rlcrh jcrjajyg}hvj} bj bjcgmgýc j}rìcblv mhnh bj larl bjcgmgýc#

:. Z}lv zc nìtgnh bj 2: mlvlmrjvj} phv aîcjl#

9. Agngrlv ja cõnjvh bj aîcjl} bj ah} }zfrîrzah} l bh}#

;. _jvngrgv al lmrgylmgýc w bj}lmrgylmgýc bj ah} }zfrîrzah}#

4. Zrgagulv fhrhcj} bgjvjcrj} plvl pl}lv ah} }zfrîrzah} w hrvl}lmmghcj}! plvl jygrlv |zj hrvh} rgph} bj rjtrh lplvjumlc jc plcrl.aal mhc ah} }zfrîrzah}! mhnh hmzvvj jc ja ezjkh Nl}} Jjmr $6??;'#

7. L}jkzvlv}j bj |zj ah} }zfrîrzah} ch lplvjumlc mzlcbh ah} ezklbh.vj} bjfjc mhcmjcrvlv}j jc hrvl} lmmghcj}! ah |zj aj} bgmzarl }z ajm.rzvl! mhnh jc ja ezjkh L}}l}}gc‗} Mvjjb GG $6??7'! jc ja |zj jc al plvrjbj jcrvjclngjcrh jc al |zj Jguh j}rì azmdlcbh! }z rîh aj pvhphvmghclgchvnlmgýc gnphvrlcrj plvl pvhkvj}lv jc ja ezjkh# ]gc jnflvkh!mhnh ja ezklbhv bjfj azmdlv ch pzjbj mhcmjcrvlv}j jc ah} }zfrîrzah}#

<?. _jvngrgv |zj ja ezklbhv pzjbl pl}lv ah} }zfrîrzah} nlczla.njcrj! lpvjrlcbh zc fhrýc mzlcbh ah dlwl ajîbh mhnpajrlnjcrj#

<<. _vj}jcrlv ah} }zfrîrzah} jc zcl mlel h mhc zc hcbh |zj pjv.ngrl ajjvah} fgjc w bgjvjcmglvah} bja vj}rh bj al plcrlaal! phv jejn.pah jc zcl mlel cjkvl w mhc ah} }zfrîrzah} bj mhahv falcmh! bjhvnl |zj dlwl zc fzjc mhcrvl}rj jcrvj ah} }zfrîrzah} w ja hcbh#

]gc jnflvkh! dlw |zj l}jkzvlv}j rlnfgçc bj |zj ah} }zfrîrzah}gcrjvjvlc ah nîcgnh mhc ja vj}rh bj al plcrlaal w |zj ch hf}rvzwlchrvh} jajnjcrh}#



<<=

<6. Zrgagulv jrg|zjrl} mhc ja chnfvj bj ah} pjv}hclej} plvl lmgagrlv}z gbjcrgmlmgýc#

<=. Zrgagulv bgjvjcrj} mhahvj} plvl gbjcrgmlv l ah} bg}rgcrh}pjv}hclej}#

<2. Vj}larlv al gchvnlmgýc gnphvrlcrj jc hrvh} mhahvj}#

<:. ]gcmvhcgulv ah} }zfrîrzah} mhc al gnlkjc w ja lzbgh#

<9. L}jkzvl}j bj |zj ah} }zfrîrzah} }jlc mhvvjmrh} w ch dlwljvvhvj} kvlnlrgmlaj} cg hvrhrgphkvìmh}#

<;. Rjcjv jc mzjcrl ja }jcrgbh w al zcgblb }jnìcrgml la vlknjcrlvah} }zfrîrzah}#

Al} plzrl} l|zî pvhpzj}rl} mhc}rgrzwjc zc pvgnjv pl}h plvl njehvlv almlagblb bj ah} }zfrîrzah} jc ah} ygbjhezjkh}! pjvh }j cjmj}grl nì} gcyj}.

rgklmgýc bj mlvìmrjv jnpîvgmh plvl mhcvnlv |zç rgph bj }zfrîrzah} lmgag.rlc al ajmrzvl w al mhnpvjc}gýc bj ah} ygbjhezjkh} phv plvrj bj rhbh rgphbj ezklbhvj}! mhc h }gc bgyjv}gblb zcmghcla lzbgrgyl# Jc j}rh} nhnjcrh}al lzrhvl j}rì vjlagulcbh zc j}rzbgh bj vjmjpmgýc bj }zfrîrzah} njbglcrjmzj}rghclvgh} w rjmchahkîl bj }jkzgngjcrh hmzalv! |zj vjmhkj gchvnlmgýchfejrgyl }hfvj ja pvhmj}h bj yg}ghclbh bja ezjkh! ah} pzcrh} bj al plcrlaal|zj ah} ezklbhvj} hf}jvylc! ja rgjnph |zj bjbgmlc l ajjv ah} }zfrîrzah}!jrm# Bgmdh j}rzbgh pjvngrgvì jc zc zrzvh mjvmlch bg}phcjv bj nì} gchv.nlmgýc }hfvj al mlagblb w al vjmjpmgýc bj ah} }zfrîrzah} bj ygbjhezjkh}!

mhc ja c bj pvhphvmghclv nì} plzrl} h vjyg}lv al} l|zî pvhpzj}rl} }g zjvlcjmj}lvgh! plvl bj}lvvhaalv zcl chvnl bj }zfrgrzalbh jc ygbjhezjkh} |zj}gvyl bj nlvmh bj vjjvjcmgl l ah} bj}lvvhaalbhvj} bj ygbjhezjkh} w njehvjal mlagblb bj ah} }zfrîrzah} w! phv jcbj! al lmmj}gfgagblb jc ygbjhezjkh}#

Fgfaghkvlîl

Bîlu Mgcrl}! E# ) Vjnlja! L# $6??;' Lzbghyg}zla Rvlc}alrghc5 ]zfrgragck#Nlcmdj}rjv5 ]r# Ejvhnj#

Kvgrd}! K# $6??7' ‑]zfrgraj}5 Gcmvjl}gck Klnj Lmmj}}gfgagrw!Mhnpvjdjc}ghc„# Klnl}zrvl#Jc5 drrp5(({{{#klnl}zrvl#mhn(ygj{(jlrzvj(=766(}zfrgraj}Xgcmvjl.}gckXklnjX#pdp$Mhc}zarlbh 6=#?4# <<'

Ylc Rha! V# $6??9' ‑Rdj ]hzcb Larjvclrgyj‗ gc Klnj Lmmj}}gfgagrw„#Jc5 drrp5(({{{#lmmj}}gfgagrw#ca(klnj}(gcbjt#pdp8plkjaj>}hzcblarjvclrgyj#$Mhc}zarlbh 6=#?4# <<'

http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/3922/subtitles_increasing_game_.php



http://www.accessibility.nl/games/index.php?pagefile=soundalternative

http://www.accessibility.nl/games/index.php?pagefile=soundalternative




<<2

2#2_lzrl} rçmcgml} plvl jabj}lvvhaah bj ygbjhezjkh}lmmj}gfaj} plvl

bg}mlplmgblb yg}zla#Azg} _lahnlvj} w Jajcl Mlch

HCMJ.MGBLR$Hvklcgulmgýc Clmghcla bj Mgjkh} J}plühaj}.Mjcrvhbj Gcyj}rgklmgýc! Bj}lvvhaah w Lpagmlmgýc rgihrçmcgml'{{{#hcmj#j}(mgblrapcOhcmj#j}jmlvOhcmj#j}

Ja MGBLR j} ja ìvjl bj al HCMJ mzwh hfejrgyhj} pvhmzvlv l }z} laglbh} ah} njbgh} rçmcgmh}

cjmj}lvgh} plvl }z bj}lvvhaah kahfla alfhvla!jbzmlrgyl w }hmglanjcrj gcrjkvlbh}#

http://www.once.es/cidat

http://www.once.es/cidat



<<:

Jc al pvj}jcrj mhalfhvlmgýc }j vjmhkjc plzrl} bj mlvìmrjvrçmcgmh |zj ah} bj}lvvhaalbhvj} bja }jmrhv bj ah} ygbjhezjkh}bjfjvìc rjcjv jc mzjcrl l al dhvl bj rvlflelv jc al lmmj}gfgag.

blb bj }z} pvhbzmrh} plvl |zj ç}rh} pzjblc }jv zrgagulbh} phv pjv}h.cl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb yg}zla#

Jc czj}rvl }hmgjblb lmrzla! j} zcl vjlagblb |zj ah} ygbjhezjkh} }hczc jajnjcrh bj hmgh zcblnjcrla bja |zj |zjblvìc jtmazgbl} pjv.}hcl} mhc bgjvjcrj} bg}mlplmgblbj} }g ch }j rgjcjc pvj}jcrj} lakz.cl} plzrl} rçmcgml} j}pjmîml} l al dhvl bj lfhvblv ah} bj}lvvhaah}#

Bj}bj ja mlnph bj lmmgýc bj HCMJ! }j jcznjvlc l mhcrgczlmgýc zcl}vjmhnjcblmghcj} rçmcgml} fì}gml} plvl ahkvlv al lmmj}gfgagblb jc ah}ygbjhezjkh} mhc al clagblb bj |zj z}zlvgh} mgjkh} pzjblc bg}vzrlvbj jaah}5

<# Al gc}rlalmgýc bja ygbjhezjkh bjfj }jv lmmj}gfaj! mznpagjcbh al}ng}nl} plzrl} bj lmmj}gfgagblb bj mzla|zgjv hrvh pvhkvlnl $|zj }jpzjbl nhyjv ja hmh mhc mhnlcbh} bj rjmalbh! bg}phcjv bj lmmj}h lmzlbvh} bj rjtrh! rjmal} vìpgbl} plvl lmrgylv fhrhcj}!…'

6# Rhbl gchvnlmgýc |zj lplvjuml j}mvgrl jc al plcrlaal al bjfj ajjv zcvjyg}hv bj plcrlaal h fgjc bjfj j}mzmdlv}j l rvlyç} bj al }îcrj}g} bjyhu h kvlflmgýc |zj gcmazwl ja ygbjhezjkh# Lbjnì}! al gchvnlmgýc jcplcrlaal bjfj pvj}jcrlv}j rjcgjcbh jc mzjcrl vjmhnjcblmghcj} plvlflel yg}gýc vjalrgyl} la mhcrvl}rj w rlnlüh bj al} zjcrj} zrgagulbl} jcja ezjkh#

Hrvh l}pjmrh l rjcjv jc mzjcrl j} mýnh yl l hfrjcjv ja z}zlvgh mgjkhj}l gchvnlmgýc |zj lplvjmj jc plcrlaal5

l# Njbglcrj vjyg}hv bj plcrlaal w! }g j} l}î5g# Jc rhbh ja ezjkh# ]g }j rvlrl bj zc ezjkh mhcyjv}lmghcla!j}rlnh} lcrj zc malvh jejnpah bj |zj }j pzjbj zrgagulv zcvjyg}hv bj plcrlaal plvl rhbh ja ezjkh# Ah} }hcgbh} }j zrgag.ulvîlc jc j}rj ml}h! õcgmlnjcrj l nhbh bj lnfgjcrlmgýc#Jc ja ml}h bj |zj ah} ezjkh} ch }jlc mhcyjv}lmghclaj}! }jpzjbj zrgagulv ja vjyg}hv bj plcrlaal plvl hfrjcjv gchvnlmgýcvjalrgyl la j}rlbh h pvhkvj}h bja ezjkh! ngjcrvl} |zj ja lzbgh}j zrgagulvì plvl al lmmgýc jc }î# Jc ja ml}h bj zc ezjkh bj

mlvvjvl} bj mhmdj}! phv jejnpah! }j phbvîl zrgagulv ja vjyg}hvplvl j}mzmdlv l |zç yjahmgblb yl ja mhmdj! pjvh zc vzgbh bjnhrhv! gcbgmlvì jc |zç bgvjmmgýc yl ja lzrhnýyga#



<<9

gg# Jc plvrj! phv jejnpah }halnjcrj jc ah} njcõ}# Jc j}rj ml}hja pvhpgh ezjkh bjfjvì bj}lmrgylv h bjelv jc nhbh alrjcrj javjyg}hv bj plcrlaal mzlcbh }j j}rç jejmzrlcbh al lmmgýc#

f# Njbglcrj }îcrj}g} bj yhu h kvlflmgýc bj yhmj} dznlcl}# J}bjmgv! j}rlvjnh} lcrj ah |zj }j aalnl zcl lpagmlmgýc bgvgkgbl# L|zî

zcl yhu gnpajnjcrlbl jc ja pvhpgh ezjkh ajjvì rhbl} al} hpmghcj}bja ng}nh# L al dhvl bj ezklv! al gchvnlmgýc vjalrgyl la pvhkvj}hh j}rlbh bja ezjkh al pvhphvmghclvì ja pvhpgh ezjkh njbglcrj yhujc h h zrgagulcbh lakzch bj ah} pjv}hclej}# Yhaygjcbh la jejnpahzrgagulbh lcrjvghvnjcrj bj ah} mhmdj}! al gchvnlmgýc lmjvml bj alyjahmgblb al phbvîl pvhphvmghclv ja gckjcgjvh bj pg}rl h ja mhpgahrh#W al pvhpgl lmmgýc }j bj}lvvhaalvì zrgagulcbh lzbgh |zj hvgjcrl laz}zlvgh jc ah |zj rgjcj |zj dlmjv# J}rj rgph bj ezjkh} }î |zj }jphbvîl gcrjkvlv jc hrvh} }g}rjnl} hpjvlrgyh} $mhc}hal}'! wl |zj allmmj}gfgagblb j}rì gnpajnjcrlbl jc ja pvhpgh ezjkh#Hrvh jejnpah bj zc ezjkh bj j}rj rgph }jvîl ja ygbjhezjkh ‑Hclj!al lyjcrzvl bj Uhj„ bj}lvvhaalbl phv Yjmlcg jc mhalfhvlmgýc mhcczj}rvl jcrgblb! jc ja |zj ja z}zlvgh pzjbj vjlagulv zcl }jvgj bjngcgezjkh} mhc bg}rgcrh} cgyjaj} bj bgmzarlb kvlmgl} la z}h bjbgjvjcrj} }hcgbh} gcmhvphvlbh} jc al lpagmlmgýc dlmgjcbh z}h bjal rjmchahkîl :#<# Jc al gnlkjc |zj }j nzj}rvl l mhcrgczlmgýc }jpzjbj yjv mýnh al pvhrjkhcg}rl bja ezjkh! Uhj! yl l pl}lv bj zcl

mzjyl l hrvl0 ja z}zlvgh mgjkh kzîl la pjv}hclej }gkzgjcbh al bgvjm.mgýc bj al mhvvgjcrj bja lgvj |zj }j j}mzmdl#



<<;

Lbjnì} bj }jkzgv j}rl} plzrl} rçmcgml} |zj jc pvgcmgpgh! ch}hc cg rlc mlvl} cg mhnpagmlbl} bj aajylv l mlfh mhnh }j pzjblpjc}lv! dlw |zj rjcjv jc mzjcrl! w j}rh j} mhnõc l rhbh} ah}z}zlvgh} rjcklc lakzcl agngrlmgýc h ch! |zj jtg}rj zcl bgmzarlblülbgbl |zj dlw |zj }laylv l al dhvl bj bj}lvvhaalv ygbjhezjkh}

lmmj}gfaj}5 mhc}jkzgv zcl fzjcl }gcmvhcgulmgýc jcrvj ja lzbgh wja yîbjh! jc ja }jcrgbh bj |zj lbjnì} bj ahkvlv hfrjcjv al ng}nlgchvnlmgýc l rvlyç} bj lnfh} mlclaj}! rhbh jaah vj}zarj lrvlmrgyhrlcrh plvl ezklbhvj} |zj rjcklc bg}mlplmgblb yg}zla mhnh plvll|zjaah} |zj ch al rjcklc# _hv jejnpah! dlw ezjkh} bj lmmgýc nzwlrvlmrgyh} plvl pjv}hcl} mgjkl} pjvh |zj pzjbjc vj}zarlv ajcrh}plvl pjv}hcl} |zj yjc0 plvl jygrlv j}rl }grzlmgýc! dlw ml}h} jcah} |zj }j |zgrlc rhbl} al} gnìkjcj}#

]gc bzbl! phv rlcrh! dlw |zj bj}lvvhaalv ah} ygbjhezjkh} bj hvnl lmmj.}gfaj bj}bj ja pvgcmgpgh pjvh }gc haygblv al nhrgylmgýc plvl ja ezjkh! chmlwjcbh jc mvjlv pvhbzmrh} lmmj}gfaj} pjvh |zj mlvjumlc bj gcrjvç}plvl ja z}zlvgh cla rjckl ç}rj ja pjva |zj rjckl# _lvl jaah! pvhj}gh.claj} bj bgjvjcrj} mlnph}! z}zlvgh} claj}! bj}lvvhaalbhvj}! p}gmýah.kh}! }hmgýahkh}! jnpvj}l} mhnjvmglaj} rjcbvìc |zj mhalfhvlv j}rvj.mdlnjcrj plvl ahkvlv ygbjhezjkh} bj mlagblb plvl ja nìtgnh cõnjvhbj z}zlvgh} ph}gfaj#

Jcalmj} bj gcrjvç}

{{{#fagcb}hr{lvj#mhn

{{{#knlklnj}#mhn

{{{#lzbghezjkh}#cjr

http://www.blindsoftware.com/

http://www.gmagames.com/

http://www.audiojuegos.net/


http://www.gmagames.com/

http://www.blindsoftware.com/



<<4

2#:Bj}mzfvgv l Ehlc Ngvý lrvlyç} bja lzbghezjkh#Njvgrtjaa Lwnjvgmd w Nýcgml ]zvî}

MhnLmmj}}! Mhnzcgmlmgýc Lmmj}gfaj{{{#mhnlmmj}}#j}nlwnjvgmdOmhnlmmj}}#j}

MhnLmmj}} j} zcl jnpvj}l bj l}j}hvîl w }jv.

ygmgh} bj lmmj}gfgagblb mzarzvla! |zj rvlflel jcvjb mhc hrvl} jnpvj}l} j}pjmglagulbl}! mhc.

rlcbh mhc al plvrgmgplmgýc bj ah} bj}rgclrlvgh}#

http://www.comaccess.es/

http://www.comaccess.es/



<<7

_alw Ngvý j} zc pvhwjmrh hcagcj bj al Izcblmgý Ehlc Ngvýbj Flvmjahcl }hfvj al kzvl w hfvl bja lvrg}rl# Mzjcrl mhcrvjgcrl lmrgygblbj} gcrjvlmrgyl} jcrvj al} mzlaj} }j jcmzjcrvlc

rvj} lzbghezjkh} lmmj}gfaj} plvl z}zlvgh} mhc bg}mlplmgblb yg}zla!pjvh gcrjvj}lcrj} plvl rhbh}# Ja }hcgbh j} }z jej yjvrjfvlbhv5 jjmrh}

}hchvh} w hpmghcj} ahmzrlbl} pjvngrjc hf}jvylv! gcrjvlmrzlv w mvjlv ezklcbh#

¸\zç j} _alw Ngvý8

_alw Ngvý $ drrp5((zcblmghngvh.fmc#hvk(palwngvh#pdp ' j} zc pvhwjmrh

hcagcj agfvj w kvlrzgrh bj al Izcblmgý Ehlc Ngvý bj Flvmjahcl# ]j rvlrlbj zc mhcezcrh bj mhcrjcgbh} gcrjvlmrgyh} jc mzlrvh gbghnl} $ml}rj.aalch! mlrlaìc! vlcmç} j gckaç}'! }hfvj al kzvl w al hfvl bj Ehlc Ngvý#J}rì fl}lbh jc zcl lv|zgrjmrzvl nhbzalv! mhc rvj} aîcjl} bj lpvhtgnl.mgýc! l al yju gcbjpjcbgjcrj} w mhnpajnjcrlvgl}5 Yîbjh}! Lmrgygblbj}w Jtpahvlmgýc#

Bj}bj ja pvgnjv nhnjcrh! ja pvhwjmrh dl rjcgbh jc mzjcrl zcl bgyjv.}gblb bj z}zlvgh} $gcbgygbzla! lngaglv! j}mhalv'! mhc gc|zgjrzbj}! gcrj.vj}j} h cjmj}gblbj} jbzmlrgyl} mhcmvjrl}# Rlnfgçc }j dlc mhcrjn.

palbh al} dlfgagblbj} p}gmhnhrvgmj} agngrlbl} bj ah} pvgnjvh} lüh} wah} vjmzv}h} la lamlcmj bj al} pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblbj} yg}zlaj} wlzbgrgyl}# _hv jejnpah! }j dlc }zfrgrzalbh ah} yîbjh} w al} lmrgygblbj}plvl l}jkzvlv }z lmmj}gfgagblb l pjv}hcl} }hvbl}! w ah} mhcrjcgbh}lzbgh bj ah} yîbjh} mzjcrlc mhc zc kzgýc mhdjvjcrj phv }î }ýah plvl }zmhnpvjc}gýc phv plvrj bj pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb yg}zla#

Ezcrh mhc ja j|zgph bj al Izcblmgý! FMCnzargnjbgl dl rvlflelbh jabj}lvvhaah rçmcgmh j gcrjvlmrgyh! al Izcblmgý Mhaa}jvhal ah} mhcrjcgbh}

pjblkýkgmh}! w MhnLmmj}} al lmmj}gfgagblb#J}rj pvhwjmrh dl mhcrlbh mhc al lwzbl bja _alc Lylcul bja Ngcg}rjvghbj Gcbz}rvgl! Mhnjvmgh w Rzvg}nh bj J}plül! |zj j} mhcmjbgbh l pvh.wjmrh} bj}rgclbh} l pvhnhyjv ja z}h w ja bj}lvvhaah bj al} rjmchahkîl}!lpagmlmghcj}! }jvygmgh} w mhcrjcgbh} plvl al ]hmgjblb bj al Gchvnlmgýc#

¸Mhcrjcgbh} gcrjvlmrgyh} lmmj}gfaj}8 ah}lzbghezjkh}

Ah} mhcrjcgbh} jbzmlrgyh} }hc plvl rhbh rgph bj põfagmh}! j}pjmgla.njcrj cgüh} w eýyjcj}# Mzjcrlc mhc =? lmrgygblbj} gcrjvlmrgyl} jc 6

http://fundaciomiro-bcn.org/playmiro.php

http://fundaciomiro-bcn.org/playmiro.php



<6?

l}j}! jcrvj al} mzlaj} = lzbghezjkh} lmmj}gfaj} plvl z}zlvgh} mhc bg}.mlplmgblb yg}zla! pjvh gcrjvj}lcrj} plvl rhbh}# Ja }hcgbh j} }z jejyjvrjfvlbhv5 jjmrh} }hchvh} w hpmghcj} ahmzrlbl} pjvngrjc hf}jvylv!gcrjvlmrzlv w mvjlv ezklcbh#

]hc lzbghezjkh} lmmj}gfaj} |zj vhnpjc al flvvjvl |zj }jplvl lvrj

w bg}mlplmgblb yg}zla# Zcl l}j bj hf}jvylmgýc plvl mhnpvjcbjv alhfvl bja lvrg}rl! w hrvl plvl phrjcmglv al mvjlrgygblb bja z}zlvgh! j} zcj}|zjnl yìagbh plvl ygbjcrj} j gcygbjcrj}# Lbjnì}! lülbj hrvh} ylah.vj} mhnh al gcrjkvlmgýc jc ja ezjkh w ja bg}jüh zcgyjv}la#

¸Jc |zç mhc}g}rjc ah} lzbghezjkh}8

Lcrj rhbh! j}rìc pjc}lbh} plvl rhbh ja nzcbh! gcmazgbh} ah} z}zlvgh}

mhc bg}mlplmgblb yg}zla w ah} gcrjvj}lbh} jc ah} ezjkh} l rvlyç} bja}hcgbh# Ja lmmj}h }j vjlagul l rvlyç} bja phvrla bj al Izcblmgý EhlcNgvý bj Flvmjahcl $ drrp5((zcblmghngvh.fmc#hvk ' w }jajmmghclcbh jajcalmj _alw Ngvý# L mhcrgczlmgýc! bjfj pza}lv ja fhrýc ‑lmmj}gfgagblb„!jrg|zjrlbh mhvvjmrlnjcrj plvl |zj ah} pvhkvlnl} vjyg}hvj} bj plcrl.aal ah bjrjmrjc lzc }gjcbh zc mhnphcjcrj Ial}d#

L plvrgv bj ldî! jcmzjcrvl zc njcõ gkzlanjcrj bg}jülbh jc Ial}d wfhrhcj} lmmj}gfaj} mhc mzlrvh hpmghcj}5

» Mzlbvh} |zj }zjclc» Rlaajv bj }hcgbh}» Lkjcbl bglvgl» Yîbjh}

Ç}rl õargnl! Yîbjh}! }larl l hrvh njcõ jc Ial}d mhc =: hpmghcj} bjyîbjh! plvl mhnpajnjcrlv ja lpvjcbgulej }hfvj ja lvrg}rl#

Jc mlnfgh! al} hrvl} rvj}! }hc al} jcrvlbl} l ah} lzbghezjkh}! mhc rvj}cgyjaj} bj bgmzarlb! bj njchv l nlwhv vj}pjmrgylnjcrj# La lmmjbjv lal} pvhpzj}rl} bj ezjkh! plvl jygrlv gcmhnplrgfgagblbj} mhc al ahmzmgýcbj ah} ng}nh}! ja z}zlvgh bjfj bj}lmrgylv ja mzv}hv ygvrzla bja vjyg}hvbj plcrlaal! }g ah j}rì z}lcbh# L plvrgv bj ldî! zcl yhu ahmzrlbl kzîlla z}zlvgh! gcbgmìcbhaj mýnh gcrjvlmrzlv }gc z}lv ja vlrýc! }halnjcrjzrgagulcbh ja rjmalbh! lyhvjmgjcbh l}î ja ezjkh! rlcrh l pjv}hcl} mhcbg}mlplmgblb yg}zla! mhnh mhc bg}mlplmgblb nhrvgu jc al} nlch}#

Ja z}h bj yhu ahmzrlbl! pjvngrj rlnfgçc ja lmmj}h l cgüh} bjnl}glbhpj|zjüh} plvl al ajmrzvl! l ah} |zj lõc ch dlc lb|zgvgbh bj}rvjul}gchvnìrgml} mhc ja vjyg}hv bj plcrlaal! l ah} |zj ch rgjcjc gc}rlalbh

zc }hr{lvj ajmrhv bj plcrlaal… jc bjcgrgyl! plvl |zj rhbh} pzjblc ezklv jc gkzlablb bj mhcbgmghcj}#

http://fundaciomiro-bcn.org/

http://fundaciomiro-bcn.org/



<6<

_hv hrvh albh! jc rhbl al j}rvzmrzvl bj ah} lzbghezjkh}! }j dlc bjrjv.ngclbh rjmal} vìpgbl} |zj pjvngrjc la ezklbhv yhayjv la njcõ pvgcmgpla$J}mlpj'! pl}lv l al l}j }gkzgjcrj bja ezjkh h l al lcrjvghv $rjmal} bjlylcmj w vjrvhmj}h bj pìkgcl'! jcrvj hrvl}# Rhbl} jaal} }j ylc vjmhv.blcbh jc al} gc}rvzmmghcj} bja gcgmgh bj mlbl l}j bj ezjkh#

Mzlbvh} |zj }zjclc# Lmrgygblb bj cgyja <

]j rvlrl bj al hpmgýc bj ezjkh nì} }jcmgaal! lbjmzlbl plvl cgüh} lplvrgv bj 2 lüh} pjvh yìagbl rlnfgçc plvl lbhaj}mjcrj} h lbzarh}# Lajcrvlv! rjcjnh} rvj} hpmghcj}! gbjcrgmlbl} phv rvj} }hcgbh}5 ja mlcrhbj zc klaah! zc bg}plvh w al} chrl} bj zc alõb# Jc vjlagblb! vjpvj}jcrlcrvj} mzlbvh} bj Ngvý5 Al nl}îl! _lg}lej mlrlaìc $Ja mlulbhv' j Gcrjvghv

dhalcbç} G! hfvl} jalfhvlbl}! mhc lfzcblcrj} jajnjcrh} w zcl jejmz.mgýc ngczmgh}l# Ch} nhyjnh} mhc al} ijmdl} w }jajmmghclnh} mhcal rjmal ‑jcrjv„# Bj}pzç} bj j}mhkjv zcl bj al} rvj} hfvl}! gcgmglnh}zcl jtpahvlmgýc |zj ch} yl bj}mzfvgjcbh lakzch} bj }z} jajnjcrh}}hchvh}# _hv jejnpah! jc ja ml}h bj Al nl}îl! jcmhcrvlvjnh} }hcgbh}bj lcgnlaj}! lkzl! pl}h}! jrm# Al lmrgygblb mhcmazwj mzlcbh }j dlcahmlagulbh rhbh} ah} jajnjcrh}#

Ja bj}palulngjcrh phv ja mzlbvh }j dlmj mhc al} ijmdl} bja rjmalbh#Mzlcbh }j pl}l phv jcmgnl bj zc jajnjcrh! al plvrj jc mzj}rgýc bja

mzlbvh }j yg}zlagul w lmrgyl zc }hcgbh vjla l}hmglbh# Mzlcbh ja z}zlvghrhpl mhc ah} nìvkjcj} alrjvlaj}! }zpjvghv h gcjvghv bj al pgcrzvl! zc}hcgbh bj jvvhv aj gcbgml |zj l plvrgv bj laaî ch dlw clbl nì}#

Ja ezklbhv bjfj pjc}lv dlmgl bhcbj }j dl gbh nhygjcbh lcrjvghvnjcrjplvl dlaalv ah} mhnphcjcrj} vj}rlcrj}# _lvl lcgnlvaj l mhcrgczlv! }j ajlyg}lvì mzlcbh aj larjc rvj} phv bj}mzfvgv w mzlcbh aj larj zch#

Jc al }jkzcbl l}j! nì} mvjlrgyl! }j vjlagul zcl mhnph}gmgýc }hchvl#]j bg}phcj bj zcl fgfaghrjml bj }hcgbh} mal}gmlbh} jc rvj} mlvpjrl}

rjnìrgml} $Clrzvlajul! Nì|zgcl w Lmmghcj}' plvl mhnfgclv agfvjnjcrj#]jajmmghclnh} al mlvpjrl mhc ja ‑jcrjv„# Mlbl zcl mzjcrl mhc bhmj}hcgbh} |zj }j j}mzmdlc pl}jìcbh}j mhc al} rjmal} w }jajmmghclcbhmhc ja ‑jcrjv„# _lvl mjvvlv al mlvpjrl! dlw zcl hpmgýc ‑yhayjv„ jc janjcõ |zj }j }jajmmghcl bj al ng}nl hvnl# ]j pzjbj j}mzmdlv almhnph}gmgýc mvjlbl mhc al rjmal ‑mhcrvha„ w fhvvlval mhc ‑}zpvgngv„# Allmrgygblb j} gccgrl w }j lmlfl mzlcbh ah bjmgbj ja z}zlvgh#



<66

Rlaajv bj }hcgbh}# Lmrgygblb bj cgyja 6

Al lmrgygblb! lbjmzlbl plvl cgüh} l plvrgv bj 4 lüh}! jnpgjul }grzlcbhla ezklbhv jc ja rlaajv bj rvlfleh bj Ngvý# Bjfj jajkgv zcl hfvl bj rvj}5Mlfjul! Nlwh <794 h Flehvvjagjyj# Bgmdl} hfvl} mhvvj}phcbjc l rvj}

rçmcgml} bg}rgcrl}5 hfvl }hfvj plpja! pgcrzvl }hfvj rjal w j}mzarzvl bjfvhcmj#

Zcl yju }jajmmghclbl al hfvl! al} gc}rvzmmghcj} gcbgmlc la ezklbhv |zjbjfj vjalmghclv }hcgbh} mhc rçmcgml}# Ja ezjkh pvhphcj zcl nzj}rvl}hchvl! jcrhcmj} dlw |zj }jajmmghclv lakzcl bj al} rçmcgml} pvhpzj}.rl} nhygçcbh}j mhc al} rjmal} w ylagblv mhc ‑jcrjv„# Ah} }hcgbh} }jmhvvj}phcbjc mhc ah} nlrjvglaj} zrgagulbh} h mhc al lmmgýc vjlagulbl#_hv jejnpah! vl}klv plpja! agnpglv ah} pgcmjaj}! bgfzelv mhc mlvfhcmgaah!

malylv malyh}!… Zc czjyh }hcgbh gcbgmlvì ja lmgjvrh h jvvhv jc al l}h.mglmgýc# Zcl yju l}hmglbh} ah} }gjrj }hcgbh} bj al hfvl! zcl lzbghbj}.mvgpmgýc al jtpagml jc bjrlaaj#

Al }jkzcbl l}j pvhphcj dlmjv zcl mhnph}gmgýc nz}gmla h lnfgjc.rla z}lcbh ja rjmalbh l nhbh bj pglch# Al} rjmal}! |zj }zjclc mhnhlakzcl} bj al} nzj}rvl} }hchvl} lcrjvghvj}! }jvìc ah} cõnjvh} bjazch la czjyj bj jcmgnl bj al} ajrvl} bja rjmalbh# _za}ìcbhal }j j}mz.mdl mýnh }zjcl mlbl rjmal! }j pzjbj kvlflv mhc ‑jcrjv„ w j}mzmdlvja vj}zarlbh bj al mhnph}gmgýc mhc ‑mhcrvha„# _lvl yhayjv l jnpjulv!

‑j}mlpj„ ch} bjyzjayj la njcõ pvgcmgpla# Al lmrgygblb j} gccgrl w }jlmlfl mzlcbh ah bjmgbj ja z}zlvgh#

Lkjcbl bglvgl# Lmrgygblb bj cgyja =

J}rl j} al lmrgygblb bj nlwhv bgmzarlb! lbjmzlbl l plvrgv bj <6 lüh}#Jc al pvgnjvl l}j }j bjfj j}mzmdlv w vjmhvblv al bg}rvgfzmgýc bj zcl

ehvclbl hvbgclvgl bj Ngvý# Mhc }z} pvhpgl} plalfvl}! Ngvý jtphcj! bj

hvnl phvnjchvgulbl! ja dhvlvgh w al} lmrgygblbj} |zj vjlagul mlbl bîl#Bj}pzç}! ja ezklbhv bjfj vjmhc}rvzgv al lkjcbl bj njnhvgl! hvbj.clcbh pj|zjül} nzj}rvl} bj }hcgbh} vjalmghclbh} mhc al} lmmghcj}njcmghclbl}# L}î! phv jejnpah! }zjcl al lmmgýc bj pgcrlv! zc bj}pjv.rlbhv! zcl mljrjvl! vhc|zgbh} h nõ}gml |zj bjfj hvbjclv mvhchaýkg.mlnjcrj# ]g }j j|zgyhml! bjfj jnpjulv bj czjyh dl}rl |zj mhc}gklja bîl }hchvh mhvvjmrh#

Bj j}rl hvnl! }j pvjrjcbj blv l mhchmjv al njrgmzah}gblb bj Ngvý lal dhvl bj rvlflelv w bj hvklcgulv}j! l}î mhnh jcrjcbjv zc phmh nì}

}z pjv}hclagblb#



<6=

Al }jkzcbl l}j mhc}g}rj jc mhcjmmghclv zcl lkjcbl pjv}hcla }jnl.cla l fl}j bj }hcgbh} |zj ch} pzjblc }zkjvgv mh}l} |zj dlmjv# ]jpvj}jcrlc bh} }zfnjcõ}5 zch bj ah} bîl} bj al }jnlcl w hrvh bj mlv.pjrl} rjnìrgml} bj }hcgbh} |zj gcmazwjc! phv jejnpah! lmrgygblbj} bgl.vgl}! bj hmgh! bhnç}rgml}!### ]jajmmghclcbh bj al} mlvpjrl}! }j aajkl l

dlmjv }hclv zcl }jnlcl gcyjcrlbl h fgjc dlmjv pvjyg}ghcj} }jnlclaj}vjlaj}# Al lmrgygblb j} gccgrl w }j lmlfl mzlcbh ah bjmgbj ja z}zlvgh#

¸Mzìa dl }gbh al lmhkgbl bj ah} lzbghezjkh}bja pvhwjmrh _alw Ngvý8

]j dlc pl}lbh pvzjfl} bj ylagblmgýc bj rhbh ja pvhwjmrh _alw Ngvý

l laznch} ygbjcrj} bj jcrvj = w <4 lüh} w rlnfgçc jc lbzarh}# J}rh}

z}zlvgh} dlc nlcgj}rlbh |zj al lmrgygblb bj }hcgbh} $bja cgyja vj}.pjmrgyh' aj} dl kz}rlbh! al |zjvvìc yhayjv l vjpjrgv w mhc}gbjvlc gcrj.vj}lcrj rvlflelv ja l}pjmrh }hchvh plvl lpvhtgnlv}j l Ehlc Ngvý# Jaahpjvngrj mhcmazgv |zj j}rj rgph bj ezjkh bj bg}jüh zcgyjv}la j} yìagbhplvl pjv}hcl} mgjkl} w mhc yg}gýc#

_hv hrvh albh! al pvgnjvl jtpjvgjcmgl pgahrh |zj }j dl vjlagulbh mhccgüh} mgjkh} rhrlaj} bj jcrvj <? w <= lüh} dl }gbh rlnfgçc }lrg}lmrh.vgl# Rhbh} dlc lmhkgbh al ph}gfgagblb bj ezklv bj hvnl lmmj}gfaj jc zc

ezjkh bj zc nz}jh mhnh lakh czjyh j gcrjvj}lcrj |zj ch }zjaj hmz.vvgv# Al lmrgygblb bj }z cgyja $Lkjcbl Bglvgl' dl }gbh ylahvlbl phv rhbh}jaah} bj hvnl ph}grgyl#

Bzvlcrj ja mzv}h lmlbçngmh 6?<<.<6 }j pvjyç vjlagulv pvzjfl} mhc nì}cgüh} mgjkh} w mhc flel yg}gýc bj bg}rgcrl} jblbj}#



<62

2#9Ezjkh} lmmj}gfaj} w algcrjkvlmgýc alfhvla#Elygjv Rhvvjcrj! Ìckja bja Falcmh! Nlczja Hvrjkl.Nhvla! Ahvjcl Fhzvk! Flarl}lv Ijvcìcbju Nlceýc

Elygjv Rhvvjcrj! Ìckja bjaFalcmh! Flarl}lv IjvcìcbjuNlceýcZcgyjv}gblb Mhnpazrjc}j bj Nlbvgb!Bprh# G]GL! Kvzph 1j.ZMN3

erhvvjcrjObg#zmn#j}

Ahvjcl Fhzvk Lvglbcl ]jvygmgh} Gchvnìrgmh}

Nlczja Hvrjkl.NhvlaRjmdch}grj! Kvzph Izcbh}l

Ja kvzph bj gcyj}rgklmgýc j.ZMNpjvrjcjmj la Bjplvrlnjcrhbj Gckjcgjvîl bja ]hr{lvj j

Gcrjagkjcmgl Lvrgmgla bj al Zcgyjv}gblbMhnpazrjc}j bj Nlbvgb# ]z} pvgcmgpl.aj} ìvjl} bj gcrjvç} }hc al} rjmchahkîl}jbzmlrgyl}! ah} ezjkh} bgkgrlaj} mhc pvh.pý}grh }jvgh $}jvghz} klnj}' w al} rjm.

chahkîl} bj lmmj}gfgagblb# Jc ah} õargnh}lüh} ja kvzph dl lb|zgvgbh zcl lnpagljtpjvgjcmgl jc ja ìvjl bj ezjkh} lmmj}g.faj} l rvlyç} bj }z plvrgmgplmgýc jc ah}pvhwjmrh} clmghclaj} bj G+B GCVJBG]!Klnj Rja w jbz[LG#

Rjmdch}grj j} zcl jnpvj}l bjaKvzph Izcbh}l $HCMJ' j}pjmgl.agulbl jc ja ìnfgrh bj al lmmj}g.

fgagblb w z}lfgagblb! lpagmlbl} ch }ýah lajcrhvch [jf }gch l al} bg}rgcrl} gcrjvl.mj} w bg}ph}grgyh} bj mhnzcgmlmgýc# Ah}jtpjvrh} bj lmmj}gfgagblb bj Rjmdch}grjhvnlc plvrj bj gnphvrlcrj} kvzph} bj

rvlfleh bja [=M! bj al vjb bj Mjcrvh} bjJtmjajcmgl jc Bg}jüh plvl Rhbh} pvh.nhygbl phv al Mhng}gýc Jzvhpjl! bj ah}mhngrç} bj rvlfleh bj LJCHV plvl al jal.fhvlmgýc bj chvnl} vjalmghclbl} mhc allmmj}gfgagblb w bj palrlhvnl} rjmchaýkg.ml} j}plühal} vjalmghclbl} mhc rjmchah.kîl w lmmj}gfgagblb#



<6:

Al} czjyl} rjmchahkîl} pzjbjc }zphcjv czjyl} flvvjvl} bjlmmj}gfgagblb! pjvh }g }j z}lc lbjmzlblnjcrj rlnfgçc pzj.bjc lmgagrlv al gcrjkvlmgýc bj al} pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb#

Jc j}rj mlpîrzah lfhvblnh} ah} ygbjh ezjkh} jbzmlrgyh} ‑Ng pvgnjvbîl bj rvlfleh„ w ‑Al kvlc j}rl„! |zj rgjcjc mhnh hfejrgyh lyhvjmjv

al gcrjkvlmgýc bj pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb gcrjajmrzla jc ja jcrhvchalfhvla#

Gcrvhbzmmgýc

Ja lzkj bj al} Rjmchahkîl} bj al Gchvnlmgýc w Mhnzcgmlmgýc $RGM' jckjcjvla! j Gcrjvcjr jc plvrgmzalv! pzjbj }zphcjv zc hf}rìmzah lülbgbhjc al gcrjkvlmgýc w chvnlagulmgýc bj al} pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb#]gc jnflvkh! rlnfgçc lfvjc czjyl} hphvrzcgblbj} |zj pzjbjc lpvh.yjmdlv}j plvl njehvlv }z gcrjkvlmgýc#

Jc j}rj }jcrgbh! ah} ygbjh ezjkh} pzjbjc }jvygv mhnh mhcrjcgbh} |zjlmjv|zjc ja nzcbh alfhvla l al} pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb! j}pj.mglanjcrj l mhajmrgyh} bj bg}mlplmgblb gcrjajmrzla# Ah} ygbjh ezjkh}

jbzmlrgyh}! rlnfgçc bjchngclbh} l yjmj} ‑ezjkh} }jvgh}„ $bja gckaç}! }jvghz} klnj} '! }hc zc mhnpajnjcrh l al jbzmlmgýc rvlbgmghcla lmrzla.njcrj la laul! kvlmgl} l mlvlmrjvî}rgml} |zj ah} dlmjc õcgmh}# _hv zcalbh! ah} ygbjh ezjkh} pvhphvmghclc jcrhvch} |zj ah} laznch} pzjbjcjtpahvlv agfvjnjcrj! phcgjcbh jc pvìmrgml }z} mhchmgngjcrh}! dgpýrj}g}w dlfgagblbj}! w jtpjvgnjcrlv ah} vj}zarlbh} bj hvnl gcnjbglrl w }gcvgj}kh# Lbjnì} ah} ygbjh ezjkh} }hc mlplmj} bj mlprlv al lrjcmgýc bjah} laznch} bj hvnl nì} jjmrgyl |zj hrvh rgph bj mhcrjcgbh}! nlc.rjcgçcbhah} jc zc j}rlbh ýprgnh plvl al l}gngalmgýc bj mhchmgngjcrh

czjyh# J}rl mlvlmrjvî}rgml pzjbj }jv j}pjmglanjcrj fjcjmgh}l plvlal} pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb gcrjajmrzla! blbh |zj al mhcmjcrvlmgýcj} zch bj ah} pvgcmgplaj} pvhfajnl} l ah} |zj }zjajc jcvjcrlv}j# Jcj}rj bhmznjcrh pvj}jcrlnh} ah} ezjkh} ‑Ng pvgnjv bîl bj rvlfleh„ w‑Al kvlc j}rl„! bj}lvvhaalbh} mhc al palrlhvnl 1j.Lbyjcrzvj3 plvlah} pvhwjmrh} GCVJBG] w jbz[LG vj}pjmrgylnjcrj! w |zj lfhvblc jaz}h bj ezjkh} plvl lmgagrlv al gcrjkvlmgýc bj pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlpl.mgblb jc ja jcrhvch alfhvla# L mhcrgczlmgýc nh}rvlnh} al} pvgcmgplaj}mhcmaz}ghcj} jtrvlîbl} dl}rl al jmdl#



<69

Ng pvgnjv bîl bj rvlfleh

Ja ezjkh hvnlrgyh rgrzalbh ‑Ng pvgnjv bîl bj rvlfleh„ pvjrjcbj }jvygvmhnh rhnl bj mhcrlmrh la rvlfleh bj hmgcl plvl zc rvlflelbhv mhcbg}mlplmgblb |zj }j gcmhvphvl l zcl czjyl jnpvj}l# Lzc|zj ja ezjkh

}j bgvgkj zcblnjcrlanjcrj l pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb gcrjajmrzla!}z z}h j} lbjmzlbh plvl pjv}hcl} mhc rhbh rgph bj mlplmgblbj}#

Ja ezklbhv }j phcj jc ja plpja bj Elygjv _çvju! zc rvlflelbhv |zj }jgcmhvphvl l }z czjyh pzj}rh bj rvlfleh jc al jnpvj}l mrgmgl ‑LMNJ]hmgla„# _lvl clagulv ja ezjkh mhc çtgrh! ja ezklbhv bjfj mhnpajrlv ah}}gkzgjcrj} hfejrgyh}5

» Lpvjcbjv l gcrjvlmrzlv mhc ja j|zgplngjcrh bj al hmgcl! }jkõcal} cjmj}gblbj} j}pjmîml} bj mlbl ezklbhv5 hvbjclbhv! gnpvj.

}hvl! lt! hrhmhpglbhvl w zcl nì|zgcl bj fhmlbgaah}#» Lb|zgvgv mhchmgngjcrh} fì}gmh} }hfvj al lpagmlmgýc bj mhvvjhjajmrvýcgmh5 |zç j} zc njc}lej jajmrvýcgmh! lmmj}h l mhvvjh}jcrvlcrj}! jcyîh bj czjyh} mhvvjh}! bj}mlvkl w nlcjeh bj mdj.vh} lbezcrh}#

» Lb|zgvgv dlfgagblbj} }hmglaj} fì}gml}5 rvlrh vj}pjrzh}h dlmgl ah}mhnplüjvh}! }hagmgrlv lwzbl mzlcbh j} cjmj}lvgh! jrm#

» Mhchmjv al j}rvzmrzvl hvklcgulrgyl bj al jnpvj}l! }z hvklc

kvlnl! ìvjl}! bjplvrlnjcrh}! pjv}hcl} w azklvj} gnphvrlcrj}#

_lvl }zpjvlv j}rh} hfejrgyh}! ja ezklbhv bjfj mhnpajrlv rlvjl} fì}gml}l}gkclbl} phv al bgvjmmgýc bj al jnpvj}l# _lvl jaah bjfjvì gcrjvlmrzlvmhc ah} hfejrh} w pjv}hclej} |zj }j jcmzjcrvj l }z pl}h! }gkzgjcbhja j}rgah bj al} lyjcrzvl} kvìml} mhcyjv}lmghclaj}# Ja ezjkh j}rìbg}jülbh jc pvgnjvl pjv}hcl! bhrlcbh bj zcl nlwhv gcnjv}gýc jc janzcbh bj ezjkh#

Bzvlcrj j}rj pvhmj}h ja ezjkh vjlagul zc }jkzgngjcrh bja pvhkvj}h bja ezklbhv# Ah} blrh} vjmhpgalbh} }hc zrgagulbh} la cla bja ezjkh plvlpvhbzmgv zc gchvnj bj lzrhjylazlmgýc#

Lbjnì}! ja ezjkh ‑Ng pvgnjv bîl bj rvlfleh„ gcmazwj mlvlmrjvî}rgml} bjlmmj}gfgagblb bgvgkgbl} l jygrlv |zj ja ezjkh pzjbl }zphcjv zcl flvvjvlplvl pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb yg}zla h nhygagblb vjbzmgbl jc ngjn.fvh} }zpjvghvj}# Bj j}rl nlcjvl ja ezjkh pzjbj ezklv}j njbglcrj jaz}h bja vlrýc! ja rjmalbh h mhnlcbh} bj yhu! w ja vjrhvch bj al gchv.nlmgýc pzjbj vjlagulv}j bj nlcjvl yg}zla h lzbgrgyl# L j}rl} mlvlmrj.

vî}rgml} }j aj} lülbj al ph}gfgagblb bj jejmzrlv ja ezjkh jc nhbh larhmhcrvl}rj plvl pjv}hcl} mhc vj}rh yg}zla#



<6;

J}rj nhbh bj yg}zlagulmgýc }j zcblnjcrl jc al lpagmlmgýc bj zc arvhbgjvjcrj la hcbh bj ah} j}mjclvgh} bj ezjkh w l ah} jajnjcrh} gcrjvlm.rgyh} |zj }hfvj ça }j mhahmlc! mhc ja hfejrgyh bj njehvlv ja mhcrvl}rjbj zcl lpagmlmgýc rlc kvìml mhnh j} zc ezjkh#

Igkzvl 6# Bjrlaaj bja ezjkh ‑Ng pvgnjv bîl bj rvlfleh„# Jc al

gnlkjc }j lpvjmgl zc bgìahkh mhc zch bj ah} pjv}hclej}#

Al kvlc j}rl

Ja ezjkh ‑Al kvlc j}rl„ rgjcj phv hfejrgyh hvnlv jc zc mhcezcrh bjdlfgagblbj} }hmglaj} w bj lzrhchnîl pjv}hcla l pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlpl.mgblb gcrjajmrzla# Ja ezjkh dl }gbh bj}lvvhaalbh jc mhalfhvlmgýc mhc ah}hvnlbhvj} bj al zcblmgýc _vhbg} jcmlvklbh} bj al gcmaz}gýc alfhvlabj j}rj mhajmrgyh jc jcrhvch} alfhvlaj}#

Ja ezjkh lfhvbl al l}g}rjcmgl bja ezklbhv(l plvl zc jyjcrh }hmgla bj aljnpvj}l jc al |zj rvlflel! lflvmlcbh bj}bj al pvjplvlmgýc bja ezkl.bhv jc ja dhklv dl}rl al aajklbl l al j}rl w }z mhnphvrlngjcrh jcjyjcrh} }hmglaj}# La pvgcmgpgh bja ezjkh ja z}zlvgh }jajmmghcl }z }jth#

J}rl jajmmgýc }jvygvì plvl |zj ja ezjkh lblprj al} pvjcbl} w dìfgrh}bj dgkgjcj |zj }j nzj}rvlc# Ah} hfejrgyh} |zj lfhvbl ja ezjkh }hc ah}}gkzgjcrj}5



<64

» Dgkgjcj pjv}hcla5 vzrgcl} vjalmghclbl} mhc ja l}jh pjv}hcla gcmaz.wjcbh bzmdlv}j! alylv}j ah} bgjcrj}! pjvznlv}j mhc mhahcgl! pjg.clv}j! jrm# Lbjnì} rgjcj gnphvrlcmgl ja hvbjc l al dhvl bj vjlagulvj}rl} rlvjl} $p#je#! bjfjvì pjgclv}j w jmdlv}j mhahcgl bj}pzç} bjbzmdlv}j! w ch lcrj}'#

» Yj}rgnjcrl w fgjcj} pjv}hclaj}5 }jajmmgýc bj pvjcbl} l zrgagulv!|zj bjfjc }jv lmhvbj} mhc ja jyjcrh# Lbjnì} bjfjvì vjmhkjv }zmzlvrh w mhkjv ah} fgjcj} cjmj}lvgh} $aalyj}! mlvrjvl! bgcjvh! jrm#'#

» Chvnl} bj jbzmlmgýc5 mhnphvrlngjcrh mîygmh jc azklvj} põfag.mh} w z}h bja ajckzlej! jc mhcmvjrh! jc ja rvlwjmrh bj}bj }z ml}ll al j}rl jc njrvh $rvlrh mhc pjv}hcla bja njrvh! mjbjv }grgh jc jaylkýc! jrm#' w jc al aajklbl la jyjcrh $rvlrh mhc vjmjpmghcg}rl! mhcpjv}hcla bja vhpjvh! jrm#'#

» Z}h bj vjmzv}h} mhnzcj}5 z}h bj jajnjcrh} mhnzcj} jc janjrvh $nì|zgcl bj fgaajrj}! rhvch! j}mlajvl} njmìcgml}! jrm#' w jcal aajklbl la jyjcrh $l}mjc}hv! aajklbl la azklv bj al j}rl'#

» Chvnl} bj mhnphvrlngjcrh jc jyjcrh} põfagmh}5 rvlrh mhc ah}mhnplüjvh} bj rvlfleh $}lazbh! bj}pjbgbl! rjnl} bj mhcyjv}l.mgýc l jygrlv' w vj}hazmgýc bj mhcigmrh} $nhaj}rgl} kjcjvlbl} phvpg}lv l zcl mhnplüjvl'# Lbjnì} }j lfhvblc l}pjmrh} vjalmgh.clbh} mhc ja mhc}znh bj mhngbl w bj fjfgbl} $ch lfz}lv bjmhngbl cg fjfgbl'#

Ja lylcmj jc ja ezjkh j}rì mhcbgmghclbh l vjlagulv mhvvjmrlnjcrj mlblzcl bj al} rlvjl} |zj }j ylc jtphcgjcbh! bj hvnl |zj al clagulmgýcbja ezjkh gnpagml dlfjv }zpjvlbh mhc çtgrh mlbl zcl bj jaal}# _lvljaah! }j pvhphvmghclc la ezklbhv al} gcbgmlmghcj} pjvrgcjcrj} mzlcbhja ezklbhv(l ch lmrõl mhvvjmrlnjcrj! pjvngrgjcbh jcnjcblv }z hvnlbj lmrzlv rlcrl} yjmj} mhnh }jl cjmj}lvgh# La gkzla |zj jc ja ezjkh‑Ng pvgnjv bîl bj rvlfleh„! la cla bja ezjkh }j nzj}rvl la ezklbhv zc

gchvnj bj lzrhjylazlmgýc mhnh vjzjvuh# Lmrzlanjcrj ja bj}lvvhaah bja ezjkh mhcrgcõl jc pvhmj}h# Jc ah} pvýtg.nh} nj}j} }j }j ylagblvì ja bj}lvvhaah kjcjvlbh mhc ah} gcrjkvlcrj}bja Agygck Alf Nlbvgb2Gcmaz}ghc agbjvlbh phv al Izcblmgýc _vhbg}0 alylagblmgýc }j vjlagulvì mhc al} pvhj}hvl} w njbglbhvl} alfhvlaj} bjal Izcblmgýc w mhc pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb gcrjajmrzla |zj j}rçchvnìcbh}j plvl }z gcrjkvlmgýc alfhvla#

J}rl ylagblmgýc rjcbvì mhnh hfejrgyh al gbjcrgmlmgýc bj njehvl} hnhbgmlmghcj} l vjlagulv jc ja ezjkh plvl lmgagrlv }z z}h h klvlcrgulv}z zrgagblb jc j}rj mhcrjtrh jbzmlrgyh#



<67

Igkzvl =# Bjrlaaj bja ezjkh ‑Al kvlc j}rl„ $rhblyîl yjv}gýcpvhrhrgph'# Jc al gnlkjc }j lpvjmgl ja mzlvrh bj flüh bja ezkl.bhv! jc j}rj ml}h ylvýc! jc ja |zj bjfj zrgagulv ah} jajnjcrh}l }z lamlcmj plvl }z dgkgjcj pjv}hcla#

Mhcmaz}ghcj}

Ja bj}lvvhaah bj j}rh} ezjkh} dl }zpzj}rh zc lzrçcrgmh bj}lîh# Zcl bjal} pvgnjvl} mhcmaz}ghcj} |zj }j pzjbjc jtrvljv bj al} jylazlmghcj}pvjagngclvj} aajylbl} l mlfh dl}rl al jmdl j} al gnphvrlcmgl bj |zjal jtpjvgjcmgl bj ezjkh }jl ah nì} pjv}hclagulbl ph}gfaj# Al gbjl bj|zj mlbl z}zlvgh j} õcgmh w vj|zgjvj bj zcl lrjcmgýc pjv}hclagulbl }jjajyl l zc palch }zpjvghv mzlcbh }j rvlrl bj pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmg.blb# Zc jejnpah malvh dl }gbh ja bj}lvvhaah bja nhbh jc larh mhcrvl}rjplvl ja ezjkh Ng _vgnjv Bîl bj Rvlfleh# Lzc|zj j}rj nhbh bj yg}zl.agulmgýc }j bg}jüý rjcgjcbh jc mzjcrl l pjv}hcl} |zj dlfgrzlanjcrjrvlflelc mhc mhckzvlmghcj} bj larh mhcrvl}rj! ch rhbl} al} pjv}hcl}|zj plvrgmgplvhc jc }z jylazlmgýc zjvhc mlplmj} bj gcrjvlmrzlv mhc ja

ezjkh# Jc ja ml}h bj Al Kvlc Igj}rl! }j dlc gcmazgbh bgyjv}h} l}pjmrh}plvl lmgagrlv }z mhnpvjc}gýc w z}h phv pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblbgcrjajmrzla! mhnh pjvngrgv vjpjrgv al} rlvjl} gcbjcgblnjcrj dl}rl }z

mhnpajrgrzb gcbgmlcbh ph}gfaj} }hazmghcj} rvl} ah} laah}#Hrvh bj ah} pvhfajnl} jcmhcrvlbh} j} |zj nzmdl} pjv}hcl} mhcbg}mlplmgblb rgjcjc pvhfajnl} plvl gbjcrgmlv}j mhc ja lylrlv |zj



<=?

mhcrvhalc jc ja ezjkh# J}rj l}pjmrh j} nzw gnphvrlcrj plvl ahkvlv |zjah} z}zlvgh} jcrgjcblc ah |zj j}rì hmzvvgjcbh jc ja ezjkh w phv rlcrhç}rj ahkvj }z hfejrgyh# Jc j}rj }jcrgbh! al }hazmgýc gbjla }jvîl zrgagulval pvhpgl gnlkjc bja z}zlvgh plvl mhckzvlv }z lylrlv bj hvnl lzrh.nìrgml! lzc|zj bj}bj ja pzcrh bj yg}rl rçmcgmh j} lakh mhnpajeh bj

vj}hayjv w mhc zc mh}rj jajylbh# Jc ja ml}h bj Ng _vgnjv Bîl bj Rvlfleh }j dl hprlbh phv pvhphvmghclv la ezklbhv zc mhcezcrh cgrh bj lylrlvj}vjpvj}jcrlrgyh} plvl |zj ja ezklbhv }jajmmghcj ja |zj nì} }j lez}rj l}z} mlvlmrjvî}rgml} w mlplmgblbj}#

Jc aîcjl} kjcjvlaj} lakzcl} bj al} bgvjmrvgmj} bj bg}jüh }jkzgbl} jcja bj}lvvhaah bj lnfh} ezjkh} }hc larlnjcrj vjmhnjcblfaj} plvl almvjlmgýc bj ezjkh} plvl pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb gcrjajmrzla! mhnhja z}h bj zc ajckzlej }jcmgaah! mhcmg}h w malvh# Rlnfgçc j} nzw vjmh.njcblfaj pvhphvmghclv al gchvnlmgýc bj hvnl nzargnhbla! phv jejn.pah mhnpajnjcrlcbh mhc }hcgbh} bj}mvgprgyh} ah} vj}zarlbh} bj al}lmmghcj} jc ja ezjkh! w zrgagulcbh mhnfgclmghcj} bj bgìahkh} ahmzrl.bh} ezcrh mhc }zfrîrzah} $jclrgulcbh jc ja rhch z}lbh jc bjrjvngcl.bl} plvrj}'# J} gnphvrlcrj rlnfgçc |zj ah} ezklbhvj} rjcklc rgjnph}zmgjcrj plvl ajjv ah} bgìahkh}! lclagulv al gchvnlmgýc |zj ja ezjkh aj}pvhphvmghcl w rhnlv bjmg}ghcj} jc fl}j l al} hpmghcj} |zj jc mlblnhnjcrh }j aj} pvj}jcrlc# _hv õargnh! zcl pvìmrgml nzw gcrjvj}lcrjj} klvlcrgulv zc jajylbh cgyja bj vjlag}nh# J}rh lmgagrl |zj pjv}hcl}mhc bgmzarlb plvl lf}rvljv mhcmjprh} pzjblc fjcjmglv}j bja z}hbj ezjkh} jbzmlrgyh}# _hv j}rl vluýc rlcrh ‑Ng pvgnjv bîl bj rvlfleh„mhnh ‑Al kvlc j}rl„ dlc }gbh bj}lvvhaalbh} mhnfgclcbh hrhkvlîl}w ygbjh} bj jcrhvch} vjlaj} mhc jajnjcrh} bg}jülbh}# _lvl rla pvhpý.}grh djvvlngjcrl} bj mvjlmgýc bj ezjkh} 6B mhnh 1j.Lbyjcrzvj3 }hcj}pjmglanjcrj õrgaj}#

Jcalmj} bj gcrjvç}

drrp5((j.lbyjcrzvj#j.zmn.j}

{{{#gcvjbg}#j}

drrp5((jbz{lg#kvzphkj}hv#mhn(gcgmgh

{{{#j.zmn#j}

{{{#rjmdch}grj#j}drrp5(({{{#zcblmghcpvhbg}#hvk(


http://www.inredis.es/

http://eduwai.grupogesfor.com/inicio



http://www.fundacionprodis.org/

http://www.fundacionprodis.org/



http://eduwai.grupogesfor.com/inicio

http://www.inredis.es/




<=<

2#; Ygbjhezjkh} lmmj}gfaj}plvl pjv}hcl} mhcbg}mlplmgblb gcrjajmrzla#

Lafjvrh ]ìcmdju Lahc}h! Jyl ]ìcmdju _huzjah w Yjvýcgml _jc}h}g

Izcblmgýc Hvlckj w Izcblmgýc ]îcbvhnjbj Bh{c bj Nlbvgb{{{#zcblmghchvlckj#j}0 {{{#pvhwjmrhfgr#mhn

yjvhcgml#pjc}h}gOhvlckj#mhn

Ja hfejrgyh bj al IzcblmgýcHvlckj j} lyhvjmjv al mhnz.cgmlmgýc w al mvjlmgýc bj yîcmz.

ah} jcrvj al} pjv}hcl}! mhc j}pjmgla dgc.mlpgç jc ah} mhajmrgyh} mhc flvvjvl} bjmhnzcgmlmgýc w plvrgmgplmgýc# _lvl mhc.}jkzgvah! al Izcblmgýc Hvlckj rvlflel jcja mhcmjprh bj rjmchgcrjkvlmgýc }hmgla!vjlagulcbh! mhalfhvlcbh w pvhnhygjcbhpvhwjmrh} }hmglaj} bj bgyjv}l îcbhaj!nzmdh} bj jaah} fl}lbh} jc al} czjyl}rjmchahkîl}#

_hv }z plvrj! al Izcblmgýc]îcbvhnj bj Bh{c bj Nlbvgb$I]BN'! j} zcl jcrgblb }gc ìcgnh

bj azmvh w bj Zrgagblb _õfagml! mzwl ng}gýcmhc}g}rj jc pvhnhyjv! bj}lvvhaalv w phrjc.mglv rhbh rgph bj lmrgygblbj} jcmlngclbl}l ahkvlv al pajcl gcrjkvlmgýc lngaglv! j}mh.alv w }hmgla bj al} pjv}hcl} mhc }îcbvhnjbj Bh{c w hrvl} bg}mlplmgblbj} gcrjajm.rzlaj}! mhc ja c bj njehvlv }z mlagblb bjygbl mhcrlcbh }gjnpvj mhc }z plvrgmgpl.mgýc lmrgyl w al bj }z} lngagl}#

http://www.fundacionorange.es/

http://www.proyectobit.com/

http://www.proyectobit.com/




<=6

Ja hmgh j} zcl plvrj zcblnjcrla bj al ygbl bj rhbh} ch}hrvh} wlmrzlanjcrj al} czjyl} rjmchahkîl} hvjmjc ezjkh} nzw lrvlmrg.yh}# ]gc jnflvkh! l njczbh ch }hc lmmj}gfaj}! phv jejnpah! l

al} pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb gcrjajmrzla! |zj yjc mýnh }z} djvnlch}h lngkh} ezjklc zrgagulcbh ja nýyga h ja hvbjclbhv ngjcrvl} |zj jaah}

pzjbjc jcmhcrvlv bgmzarlbj} $phmh malvgblb jc al} gc}rvzmmghcj}! rgjnphbj vjlmmgýc nzw mhvrh…' plvl phbjv bg}vzrlv rlnfgçc bja hmgh jajmrvý.cgmh# Jc j}rj mhcrjtrh! al Izcblmgýc Hvlckj w al Izcblmgýc ]îcbvhnj bjBh{c bj Nlbvgb }j dlc zcgbh plvl mvjlv ja ezjkh MGRG ! |zj }j pvhphcjmhnplkgclv ja hmgh w al bgyjv}gýc mhc al njehvl bj dlfgagblbj} w mlplmg.blbj} mhkcgrgyl}# L}gng}nh! ph}rjvghvnjcrj! }j dl mvjlbh ja ezjkh plvlhvbjclbhv Azml} w ja ml}h bj mzlbvh vhflbh! al pvgnjvl lyjcrzvl kvì.ml |zj }j bgvgkj l pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb gcrjajmrzla lbhaj}mjcrj}w lbzarl}# Lnfh} }j bj}mlvklc kvlrzgrlnjcrj bj}bj Gcrjvcjr#

Al Izcblmgýc Hvlckj w al Izcblmgýc ]îcbvhnj bj Bh{c bj Nlbvgbgcgmglvhc zcl mhalfhvlmgýc dlmj nì} bj bgju lüh} l rvlyç} bja pvhwjmrhFGR! zcl gcgmglrgyl pghcjvl |zj }j pvhphcîl jc}jülv ja z}h bja hvbjclbhvw ah} pvhkvlnl} gchvnìrgmh} nì} mhnzcj} l al} pjv}hcl} mhc bg}ml.plmgblb gcrjajmrzla# Jc j}rj nlvmh! w mhc}gbjvlcbh |zj ah} ygbjhezj.kh} pzjbjc }jv zc j}rzpjcbh vjmzv}h bj hmgh w lpvjcbgulej }gjnpvjw mzlcbh }j zrgagmjc lbjmzlblnjcrj! }j vjlagulvhc ph}rjvghvnjcrj ah}ygbjhezjkh} MGRG w Azml}! ja ml}h bja mzlbvh vhflbh! |zj pzjbjc bj}.mlvklv}j kvlrzgrlnjcrj bj}bj al pìkgcl {jf {{{#zcblmghchvlckj#j}

Ja ezjkh MGRG

Ja ygbjhezjkh MGRG pzjbj zrgagulv}j jc jajnjcrh} rlc mhrgbglch} mhnh

ja hvbjclbhv w ja rjaçhch nýyga# MGRG hvjmj zcl ph}gfgagblb bj hmghjajmrvýcgmh mhc ja hfejrgyh lülbgbh bj lwzblv! bj zcl hvnl aõbgml wbgyjvrgbl! l njehvlv al} mlplmgblbj} mhkcgrgyl} bj }z} z}zlvgh} $hvgjc.rlmgýc j}plmgla! lrjcmgýc! bg}mvgngclmgýc! njnhvgl! mhnplvlmgýc! jrm#'#

J}rl} dlfgagblbj} }j vjalmghclc mhc al} bgyjv}l} rlvjl} |zj gnpagml ja ezjkh! |zj }j bj}lvvhaal jc zcl mgzblb gnlkgclvgl mhnpzj}rl phv mgcmhj}mjclvgh}5 ml}l! plv|zj! mjcrvh mhnjvmgla! mjcrvh mzarzvla w njrvh! jcah} |zj ja ezklbhv }j nzjyj jc zcl }jvgj bj lmrgygblbj} bj j}rvlrjkgl

mhcrlcbh mhc al lwzbl bj zc pjv}hclej l}g}rjcrj#Al l}j bj bg}jüh bja pvhwjmrh zj vjlagulbl phv zc j|zgph bj p}gmý.ahkh} w pjblkhkh} bj al Izcblmgýc ]îcbvhnj bj Bh{c bj Nlbvgb#





<==

Lbjnì}! MGRG zj rj}rlbh bzvlcrj ylvgh} nj}j} phv bgjvjcrj} kvz.ph} bj z}zlvgh} mhc bg}rgcrl} mlplmgblbj}# Al} gnpagmlmghcj} |zj }j}gkzgjvhc l al dhvl bj vjlagulv al} lmrgygblbj} zjvhc5

. Nhrgylv la laznch plvl |zj }j gcrjvj}j phv al lmrgygblb w bj}.pjvrlv ja gcrjvç} phv l|zjaah |zj lpvjcbj! mhcjmrìcbhah mhc }z

jtpjvgjcmgl pvjygl#. Jygrlv al pvj}jcmgl bj ph}gfaj} j}rînzah} bg}rvlmrhvj}# Nh}rvlvphml gchvnlmgýc# _vj}jcrlv al gchvnlmgýc bj hvnl plzalrgcl#

. Hvjmjv gc}rvzmmghcj} mhc vl}j} mhvrl} w }gnpaj}# Nlcrjcjv}gjnpvj al ng}nl gc}rvzmmgýc plvl al vjlagulmgýc bj zcl rlvjlj}pjmîml#

. Vjmhvblv ah} mhcmjprh} lpvjcbgbh} pvjyglnjcrj w vjalmghclvah}mhc ah} czjyh}#

. J}pjvlv al hfrjcmgýc bj zcl vj}pzj}rl! }gc pvhphvmghcìv}jal bjlcrjnlch# ]g ch }j hfrgjcj al vj}pzj}rl mhvvjmrl! ja pvhkvlnlgcmgrl phv njbgh bj j}rînzah} l |zj ja laznch aajkzj l blv al vj}.pzj}rl j}pjvlbl#

. ]jmzjcmglv ja lpvjcbgulej jc pl}h} bj njchv l nlwhv bgmzarlb!bj nlcjvl |zj pzjbl llculvah bj hvnl plzalrgcl#

. Hvjmjv rgjnph }zmgjcrj plvl pjvmgfgv al gchvnlmgýc yg}zla w(hlzbgrgyl |zj bjflc vjmhvblv#

. _alcrjlv rlvjl} w lmrgygblbj} lbjmzlbl} l al mlplmgblb mhkcg.rgyl bja laznch#

Igkzvl <5 lakzch} jejnpah} bja ezjkh MGRG



<=2

Azml} w ja ml}h bja mzlbvh vhflbh

J}rh} ng}nh} mvgrjvgh} pjblkýkgmh} }j dlc }jkzgbh l al dhvl bj mvjlvja ygbjhezjkh Azml} w ja ml}h bja mzlbvh vhflbh! |zj }j pvhphcîl jalnfgmgh}h dgrh bj bgvgkgv}j l zc põfagmh nì} lbzarh w bj vjlagulv al pvg.

njvl lyjcrzvl kvìml bgvgkgbl l pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb gcrjajmrzla#

Igkzvl 65 Mlvìrzal bja ygbjhezjkh ‑Azml} w ja ml}h bjamzlbvh vhflbh„

Lcrj rhbh! ja ng}nh j|zgph nzargbg}mgpagclv |zj mhalfhvý jc ja MGRGvjlaguý zc j}rzbgh bj al} gcyj}rgklmghcj} vjmgjcrj} w }j hf}jvyý |zjjtg}rjc phml} larjvclrgyl} bj ygbjhezjkh} plvl pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlpl.mgblb gcrjajmrzla! j}pjmglanjcrj }g }j bgvgkjc l zc põfagmh lbzarh#

L mhcrgczlmgýc! }j hprý phv bg}jülv zcl lyjcrzvl kvìml! ezjkh bjnhbl lmrzlanjcrj |zj pjvngrj zrgagulv ja vluhclngjcrh w al j}rvlrjkgl#Jc al} lyjcrzvl} kvìml}! ja pvhrlkhcg}rl bjfj lylculv jc al rvlnlgcrjvlmrzlcbh mhc bgyjv}h} pjv}hclej} w hfejrh}# ]j mlvlmrjvgulc phvzc jch|zj bj vjalrh |zj rgjcbj l }hazmghclv zcl bjrjvngclbl }grzl.mgýc l rvlyç} bj zcl }jvgj bj pvzjfl} h lyjcrzvl} jc bg}rgcrh} j}mj.clvgh} ah |zj pjvngrj la ezklbhv gcyj}rgklv w jtpahvlv }z jcrhvch plvlvj}hayjv al }grzlmgýc#

Ja }gkzgjcrj pl}h zj bjrjvngclv al rvlnl! ah} pjv}hclej} w ah} j}mj.clvgh}! w }j hprý phv zc gcyj}rgklbhv phagmgla |zj rgjcj |zj vj}hayjv jaml}h bj zc mzlbvh vhflbh gcrjvpvjrlcbh al} pg}rl} |zj yl jcmhcrvlcbh



<=:

w yglelcbh l bg}rgcrh} plî}j} plvl jcmhcrvlv l ah} albhcj} bja mzlbvh#_h}rjvghvnjcrj! }j bg}jüý ja ezjkh blcbh ygbl kvìml l al} bg}rgcrl}lyjcrzvl}#

Bj}bj ja pvgnjv nhnjcrh }j nlvmý mhnh hfejrgyh |zj ja ygbjhezjkhzj}j lmmj}gfaj plvl ah} eýyjcj} l ah} |zj yl bgvgkgbh# _lvl jaah! }j rzygj.

vhc jc mzjcrl al} njbgbl} bj lmmj}gfgagblb pvhpzj}rl} phv Nlgvjcl$6??7'# Bj j}rj nhbh! jc mzlcrh l al bgyjv}gblb zcmghcla lzbgrgyl! }jdl rjcgbh jc mzjcrl5

. Rhbh} ah} bgìahkh} dlc }gbh }zfrgrzalbh}#

. ]j dl zrgagulbh al rçmcgml bj Mah}jb Mlprghc $}zfrgrzalv rhbh} ah}}hcgbh} |zj }j j}mzmdlc jc ja ezjkh! ch }ýah ah} bgìahkh}'#

Vj}pjmrh l al bgyjv}gblb zcmghcla mhkcgrgyl5

. Jtg}rjc ylvgh} cgyjaj} bj bgmzarlb# ]j dl gcmazgbh al hpmgýc bj ezklv ‑mhc lwzbl„ jc mlbl zch bj ah} j}mjclvgh} bja ezjkh# Bjj}rj nhbh ja ezklbhv hfrjcbvì pg}rl} plvl al vj}hazmgýc bj al}bg}rgcrl} lyjcrzvl}#

. ]j dlc zrgagulbh kvlcbj} gmhch} plvl ah} njcõ} bj clyjklmgýcw zcl gcrjvlu }jcmgaal#

. Al yjahmgblb bj ah} rjtrh} dlfalbh} j} mhckzvlfaj#

. ]j dl mzgblbh j}pjmglanjcrj al zrgagulmgýc bj zc ajckzlej w yhml.fzalvgh }jcmgaah} rjcgjcbh jc mzjcrl al} plzrl} bj ajmrzvl ìmga#

_hv õargnh! al bgyjv}gblb zcmghcla nhrhvl5

. ]j zrgagul zc }hah fhrýc bja vlrýc#

. Ja mhcrvha }j vjlagul mhc zcl }hal nlch#

. ]j dl jygrlbh al pza}lmgýc bj ylvgh} fhrhcj} }gnzarìcjh}#

. ]j dl jajkgbh zc pjvgçvgmh mhnõc w bj fleh mh}rj mhnh ja vlrýc#

_lvl mhnpajnjcrlv j}rh} l}pjmrh}! }j dl jalfhvlbh zcl kzîl bja z}zl.vgh jc al |zj }j jtpagml al hvnl bj ezklv! al clyjklmgýc w al} bg}rgcrl}hpmghcj}! l rvlyç} bj kvìmh} w rjtrh} }jcmgaah}#

Jc al l}j bj bj}lvvhaah! ja ezjkh zj rj}rlbh phv eýyjcj} w lbzarh} mhcbg}mlplmgblb gcrjajmrzla w }j zjvhc jjmrzlcbh ah} mlnfgh} w njehvl}cjmj}lvgh}#

Ja vj}zarlbh j} ‑Azml} w ja ml}h bja mzlbvh vhflbh„! jc ja |zj Azml}]ìcmdju! zc bjrjmrgyj pvgylbh! rjcbvì |zj vj}hayjv }hvpvjcbjcrj} ng}.rjvgh} plvl jcmhcrvlv zc j}mzvvgbguh albvýc bj mzlbvh}# Ja ezjkh }j ylbj}lvvhaalcbh }jkõc ja ezklbhv gcrjvlmrõj mhc al} bg}rgcrl} djvvlngjc.rl} w hpmghcj}! bj hvnl |zj }z} bjmg}ghcj} nlvmlc ja mlngch l }jkzgv#



<=9

_lvl clagulv! }j vjlaguý zc rj}rjh cla mhc 4: plvrgmgplcrj} mhc ]îcbvhnjbj Bh{c |zj mhnpajrlvhc zc hvnzalvgh mhc zcl} pvjkzcrl} }hfvj bg}.rgcrh} l}pjmrh} bja ezjkh mhnh bgmzarlb! cjmj}gblb bj lwzbl! jrm#!zcl j}mlal bj ylahvlmgýc mzlcrgrlrgyl w hrvh lplvrlbh mzlagrlrgyh plvl|zj jtpvj}lvlc }z} hpgcghcj}# Al pzcrzlmgýc njbgl hfrjcgbl dl }gbh

bj 7!9 }hfvj <?! nh}rvlcbh al ylagbju bja jch|zj zrgagulbh#

Igkzvl =# Ihrhkvlîl bj eýyjcj} ezklcbh la ygbjhezjkh#



: Ygbjhezjkh} w bgyjv}gblb5phrjcmglagblbj}

w jtpjvgjcmgl}pvìmrgml}



<=4

:#< Ygbjhezjkh} }hfvjbjphvrj lblprlbh#Czvgl Njcbhul w Laylvh Ilcjkh

Mjcrvh bj Vjjvjcmgl J}rlrla Bg}mlplmgblb w Bjpjcbjcmgl{{{#mvjbg}mlplmgblbwbjpjcbjcmgl#j}gchOmvjbg}mlplmgblbwbjpjcbjcmgl#j}

Ja Mjcrvh bj Vjjvjcmgl J}rlrla Bg}mlplmgblbw Bjpjcbjcmgl $MVJ' bj ]lc Lcbvç} bjaVlflcjbh! pjvrjcjmgjcrj la Gn}jv}h! j} zc mjc.

rvh bj gcyj}rgklmgýc w vj}gbjcmgla }hfvj bjphvrj! vjdlfgag.rlmgýc w rjmchahkîl} lmmj}gfaj}#

http://www.crediscapacidadydependencia.es/




<=7

J}rzbgh w bj}lvvhaah bj ygbjh ezjkh} fl}lbh} jc al rjnìrgml bjah} bjphvrj} lblprlbh} w palcrjlbh} bj}bj }z gcgmgh! fleh zclpjv}pjmrgyl bj z}h plvl bjphvrg}rl} mhc rhbh rgph bj bgyjv}g.

blb zcmghcla! lez}rlbh} l ah} vjkalnjcrh} hmglaj} j gcmhvphvlcbh al}nlwhvj} larjvclrgyl} plvl }z zrgagulmgýc#

Jc ja nhnjcrh bj j}mvgfgv j}rl} aîcjl}! ja Mjcrvh bj Vjjvjcmgl J}rlrlaBg}mlplmgblb w Bjpjcbjcmgl $MVJ' pjvrjcjmgjcrj la Gn}jv}h! dl pzj}rhl bg}ph}gmgýc bj al }hmgjblb zc ygbjhezjkh fl}lbh jc ja bjphvrj plvl.aînpgmh Fhmmgl w j}rì clagulcbh $pvjyg}rh plvl ezagh 6?<<' zc }jkzcbhygbjhezjkh fl}lbh jc ja bjphvrj plvl pjv}hcl} mhc plvìag}g} mjvjfvla!]alahn#

Lnfh} pvhwjmrh} dlc }gbh gbjlbh}! agbjvlbh} w clcmglbh} phv jaGn}jv}h l rvlyç} bja MVJ#

Ah} bh} plvrjc bj al ng}nl pvhpzj}rl w mhc ja ng}nh hfejrgyh! blvl mhchmjv ja bjphvrj plvl pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb w lphvrlv zclczjyl djvvlngjcrl kvlrzgrl plvl }z pvìmrgml! jc j}rl hml}gýc! bj}bj zc

pzcrh bj yg}rl ygvrzla# L}î pzj}! mhcizwjc jc j}rh} bh} pvhwjmrh}! al} rvj} aîcjl} zcbl.njcrlaj} bja Mjcrvh! |zj }hc5 vjdlfgagrlmgýc! bjphvrj w rjmchahkîl}lmmj}gfaj}#

Bja ng}nh nhbh! ah} ygbjhezjkh} pvhpzj}rh} ch }ýah lfhvblc alrjnìrgml bja bjphvrj w al lmrgygblb î}gml mhnh jajnjcrh} bj gcmaz}gýcplvl pjv}hcl} mhc bg}rgcrl} mlplmgblbj} }gch! |zj bj}bj ja pvgnjvnhnjcrh }j dlc palcrjlbh bj}bj ja pzcrh bj yg}rl bj al lmmj}gfgagblb!

mhnh ch phbîl }jv bj hrvl hvnl#Jc lnfh} ezjkh} }j dl pvhmzvlbh al nlwhv lmmj}gfgagblb ph}gfaj! mhcpalcrgaal} bj larh mhcrvl}rj! njcõ} }jcmgaah}! ahmzmghcj} h rjtrh bj}.mvgprgyh jc }zfrîrzah}#

Bj}bj ja pvgnjv bîl bj bj}lvvhaah! }j mzjcrl mhc al ylagh}l mhalfhvl.mgýc bj ah} bjphvrg}rl} vj}gbjcrj} h z}zlvgh} bja Mjcrvh |zj plvrgmg.plc lmrgylnjcrj jc al njehvl bj al} mlvlmrjvî}rgml} bj ah} ezjkh}# Bjang}nh nhbh |zj }zmjbj jc ah} ygbjhezjkh} bjphvrgyh} nì} phpz.

alvj}! jc j}rh} ml}h}! rlnfgçc }j dl mhcrlbh mhc ja l}j}hvlngjcrhbj bjphvrg}rl} plvlaînpgmh} w bj ylvgh} mlnpjhcj} bj J}plül bj al}bg}rgcrl} j}pjmglagblbj} w mlrjkhvîl}#



<2?

Mhnh lylculnh} lcrjvghvnjcrj! lbjnì} bj al bgyzaklmgýc bj j}rh}bjphvrj} mhnh djvvlngjcrl plvl al gcmaz}gýc bj bjphvrg}rl} }j pvj.rjcbj |zj ah} czjyh} bjphvrg}rl} |zj }j gcmhvphvjc l }z pvìmrgml!pzjblc }jvygv}j bj jaah} plvl lpvjcbjv al} vjkal} hmglaj} w pvlmrgmlvbj hvnl mhcrvhalbl ah} gcgmgh}#

Nh}lgmh mhc mzlrvh mlprzvl} bj plcrlaal bja ygbjhezjkh bj al fhmmgl#

Lnfh} ygbjhezjkh} lphvrlc la bjphvrj lblprlbh zc ldhvvh bj mh}rj}mhc}gbjvlfaj# Gnlkgcjnh} |zj bh} pjv}hcl} |zg}gjvlc bg}pzrlv zclplvrgbl bj fhmmgl h }gnpajnjcrj mhchmjv lakh nì} bj j}rj bjphvrj#Cjmj}grlvîlc zc j}mjclvgh vjla mhnh zc phagbjphvrgyh nlvmlbh mhc al}aîcjl} pjvrgcjcrj}! zc ezjkh bj fhal} w pvhflfajnjcrj bj}palulv}j# Bjç}rl nlcjvl ‑ygvrzla„ rlc }hah cjmj}grlvîlc zc _M# Jc cgckõc nhnjcrh}j dl pvjrjcbgbh }zpalcrlv h }z}rgrzgv ja ezjkh vjla! clbl bj j}h! nì}fgjc mhnpajnjcrlvah bj}bj zc pzcrh bj yg}rl rìmrgmh w j}rvlrçkgmh#_vjmg}lnjcrj plvl }lfjv ja lamlcmj bj j}rj lphwh rjmchaýkgmh! ja MVJ!

ezcrh mhc ja gc}rgrzrh [gcklrj bj G}vlja! al Ilmzarlb bj Mgjcmgl} bjaBjphvrj bj al Zcgyjv}gblb bj Ajýc! Zcgyjv}gblb bj Lamlaì bj Djclvj}!Zcgyjv}gblb _hagrçmcgml bj Nlbvgb w al j}mzjal bj rjajmhnzcgmlmghcj}



<2<

bj al Zcgyjv}gblb bj Ylaalbhagb! j}rìc aajylcbh l mlfh zc j}rzbgh bjgcyj}rgklmgýc }hfvj ja gnplmrh bj al pvìmrgml bj al fhmmgl ygvrzla mhn.pajnjcrlcbh l al pvìmrgml bj al fhmmgl vjla! rlcrh l bjphvrg}rl} jbj.vlbh} mhnh lmghclbh}#

]hfvj Fhmmgl Ygvrzla! |zj lmrzlanjcrj }j jcmzjcrvl bg}phcgfaj jc }z

yjv}gýc =#?! phbjnh} bjmgv |zj bj}bj }z} gcgmgh} gcmhvphvý al ph}gfg.agblb bj ezklv w nlcjelv rhbl} }z} hpmghcj} mhc }ýah 6 nhygngjcrh}}jcmgaah} bja nlcbh bj al mhc}hal Cgcrjcbh [gg! ja {ggnhrj# ]j mvjlvhcah} njcõ} bj mhckzvlmgýc w bj ezjkh rjcgjcbh jc mzjcrl al mhcbgmgýcpvgcmgpla bj j}h} bh} õcgmh} nhygngjcrh}#

Jc al pvgnjvl vjyg}gýc $yjv}gýc 6#?'! wl }j gcmhvphvý al ph}gfgagblb bjnlcjelv rhbl al lpagmlmgýc mhc ah} fhrhcj} gu|zgjvbh w bjvjmdh bjavlrýc w al ph}gfgagblb bj lmhpalv pza}lbhvj}(mhcnzrlbhvj} l zc vlrýc

mhcyjcgjcrjnjcrj lblprlbh! gcmhvphvl rlnfgçc ja }g}rjnl bj flvvgbhw pzjbj mlclagulv al} ývbjcj} l rvlyç} bj mhnlcbh} phv yhu#

Bj}bj ja MVJ |zjvjnh} bj}rlmlv |zj rlcrh ç}rl õargnl! mhnh rhbl}al} njehvl} |zj }j ylc lpagmlcbh la ygbjh ezjkh }hc vzrh bj al jtpj.vgjcmgl bj z}zlvgh cla |zj }j aajyl l mlfh mhc ah} pvhrhrgph}.pgahrhbj j}rl} djvvlngjcrl}# Ja ygbjh ezjkh bj al fhmmgl ‑YgvrzlFhmmgl„ zjpvj}jcrlbh phv al bgvjmrhvl bja MVJ jc Igcalcbgl jc 6?<? w dl }gbhbj}lvvhaalbh phv al jnpvj}l _vhnjrjh Gcchylrghc}! bj Hygjbh#

Nh}lgmh mhc mzlrvh mlprzvl} bj plcrlaal bja ygbjhezjkh bja ]alahn#



<26

_hv hrvl plvrj! ‑]alahn! Rdj Ygbjhklnj„ gcmhvphvlvì ylvgh} rzrhvgl.aj} jtpagmlrgyh} bj al} vjkal} plvl al} bgjvjcrj} pvzjfl}! mhcrvha mhcvlrýc! mhc ehw}rgm`! mhc klnjplb j gcmaz}h }j dl pvhflbh mhc çtgrhmhc lakzch} vlrhcj} lmglaj} kvlrzgrh} bg}phcgfaj} jc al lmrzlagblb#Rlnfgçc rjcbvì rhrla }jc}gfgagblb dlmîl al lmmj}gfgagblb bja jcrhvch bja

ezjkh! mzgblcbh al lplvgjcmgl w al lmgagblb bj nlcjeh bja ng}nh#Mhnh jcrvlbl l al plvrgbl! al lpagmlmgýc wl ch} hvjmjvì al hpmgýc bjplcrlaal mhnpajrl h jc yjcrlcl plvl l|zjaal} pjv}hcl} |zj ah cjmj}g.rjc l}î#

Zcl yju jc ja ezjkh w vj}pjrlcbh ja vjkalnjcrh hmgla }j phbvì jajkgvjcrvj al bg}rgcrl} mlrjkhvîl} w al zrgagulmgýc bj }gaal mhc lmmghclngjcrhjaçmrvgmh h nlczla w bjcrvh bj ç}rl! mhc al} nlch} h mhc ah} pgj}#_hbvì vjkzalv}j al yjahmgblb kjcjvla bja ezjkh w mhcrlvì mhc lez}rj}

bj }jc}gfgagblb jc ah} mhcrvhaj} plvl lmgagrlv }z nlcjeh# Ah} rzrhvglaj}jtpagmlrgyh} }jvìc bj mlbl pvzjfl mhnpajrl h bj mlbl hf}rìmzah bjhvnl gcbjpjcbgjcrj plvl |zj al} pjv}hcl} |zj }j gcgmglc mhnpvjcblcw njnhvgmjc ah} vjmhvvgbh}# Bg}phcbvì rlnfgçc bj lwzbl} hpmghcl.aj} jc ja }zjah gcbgmlrgyl} bj al bgvjmmgýc h al }gkzgjcrj pvzjfl# Mhnhdjnh} bgmdh! rhbh jaah jtpagmlbh mhc njcõ} }jcmgaah}! mhc mhcrvl}rjw rlnlüh }zmgjcrj# Gcmhvphvlvì }zfrîrzah} bj bgìahkh} w bj }hcgbh}plvl pjv}hcl} mhc bçmgr lzbgrgyh#

Ja ygbjh ezjkh }hfvj ]alahn dl }gbh bj}lvvhaalbh phv al jnpvj}l

Lmmj}Lfaj Klnj}.Rdj Klnj @grmdjc! bj ]jygaal#

Jcalmj} bj gcrjvç}

Bj}mlvkl kvlrzgrl bj lnfh} ezjkh}5

{{{#mvjbg}mlplmgblbwbjpjcbjcmgl#j}





<2=

:#6Gnpajnjcrlmgýc bj zcìvjl bj ygbjhezjkh} jczc mjcrvh bj lrjcmgýc

l pjv}hcl} mhcbg}mlplmgblb î}gml#Nlvîl bja Mlvnjc Mlügulvj} w Eh}ç Mlvah} Nlvrîc

Mjcrvh bj Vjmzpjvlmgýc bj _jv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblbIî}gml bja GN]JV]H jc Laflmjrjdrrp5(({{{#mvnlaflmjrj#j}nmlvnjcmjlplrOdhrnlga#j}

emnlvrgcpOgn}jv}h#j}

Ja Mjcrvh bj Vjmzpjvlmgýc bj _jv}hcl} mhc Bg}mlplmgblb

Iî}gml $MVNI' hvnl plvrj bj al Vjb bj Mjcrvh} bja GN]JV]H#]hc mjcrvh} bj ìnfgrh j}rlrla |zj plvrgjcbh bj zc jch|zjgcrjkvlbh bj al vjdlfgagrlmgýc pvj}rlc zc mhcezcrh bj }jvygmgh} vjmzpj.vlbhvj} bj mhcrjcgbh njbgmh.zcmghcla! p}gmh.}hmgla w bj hvgjcrlmgýc whvnlmgýc pvhj}ghcla w hmzplmghcla plvl pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblbî}gml h }jc}hvgla jc jblb alfhvla#

Bgmdh} }jvygmgh} }j hvjmjc jc vçkgnjc bj gcrjvclbh h bj lrjcmgýcbgzvcl! bj lmzjvbh mhc al} mgvmzc}rlcmgl} pjv}hclaj} w cjmj}gblbj} jgcrjvj}j} bj ah} z}zlvgh}#

http://www.crmfalbacete.es/

http://www.crmfalbacete.es/



<22

Al} plvrgmzalvgblbj} bj zc mjcrvh bj vjmzpjvlmgýc mhnh jc ja|zj j}rlnh} gc}mvgrh}! l}î mhnh }z }grzlmgýc! al} mlvlmrjvî}rg.ml} bj al} pjv}hcl} lrjcbgbl} w }z hvnl bj kj}rgýc blc mhnh

vj}zarlbh |zj nzmdl} yjmj} ch }j jcmzjcrvj zcl vj}pzj}rl lbjmzlbll al} cjmj}gblbj} bj hmgh# J}rh hfagkl l jtpahvlv hrvl} larjvclrgyl} pvh.

pgmglbl} phv al} czjyl} rjmchahkîl}#J}rj bhmznjcrh vjmhkj al gnpajnjcrlmgýc bj zc ìvjl bj ygbjhezjkh}!al} cjmj}gblbj} |zj nhrgylvhc j}rj mlnfgh w al vj}pzj}rl rjcgbl phvplvrj bj al} pjv}hcl} z}zlvgl} bja }jvygmgh# J}rl lmmgýc }j bj}lvvhaaý lah alvkh bja lüh 6??;#

Ylahvlmgýc pvjygl bj al pvhpzj}rl bj hmgh jcja MVNI

Al pvhpzj}rl bj hmgh jc ja gcrjvghv bj al} gc}rlalmghcj} bja mjcrvh }jfl}l! lbjnì} bj al rjajyg}gýc! jc al} hpmghcj} bj}mvgrl} l mhcrgczlmgýc5bh} nj}l} bj fgaalv! ezjkh} bj blvbh}! zrfhagcj} $6'! nj}l bj pgck.phck! }zvrgbh bj ezjkh} bj nj}l rgph lejbvju! blnl}! plvmdî}! clgpj}!rvgygla! jrm#

J} ìmga jcrjcbjv |zj j}rj rgph bj hjvrl aõbgml vj}phcbj l zc mhcezcrhbj z}zlvgh} mhc dlfgagblbj} nhrhvl} }zmgjcrj} }hfvj rhbh bj mgcrzvlj}mlpzalv# Al gcmhvphvlmgýc plzalrgcl la mjcrvh bj pjv}hcl} mhc zcl}agngrlmghcj} zcmghclaj} |zj mhnpvhnjrjc rhbh} ah} }jknjcrh} mhv.phvlaj} h al nlwhv plvrj bj jaah} mhcygjvrj j}rl hjvrl jc gclbjmzlblh! mzlcbh njch}! jc gc}zmgjcrj# L j}rh dlw |zj lülbgv |zj! }jkõcczj}rvl jtpjvgjcmgl jc jylazlmghcj} vjlagulbl} l bgyjv}h} nlrjvglaj}aõbgmh}! rhbh} ah} jajnjcrh} bj ezjkh gcbgmlbh} }hc bj bgîmga lblprl.mgýc l pjv}hcl} mhc agngrlmghcj} zcmghclaj} jc ngjnfvh} }zpjvghvj}#



<2:

Ja MVNI bj Laflmjrj! phv hrvl plvrj! }j jcmzjcrvl zfgmlbh jc zcl uhclzvflcl pjvgçvgml# J}rh }zphcj zcl bgmzarlb lülbgbl l l|zjaal} pjv.}hcl} mhc nlwhvj} cgyjaj} bj bjpjcbjcmgl# Jc j}rj ml}h pvjmg}lc bjarvlc}phvrj zvflch! bja lphwh bj hrvl} pjv}hcl} h bja z}h bja rvlc}phvrjpvgylbh plvl lmmjbjv la mjcrvh bj al mgzblb#

Al }znl bj j}rh} bh} lmrhvj} dl }gbh bjrjvngclcrj plvl palcrjlv}jgcchylv al hjvrl bj hmgh pvhpgl bja mjcrvh mhc yg}rl} l hvjmjv zcllarjvclrgyl l lakzcl} bj al} pjv}hcl} |zj jc j}rj nhnjcrh yjc agng.rlbl} }z} hphvrzcgblbj} bj plvrgmgplmgýc jc j}rj rgph bj lmrgygblbj}#

Ah} ygbjhezjkh} mhnh vjmzv}h plvl al} pjv}h.cl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb

_hbjnh} bjcgv ja ygbjhezjkh mhnh zc jcrhvch gchvnìrgmh |zj vjpvh.bzmj }hfvj zcl plcrlaal zc ezjkh mzwl} vjkal} dlc }gbh pvjyglnjcrjpvhkvlnlbl}# Ah} ygbjhezjkh} gcrvhbzmjc l ah} z}zlvgh} jc zc nzcbhbgkgrla w aj} pjvngrjc vjlagulv lmrgygblbj} bgyjv}l} jc j}mjclvgh} ygvrzl.aj}# Gcbjpjcbgjcrjnjcrj bj ah} ph}gfaj} jjmrh} cjklrgyh} $lbgmmgýc!ylahvlmghcj} nhvlaj}! lg}alngjcrh' al} phrjcmglagblbj} }hc jchvnj} ch}ýah mhnh lmrgygblbj} bj hmgh }gch mhnh gc}rvznjcrh} lyhvjmjbhvj}bja bj}lvvhaah jbzmlrgyh! jnhmghcla j gcrjajmrzla#

Jc vjalmgýc l al} pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb w vjmhkgjcbh ah} blrh}lphvrlbh} phv Cgcrjcbh }hfvj ja z}h bj }z lblprlmghc ‑Dlcb} Ivjj„phbjnh} mhc}gbjvlv |zj ja ygbjhezjkh pzjbj rjcjv zc gnphvrlcrj plpjalyhvjmjbhv bj ah} l}pjmrh} p}gmhaýkgmh ” pjv}hcla! mhkcgrgyh! }hmgla!jbzmlrgyh ” rjvlpçzrgmh w aõbgmh#

Jajmmgýc bj al palrlhvnl

Czj}rvl jajmmgýc dl }gbh al palrlhvnl [GG bj Cgcrjcbh# Al} pvgcmgpl.aj} vluhcj} bj j}rl jajmmgýc }hc bh}5 jc pvgnjv azklv ja nlcbh gcrjv.lmj rgjcj zch} vj|zjvgngjcrh} nhrvgmj} jc mzlcrh l bglcl}! pvjmg}gýc wyjahmgblb nzmdh njchvj} |zj ah} nlcbh} bj hrvl} palrlhvnl}#

_hv hrvl plvrj! ah} ezjkh} }hphvrlbh} jc j}rl ygbjhmhc}hal lbngrjc zcvlckh bj jejmzmgýc nhrhvl nzmdh nlwhv# _hv bjmgvah bj lakzcl nlcjvl!al lmmgýc |zj dl bj vjlagulv}j jc ja ezjkh j} }gngalv l al |zj }j vjlagul jcal vjlagblb pjvh jc zc nhbh larlnjcrj }gnpagmlbh# J}rh }zphcj |zjpjv}hcl} |zj rgjcjc mlplmgblb plvl jejmzrlv nhygngjcrh} plvjmgbh} l

al lmmgýc bja ezjkh! lzc|zj }jl bj zcl hvnl }gnpagmlbl h agngrlbl!ylc l phbjv gcrjvlmrzlv bj zcl nlcjvl jmlu pzbgjcbh lamlculv larh}cgyjaj} bj çtgrh jc ja bj}lvvhaah bja ezjkh#



<29

Hrvh l}pjmrh l mhc}gbjvlv zj al plcrlaal# _lvl lyhvjmjv ja ezjkh jckvzph! ja phbjv bg}rlcmglv}j bj al plcrlaal w plvl lmgagrlv al yg}gýc }jylahvý zc nhcgrhv bj =; pzaklbl} mhnh rlnlüh nîcgnh plvl phbjvmznpagv j}rh} vj|zg}grh}#

Ylahvlmgýc kahfla bj al pvhpzj}rl Lbjnì} bj hrvh} l}pjmrh} }j dlmj zcl ylahvlmgýc kahfla bj j}rl gcgmgl.rgyl w }j pgbj l ah} z}zlvgh} |zj lbezbg|zjc zcl pzcrzlmgýc bj < l <? $<‑nzw nlal„ w <? ‑nzw fzjcl„'# Al njbgl bj al} pzcrzlmghcj} hfrjcgbl}j} bj 4!92 pzcrh}#

Mhcmaz}ghcj} w lmmghcj} zrzvl} bj mhcrgczgblb

Al pvgnjvl mhcmaz}gýc j} ja gccjklfaj çtgrh bj al pvhpzj}rl# Jaah }jpzjbj yjv ch }ýah jc al pzcrzlmgýc njbgl hfrjcgbl bj al ylahvlmgýc|zj dlc djmdh ah} z}zlvgh} }gch jc hrvh} bh} l}pjmrh}# Zch bj jaah}j} ja z}h mhcrgczlbh |zj }j dlmj bj j}rj vjmzv}h aõbgmh# ]j z}l mhcvjmzjcmgl bglvgl }gc gcrjvjvgv mhc ja vj}rh bj lmrgygblbj} bja mjcrvh cgmhc hrvl} pvhpzj}rl} bj hmgh# Ja }jkzcbh l}pjmrh j} |zj j} zc vjmzv}h|zj }j dl lfgjvrh bj hvnl nlwhvgrlvgl l czjyh} z}zlvgh} bj j}rh} bg}.ph}grgyh}# Al nlwhv plvrj bj ezklbhvj} ch rjcîlc jtpjvgjcmgl} pvjygl}#

Al }jkzcbl mhcmaz}gýc j} |zj }j dl vjlagulbh zcl fzjcl jajmmgýc bjpalrlhvnl bj ezjkh# Al} j}ml}l} bgmzarlbj} bj z}h }jülalbl} l}î mhnh ah} mhnjcrlvgh} plvrgmzalvj} }hfvj al} bgmzarlbj} jcmhcrvlbl}



<2;

mhc hrvh rgph bj nlcbh} ch} hvgjcrlc jc j}rl bgvjmmgýc# Lzc l}î }jbjfj njehvlv al gchvnlmgýc }hfvj al} ph}gfgagblbj} bj lblprlmgýcplvl l}jkzvlv al} hphvrzcgblbj} bj ezjkh bj rhbh} l|zjaah} z}zlvgh}bg}pzj}rh} l jaah#

Al rjvmjvl mhcmaz}gýc j} |zj ch dlw jcrvj ah} z}zlvgh} zcl pvhpzj}rl

bj njehvl jc al bgvjmmgýc jc al |zj ch}hrvh} phbvîlnh} }h}pjmdlv$gcrjvmhcjmrgygblb! gcmvjnjcrh bj al} zcgblbj}' }gch! zcblnjcrla.njcrj! bj mlcrgblb w ylvgjblb bj ah} ezjkh} hjvrlbh}# ]g plvrgmgpl.nh} bj al gbjl bj al fhcblb bj j}rh} bg}ph}grgyh} plvl al} pjv}hcl}mhc bg}mlplmgblb bjfjnh} pvj}rlv lrjcmgýc l nlcrjcjv ja gcrjvç} w alnhrgylmgýc dlmgl jaah}#

Jcmhcrvlnh} bh} ìvjl} fì}gml} bj njehvl# Al pvgnjvl j} |zj mhc}g.bjvlnh} |zj j}rj rgph bj palrlhvnl bj ygbjhezjkh bjfj hvnlv plvrj

bj zc pvhkvlnl bj lalfjrgulmgýc gchvnìrgml w bjfjc gcmvjnjcrlv ah}cgyjaj} bj mhnpjrjcmgl rjmchaýkgml phv ah |zj bjfjnh} lpzcrlv jcrvj} bgvjmmghcj}5

l#. bjfjnh} mhcjmrlv al} palrlhvnl} mhc al vjb {g bja MVNIplvl ja lmmj}h l vjmzv}h} bj Gcrjvcjr! lmmj}h l mhnzcgblbj} ygv.rzlaj} bj ezklbhvj} w plvl ah} ezjkh} jc vjb#

f#. bjfjnh} lyhvjmjv al plvrgmgplmgýc bj ezklbhvj} jtpjvrh} lzc.|zj }jlc jtrjvch} la MVNI plvl ja gcrjvmlnfgh bj mhchmgngjcrhjc mzlcrh l hpmghcj} bja ezjkh w bj mhcrvhaj} bj ezjkh#

m#. bjfjnh} gcmvjnjcrlv al ylvgjblb bj ezjkh} plvl jygrlv jc ahph}gfaj al }lrzvlmgýc w lmgagrlv al nhrgylmgýc#

Al }jkzcbl hpmgýc bj njehvl j} |zj bjfjnh} lnpaglv al} hpmghcj} bjmhcrvha lülbgjcbh bg}ph}grgyh} w mhnpajnjcrh} wl }jlc bja njvmlbhj}rìcblv $vl|zjrl}! flrj} h j}plbl}' l}î mhnh lblprlmghcj} j}pjmgl.aj} plvl lmgagrlv ja lez}rj l al pjv}hcl#



<24

:#=Jylazlmgýc bja z}h bjal ygbjhmhc}hal [ggjc pjv}hcl} mhc blüh

mjvjfvla lb|zgvgbh#Ezlc Eh}ç Klvmîl! Nlvrl _çvju! Mlvah} Khcuìaju!

Lcrhcgh Kýnju w Azg} Ijagpj Mvhmdj

Ezlc Eh}ç Klvmîl w

Nlvrl _çvju Lmrgygblbj} î}gmhbjphvrgyl} w bj hmgh plvlblüh mjvjfvla#Mazf bjphvrgyh jajnjcrlabjphvrj plvl BML#{{{#bjphvrjplvlbml#mhngchObjphvrjplvlbml#mhn

Ijagpj Mvhmdj

Lmrgygblbj} î}gmhbjphvrgyl} w bj hmghplvl blüh mjvjfvla#

Mlvah} Khcuìaju w

Lcrhcgh KýnjuMjcrvh J}rlrla bj

Lrjcmgýc la Blüh Mjvjfvla$MJLBLM'#{{{#mjlblm#j}gchOmjlblm#j}

Ja Mjcrvh J}rlrla bj Lrjcmgýc la Blüh Mjvjfvla $MJLBLM' j} zc Mjcrvh bjVjjvjcmgl }hmgh}lcgrlvgh põfagmh bjbgmlbh l al vjdlfgagrlmgýc gcrjkvla j gcrjc.}gyl bj pjv}hcl} mhc blüh mjvjfvla lb|zgvgbh $BML'# Ah} pvhkvlnl} bj vjdl.

fgagrlmgýc }j bg}jülc bj nlcjvl gcbgygbzlagulbl plvl mlbl z}zlvgh w rgjcjc zc rgjnphbjrjvngclbh $MJLBLM! 6?<<'#

http://www.deporteparadca.com/

http://www.ceadac.es/

http://www.ceadac.es/

http://www.deporteparadca.com/



<27

Hfejrgyh5 lclagulv w jylazlv al zrgagblb bj <2 ygbjhezjkh} $YE'bj al ygbjhmhc}hal [gg jc pjv}hcl} mhc blüh mjvjfvla lb|zg.vgbh# Njrhbhahkîl5 dlc plvrgmgplbh ;6 z}zlvgh}# ]j dl ylahvlbh5

gnpagmlmgýc bja ngjnfvh }zpjvghv plvçrgmh j gcjvghv plvçrgmh! j|zgagfvgh!mhnpvj}gýc bja ezjkh! fjcjmgh kahfla }hfvj ja z}zlvgh! lbdjvjcmgl la

ezjkh w ezklfgagblb#Mhcmaz}ghcj}5 ja z}zlvgh bjfj mhnpvjcbjv al bgcìngml bj mlbl YE w}jv mlplu jc zc cgyja nîcgnh bj aajylvah l mlfh mhc çtgrh# J} cjmj}lvghvjlagulv zcl mal}gmlmgýc |zj pjvngrl jylazlv ah} YE |zj gnpag|zjc ja z}hbja ngjnfvh }zpjvghv plvçrgmh#

Gcrvhbzmmgýc

Al ygbjhmhc}hal [gg bj Cgcrjcbh bj}bj }z mhnjvmglagulmgýc lphvrlzc czjyh nhbh bj ezjkh bjfgbh l al gcmhvphvlmgýc bj }z nlcbh gcl.aìnfvgmh! ja Mhcrvha Vjnhrh [gg $h [ggnhrj'! ja mzla pzjbj }jv z}lbhmhnh zc bg}ph}grgyh bj nlch mhc ja |zj }j pzjbj lpzcrlv! lbjnì} bjphbjv bjrjmrlv al lmjajvlmgýc bj ah} nhygngjcrh} jc rvj} bgnjc}ghcj}$Lvwl! _lcbglc! Yjvnl! w Klvk! 6?<<0 Bjzr}md! Fhvfjaw! Igaajv! Dzdc! w

Kzlvvjvl.Fh{afw! 6??40 Ehh! jr la#! 6?<?'#J}rh lphvrl lmgagblb bj zrgagulmgýc! nlwhv gcrjvlmmgýc bja gcbgygbzh mhcja ezjkh w lmgagblb bj ezjkh njbglcrj nhygngjcrh} gcrzgrgyh}# Rhbh jaah!dl djmdh nì} lmmj}gfaj ah} ezjkh} bj ygbjhmhc}hal l pjv}hcl} mhcbg}mlplmgblb! nzmdh} bj ah} ygbjhezjkh} $YE' }j pzjbj ezklv zrgagulcbh}hah zcl nlch $Flrjcg! 6?<<0 Bjzr}md! jr la#! 6??40 Izck! jr la#! 6?<?0Nhzl{lb! Bhz}r! Nlt! w NmCzarw! 6?<<0 ]lph}cg`! Rjl}jaa! jr la#! 6?<?'#

Jc ah} õargnh} lüh} dlc pvhagjvlbh ah} j}rzbgh} vjalmghclbh} mhc ja

z}h bj al} ygbjhmhc}hal} jc bgjvjcrj} mhajmrgyh}5 mhnh phv jejnpah alpvjyjcmgýc bj al hfj}gblb $Flgajw w NmGccg}! 6?<<0 Kvl! _vlrr! Dj}rjv! w]dhvr! 6??70 _jc`h w Flv`ajw! 6?<?' h al} mlîbl} jc pjv}hcl} nlwhvj}$Flrjcg! 6?<<0 _gkhvb w Lcbvj{}! 6?<?0 Wlnlbl! jr la#! 6?<<'# Rlnfgçcjtg}rjc j}rzbgh} }hfvj al zrgagulmgýc bj al} ygbjhmhc}hal} jc ja mlnphbj al vjdlfgagrlmgýc5 vjmzpjvlmgýc bj aj}ghcj} bjphvrgyl} $Ngbbajnl}!Fl}gagmlrh! _vwfgmgjc! ]lyhgl! w Fghbhkagh! 6??7' w jc pjv}hcl} mhcbg}rgcrl} bg}mlplmgblbj} $Izck! jr la#! 6?<?0 Alckj! Iawcc! _vhrr!Mdlck! w Vguuh! 6?<?'! mhnh plvìag}g} mjvjfvla gclcrga $Bjzr}md! jr la#!

6??40 Bjzr}md! Nhvvg}hc! w Fh{afw! 6??7' w BML $Fvh{c! ]zklvnlc! wFzv}rgc! 6??70 Khabjc w ]ajul`! 6?<?0 Ehh! jr la#! 6?<?0 Nhzl{lb! jr la#!6?<<0 ]lph}cg`! Nlnblcg! jr la#! 6?<?'#



<:?

Ja hfejrgyh bja pvj}jcrj bhmznjcrh j} bj}mvgfgv al jtpjvgjcmgl w ja pvh.rhmhah bj rvlfleh vjlagulbh jc MJLBLM zrgagulcbh al ygbjhmhc}hal [ggjc pjv}hcl} mhc blüh mjvjfvla lb|zgvgbh! lbjnì} bj lclagulv w blvzcl pvgnjvl vjmhnjcblmgýc bj mzìaj} }hc ah} ezjkh} w bg}ph}grgyh}|zj ch} plvjmjc nì} lpvhpglbh} plvl lpagmlv jc j}rj mhajmrgyh! jc

zcmgýc bj }z} bçmgr} w mlplmgblbj}#

Nlrjvgla w nçrhbh

NlrjvglaBh} ygbjhmhc}hal} [gg bj Cgcrjcrbh al [gg Flalcmj Fhlvb $rlfal bjj|zgagfvgh'! bh} nlcbh} gclaìnfvgmh}! bh} rjajyg}ghcj}! ja YE [gg ]phvrVj}hvr mhnpzj}rh phv mgcmh ezjkh} $kha! fhah}! fhtjh! rjcg} w fjg}.

fha' w ja YE [gg Igr _az} bja |zj }j dlc }jajmmghclbh ah} jejvmgmgh} bjj|zgagfvgh mhnpzj}rh} phv czjyj ezjkh} $mlfjuluh}! j}alahc bj j}|zî!}larh} bj j}|zî}! palrlhvnl}! al mzjvbl ihel! vîh lfleh! pj}ml fleh mjvh!j}alahc bj }ch{fhlvb! ulujc'# _lvl ezklv la [gg Igr _az} j} cjmj}lvgh alzrgagulmgýc bj al [gg Flalcmj Fhlvb#

Nzj}rvl bj j}rzbgh]j dlc ylahvlbh zc rhrla bj ;6 z}zlvgh} bja MJLBLM# Ah} mvgrjvgh} bj

gcmaz}gýc }jajmmghclbh} plvl al plvrgmgplmgýc bj ah} z}zlvgh} dlc }gbh ah}}gkzgjcrj}5 |zjvjv plvrgmgplv agfvjnjcrj jc al lmrgygblb! mlplmgblb mhkcg.rgyl plvl jcrjcbjv al} gc}rvzmmghcj} bj ah} ezjkh}! gcgmglrgyl }zmgjcrj plvl

ezklv bj hvnl lzrýchnl! pvhmj}lngjcrh bj al gchvnlmgýc lbjmzlbh lal} bjnlcbl} bj ah} ezjkh} w ph}gfgagblb bj jcmlbjclv nhygngjcrh}#

]j dl jcmzlbvlbh l mlbl z}zlvgh jc zch bj ah} }jg} cgyjaj} nhrhvj}$cgyja G nlwhv ljmrlmgýc î}gml! cgyja YG }gc ljmrlmgýc î}gml'! }gkzgjcbh almal}gmlmgýc plvl pjv}hcl} mhc BML bj Klvmîl.Djvcìcbju! jr la#$6?<<'

w |zj }j bj}lvvhaal l mhcrgczlmgýc5» Cgyja G5 z}zlvgh} mhc }jyjvl ljmrlmgýc î}gml! gcmlplmj} bj nlc.rjcjv al fgpjbj}rlmgýc bj hvnl gcbjpjcbgjcrj $vjlagulc ah} bj}.palulngjcrh} jc }gaal bj vzjbl}'! |zj ch rgjcjc cgckõc ngjnfvhzcmghcla#

» Cgyja GG5 z}zlvgh} mhc }jyjvl ljmrlmgýc î}gml! gcmlplmj} bj nlcrjcjval fgpjbj}rlmgýc bj hvnl gcbjpjcbgjcrj $vjlagulc ah} bj}palulngjc.rh} jc }gaal bj vzjbl}'! |zj rgjcjc la njch} zc ngjnfvh zcmghcla#

» Cgyja GGG5 z}zlvgh} mhc djngplvj}gl j}pì}rgml }jyjvl0 h |zj pvj.}jcrlc larjvlmghcj} bja mhcrvha ph}rzvla! |zj plvl }z bj}palul.ngjcrh jnpajlc fl}rýc gckaç}(lcblbhv#



<:<

» Cgyja GY5 z}zlvgh} |zj pvj}jcrlc zcl plvj}gl ajyj jc zc ngjnfvhgcjvghv! jnpajlc pvhbzmrh} bj lphwh w vj|zgjvjc lphwh hml}ghclabj hrvl pjv}hcl jc jtrjvghvj}# Z}zlvgh} mhc plvj}gl |zj vj|zgj.vjc hvrj}g} lcrgj|zgch pvjlfvgmlbl w jnpajlc fl}rýc jc jtrjvgh.vj}# Jc lnfh} ml}h} ja rìcbjn j} gcj}rlfaj! gcmaz}h gnph}gfaj! ja

lphwh nhchphbla ch j} ph}gfaj }hfvj ja ngjnfvh ljmrlbh w j}gcj}rlfaj jc ja mhcrvlalrjvla# Jtg}rj gcj}rlfgagblb jc ah} nhygngjc.rh} gcgmglbh} phv }î ng}nh#

» Cgyja Y5 z}zlvgh} mhc }jc}lmgýc bj bj}j|zgagfvgh h bgmzarlb pvgc.mgplanjcrj jc vjalmgýc l lmrgygblbj} mhnpajel}! mhc fzjc cgyjazcmghcla! }gc bçmgr} cjzvhaýkgmh} $hmlagblb' malvh} jc al jtpahvl.mgýc! |zj ch pvjmg}lc pvhbzmrh} bj lphwh cg }zpjvyg}gýc jc jtrj.vghvj} w pvj}jcrlc gcj}rlfgagblb jc ja lphwh nhchphbla#

» Cgyja YG5 z}zlvgh} }gc larjvlmghcj} î}gml}#

]j dl rhnlbh mhnh lmrhvj} bj mhvvjmmgýc al }jkzvgblb! w al mlpl.mgblb bja plvrgmgplcrj plvl ezklv }gc cjmj}gblb bj }zpjvyg}gýc! mhcal gcrjcmgýc bj jygrlv mlîbl}# Bj j}rj nhbh lakzch} z}zlvgh}! }j dlcmal}gmlbh jc zc cgyja nhrhv njchv la |zj aj} dlfvîl mhvvj}phcbgbh}gc rjcjv jc mzjcrl j}rh} lmrhvj}# L}î pzj}! lakzch} z}zlvgh} bja cgyjaGGG dlc }gbh vjzfgmlbh} jc zc cgyja GG lcrj al gcmlplmgblb bj ezklv jcfgpjbj}rlmgýc mhc }jkzvgblb w(h }gc cjmj}gblb bj }zpjvyg}gýc#

_vhrhmhah bj njbgbl

]j dlc ylahvlbh bgjvjcrj} l}pjmrh} jc mlbl zch bj ah} ezjkh} mhcmlbl z}zlvgh# Ja vlckh bj njbgbl zrgagulbh phv ja hf}jvylbhv dl }gbhbj < l :# Ah} l}pjmrh} ylahvlbh} mhc al} bgjvjcrj} njbgbl} hf}jvyl.mghclaj} }j jtphcjc l mhcrgczlmgýc5

<# L cgyja nhrhv5

<#< Ngjnfvh }zpjvghv plvçrgmh $N]_'# <5 }j mhc}gkzj nîcgnl gnpag.mlmgýc bj al jtrvjngblb# :5 }j mhc}gkzj nìtgnl gnpagmlmgýc bj aljtrvjngblb#

<#6 Ngjnfvh gcjvghv plvçrgmh $NG_'# <5 }j mhc}gkzj nîcgnl gnpag.mlmgýc bj al jtrvjngblb# :5 }j mhc}gkzj nìtgnl gnpagmlmgýc bj aljtrvjngblb#

<#= J|zgagfvgh jc }jbj}rlmgýc $J]J' jc ah} cgyjaj} G w GG h j|zgagfvghjc fgpjbj}rlmgýc $JFG' jc ah} cgyjaj} GGG l YG# <5 nîcgnh kvlbh bj

bj}j}rlfgagulmgýc# :5 nìtgnh kvlbh bj bj}j}rlfgagulmgýc#



<:6

6# L cgyja mhkcgrgyh5

6#< Al mhnpvjc}gýc bja ezjkh $MEZ'# <5 njchv lmgagblb# :5 nlwhvlmgagblb#

6#6 Al mlplmgblb bj jejmzmgýc bja hfejrgyh $MJH'# <5 nîcgnl mlpl.mgblb bj jejmzmgýc# :5 nìtgnl mlplmgblb bj jejmzmgýc#

=# Fjcjmgh kahfla }hfvj ja z}zlvgh $FKZ'5 ylahvlmgýc bja pvhj}ghcla}hfvj al mlplmgblb bja ezjkh jc ja rvlfleh bj ah} bçmgr} bja z}zlvgh# <5nîcgnl zrgagblb# :5 nìtgnl zrgagblb#

2# Lbdjvjcmgl bja z}zlvgh la ezjkh $LZE'5 lmjprlmgýc j gcrjvç} jc alpvìmrgml# <5 nîcgnh gcrjvç}# :5 nìtgnh gcrjvç}#

:# Ezklfgagblb $EZK'5 al mlplmgblb bja z}zlvgh plvl phbjv gcrjvlmmghclvmhc ja ezjkh# <5 nîcgnl ezklfgagblb# :5 nìtgnl ezklfgagblb#

9# ]gkzgjcbh ja rvlfleh vjlagulbh phv Wlnlbl! jr la# $6?<<' jc pjv}hcl}nlwhvj} mhc al [gg Flalcmj Fhlvb jc }jbj}rlmgýc! }j vjlaguý zc pgahrlejmhc z}zlvgh} cgyja GG bj bh} hvnl}5 jc }jbj}rlmgýc mhc ah} pgj} lphwlbh}}hfvj al rlfal w }jcrlbh} }hfvj al rlfal $yjv hrh <'# ]j mhc}gbjvý |zj alnlcjvl nì} }jkzvl w jmgjcrj plvl |zj ah} z}zlvgh} bja cgyja GG vjlagulvlcah} jejvmgmgh} bj j|zgagfvgh bj [gg Igr _az} jvl }jcrlbh }hfvj al rlfal#

Jc al vjlagulmgýc bj al lmrgygblb }j dl ylahvlbh ja ngjnfvh }zpjvghvplvçrgmh }gjnpvj |zj dl vj}zarlbh }jv zcmghcla jc al pvìmrgml bj ah}bgjvjcrj} ezjkh}! blbh |zj j} cjmj}lvgh ph}jjv mgjvrh kvlbh bj nhyg.agblb mhc ç}rj! w }jv mlplu bj vjlagulv al lmmgýc bj pgcul mhc ah} bjbh}pzaklv j îcbgmj plvl pza}lv ah} fhrhcj}0 }gjcbh ylahvlbh jc ml}h mhc.rvlvgh ja ngjnfvh }zpjvghv }lch#

Ihrh <# Z}zlvgh bja Cgyja GG ezklcbhla [gg Igr _az} }jcrlbh }hfvj al [ggFlalcmj Fhlvb#



<:=

Vj}zarlbh}

Jc al} rlfal} < l 9 }j bj}mvgfjc }jkõc cgyja nhrhv bja z}zlvgh! al} pzc.rzlmghcj} bj ah} ezjkh} jc zcmgýc bja l}pjmrh ylahvlbh! l}î mhnh alpzcrlmgýc njbgl rhrla#

Rlfal <# _zcrlmgýc bj ah} ezjkh} plvl ja cgyja nhrhv G

Ch dl }gbh lmrgfaj vjlagulv mhc ah} z}zlvgh} bja cgyja G ah} jejvmgmgh} bjj|zgagfvgh bja YE [gg Igr _az} phv cjmj}grlv lphwh ph}rjvghv h alrjvla jcja mhcrvha ph}rzvla lzrýchnh jc }jbj}rlmgýc#

Rlfal 6# _zcrlmgýc bj ah} ezjkh} plvl ja cgyja nhrhv GG

Ah} ezjkh} ]larh bj J}|zî w ]alahn bj ]ch{ ch dlc phbgbh vjlagulv}j

jc }jbj}rlmgýc mhc z}zlvgh} bja cgyja GG! blbh |zj pvjmg}lc zc larh cgyjabj bj}palulngjcrh bja pj}h jc ja jej lcrjvhph}rjvghv |zj ch pzjbj aaj.ylv}j l mlfh jc bgmdl ph}gmgýc#

EZJKH Cµ L]_JMRH YLAHVLBHN]_ J]J MEZ MJH FKZ LZE EZK _NE

Kha = =!? :!? =!= 6!; 6!; 6!; 6!= =!<Fhah} = =!? 2!; =!= 6!= 6!= =!? =!? =!<Fhtjh 6 . 2!: 2!? =!: =!? =!? =!: =!9Rjcg} = =!? 2!; 6!; 6!? 6!; =!? <!; 6!4Fjg}fha = =!? :!? 6!; =!= 6!; 6!= =!? =!< _zcrlmgýc njbgl [gg ]phvr 6!4 =!? 2!4 =!6 6!4 6!; 6!4 6!; =!<

Cµ5 cõnjvh bj z}zlvgh} |zj dlc }gbh jylazlbh# N]_5 ngjnfvh }zpjvghv plvçrgmh# NG_5 ngjnfvh gcjvghv plvçrgmh# J]J5 j|zgagfvghjc }jbj}rlmgýc# JFG5 j|zga gfvgh jc fgpjbj}rlmgýc# MEZ5 mhnpvjc}gýc bja ezjkh# MJH5 mlplmgblb bj jejmzmgýc bja hfejrgyh# FKZ5fjcjmgh kahfla bja z}zlvgh# LZE5 lbdjvjcmgl bja z}zlvgh la ezjkh# EZK5 ezklfgagblb# _NE5 pzcrlmgýc njbgl bja ezjkh#

EZJKH Cµ L]_JMRH YLAHVLBHN]_ J]J MEZ MJH FKZ LZE EZK _NE

Kha 4 6!= 2!= 6!4 6!= 6!: 6!: 6!< 6!;Fhah} <? 6!6 2!2 =!= =!6 =!2 =!2 =!: =!=Fhtjh <? <!7 2!= =!< 6!; 6!7 =!? 6!7 =!?Rjcg} 7 <!9 2!= =!< 6!9 =!? =!6 6!= 6!7Fjg}fha <? <!9 2!2 =!= 6!4 =!? =!6 6!; =!? _zcrlmgýc njbgl [gg ]phvr 7!2 <!7 2!= =!< 6!; =!? =!< 6!; =!?

Mlfjuluh} 2 2!4 2!= =!= =!= =!? 6!4 =!:J}alahc bj j}|zî 2 2!4 =!4 6!: =!= =!4 =!= =!:

_alrlhvnl} 2 :!? 2!= =!= =!: 2!= 2!? 2!?Al mzjvbl ihel 2 2!4 =!4 =!= =!4 =!4 2!? =!7Vîh lfleh 2 :!? 2!= =!: =!: 2!: =!= 2!?_j}ml fleh mjvh 2 :!? 2!4 2!= =!4 2!: 2!: 2!:Ulujc 2 :!? :!? 2!= =!? 6!? 6!? =!: _zcrzlmgýc njbgl [gg Igr 2 2!7 2!= =!: =!: =!; =!2 =!4




<:2

Rlfal =# _zcrlmgýc bj ah} ezjkh} plvl ja cgyja nhrhv GGG

Rlfal 2# _zcrlmgýc bj ah} ezjkh} plvl ja cgyja nhrhv GY

EZJKH Cµ L]_JMRH YLAHVLBHN]_ NG_ J]J JFG MEZ MJH FKZ LZE EZK _NE

Kha 4 6!9 =!7 =!7 =!: 6!7 =!? 6!9 =!= =!6

Fhah} 4 6!< =!9 =!4 =!: =!9 =!< =!< =!7 =!=

Fhtjh ; 6!7 =!7 2!< 2!< =!7 =!9 =!9 2!6=!4

Rjcg} ; 6!9 =!7 2!= 2!2 =!7 2!? =!2 =!7 =!4Fjg}fha ; 6!9 =!7 2!= 2!= =!7 =!9 =!2 =!= =!9 _zcrlmgýc njbgl [gg ]phvr ;!2 6!9 =!4 2!< 2!? =!9 =!: =!6 =!; =!:

Mlfjuluh} 2 =!4 =!4 2!? =!= =!= =!: =!: =!9J}alahc bj j}|zî 2 =!? =!= 2!? =!= =!: 2!? =!4 =!:]larh} bj j}|zî} 2 =!4 2!? =!= 6!: =!= =!: =!? =!=

_alrlhvnl} 2 =!? =!= 2!= =!: =!= =!= =!: =!2

Al mzjvbl ihel : =!6 =!? =!2 =!6 =!2 =!4 =!4 =!2Vîh lfleh 2 =!? =!= 2!? =!: =!: 2!? =!4 =!9_j}ml fleh mjvh 2 =!= =!: =!: =!: 6!4 =!= =!= =!=

J}alahc bj }ch{fhlvb 2 =!4 2!= =!: =!= =!? =!? =!: =!:Ulujc 2 2!= =!4 =!4 <!: <!4 6!= 6!7 _zcrzlmgýc njbgl [gg Igr 2!< =!2 2!= =!9 =!4 =!= =!< =!2 =!2 =!2



Kha 9 6!= 2!? 2!: =!= =!6 6!4 6!4 6!= =!<

Fhah} 9 6!? =!; 2!: =!= =!= =!? =!? =!= =!=

Fhtjh 9 <!: 2!? 2!= =!; =!6 =!6 =!: =!: =!2Rjcg} 9 6!= =!4 2!6 =!= =!= =!= =!= =!6 =!=Fjg}fha 9 6!= =!4 2!6 =!; =!: =!6 =!; =!6 =!2 _zcrlmgýc njbgl [gg ]phvr 9 6!< =!7 2!= =!: =!= =!< =!= =!< =!=

Mlfjuluh} : =!9 2!? =!4 =!? =!2 =!2 2!2 =!;J}alahc bj j}|zî 2 =!= =!4 =!= =!= =!? =!: =!= =!=]larh} bj j}|zî} 2 =!= 2!? =!: 6!: 6!= =!= =!= =!<

_alrlhvnl} 2 =!= =!= =!4 =!= =!= =!? =!= =!=

Al mzjvbl ihel 2 =!= =!: =!= 6!; 6!; =!? =!; =!6Vîh lfleh 2 =!? =!4 =!4 =!? =!? 6!: =!= =!?_j}ml fleh mjvh 2 =!= 2!? =!4 =!? =!= =!: 2!= =!9J}alahc bj }ch{fhlvb 2 =!: 2!? =!= 6!: 6!: =!? =!: =!6Ulujc 2 2!: =!= =!: 6!: 6!= =!? =!6 _zcrzlmgýc njbgl [gg Igr 2!< =!2 2!: =!4 =!: =!< =!? =!< =!9 =!=




<::

Rlfal :# _zcrlmgýc bj ah} ezjkh} plvl ja cgyja nhrhv Y

Rlfal 9# _zcrlmgýc bj ah} ezjkh} plvl ja cgyja nhrhv YG


Kha 9 6!: 2!: :!? 2!= =!: =!? =!? =!6 =!9

Fhah} 9 6!: 2!= :!? 2!= 2!? =!4 =!; =!: 2!<

Fhtjh 9 6!= 2!= :!? 2!; 2!: 2!: 2!? =!9 2!<Rjcg} 9 6!? 2!6 :!? 2!= 2!= 2!: =!4 =!4 2!?Fjg}fha 9 6!= 2!6 :!? 2!: 2!? =!4 2!? =!; =!7 _zcrlmgýc njbgl [gg ]phvr 9!? 6!= 2!= :!? 2!2 2!< =!7 =!; =!9 =!7

Mlfjuluh} 7 =!7 2!2 2!2 2!< 2!< =!9 =!7 2!<J}alahc bj j}|zî 4 =!7 2!7 2!4 2!2 =!7 =!9 2!? 2!6]larh} bj j}|zî} 4 2!2 :!? 2!: 2!= =!4 =!2 =!7 2!6

_alrlhvnl} 4 2!= :!? 2!? =!; =!; =!; =!; 2!?

Al mzjvbl ihel 9 2!? :!? 2!; 2!= 2!6 2!? 2!6 2!=Vîh lfleh 9 2!= :!? 2!= =!; =!; =!= =!= 2!?_j}ml fleh mjvh 9 =!; :!? 2!= 2!= 2!= =!; =!= 2!<

J}alahc bj }ch{fhlvb 9 =!; 2!= 2!? =!; =!; =!; =!= =!4Ulujc 2 2!= 2!: 2!= <!4 <!4 6!= =!< _zcrzlmgýc njbgl [gg Igr 9!4 2!? 2!= 2!4 2!2 2!< =!; =!2 =!: 2!?


EZJKH Cµ L]_JMRH YLAHVLBHNG_ J]J JFG MEZ MJH FKZ LZE EZK _NE

Kha 9 2!: 2!4 2!= 2!? =!: =!; 2!= 2!6

Fhah} 9 =!4 2!; 2!; 2!4 2!6 2!? 2!: 2!2

Fhtjh 9 2!= :!? 2!4 2!4 2!= 2!: 2!= 2!9Rjcg} 9 2!6 :!? :!? 2!4 2!: 2!? 2!= 2!:Fjg}fha 9 2!= :!? 2!4 2!; =!4 =!; 2!6 2!2 _zcrlmgýc njbgl [gg ]phvr 9!? 2!6 2!7 2!; 2!9 2!< 2!? 2!= 2!2

Mlfjuluh} 9 2!4 2!4 2!: =!; 2!6 2!? 2!: 2!2J}alahc bj j}|zî 9 2!4 2!4 :!? 2!= 2!? 2!6 2!4 2!9]larh} bj j}|zî} 9 2!: :!? 2!6 2!= 2!= 2!? 2!4 2!:

_alrlhvnl} : 2!6 2!6 2!9 2!2 =!4 =!9 =!4 2!<

Al mzjvbl ihel 9 2!: 2!; 2!: 2!4 2!6 2!= :!? 2!9Vîh lfleh 9 2!; 2!: 2!6 2!6 2!6 2!6 2!= 2!=_j}ml fleh mjvh 9 2!: 2!6 2!6 2!= 2!? 2!? 2!4 2!=J}alahc bj }ch{fhlvb 9 2!; 2!: =!4 =!4 2!= 2!= 2!= 2!=Ulujc 9 2!; 2!6 =!4 =!? 6!= 2!= =!; _zcrzlmgýc njbgl [gg Igr :!7 2!9 2!; 2!9 2!2 2!6 2!? =!7 2!: 2!=

Cµ5 cõnjvh bj z}zlvgh} |zj dlc }gbh jylazlbh# N]_5 ngjnfvh }zpjvghv plvçrgmh# NG_5 ngjnfvh gcjvghv plvçrgmh# J]J5 j|zgagfvghjc }jbj}rlmgýc# JFG5 j|zgagfvgh jc fgpjbj}rlmgýc# MEZ5 mhnpvjc}gýc bja ezjkh# MJH5 mlplmgblb bj jejmzmgýc bja hfejrgyh# FKZ5fjcjmgh kahfla bja z}zlvgh# LZE5 lbdjvjcmgl bja z}zlvgh la ezjkh# EZK5 ezklfgagblb# _NE5 pzcrlmgýc njbgl bja ezjkh#



<:9

Bg}mz}gýc

Rvl} mhc}jc}h bja kvzph bj lzrhvj} bj j}rj rvlfleh w }jkõc al} pzc.rzlmghcj} hfrjcgbl} jc ah} ezjkh} jc ah} bgjvjcrj} l}pjmrh} ylahvlbh}!ch} lrvjyjnh} l vjlagulv ah} }gkzgjcrj} kvlbh} bj vjmhnjcblmgýc $nlv.

mlbh} mhc bg}rgcrh} mhahvj} jc al} rlfal}'5 ch vjmhnjcblbh jcrvj <!?w 6!7 $mhahv vheh'! flel vjmhnjcblmgýc jcrvj =!?.2!? $mhahv clvlcel'! larlvjmhnjcblmgýc jcrvj 2!< w :!? $mhahv yjvbj'#

Al} pzcrlmghcj} njbgl} kahflaj} bja YE [gg ]phvr w ah} jejvmgmgh} bjj|zgagfvgh bja YE [gg Igr _az} hfrgjcjc zcl vjmhnjcblmgýc flel plvl ah}cgyjaj} G l Y w larl plvl ja cgyja YG#

La hf}jvylv al pzcrzlmgýc njbgl kahfla bj mlbl zch bj ah} ezjkh}! }jhfrgjcj mgjvrh kvlbh bj vjmhnjcblmgýc jc mlbl cgyja nhrhv# L jtmjp.

mgýc bja ezjkh bj rjcg} plvl ah} cgyjaj} G w GG! w ja ezjkh bj kha plvl jacgyja GG! |zj ch lamlculc zc cgyja bj vjmhnjcblmgýc# J}rh} bh} ezjkh}}hc ah} |zj njchv pzcrzlmgýc hfrgjcjc jc ah} bjnì} cgyjaj} nhrhvj}#

Mhnh j} bj j}pjvlv! }j hf}jvyl |zj ah} z}zlvgh} mhc nlwhv cgyjanhrhv pvj}jcrlc nlwhv pzcrzlmgýc jc ezklfgagblb w jc gnpagmlmgýc bjangjnfvh gcjvghv plvçrgmh! l}î mhnh nlwhv kvlbh bj vjmhnjcblmgýc jcah} ezjkh}#

Cgckzch bj ah} ezjkh} bja [gg ]phvr dl mhc}jkzgbh lamlculv zc kvlbh

bj vjmhnjcblmgýc mzlcbh }j ylahvl al gnpagmlmgýc bja ngjnfvh }zpj.vghv plvçrgmh jc ah} z}zlvgh} bj cgyjaj} nhrhvj} $GG.Y'# ]gc jnflvkh! jcah} z}zlvgh} bja cgyja nhrhv G! }î }j lamlcul zc kvlbh bj vjmhnjcblmgýc#

Ja Ulujc j} ja ezjkh bj j|zgagfvgh |zj njchv vjmhnjcblmgýc hfrgjcjjc rhbh} ah} kvzph}#

Ah} ezjkh} bj j|zgagfvgh dlc hfrjcgbh zcl pzcrzlmgýc nlwhv jc ja cgyjanhrhv GG |zj ja cgyja GGG! pvhflfajnjcrj phv|zj ah} z}zlvgh} bja cgyja GGdlc ezklbh }jcrlbh} }hfvj al rlfal w ah} bja cgyja GGG ah dlc djmdh jc

fgpjbj}rlmgýc#

Mhcmaz}ghcj}

Dl }gbh jygbjcrj al cjmj}gblb bj j}rlfajmjv mhnh fl}j ah} mvgrjvgh}bj gcmaz}gýc l cgyja mhkcgrgyh plvl vjlagulv al} jylazlmghcj}# Vj}zarlgnpvj}mgcbgfaj |zj ja z}zlvgh |zj ylwl l ezklv l j}rl ygbjhmhc}hal!mhnpvjcbl al bgcìngml bj mlbl ezjkh w }jl mlplu jc zc cgyja nîcgnhbj aajylvah l mlfh mhc çtgrh! bj ch }jv l}î jtphcjnh} la z}zlvgh l mgjvrl

vz}rvlmgýc w bj}nhrgylmgýc#Al mhc}hal [gg rgjcj zcl larl ezklfgagblb jc ah} z}zlvgh} mhc BML bj rhbh} ah} cgyjaj} nhrhvj} wl |zj }j lamlcul zc lbjmzlbh cgyja



<:;

bj ezklfgagblb mhc pj|zjüh} vlckh} bj nhygagblb lvrgmzalv lmrgyl jcngjnfvh} }zpjvghvj} $plvl ah} ezjkh} bj [gg ]phvr' w al lmgagblb bjmhcrvha ph}rzvla lzrýchnh jc }jbj}rlmgýc $plvl ah} ezjkh} bj [gg Igr_az}'#

Al zcmghclagblb bja ngjnfvh }zpjvghv plvçrgmh dl vj}zarlbh }jv zcl

ylvglfaj |zj mhcbgmghcl al jylazlmgýc bja YE [gg ]phvr# _hv jaah! }j aajkll al mhcmaz}gýc bj |zj gcbjpjcbgjcrjnjcrj bja cgyja nhrhv bj mlbl}zejrh! ja kvlbh bj zcmghclagblb bja ngjnfvh }zpjvghv plvçrgmh pzjbjagngrlv al mlplmgblb bj ezklv# _hv j}rl vluýc mhc}gbjvlnh} cjmj}lvghvjlagulv zcl czjyl mal}gmlmgýc jc zcmgýc bj al nhygagblb bja ngjnfvhplvçrgmh plvl jylazlv ah} YE |zj gnpag|zjc ja z}h bja ngjnfvh }zpjvghv#

J} cjmj}lvgh lnpaglv al nzj}rvl plvl hfrjcjv mhcmaz}ghcj} nì} j}pj.mîml} jc al} |zj }j pzjbl blv nlwhv kvlbh bj vjmhnjcblmgýc bj ah}

bg}rgcrh} ezjkh} plvl mlbl rgph bj bçmgr} jc mlbl pjv}hcl#

Lkvlbjmgngjcrh}

L ah} z}zlvgh} bja MJLBLM |zj dlc plvrgmgplbh jc ja pvj}jcrj rvlflehw l Lajtlcbvl bj al Izjcrj ]ìcmdju! Mvg}rgcl Dgjvvh bja Ìalnh! Vjfjml

Lbvlbh} Lflvmh w Alvl Rjvvç} Flvmlal phv }z mhalfhvlmgýc#


Lvwl! @# C#! _lcbglc! ]#! Yjvnl! V#! w Klvk! V# @# $6?<<'# Nhyjnjcrrdjvlpw gcbzmjb cjzvla vjhvklcgulrghc lcb nhrhv vjmhyjvw gc }rvh`j5 L vjygj{! Ehzvcla h Fhbw{hv` lcb Nhyjnjcr Rdjvlpgj} $pp# <?'#

Flgajw! F# [#! w NmGccg}! @# $6?<<'# Jcjvkw mh}r h jtjvklngck5 l mhn.

plvg}hc h rdj jcjvkw mh}r h 9 hvn} h jtjvklngck# Lvmd _jbglrv Lbhaj}m Njb! <9:$;'! :7;.9?6

Flrjcg! D# $6?<<'# Mdlckj} gc flalcmj gc habjv lbzar} fl}jb hc z}j hpdw}gmla rdjvlpw y} rdj [gg Igr klngck }w}rjn5 l pvjagngclvw }rzbw#_dw}ghrdjvlpw ! 9# bhg5<?#<?<9(e#pdw}gh#6?<<#?6#??2

Fvh{c! V#! ]zklvnlc! D#! w Fzv}rgc! L# $6??7'# Z}j h rdj Cgcrjcbh[gg Igr hv rdj Rvjlrnjcr h Flalcmj _vhfajn} gc lc Jabjvaw _lrgjcr

{grd ]rvh`j5 L Ml}j Vjphvr# Gcrjvclrghcla Ehzvcla h VjdlfgagrlrghcVj}jlvmd! =6$]zppajnjcrh <'! ]<?7.]<<?



<:4

MJLBLM# $6?<<'# Mjcrvh bj Vjjvjcmgl J}rlrla bj Lrjcmgýc la BlühMjvjfvla# Lmmj}h ja <: bj ezagh bj 6?<<! bg}phcgfaj jc drrp5(({{{#mjlblm#j}(mjlblmX?<(gcbjt#drn

Bjzr}md! E# J#! Fhvfjaw! N#! Igaajv! E#! Dzdc! @#! w Kzlvvjvl.Fh{afw!

_# $6??4'# Z}j h l ah{.mh}r! mhnnjvmglaaw lylgalfaj klngck mhc}haj$[gg' hv vjdlfgagrlrghc h lc lbhaj}mjcr {grd mjvjfvla pla}w# _dw}gmla

rdjvlpw! 44$<?'! <<79.<6?;

Bjzr}md! E# J#! Nhvvg}hc! E#! w Fh{afw! _# K# $6??7'# [gg.fl}jb mhn.plvjb rh }rlcblvb h mlvj flalcmj lcb nhfgagrw vjdlfgagrlrghc hv r{hgcbgygbzla} ph}r}rvh`j# Ygvrzla Vjdlfgagrlrghc! <<;.<6?

Izck! Y#! ]h! @#! _lv`! J#! Dh! L#! ]dljv! E#! Mdlc! J#! jr la# $6?<?'# Rdj

zrgagrw h l ygbjh klnj }w}rjn gc vjdlfgagrlrghc h fzvc lcb chcfzvcplrgjcr}5 l }zvyjw lnhck hmmzplrghcla rdjvlpw lcb pdw}ghrdjvlpwpvlmrgrghcjv}# Ehzvcla h fzvc mlvj lcb vj}jlvmd! =<$:'! ;94.;;:

Klvmîl.Djvcìcbju! E# E#! Khcuìaju.Larjb! M#! Fgaflh! Ì#! Mvhmdj! A# I#!_çvju.Vhbvîkzju! N#! Fvlyh! ]#! jr la# $6?<<'# Blüh mjvjfvla lb|zgvgbh#

Kzîl bj lmrgygblbj} î}gmh.bjphvrgyl}# Nlbvgb5 GN]JV]H#

Khabjc! ]#! w ]ajul`! @# $6?<?'# Nl`gck rdgck} ph}}gfaj# Rjmdchahkw

palw} l vhaj gc cjzvhvjdlfgagrlrghc hv }rvh`j plrgjcr}# Vjdlf nlclkj. njcr! 6=$<?'! <?.<=

Kvl! B# A#! _vlrr! A# Y#! Dj}rjv! M# C#! w ]dhvr! @# V# $6??7'# _alwgck lmrgyjygbjh klnj} gcmvjl}j} jcjvkw jtpjcbgrzvj gc mdgabvjc# _jbglrvgm}!

<62$6'! :=2.:2?# Ehh! A# W#! Wgc! R# ]#! Tz! B#! Rdgl! J#! Mdgl! _# I#! @zld!M# [# @#! jr la# $6?<?'#

L jl}gfgagrw }rzbw z}gck gcrjvlmrgyj mhnnjvmgla h.rdj.}dja mhnpz.rjv klngck gc zppjv agnf vjdlfgagrlrghc gc plrgjcr} lrjv }rvh`j# Ehzvcla

h Vjdlfgagrlrghc Njbgmgcj! 26$:'! 2=;.22<

Alckj! F#! Iawcc! ]#! _vhrr! V#! Mdlck! M# W#! w Vguuh! L# ]# $6?<?'#Bjyjahpnjcr h lc gcrjvlmrgyj klnj.fl}jb vjdlfgagrlrghc rhha hv bwcl.ngm flalcmj rvlgcgck# Rhpgm} gc }rvh`j vjdlfgagrlrghc! <; $:'! =2:.=:6

Ngbbajnl}! B# L#! Fl}gagmlrh! E#! _vwfgmgjc! N#! ]lyhgl! E#! w Fghbhkagh!

E# $6??7'# Gcmhvphvlrgck Klngck Rjmdchahkw gcrh Lrdajrgm GcezvwVjdlfgagrlrghc# Lrdajrgm Rvlgcgck lcb ]phvr} Djlard Mlvj5 Rdj Ehzvcla

hv rdj _vlmrgmgck Magcgmglc! <$6'! ;7.42

http://www.ceadac.es/ceadac_01/index.htm






<:7

Nhzl{lb! N# V#! Bhz}r! M# K#! Nlt! N# B#! w NmCzarw! _# L# $6?<<'#[gg.fl}jb nhyjnjcr rdjvlpw rh pvhnhrj gnpvhyjb zppjv jtrvjngrwzcmrghc ph}r.}rvh`j5 l pgahr }rzbw# Ehzvcla h vjdlfgagrlrghc njbgmgcj!

2=$9'! :6;.:==

_jc`h! L# A#! w Flv`ajw! E# J# $6?<?'# Nhrgylrghc lcb pdw}ghahkgm vj}.phc}j} h palwgck l pdw}gmlaaw gcrjvlmrgyj ygbjh klnj vjalrgyj rh l}jbjcrlvw larjvclrgyj gc mdgabvjc# Lcc Fjdly Njb! =7$6'! <96.<97

_gkhvb! R#! w Lcbvj{}! L# [# $6?<?'# Ijl}gfgagrw lcb Fjcjr h Z}gckrdj Cgcrjcbh [gg Igr hv Flalcmj Vjdlfgagrlrghc gc lc Jabjvaw _lrgjcrJtpjvgjcmgck Vjmzvvjcr Ilaa}# Ehzvcla h ]rzbjcr _dw}gmla Rdjvlpw

Vj}jlvmd! 6$<'! <6.6?

]lph}cg`! K#! Nlnblcg! N#! Flwajw! N#! Rdhvpj! @# J#! Dlaa! E#! Mhdjc!A# K#! jr la# $6?<?'# Jjmrgyjcj}} h Ygvrzla Vjlagrw Jtjvmg}j} gc ]Rvh`jVjdlfgagrlrghc $JYVJ]R'5 vlrghclaj! bj}gkc! lcb pvhrhmha h l pgahr vlc.bhngujb magcgmla rvgla l}}j}}gck rdj [gg klngck }w}rjn# Gcrjvclrghcla

ehzvcla h }rvh`j! :$<'! 2;.:<

]lph}cg`! K#! Rjl}jaa! V#! Nlnblcg! N#! Dlaa! E#! NmGavhw! [#! Mdjzck!B#! jr la# $6?<?'# Jjmrgyjcj}} h ygvrzla vjlagrw z}gck [gg klngck rjmd.chahkw gc }rvh`j vjdlfgagrlrghc5 l pgahr vlcbhngujb magcgmla rvgla lcb

pvhh h pvgcmgpaj# ]rvh`j! 2<$;'! <2;;.<242

Wlnlbl! N#! Lhwlnl! R#! Cl`lnzvl! N#! Rlcl`l! F#! Clklg! @#!Rlrjnlr}z! C#! jr la# $6?<<'# Rdj vjaglfgagrw lcb pvjagngclvw ylagbgrw hklnj.fl}jb laa vg}` l}}j}}njcr gc mhnnzcgrw.b{jaagck habjv lbzar}#Kjvglrvgm czv}gck! =6$='! <44.<72



<9?

:#2Jtpjvgjcmgl }hfvj jaz}h bj ygbjhezjkh}jc al vjdlfgagrlmgýc

cjzvhp}gmhaýkgml bjplmgjcrj} mhc blühmjvjfvla lb|zgvgbh#Fjlrvgu Aýpju! Lcl Kzunìc! Fjlrvgu Nlckl}!

Lnlwl Clkhvj w Lanzbjcl Vjwjvh

AJ]MJVMjcrvh bj rvlrlngjcrh bj al aj}gýc mjvjfvla

Ìvjl bj Cjzvhp}gmhahkîl{{{#mjcrvhaj}mjv#hvkfjlrvgu#ahpju#dOdhrnlga#mhn

aj}mjv#cjzvhOrjajhcgml#cjr

Ja mjcrvh bj vjdlfgagrlmgýc cjzvhaýkgml Aj}mjv j} zc mjcrvhpghcjvh jc J}plül jc ja lfhvblej bja blüh mjvjfvla lb|zgvgbh$BML'# _vhphvmghcl zc rvlrlngjcrh cjzvhvvjdlfgagrlbhv jc vçkg.

njc lnfzalrhvgh lrjcbgjcbh l ah} plmgjcrj} ljmrlbh} bj}bj al l}jlkzbl dl}rl }z rhrla vjdlfgagrlmgýc w vjgc}jvmgýc }hmgh.alfhvla jc }z

njbgh dlfgrzla h jc zc njbgh lblprlbh#

http://www.centrolescer.org/

http://www.centrolescer.org/



<9<

Jc ah} õargnh} lüh} dl lznjcrlbh ja gcrjvç} phv ja z}h bjygbjhezjkh}! rlcrh phv plvrj bj al phfalmgýc kjcjvla! mhnhphv pjv}hcl} mhc bgjvjcrj} plrhahkîl}! nhrývgml} h mhkcgrg.

yl}# Jc ja ìnfgrh bj al vjdlfgagrlmgýc! j}rh} }hc j}pjmglanjcrj õrgaj} jcal njbgbl jc |zj pjvngrjc jcrvjclngjcrh} jc rlvjl} |zj lmjvmlc l al

pjv}hcl l }grzlmghcj} bj al ygbl mhrgbglcl! jc zc jcrhvch pvhrjkgbh wph}gfgagrlc al} lblprlmghcj} pjvrgcjcrj} l mlbl zcl#

Jc j}rj lvrîmzah jtphcjnh} al jtpjvgjcmgl bja Mjcrvh Aj}mjv jc al lblp.rlmgýc bja jcrhvch w ah} ygbjhezjkh} plvl zc nlwhv fjcjmgh bj }z z}hjc plmgjcrj} mhc blüh mjvjfvla lb|zgvgbh#

Ja mjcrvh bj vjdlfgagrlmgýc cjzvhaýkgml Aj}mjv j} zc mjcrvh pghcjvh jcJ}plül jc ja lfhvblej bja blüh mjvjfvla lb|zgvgbh $BML'# Ja lfhvblejrjvlpçzrgmh bj mlbl plmgjcrj }j fl}l jc zc _alc bj VjdlfgagrlmgýcGcbgygbzlagulbh $_VG' |zj }j j}rlfajmj la gcgmgh bja rvlrlngjcrh! rjcgjcbhjc mzjcrl al} mhc}jmzjcmgl} bj al aj}gýc! mlvlmrjvî}rgml} pjv}hclaj} wjcrhvch lngaglv w }hmgh.alfhvla! mhcrjnpalcbh hfejrgyh} l mhvrh! njbgh

w alvkh paluh#Hrvh kvlc pgalv bj al ah}hîl rjvlpçzrgml bja mjcrvh! j} ja zcblnjc.rlbh jc al Mal}gmlmgýc Gcrjvclmghcla bja Izcmghclngjcrh $MGI'! pvh.pzj}rh phv al Hvklcgulmgýc Nzcbgla bj al ]lazb $HN]'# Bj j}rj nhbhw bj}bj zcl lpvhtgnlmgýc rvlc}bg}mgpagclv |zj jckahfl }ghrjvlpjz.rl}! rjvlpjzrl} hmzplmghclaj}! ahkhpjbl}! cjzvhp}gmýahkh}! cjzvýah.kh} w p}g|zglrvl}! }j vjlagul zc lmjvmlngjcrh la plmgjcrj l rvlyç} bjzc nhbjah mlplu bj vjmhkjv al} nõargpaj} lmrgygblbj} |zj al pjv}hclpzjbj aajylv l mlfh w |zj aj ph}gfgagrlc zcl yjvblbjvl plvrgmgplmgýc jgcrjvlmmgýc mhc }z jcrhvch mhrgbglch $<'! lflcbhclcbh hrvh} nhbjah}bj gcrjvyjcmgýc nì} mjcrvlbh} jc al jcjvnjblb w al bg}mlplmgblb#

L}î! rvl} zcl mhnpajrl ylahvlmgýc phv plvrj bj rhbl} al} ìvjl} gnpagml.bl}! }j j}rlfajmjc Hfejrgyh} Izcmghclaj} Mhnzcj} $HIM'! phcgjcbhja çcl}g} jc zcl lmrgygblb(plvrgmgplmgýc mhcmvjrl bja bîl l bîl bj alpjv}hcl w l rvlyç} bj al mzla }j rvlflel }hfvj al} zcmghcj} larjvlbl}#

L nhbh bj jejnpah! zc HIM phbvîl mhc}g}rgv jc |zj al pjv}hcl }jlmlplu bj }lagv l mhnpvlv ja plc0 l|zî }j jckahflvîl al gcgmglrgyl jc al

rlvjl! ja bj}palulngjcrh lzrýchnh! al gcrjvlmmgýc mhc hrvl} pjv}hcl}h ja nlcjeh bja bgcjvh! bj jcrvj ja kvlc lflcgmh bj zcmghcj} gnpagml.bl} jc j}rl rlvjl#



<96

Lbjnì} Aj}mjv gcmhvphvl gcchylbhvl} aîcjl} rjvlpçzrgml} bj pvhflbljjmrgygblb jc al lrjcmgýc l al plrhahkîl bja BML! mhnh j} ja z}h bjvhfýrgml plvl al vjdlfgagrlmgýc bj al nlvmdl $Ah`hnlr $6'' w bja ngjn.fvh }zpjvghv $Gcnhrghc6'# Ja mjcrvh bg}phcj rlnfgçc bj zcl }lal bj j}rg.nzalmgýc nzarg}jc}hvgla w zcl }lal ygvrzla |zj mhnpajnjcrlc ja _VG#

J} jc j}rj õargnh pzcrh! jc al cjmj}gblb bj mhcrlv mhc zc czjyh j}pl.mgh ygvrzla! jc ja |zj phbjnh} hvjmjv czj}rvl jtpjvgjcmgl jc mzlcrh laz}h bj ah} ygbjhezjkh} }j vjjvj#

L ah alvkh bj j}rh} lüh}! ah} mvjlbhvj} bj ygbjhezjkh} dlc ahkvlbhlmjvmlv }z pvhbzmrh l zc j}pjmrvh mlbl yju nì} lnpagh bj al phfal.mgýc! hvjmgjcbh njehvl} rçmcgml} w kvlc ylvgjblb bj rjnìrgml}# ]glcrj} jvlc z}lbh} pvgcmgplanjcrj phv cgüh} w lbhaj}mjcrj} $mlvvjvl}h azmdl}'! ldhvl }hc fgjc lmjprlbh} jc ezjkh} lngaglvj} $mhnpjrgmgh.

cj} bj rjcg} jc al {gg'! phv l|zjaah} |zj ah z}lc mhnh zc nçrhbh plvljejvmgrlv}j î}gmlnjcrj $bjphvrj}'! h l|zjaah} hrvh} pvjhmzplbh} phvch njvnlv }z} mlplmgblbj} mhkcgrgyl} mhc al pvhkvj}gýc bj al jblb$rgph Fvlgc rvlgcgck'#

Jc ja ìnfgrh bj al vjdlfgagrlmgýc rlnfgçc }j dl rjcgbh jc mzjcrl alph}gfgagblb bj zrgagulv ezjkh} jajmrvýcgmh}! bjelcbh lrvì} al} lcrgkzl}mvîrgml} |zj j}rh} vjmgfîlc! vjalrgyl} la lg}alngjcrh w la }jbjcrlvg}nh la|zj pvj}zngfajnjcrj mhcbzmîlc w |zj |zjblc }laylbl} mhc al nhbjv.cgulmgýc bj ah} ezjkh} $hc.agcj! mhc}hal [gg'#

L pj}lv bj |zj jc zc gcgmgh al lpagmlmgýc jvl pvgcmgplanjcrj nhrývgml$='#! bj}bj dlmj wl zch} lüh} }j ygjcjc vjlagulcbh jc rhbh ja nzcbh!jtpjvgjcmgl} |zj lazbjc l l}pjmrh} cjzvhp}gmhaýkgmh}! mzfvgjcbh zclbhfaj zcmgýc! jc jylazlmgýc w jc vjdlfgagrlmgýc! bj l}pjmrh} rlc j}pj.mîmh} mhnh al njnhvgl! al lrjcmgýc! al} zcmghcj} jejmzrgyl} h al}lmrgygblbj} bj al ygbl bglvgl $2!:!9!;'#

Bj mzla|zgjv nhbh! nì} laaì bj al kvlc ylvgjblb bj ezjkh} jtg}rjcrj}jc ja njvmlbh! ah yjvblbjvlnjcrj õrga bj ah} ygbjhezjkh} jc vjdlfg.

agrlmgýc j} |zj hvjumlc lmrgygblbj} jmhaýkgml}! j} bjmgv! ah nì} mjv.mlcl} l al ygbl vjla! jc zc jcrhvch pvhrjkgbh w |zj vj}zarjc lbjnì}nhrgylcrj} plvl ja plmgjcrj! lmgagrìcbhaj l}î }z plvrgmgplmgýc jc al}rjvlpgl}# Jc j}rj }jcrgbh! mhc}gbjvlnh} gnpvj}mgcbgfaj al jtg}rjcmglbj zc pvhj}ghcla |zj plzrj la plmgjcrj jc ja nhbh bj vjlagulv alrlvjl# Al clagblb õargnl bj al vjdlfgagrlmgýc mhc}g}rj jc lpvjcbjvh vj.jcrvjclv dlfgagblbj}! }zpagjcbh jc hml}ghcj} al} mlplmgblbj}bg}ngczgbl} mhc l|zjaal} hrvl} pvj}jvylbl} h zrgagulcbh j}rvlrjkgl}mhnpjc}lrhvgl} |zj lyhvjumlc al zcmghclagblb bj al pjv}hcl $4'# Ch

}j rvlrl bj dlmjv nì} pzcrh} h pl}lv l al }gkzgjcrj plcrlaal# La gkzla|zj }zmjbj mhc hrvh rgph bj nlrjvglaj} zrgagulbh} jc vjdlfgagrlmgýccjzvhp}gmhaýkgml! ja lmjvmlngjcrh la ygbjhezjkh }jvì ph}rjvghv l zcl



<9=

ylahvlmgýc mhnpajrl bj al} mlplmgblbj} bja plmgjcrj w l zcl bjcg.mgýc malvl bja hfejrgyh zcmghcla |zj }j pjv}gkzj#

Rjcgjcbh jcrhcmj} jc mzjcrl |zj mlbl plmgjcrj }jvì õcgmh! mhc }z}bgmzarlbj}! }z} nhrgylmghcj} w }z} bjnlcbl}! ja ezjkh bjfj pjvng.rgv nhbgmlmghcj} plvl mlbl pjv}hcl! la njch} jc lakzch} l}pjmrh}

kjcjvlaj}! mhnh pzjbjc }jv ja rgjnph bj jtph}gmgýc bj ah} j}rînz.ah}! ja rgjnph bj vjlmmgýc l j}rh}! al ph}gfgagblb bj nh}rvlvah} jcbgjvjcrj} uhcl} bja mlnph yg}zla! jrm#

Jc al vjdlfgagrlmgýc bj plmgjcrj} mhc BML $gmrz}! rvlznlrg}nh} mvl.cjhjcmjìagmh}! rznhvj}'! mhc vjmzjcmgl ch} jcmhcrvlnh} mhc pjv}h.cl} mhc bgmzarlbj} lrjcmghclaj}! |zj aj} gnpgbjc pjvnlcjmjv lrjcrh}l zcl ng}nl rlvjl bzvlcrj alvkh} pjvghbh} bj rgjnph! |zj nzj}rvlcbgmzarlbj} plvl jygrlv bg}rvlmmghcj} $lakh |zj yjc z hwjc! h }z} pvh.

pgh} pjc}lngjcrh}'! plvl lrjcbjv l rhbh }z mlnph yg}zla $djngcjkag.kjcmgl' w vjlagulv zc vl}rvjh yg}zla jmlu! plvl lrjcbjv larjvclrgylnjcrjl bgjvjcrj} rgph} bj gchvnlmgýc h plvl bgygbgv }z lrjcmgýc jcrvj bgyjv.}h} j}rînzah}#

Rlnfgçc pzjbjc lplvjmjv pvhfajnl} vjalmghclbh} mhc al yjahmgblbrlcrh bj pvhmj}lngjcrh bj al gchvnlmgýc mhnh bj jejmzmgýc! phv ah|zj al pjv}hcl gcyjvrgvì nì} rgjnph bja dlfgrzla jc }jv mhc}mgjcrj bj|zç j} ah |zj }j bjnlcbl bj jaal w jc vj}phcbjv# Lbjnì} j} ph}g.faj |zj nlcgj}rj larjvlmghcj} yg}hj}plmglaj} h yg}hpjvmjprgyl} |zj

aj jcrhvpjumlc }z vjalmgýc mhc ja jcrhvch! la ch bg}mvgngclv lbjmzlbl.njcrj ah} j}rînzah}! al} bg}rlcmgl} jcrvj jaah} h ch gcrjkvlvah} jc zcrhbh nì} laaì bj }z} plvrj} gcbgygbzlaj}# Gkzlanjcrj vjmzjcrj} }hc ah}pvhfajnl} bj gcdgfgmgýc h mhcrvha bj gnpza}h}! |zj phv pvjmgpgrlmgýcblc azklv l vj}pzj}rl} jvvýcjl} h ch bj}jlbl}#

Mhc al pvjrjc}gýc bj bg}ngczgv! }g ch jagngclv! j}rl} bgmzarlbj} jcczj}rvh} plmgjcrj}! dlfgagrlnh} jc ja mjcrvh zcl }lal bgìlcl jc al |zjmhc zc hvbjclbhv! bh} mhc}hal} $zcl [gg w zcl _alw]rlrghc'! zc pvhwjm.

rhv w zcl plcrlaal bj 6 t 6 n |zj pjvngrj rlnfgçc al j}mvgrzvl! phbjnh}zrgagulv nlrjvglaj} chyjbh}h}! bj al ygbl bglvgl w l al yju bgyjvrgbh}! mhcah} |zj jcrvjclv bg}rgcrl} lmrgygblbj}#



<92

_lmgjcrj }jülalcbh zc j}rînzah bzvlcrj al vjlagulmgýc bj zclrlvjl zcmghcla jc al }lal ygvrzla bja Mjcrvh Aj}mjv#

Zch bj ah} z}h} nì} dlfgrzlaj} j} ja bj lyhvjmjv zc vl}rvjh yg}zlamhnpajrh w hvbjclbh! j}pjmglanjcrj plvl l|zjaal} pjv}hcl} |zj phv}z aj}gýc rgjcbjc l hfyglv zc djngmlnph! j}rh j}! |zj nlcgj}rlcdjngcjkagkjcmgl! chvnlanjcrj dlmgl }z albh gu|zgjvbh# ]g fgjc lõcj}rlnh} vjmlflcbh ah} blrh} |zj ch} pjvngrlc l}jyjvlv hfejrgylnjcrjal njehvl bj ah} plmgjcrj}! czj}rvl gnpvj}gýc j} |zj ç}rl }j pvhbzmj

jc nlwhv njbgbl! la jtphcjv l al pjv}hcl l vjlagulv zc vl}rvjh yg}zlanì} lnpagh# Jc czj}rvl ygbl mhrgbglcl! }hc cznjvh}l} al} }grzlmghcj}jc al} |zj dlmjnh} z}h bj j}rl mlplmgblb5 plvl fz}mlv zcl faz}l jcja lvnlvgh! ahmlagulv al} clvlcel} jc ja pzj}rh bj al vzrjvîl! yjv jc japlcja l |zç dhvl }laj czj}rvh yzjah! jrm#

Lbjnì}! l|zjaah} plmgjcrj} mhc njchvj} pvhfajnl} bj nhygagblb!pzjbjc bj}palulv}j phv al }lal plvl mhnpajrlv ah} bg}rgcrh} jejvmgmgh}!gcrvhbzmgjcbh l}î zc mhnphcjcrj nhrývgmh jc ah} rvlrlngjcrh} }zpzj}.rlnjcrj nì} mhkcgrgyh}# J} l}î w l rvlyç} bj lmrgygblbj} mhrgbglcl}!

mhnh ch} lmjvmlnh} la palcrjlngjcrh bj al MGI w mzfvgnh} hfejrgyh}zcmghclaj} |zj lmgagrlc al lzrhchnîl j gcbjpjcbjcmgl bj ah} plmgjcrj}!lyhvjmgjcbh zc lznjcrh bj }z mlagblb bj ygbl w al bj }z} lngaglvj}



<9:

]gc jnflvkh! j} pvjmg}h aalnlv al lrjcmgýc }hfvj ja djmdh bj |zj ja z}hbj ah} ezjkh} jajmrvýcgmh} h bj j}rl }lal! ch gnpagml cjmj}lvglnjcrj jalflcbhch bj ah} nlrjvglaj} dlfgrzlanjcrj jnpajlbh} $aìpgu w plpja'#Jc mlbl ml}h ja rjvlpjzrl dlfvì bj ylahvlv |zç j} ah nì} gbýcjh plvlja plmgjcrj jc zcmgýc bj }z j}rlbh w bja hfejrgyh |zj }j pvjrjcbl jc ja

nhnjcrh# Ah} ygbjhezjkh} }zphcjc zcl zjcrj nì} bj nlrjvgla! chyj.bh}l w phrjcrj! bj al |zj bjfjnh} fjcjmglvch}#

_hv õargnh w mhnh wl dlc lpzcrlbh hrvh} lzrhvj} jc mzlcrh l l}pjmrh}nhrývgmh} }j vjjvj! |zjbl pjcbgjcrj al vjlagulmgýc bj jc}lwh} maîcgmh}|zj bjnzj}rvjc al jmlmgl maîcgml bj j}rl djvvlngjcrl! nì} laaì bjafzjc zcmghclngjcrh bj ah} bg}ph}grgyh} mvjlbh}# $7'


$<' [lbj! B# $6??:'5 Lppawgck bj [DH GMI vlnj{hv` rh rdj vjdlfgagrl.

rghc h plrgjcr} {grd mhkcgrgyj bjmgr}# jc Dlaagklc _ jr la5 Jjmrgyjcj}}

h Vjdlfgagrlrghc hv Mhkcgrgyj Bjmgr}# Cj{ Whv`# Hthvb Zcgyjv}grw_vj}}#

$6' Dz}jnlc F! Nzaajv I! @vj{jv M! Djaajv ]! @hjcgck J# Jjmr} h

ahmhnhrghc rvlgcgck {grd l}}g}rlcmj h vhfhr bvgyjc klgv hvrdh}g} gc

djngplvjrgm plrgjcr} lrjv }rvh`j5 l vlcbhngujb mhcrvhaajb pgahr }rzbw#

]rvh`j! 6??;0 =4 $6'5 =27.=:2

$=' Dhabjc N@# Ygvrzla jcygvhcnjcr} hv nhrhv vjdlfgagrlrghc5 vjygj{#Mwfjvp}wmdha Fjdly 6??:0 45 <4;.6<<

$2' Fvhh`} FN! Vh}j IB# Rdj z}j h ygvrzla vjlagrw gc njnhvw vjdl.

fgagrlrghc5 mzvvjcr cbgck} lcb zrzvj bgvjmrghc}# CjzvhVjdlfgagrlrghc#6??=0<4$6'5<2;.:;

$:' Alv}hc JF! Vlnlgwl N! Uhaanlc I]! _lmgcg ]! D}z C! _lrrhc EA!Byhv`gc LW# Rhajvlcmj h l ygvrzla vjlagrw gcrjvyjcrghc hv lrrjcrghc

vjnjbglrghc gc pjv}hc} {grd }jyjvj RFG# Fvlgc Gce# 6?<<06:$='56;2.4<

$9' @agckjv J! Mlh T! Bhzkzjr L]! Izmd} _# Bj}gkcgck lc jmhahkgmla lcb lblprlfaj ygvrzla rl}` gc rdj mhcrjtr h jtjmzrgyj zcmrghc}# ]rzbDjlard Rjmdcha Gchvn# 6??70<225624.:6



<99

$;' Udlck A! Lfvjz FM! ]jlaj K]! Nl}ja F! Mdvg}rglc}jc MD!Hrrjcflmdjv @E# L ygvrzla vjlagrw jcygvhcnjcr hv jylazlrghc h l blgaw

agygck }`gaa gc fvlgc gcezvw vjdlfgagrlrghc5 vjaglfgagrw lcb ylagbgrw # Lvmd _dw}Njb Vjdlfga# 6??= Lzk042$4'5<<<4.62#'

$4' Nlrjjv! M# Izcblnjcrla} h mhkcgrgyj vjdlfgagrlrghc# jc Dlaagklc _jr la5 Jjmrgyjcj}} h Vjdlfgagrlrghc hv Mhkcgrgyj Bjmgr}# Cj{ Whv`#Hthvb Zcgyjv}grw _vj}}#

$7' F# _jül}mh.Nlvrîc! L# bj ah} Vjwj}.Kzunìc! L# Kga.Lkzbh! L#Fjvcla.]ldõc! F# _çvju.Lkzgalv! L#G# bj al _jül.Khcuìaju# Lpagmlmgýc

bj al vjlagblb ygvrzla jc ah} l}pjmrh} nhrhvj} bj al cjzvhvvjdlfgagrl.

mgýc # VJY CJZVHA 6?<?0:<524<.244'



<9;

:#:Z}h bj ezjkh}gcrjvlmrgyh} mhnhdjvvlngjcrl plvl al

vjdlfgagrlmgýc mhkcgrgyljc Cjzvhp}gmhahkîl#Fjkhül Khcuìaju

Zcgblb bj blüh mjvjfvlaDh}pgrla Fjlrl N¥ Lcl# Nlbvgb{{{#dh}pgrlalvgl}#hvkfjkhkhvhOdh}pgrlalvgl}nlbvgb#hvk

Ja Dh}pgrla Fjlrl Nlvîl Lcl j} zcl gc}rgrzmgýc bj mlvìmrjv pvg.ylbh! }gc ìcgnh bj azmvh! pjvrjcjmgjcrj l al Mhckvjklmgýc bjal} Djvnlcl} Dh}pgrlalvgl} bja ]lkvlbh Mhvluýc bj Ej}õ}!

zcblbh phv ja _lbvj Njccg jc <474# _vj}rl l}g}rjcmgl jc bgyjv}l} ìvjl}nçbgml}# Ja ]jvygmgh bj Blüh Mjvjfvla hvnl plvrj bj j}rj dh}pgrla wmhnjcuý }z lcblbzvl jc <777#

Mzjcrl mhc zcl zcgblb bj vjdlfgagrlmgýc jc vçkgnjc dh}pgrlalvgh! zcgblbbj vjdlfgagrlmgýc lnfzalrhvgl w zcgblb bj vjdlfgagrlmgýc gclcrga# Ja hfej.rgyh bja ]jvygmgh j} al vjdlfgagrlmgýc bj pjv}hcl} |zj dlc }zvgbh BlühMjvjfvla Lb|zgvgbh! bj nhbh |zj rlcrh }z j|zgplngjcrh mhnh ja pjv}h.

cla j}rlnh} lblprlbh} l rla c# Czj}rvh mhcmjprh bj lrjcmgýc mhnfgcllarl j}pjmglagulmgýc! pvhkvlnl} bj vjdlfgagrlmgýc gcbgygbzlagulbh} w rvl.fleh mhc ja plmgjcrj w }z jcrhvch lngaglv#

http://www.hospitalarias.org/

http://www.hospitalarias.org/



<94

Ja blüh mjvjfvla lb|zgvgbh pvhyhml jc al pjv}hcl ljmrlbl zcllnpagl klnl bj bçmgr mhkcgrgyh}! jnhmghclaj} w mhcbzmrzl.aj}# Ja hfejrgyh bj al vjdlfgagrlmgýc cjzvhp}gmhaýkgml j} gcrjvyj.

cgv }hfvj j}rh} l}pjmrh}# Ja z}h bj al} czjyl} rjmchahkîl} w ah} ezjkh}gcrjvlmrgyh} pjvngrj! jc plvrj! |zj }j phcklc jc jygbjcmgl j}rl} agng.

rlmghcj}! jcvjcrlv la plmgjcrj gc }grz l j}rh} pvhfajnl} mhc ja c bjphbjv rvlflelv al gbjcrgmlmgýc! mhcmgjcmgl w j}rvlrjkgl} bj vj}rlzvlmgých mhnpjc}lmgýc bj ah} bçmgr jtg}rjcrj}#

Al vjdlfgagrlmgýc cjzvhp}gmhaýkgml j} zcl bj al} ìvjl} bj rvlrlngjcrh

gcmazgbl} bjcrvh bja jch|zj nzargbg}mgpagclv |zj vj|zgjvj al vjdlfgagrlmgýcgcrjkvla jc ja blüh mjvjfvla lb|zgvgbh# Ja hfejrgyh bj al Cjzvhp}gmhahkîlj} al ylahvlmgýc j gcrjvyjcmgýc bj ah} bçmgr mhkcgrgyh}! mhcbzmrzlaj}w jnhmghclaj} |zj lplvjmjc rvl} zcl aj}gýc mjvjfvla lb|zgvgbl# Jcrvjal} djvvlngjcrl} bg}phcgfaj} bj lnpagh z}h jc ah} pvhkvlnl} bj vjdl.fgagrlmgýc }hc ah} ygbjhezjkh}! ezjkh} bj hvbjclbhv h ezjkh} gcrjvlmrg.yh}# Jc vjalmgýc l }z z}h jc pvhkvlnl} bj vjdlfgagrlmgýc plvl al njehvlbj zcmghcj} mhkcgrgyl}! phbjnh} bjcgv bgjvjcrj} yjcrlel} $KhcuìajuVhbvîkzju w Nzühu Nlvvýc! 6??7'5

… Ja nhbh gcrjvlmrgyh pvhpgmgl zc pvhmj}h bj lpvjcbgulej nzw

bgcìngmh#

… Jtg}rj zcl kvlc jtgfgagblb w ylvgjblb jc al jalfhvlmgýc bj

pvhkvlnl}! ah |zj vjbzmj al dlfgrzlmgýc w ja lpvjcbgulej bj ah}ng}nh}#

… _jvngrjc kvlbzlv ja rgjnph w ja cõnjvh bj j}rînzah} jc izcmgýc

bj al cjmj}gblb bj mlbl plmgjcrj#

… Al lblprlmgýc bj ah} j}rînzah} w ja rgph bj rlvjl pjv}hclagulbl plvlmlbl pjv}hcl lznjcrl al nhrgylmgýc bja }zejrh0 jc mhcmvjrh! plvlrvlflelv mhc cgüh} }j pzjbjc mhcjmmghclv jc hvnlrh} bj ezjkh#

… Ja ijjbflm` mhc vjalmgýc l ah} jvvhvj} w ivlml}h} j} nzw vgmh#

… Rgjcjc al mlplmgblb bj phbjv }jv vjpjrgbh} nõargpaj} yjmj}#

… Hivjmjc al ph}gfgagblb bj vjkg}rvlv al} pzcrzlmghcj} fl}ìcbh}j

jc lmgjvrh}! laah}! hng}ghcj} h rgjnph bj jejmzmgýc# Bj j}rjnhbh! rgjcjc zc vjkg}rvh nzw lfaj! mhc}g}rjcrj w ìmga bj lclagulv#

… Jc bjrjvngclbh} ml}h}! ja hvbjclbhv pzjbj vjmgfgv j}rînzah} wmhbgmlvah} phv bg}ph}grgyh} pjvgçvgmh}! ah |zj pzjbj }jv õrga plvll|zjaah} plmgjcrj} mhc kvlyj} larjvlmghcj} nhrhvl}# _hv jejnpah!



<97

ah} mlnfgh} jaçmrvgmh} kjcjvlbh} phv ah} nhygngjcrh} bj ah} heh}pzjbjc }jvygv plvl gcrjvlmrzlv mhc ja hvbjclbhv#

… _jvngrjc mhcrvhalv al jyhazmgýc bja vjcbgngjcrh w mhcrlv ja cõnjvh

bj lmgjvrh} w jvvhvj}! l}î mhnh pvj}jcrlv w vjkg}rvlv ah} vj}zarlbh}rvl} mlbl }j}gýc bj vjdlfgagrlmgýc#

Ja l}pjmrh nì} vjajylcrj bj al zrgagulmgýc bja hvbjclbhv plvl al vjdl.fgagrlmgýc ch j} al ph}gfgagblb bj vjpjrgv zc ng}nh jejvmgmgh nõargpaj}yjmj}! }gch ja djmdh bj pjvngrgvch} mvjlv al} }grzlmghcj} gbýcjl} plvl|zj al pjv}hcl phckl jc nlvmdl al} zcmghcj} mhkcgrgyl} w al} mhcbzm.rl} cjmj}lvgl} plvl phbjv vj}hayjval}# J}! jc j}rh} nhnjcrh}! mzlcbhla jcvjcrlvch} l bgyjv}h} mhcigmrh} h vj}hayjv }grzlmghcj} chyjbh}l}!pvj}jcrj} jc ah} ezjkh} gcrjvlmrgyh}! bhcbj }j phcjc jc jygbjcmgl ah}bçmgr mhkcgrgyh}! mhcbzmrzlaj} w(h jnhmghclaj}! pvhphvmghcìcbhch}!phv rlcrh! zc j}mjclvgh gbýcjh plvl ja rvlfleh vjdlfgagrlbhv#

Ja z}h bj ah} ygbjhezjkh} mhc cj} rjvlpçzrgmh} gnpagml ylvgh} vj|zg}grh}gnpvj}mgcbgfaj} l mhc}gbjvlv phv ja pvhj}ghcla jtpjvrh rlaj} mhnh ph}jjvlbjmzlbh} mhchmgngjcrh} bj al} zcmghcj} mhkcgrgyl} }zpjvghvj}! |zjjtg}rl zc vj}plabh bj nhbjah} rjývgmh} |zj }z}rjcrjc ah} pvhkvlnl} bjvjdlfgagrlmgýc cjzvhp}gmhaýkgml! rjcjv zc mhchmgngjcrh bj ah} jjmrh} bjal} aj}ghcj} mjvjfvlaj} w ja bjrjvghvh mhkcgrgyh! l}î mhnh bj al jyhazmgýcbja mzlbvh w al} ylvglfaj} pvhch}rgmlbl} }hfvj al vjmzpjvlmgýc bj zcmgh.

cj}! ja mhchmgngjcrh bj al gcizjcmgl bj ylvglfaj} jnhmghclaj} }hfvj javjcbgngjcrh w ja lcìag}g} jtdlz}rgyh bja rgph bj rvlrlngjcrh nì} lbjmzlbhplvl ah} bçmgr} hf}jvylbh} $vj}rlzvlmgýc! mhnpjc}lmgýc h }z}rgrzmgýc'#

L al dhvl bj bg}jülv al} rlvjl} h }jajmmghclv zc ezjkh gcrjvlmrgyh plvlmhckzvlv ja palc bj rvlrlngjcrh! j} gnpvj}mgcbgfaj pvj}rlv lrjcmgýc lal} }gkzgjcrj} mlvlmrjvî}rgml}5

… Ja bg}jüh pjv}hclagulbh bj al} lmrgygblbj} |zj }j ylc l vjlagulv#

… Al bzvlmgýc bj al} rlvjl} w bja rvlrlngjcrh kahfla#

… Ja cõnjvh bj }j}ghcj} }jnlclaj}#

… Ja rgph bj j}rînzah} lmhvbj} l al jblb w nhrgylmgýc bj al pjv}hcl

… Ah} pjvghbh} bj bj}mlc}h#

… Ja rgph w ja rgjnph bj pvj}jcrlmgýc bja ijjbflm` ph}grgyh h

cjklrgyh#

… Al kvlbzlmgýc bj al bgmzarlb#

… Ah} pjvghbh} bj ylvglfgagblb bja rgph bj rlvjl}#

… Ja vjkg}rvh bj vj}zarlbh} w ja j}rzbgh bj al jmlmgl bj al

vjdlfgagrlmgýc#



<;?

Al pvj}jcmgl bj zc cjzvhp}gmýahkh j} gnpvj}mgcbgfaj l al dhvl bj bg}j.ülv! }jajmmghclv al} rlvjl}! hvklcgulv ja cõnjvh bj }j}ghcj} w }zpjvyg.}lv al jyhazmgýc bja plmgjcrj! plvl ph}rjvghvnjcrj gcgmglv zc pvhkvlnlbj vjdlfgagrlmgýc mhkcgrgyl phv hvbjclbhv h }jajmmghclv hrvh rgph bjgcrjvyjcmgýc nì} lbjmzlbl#

Al lmmj}gfgagblb l al} czjyl} rjmchahkîl} yl njehvlcbh l pl}h} lkg.klcrlbh}! bj nhbh plvlajah j}h} lylcmj} gcizwjc chrlfajnjcrj jcal mvjlmgýc w bg}phcgfgagblb bj zcl kvlc ylvgjblb bj vjmzv}h} |zj ah}hvbjclbhvj} ch} hvjmjc plvl phbjv jalfhvlv pvhkvlnl} w lmrgygbl.bj} bj vjdlfgagrlmgýc gcbgygbzlagulbl} w jchmlbl} l ah} bçmgr mhk.cgrgyh} j}pjmîmh} bj al pjv}hcl ljmrlbl# J} phv jaah |zj vj}zarl bjkvlc gcrjvç} ja bg}jüh gcbgygbzla bj al} rlvjl}! rla mhnh }j pzjbj yjvjc al kzvl <# Jc j}rj ml}h al rlvjl zj bg}jülbl bj nhbh j}pjmîmhplvl rvlflelv ja vl}rvjh yg}zla w al njnhvgl hpjvlrgyl jc zcl pjv}hclljmrlbl! al mzla pvj}jcrlfl bçmgr bj lrjcmgýc! bj njnhvgl gcnjbglrlmhc zc }plc nîcgnh bj vjrjcmgýc bj = bîkgrh}! w bçmgr bj }zpjvyg}gýc!jcrvj hrvh}# Ah} plvìnjrvh} cõnjvh! rgph w ahmlagulmgýc bj j}rînzah}!rgjnph bj jtph}gmgýc! rlnlüh bj ajrvl! pvj}jcrlmgýc w ahckgrzb bj alpvjkzcrl jrm##! }hc plvìnjrvh} |zj pzjbjc }jv nlcgpzalbh} w j}rlfaj.mgbh} jc zcmgýc bj ah} mvgrjvgh} bj}jlbh} l rvlyç} bj pvhkvlnl} bjrlc ìmga lmmj}h! mhnh pzjbj }jv al lpagmlmgýc _h{jv phgcr#

Igkzvl <# Jejnpah bj rlvjl mvjlbl j}pjmîmlnjcrjplvl rvlflelv mlplmgblbj} mhcmvjrl}



<;<

Hrvh malvh jejnpah j} ja nhbh jc |zj ezjkh} mhc cj} aõbgmh} pjv.ngrj al j}rgnzalmgýc w njehvl bj mlplmgblbj} mhkcgrgyl} mhnpajel}#Zc jejnpah bj jaah ah mhckzvl ja ezjkh G\. nlvlrdhc $Igkzvl 6'! jamzla! mvjl al} mhcbgmghcj} gbýcjl} plvl phbjv jcrvjclv mlplmgblbj}bj palcgmlmgýc! }zpjvyg}gýc! hvklcgulmgýc! rhajvlcmgl l al vz}rvlmgýc!

gvvgrlfgagblb! lplrîl! gcgmglrgyl! fõ}|zjbl bj }hazmghcj} larjvclrgyl} wijtgfgagblb jc al} vj}pzj}rl}0 mlplmgblbj}! rhbl} jaal} jckahflbl} jcal} aalnlbl} zcmghcj} jejmzrgyl}#

Igkzvl 6# Jejnpah bj ezjkh aõbgmh bgvgkgbh l al j}rgnzalmgýcmhkcgrgyl# $Gnlkjc jtrvlîbl bj5 drrp5(({{{#vjj.klnj}.}mhzr#mhn(klnj}(g|.nlvlrdhc.6#drna '

http://www.free-games-scout.com/games/iq-marathon-2.html







<;6

Mhcmaz}ghcj}

Ah} gnphvrlcrj} lylcmj} |zj }j ygjcjc bj}lvvhaalcbh jc ja mlnph bjal lmmj}gfgagblb la z}h bj czjyl} rjmchahkîl} pjvngrjc! bj}bj zc pzcrhbj yg}rl vjdlfgagrlbhv! phbjv hprlv l al lpagmlmgýc bj al} djvvlngjcrl}

gchvnìrgml} plvl }z z}h# Ja bg}jüh gcgmgla w }zpjvyg}gýc jc al jejmzmgýcbj al} rlvjl} phv zc pvhj}ghcla mzlagmlbh! mhnh j} al kzvl bja cjz.vhp}gmýahkh! pjvngrj pvhkvj}gylnjcrj gv rvl}alblcbh ja mhcrvha jtrjvch lal pvhpgl pjv}hcl dl}rl lamlculv zcl jejmzmgýc lzrýchnl# J}rh} lylc.mj} }gc bzbl! ch }jvîlc ph}gfaj} mhc}jkzgvah} }gc al} cznjvh}l} czjyl}lphvrlmghcj} jc al lmmj}gfgagblb l j}rj rgph bj rjmchahkîl}#

Ja pvjygh jcrvjclngjcrh w al ph}rjvghv jejmzmgýc gcbgygbzlagulbl bjnhbh lzrýchnh! mhcrvgfzwj l zcl njehvl bj al vjmzpjvlmgýc! lzrhch.nîl w lzrhj}rgnl phv plvrj bj al pjv}hcl ljmrlbl#


Khcuìaju Vhbvîkzju! F#! w Nzühu Nlvvýc! J# $6??7'# Vjdlfgagrlmgýc phvhvbjclbhv# Jc J# Nzühu Nlvvýc $Jb#'! J}rgnzalmgýc mhkcgrgyl w vjdlfg.agrlmgýc cjzvhp}gmhaýkgml# Flvmjahcl5 Jbgrhvgla ZHM#



<;=

:#9 Lpln Klnj}¸Ezklnh} rhbh}8

Jyl Nlvîl Klvmîl

Mjcrvh bj Bîl L_LN{{{#lplnel#hvkjylklvmgl#rhOlplnel#hvk

Ja Mjcrvh bj bîl L_LN! j} zc vjmzv}h bj lrjc.mgýc l pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb î}gml kvlyj.njcrj ljmrlbl}! bjcrvh bj al vjb bj vjmzv}h}

bj al Mhnzcgblb bj Nlbvgb# Ja hfejrgyh bja Mjcrvh j}mhcrvgfzgv l al njehvl bj al mlagblb bj ygbl bj ah} z}zl.vgh} w bj}lvvhaalv }z lzrhchnîl pjv}hcla mhcrlcbh plvljaah mhc }jvygmgh} j}pjmglagulbh}#

http://www.apamja.org/

http://www.apamja.org/



<;2

L_LN KLNJ] j} zc pvhwjmrh mzwh hfejrgyh j} lmjvmlv ja hmghjajmrvýcgmh l al} pjv}hcl} mhc bgyjv}gblb zcmghcla l rvlyç} bjah} ezjkh} hcagcj# J}rj lvrîmzah pvjrjcbj jtphcjv lakzch} blrh}

w mhcmaz}ghcj} }hfvj al} flvvjvl} bj lmmj}gfgagblb w fjcjmgh} bj ah}ygbjhezjkh}#

Al} pjv}hcl} |zj l}g}rjc la Mjcrvh bj Bîl L_LN rgjcjc jblbj} mhn.pvjcbgbl} jcrvj ah} <4 w 9? lüh}! mhc plrhahkîl} $plvìag}g} mjvjfvla!

LMY! RMJ! jcmjlahplrîl}! jrm#' |zj aj} gnpgbjc aajylv zcl ygbl gcbjpjc.bgjcrj w lzrýchnl#

Al} pjv}hcl} mhc bgyjv}gblb zcmghcla yjc mhnpvhnjrgbl }z plvrgmgpl.mgýc jc bgjvjcrj} ìnfgrh} mhrgbglch}! rjcgjcbh njch} hphvrzcgblbj}plvl phbjv bg}vzrlv bj lmrgygblbj} chvnlagulbl} bjfgbh l al} flvvjvl}rlcrh }hmglaj}! jmhcýngml}! bj mhnzcgmlmgýc! lnfgjcrlaj}! jrm# J}rhmhcaajyl l |zj! jc }z nlwhvîl! rgjcjc zc hmgh ml}g gcjtg}rjcrj h nzwagngrlbh#

_hv hrvh albh! ja bj}lvvhaah w jtplc}gýc |zj dl }zvgbh ja nzcbh bgkg.rla dl djmdh |zj ja hvbjclbhv }jl zc jajnjcrh nì} jc czj}rvl ygblbglvgl# Ja hmgh jajmrvýcgmh j} zcl hpmgýc nzw jtrjcbgbl plvl hmzplvw bg}vzrlv bj czj}rvh rgjnph agfvj# L rvlyç} bj al yjcrlcl bj czj}rvhhvbjclbhv phbjnh} yjv pjaîmzal}! zrgagulv vjbj} }hmglaj}! jrm#

Lmjvmlv l al} pjv}hcl} mhc bgyjv}gblb zcmghcla l al zrgagulmgýc bj czj.

yl} rjmchahkîl} lwzbl l |zj lznjcrjc }z plvrgmgplmgýc jc hrvl} ìvjl}hmzplmghclaj}! bj}mzfvgv czjyl} ph}gfgagblbj} bj hmgh lmmj}gfaj w lbj.nì} bj fleh mh}rj#



<;:

L_LN Klnj} clmj mhnh vj}pzj}rl l j}l cjmj}gblb bj ‑hmgh lmmj}g.faj„# Jc ja Mjcrvh bj Bîl L_LN! }j bjmgbj lph}rlv phv lphwlv ja lmmj}h

l al} czjyl} rjmchahkîl} w }j gcgmgl zc Rlaajv bj Ezjkh} Hcagcj# Ç}rj }jbj}lvvhaal zc bîl l al }jnlcl! mhc lphwh bj bh} pvhj}ghclaj} $_vhj}hvbj Gchvnìrgml w Rjvlpjzrl Hmzplmghcla'# La gcgmgh bja Rlaajv vjlagulnh}zcl jcmzj}rl l ah} <; plvrgmgplcrj}! vjmhkgjcbh blrh} }hfvj ah} mhchmg.ngjcrh} w cjmj}gblbj} bj ah} z}zlvgh}# Jtrvljnh} ah} }gkzgjcrj} blrh}5

.Nì} bj al ngrlb bj ah} l}g}rjcrj} ch dlfîlc rjcgbh mhcrlmrh mhc janzcbh bj ah} ygbjhezjkh}! al larl bj lmmj}gfgagblb w ja bj}mhchmgngjcrhbj al} czjyl} rjmchahkîl} gcizîlc jc ja bj}gcrjvç} phv }z zrgagulmgýc#

.Ja <??* bj ah} jcmzj}rlbh} vjlagulc z}h bja hvbjclbhv jc ja Mjcrvh#

.Jc ja nlcjeh bja hvbjclbhv ja 67* jvl lzrýchnh! 6=* cjmj}grl lakõcrgph bj lphwh w 24* ch dlfîl rjcgbh mhcrlmrh al} czjyl} rjmchahkîl}#

.Kvlc bgyjv}gblb jc mzlcrh l al nhygagblb w rgph} bj lmmj}h5 vlrýcmhcyjcmghcla 24*! pza}lbhvj} 67* w Ehw}rgm` 6=*# .Al} nlwhvj} bg.mzarlbj} |zj gbjcrgmlc jc ah} ygbjhezjkh} }hc yjahmgblb w lmmj}h!}jkzgbl} bj yg}gfgagblb j gcrjvghvgulmgýc bj vjkal}#

Fl}ìcbhch} jc j}rh} blrh} lmjvml bj al} cjmj}gblbj} bj ah} z}zl.

vgh} mhnjculnh} al fõ}|zjbl jtdlz}rgyl bj vjmzv}h} bj ezjkh lbj.mzlbl} l al} cjmj}gblbj} bj ah} plvrgmgplcrj}# _lvl hvjmjvaj} zcljtpjvgjcmgl ph}grgyl jvl cjmj}lvgh |zj ah} ygbjhezjkh} vjzcgj}jc zcl}mlvlmrjvî}rgml}! |zj ch vz}rvl}jc la ezklbhv w aj dgmgjvlc lflcbhclval plvrgbl# $yjahmgblb w rgjnph mhckzvlfaj h gcjtg}rjcrj! bgjvjcrj}nhbh} bj lmmj}h! rlnlüh bj ah} jajnjcrh} kvìmh}! bgjvjcrj} cgyj.aj} bj bgmzarlb'#

Jc mlbl }j}gýc }j gcgmglfl ja lpvjcbgulej bj zc czjyh ezjkh! rvl} bjcgv}z} jajnjcrh} fì}gmh} w lmgagrìflnh} |zj jtpahvl}jc ja nlcjeh mhc

lphwh gcgmgla# Mzlcbh ja ezklbhv yl klclcbh lzrhchnîl al kzvl bjapvhj}ghcla bj}lplvjmj! w ja ezklbhv }j jcvjcrl }hah la vjrh! pl}lcbh l}jv ça ng}nh ja pvhrlkhcg}rl#



<;;

.Mhc j}rl lmrgygblb rlnfgçc }j dlc rvlfleh l}pjmrh} }hmglagulbhvj}mhnh al mhhpjvlmgýc w mhalfhvlmgýc jcrvj ja kvzph! lmgagrlcbh zc njbghplvl al gcrjvlmmgýc }hmgla }zpjvlcbh al} flvvjl} bj mhnzcgmlmgýc#

.Ah} ezjkh} nì} ylahvlbh} dlc }gbh ah} bj Dlfgagblb! Aýkgml w ezjkh}bj nj}l# Ah} ezjkh} bj bjphvrj} dlc }gbh bj}mlvrlbh} phv al flvvjvl

bj al yjahmgblb#.Jc ja njvmlbh lmrzla dlw zcl larl bj pvhbzmrh} |zj gcmhvphvjchpmghcj} bj lmmj}gfgagblb! hvjmgjcbh plvìnjrvh} mhckzvlfaj} bja

ezjkh mhnh yjahmgblb! cgyjaj} bj bgmzarlb! jrm#

Mhnh mhcmaz}gýc! dl}rl ldhvl }j dl blbh j}ml}l gnphvrlcmgl la hmghhcagcj! pjvh djnh} mhc}rlrlbh |zj ah} ygbjhezjkh} }hc zcl djvvl.ngjcrl nzw phrjcrj l rhbh} ah} cgyjaj} w j} cjmj}lvgh }jkzgv rvlflelcbhplvl phbjv jagngclv al} flvvjvl} bj lmmj}gfgagblb! w blv al hphvrzcgblb

l zc nlwhv cõnjvh bj ezklbhvj}# Lylculv dlmgl Bg}jüh plvl rhbh}!lyhvjmjvîl hvjmjv pvhbzmrh} |zj pzjblc }jv zrgagulbh} phv rhbl} al}pjv}hcl}! mhc gcbjpjcbjcmgl bj }z mlplmgblb zcmghcla#

Fgfaghkvlîl

Vhnjvh B w Klvyîc N#$6??=' Ezjkh! hmgh w rgjnph agfvj# Jc Vhnjvh

BN w Nhvzch _# Rjvlpgl hmzplmghcla5 Rjhvîl w rçmcgml}# Flvmjahcl!Jbgrhvgla Nl}}hc Ivlcmh! ]# $6??4'# Ygbjhezjkh} plvl al }lazb#

Jc5 drrp(({{{#rjmchahkglwbg}mlplmgblb#j}(Ygbjhezjkh}XplvlXalX}lazb#pb

Nlgvjcl! E# $6??7'# Ygbjhezjkh} lmmj}gfaj}# _hv |zç w mýnh dlmjvah}#

Jc5 drrp5(({{{#elygjvnlgvjcl#cjr(bhm}(ygbjhezjkh}lmmj}gfaj}#pb

]ìcmdju! J# $6?<<'#Hmgh jajmrvýcgmh w bg}mlplmgblb gcrjajmrzla5 ah}ygbjhezjkh}#

Jc5 drrp5(({{{#bh{c6<#hvk(vjyg}rlLbzarh}(vjyg}rl;(ygbjhezjkh}#l}p

http://tecnologiaydiscapacidad.es/Videojuegos_para_la_salud.pdf



http://www.javiermairena.net/docs/videojuegosaccesibles.pdf

http://www.down21.org/revistaAdultos/revista7/videojuegos.asp

http://www.down21.org/revistaAdultos/revista7/videojuegos.asp

http://www.javiermairena.net/docs/videojuegosaccesibles.pdf




<;4

:#; Lpagmlmgýc bj ygbjhezjkh}jc ja rvlrlngjcrh}ghrjvìpgmh jc

aj}ghclbh} njbzalvj}#Nhcr}jvvlr Bglu! Iìrgnl Lvvgfl} w Ahal Ejvju

Dh}pgrla Clmghcla bj _lvlpaçegmh}{{{#gchnjbzal#hvknbglulO}j}mln#emmn#j}

Ja Dh}pgrla Clmghcla bj _lvlpaçegmh}! mjcrvh bj vjjvjcmgljc J}plül jc nlrjvgl bj vjdlfgagrlmgýc gcrjkvla bj al Aj}gýcNjbzalv J}pgcla! pjvrjcjmj la ]J]MLN $]jvygmgh bj ]lazb bj

Ml}rgaal Al Nlcmdl'# Mzjcrl mhc =9 lüh} bj jtpjvgjcmgl l}g}rjcmgla! l}î mhnh mhc zcl mvjmgjcrj lmrgygblb gcyj}rgklbhvl#

http://www.infomedula.org/

http://www.infomedula.org/



<;7

Jtpjvgjcmgl bj gcmaz}gýc bja z}h aõbgmh bj ah} ygbjhezjkh} jcja rvlrlngjcrh }ghrjvìpgmh bj al aj}gýc njbzalv# Rvl} ylahvlv jaj}rlbh î}gmh bja plmgjcrj! }jkõc }z cgyja bj aj}gýc w l}j bj

jyhazmgýc jc |zj }j jcmzjcrvl! }j }jajmmghclc al} lmrgygblbj} w ezj.kh} nì} lbjmzlbh} plvl mlbl zch! jc zcmgýc bj }z} cjmj}gblbj} bj

rvlrlngjcrh#

Al Ig}ghrjvlpgl j} ja mhcezcrh bj nçrhbh}! lmrzlmghcj} w rçmcg.ml}! |zj njbglcrj al lpagmlmgýc bj njbgh} î}gmh}! mzvlc! pvjygj.cjc w lblprlc lpjv}hcl} bg}mlplmgrlbl} h ljmrlbl} bj bg}zc.mghcj} p}gmh}hnìrgml}!}hnìrgml} w hvkìcgml} h l al} |zj bj}jlcnlcrjcjv zc cgyja lbjmzlbh bj }lazb $]jkõc al L}hmglmgýc J}plühalbj Ig}ghrjvlpjzrl}'#

Al Aj}gýc Njbzalv h ngjahplrîl! j} zcl larjvlmgýc bj al nçbzal j}pg.cla |zj pzjbj pvhyhmlv zcl pçvbgbl bj }jc}gfgagblb w(h bj nhygagblb#Chvnlanjcrj j}rl} pçvbgbl} }j pvj}jcrlc phv bjfleh bja cgyja bjaj}gýc#

Al Ig}ghrjvlpgl jc j}rh} plmgjcrj} gcrjcrl lwzblv l al vjmzpjvlmgýc bj

al chvnlagblb jc j}rh} l}pjmrh}! bjcrvh bj al njbgbl bj al} ph}gfg.agblbj} bj mlbl aj}gýc! }jkõc }z kvlyjblb# Bjfgbh l j}rh j} zc rvl.fleh nzw pvhahcklbh jc ja rgjnph w mhc kvlc mhnphcjcrj p}gmhaýkgmh}gjcbh ah} ygbjhezjkh} zc gc}rvznjcrh bj kvlc zrgagblb plvl gcrjcrlvplaglv j}rj jjmrh! lwzblcbh l ngcgngulv al lrgkl |zj pzbgjvl jtg}rgv jclakõc nhnjcrh jc al vjdlfgagrlmgýc bj j}rj rgph bj plmgjcrj}#

Al gcgmglrgyl }zvkj l vlîu bj al bhclmgýc bj zcl ygbjhmhc}hal phv plvrjbj zch bj ah} plmgjcrj} bja mjcrvh rvl} }z larl dh}pgrlalvgl# Mzlcbh

rzygnh} al ygbjhmhc}hal jc al zcgblb bj }ghrjvlpgl pjc}lnh} mýnhzrgagulval plvl hfrjcjv fjcjmgh} jc al jyhazmgýc bj czj}rvh} plmgjc.rj}# _lvl jaah mvjlnh} zc kvzph bj rvlfleh mhc al gcrjcmgýc bj gcmazgval lmrgygblb aõbgml |zj pvhphvmghclcah} ygbjhezjkh} jc ja rvlrlngjcrh}ghrjvìpgmh bj al aj}gýc njbzalv#

Al gcmaz}gýc bj j}rl lmrgygblb jc czj}rvh} rvlrlngjcrh} }ghrjvìpgmh}rgjcj ylvgl} lpagmlmghcj} }jkõc al l}j bj jyhazmgýc jc |zj }j jcmzjc.rvj ja plmgjcrj w ja j}rlbh î}gmh |zj pvj}jcrj mhcbgmghclbh phv ja cgyjabj aj}gýc w al} mlvlmrjvî}rgml} bj al ng}nl# Zrgagulvjnh} ah} ygbjhezj.

kh} mhc ja plmgjcrj jc }jbj}rlmgýc! jc }z }gaal bj vzjbl} h jc zclnj}l bj rvlrlngjcrh! h jc fgpjbj}rlmgýc! }jkõc ch} ylwl pjvngrgjcbh}z jyhazmgýc#



<4?

Ja nlrjvgla |zj bg}phcjnh} j} zcl ygbjhmhc}hal ‑[GG„! zcl plcrlaalbj :?„! ezjkh} bjphvrgyh}5 ‑]phvr„ w ‑]phvr Vj}hvr„! lbjnì} bja ‑[ggIgr„ mhc al palrlhvnl ‑Flalcmj Fhlvb„# Al lmrgygblb mhngjcul }gjnpvjmhc al mvjlmgýc bj zc pjva pjv}hclagulbh plvl mlbl plmgjcrj plvlphbjv mhchmjv al jyhazmgýc w pvhkvj}h hfrjcgbh jc al} bg}rgcrl} }j}gh.

cj}# Lcrj} bj mhnjculv }j dlmj zcl ylahvlmgýc bja j}rlbh î}gmh bjaplmgjcrj! bj }z} mlplmgblbj}! }gjnpvj jc vjalmgýc l }z cgyja bj aj}gýcw kvlbh bj ljmrlmgýc! la hfejrh bj }jajmmghclv ah} ezjkh} lbjmzlbh}plvl hfrjcjv ah} njehvj} vj}zarlbh} w }lmlv ja nìtgnh fjcjmgh ph}g.faj bj al lpagmlmgýc#

Jc ml}h bj rvlflelv mhc Aj}ghcj} Mjvygmlaj} h Bhv}laj} larl} w njbgl}ph}gmghclvjnh} la plmgjcrj }jcrlbh jc }z }gaal bj vzjbl} h jc zclnj}l bj rvlrlngjcrh mhc zc vj}plabh! }g zj}j cjmj}lvgh! pjvh }gcnlcrjcjv ja lphwh bj nlcjvl mhcrgczlbl# _lvl phbjv zrgagulv ah} ezj.kh} bjphvrgyh} ja cgyja bj aj}gýc bjfj pjvngrgv ja nlcjeh bj al} nlch}!jc ml}h bj ch }jv ph}gfaj! zrgagulvîlnh} ja ezjkh ‑[gg Igr„! ja plmgjcrj}j mhahmlvîl }jcrlbh }hfvj al palrlhvnl ‑Flalcmj Fhlvb„ $Gnlkjc <'bj nhbh |zj }z} mlbjvl} lmrzl}jc bj lphwh bj al ng}nl nlcjvl |zjah dlvîlc ah} pgj} jc ml}h bj jcmhcrvlv}j jc fgpjbj}rlmgýc $Gnlkjc 6'#Al lpagmlmgýc bj j}rj nhbh j} bj kvlc zrgagblb plvl rvlflelv al phrjc.mglmgýc bj ah} ngjnfvh} }zpjvghvj} w bja rvhcmh! l}î mhnh ja j|zgagfvghbj rvhcmh plvl nlcrjcjv zcl }jbj}rlmgýc j}rlfaj $Gnlkjc ='#

Gnlkjc <# Rvlfleh bj j|zgagfvgh bj rvhcmh jc Aj}gýc NjbzalvMjvygmla Mhnpajrl#

]g ja cgyja bj aj}gýc h ja rgph bj ljmrlmgýc pjvngrj al pzj}rl jc pgj bjaplmgjcrj al zrgagulmgýc bj ah} ygbjhezjkh} }j dlvîl jc fgpjbj}rlmgýc! rlcrh}hfvj al palrlhvnl plvl ja ezjkh ‑[gg Igr„! mhnh mhc ah} ezjkh} bjphvrgyh}#



<4<

Gnlkjc 6# Rvlfleh bj j|zgagfvgh jc fgpjbj}.rlmgýc w pvhpghmjpmgýc bj rhfgaah}# Aj}gýcNjbzalv Gcmhnpajrl Mhal bj Mlflaah#

Gnlkjc =# Rvlfleh bj j|zgagfvgh bj rvhcmh jcAj}gýc Njbzalv Mhnpajrl }hfvj ‑FlalcmjFhlvb„# Aj}gýc Bhv}la Flel Mhnpajrl#

]jkõc ylnh} hfrjcgjcbh pvhkvj}h} w njehvîl jc ja j}rlbh î}gmh bjaplmgjcrj! zjvul w vj}g}rjcmgl! mhnpagmlnh} al lmrgygblb mhc al mhahml.mgýc bj al}rvj} bj bgjvjcrj} pj}h} rlcrh jc ah} ngjnfvh} }zpjvghvj}mhnh jc ah} gcjvghvj} gcrjc}gmlcbh l}î ja rvlfleh nz}mzalv bj czj}.rvh} plmgjcrj}! h ph}gmghcìcbhaj} }hfvj }zpjvmgj} gcj}rlfaj} rlcrhjc }jbj}rlmgýc mhnh jc fgpjbj}rlmgýc $Gnlkjc 2'# Bjpjcbgjcbh bj alljmrlmgýc |zj pvj}jcrj mlbl plmgjcrj jc lakzch} ml}h} phbvîlc }jv

cjmj}lvgh} njbgh} bj mhcrjcmgýc plvl nlcrjcjv al ph}gmgýc mhvvjmrlbj nlcjvl |zj phblnh} rvlflelv ah nì} mhvvjmrlnjcrj ph}gfaj#

Lcrj} bj jnpjulv ja rvlrlngjcrh mhc ja ‑[gg Igr„! w l nhbh bj rhnl bjmhcrlmrh w vjalelmgýc! }j vjlagul ja jejvmgmgh bj ‑Vj}pgvlmgýc _vhzcbl„|zj lplvjmj bjcrvh bja fah|zj bj ‑Whkl„#

Djmdl al ylahvlmgýc î}gml bja plmgjcrj! gcgmglnh} al} }j}ghcj} bglvgl}mhc ja ‑Rj}r Iî}gmh„# L|zî }j vjlagulc pvzjfl} rlcrh bj j|zgagfvgh mhnhbj rvlc}jvjcmgl bj mlvkl} $lphwh jc zcl pgjvcl w hrvl larjvclrgylnjcrj

$Gnlkjc :'! }jajmmghclbl} lajlrhvglnjcrj phv al lpagmlmgýc! jc zcmgýcbj ah} ezjkh} zrgagulbh} bj hvnl dlfgrzla! }jaalcbh l mhcrgczlmgýc alml}gaal mhvvj}phcbgjcrj bja mlajcblvgh pjv}hclagulbh bj z}h bglvgh#



<46

Gnlkjc 2# Rvlfleh bj phrjcmglmgýc bj ngjnfvh} }zpjvghvj}mhc vj}g}rjcmgl}#

Al bzvlmgýc lpvhtgnlbl bj al }j}gýc }jvì bj zch} =? ngczrh}! }gjnpvjjc zcmgýc bj al} mhcbgmghcj} bja plmgjcrj#

Zcl bj al} lpagmlmghcj} nì} õrgaj} plvl ch}hrvh} jc ja jnpajh bj ‑[gg

Igr„ j} al ahmlagulmgýc bja mjcrvh bj kvlyjblb $Gnlkjc 9'# Mhc jaah japlmgjcrj j} vjlanjcrj mhc}mgjcrj bj }z ph}gmghclngjcrh jc fgpjbj}.rlmgýc w }j aj gcbgmlvîlc al} mhvvjmmghcj} |zj dlfvîl bj aajylv l mlfh!jc ml}h bj }jv cjmj}lvgh! plvl mhc}jkzgv zcl ph}rzvl mhvvjmrl# Jc alng}nl aîcjl bj rvlfleh! al nhygagblb bj al pjayg} j} zcblnjcrla plvlzcl mhvvjmrl vjlagulmgýc bj al nlvmdl# J}rl mlplmgblb al pvlmrgmlvjnh}l rvlyç} bja z}h bja ‑Dzal Dhhp„ gcmazgbh jc lplvrlbh bj ‑Ljvhfgm„# Rvl}al jejmzmgýc bja ezjkh }j ch} nzj}rvl jc al plcrlaal zc kvìmh mhc jabj}palulngjcrh bj al pjayg}! bìcbhch} gchvnlmgýc pvjmg}l plvl phbjvpjvjmmghclvah bj hvnl lclaîrgml! }g zj}j cjmj}lvgh! jc al }j}gýc bj}ghrjvlpgl jc kgncl}gh#

Mhnh jejnpah bj z}h bj ezjkh bjphvrgyh dlfalvjnh} bj al zrgagulmgýcbja ‑]phvr Vj}hvr„ l rvlyç} bja ‑_gvlkñg}nh„ $Gnlkjc ;'# Mhc jaah rvl.flelvjnh} al bg}hmglmgýc bj mgcrzvl} pçaygml w j}mlpzalv! gnpvj}mgc.bgfaj rlnfgçc jc al mhvvjmrl jejmzmgýc bj al nlvmdl# Hrvh ezjkh õrgaplvl jaah }jvîl al ‑J}plbl„ l rvlyç} bja ‑Bzjah„ w ‑Mhvrj„! gcmazgbh} jcja ng}nh MB#

Ja z}h bj ygbjhezjkh} hvjmj zcl kvlc lwzbl w mhnpajnjcrh jc ah}rvlrlngjcrh} bj }ghrjvlpgl! l czj}rvh nhbh bj yjv! phv ylvgl} vluhcj}!}jkõc djnh} phbgbh hf}jvylv# _vhphvmghcl! rlcrh la plmgjcrj mhnh la



<4=

Gnlkjc :# Aj}gýc Bhv}la Njbgl Gcmhnpajrl#Rvlfleh bj rvlc}jvjcmgl bj mlvkl} jcfgpjbj}rlmgýc#

Gnlkjc 9# Ylahvlmgýc bj al j}rìrgml jcfgpjbj}rlmgýc# Ijjbflm` bj ahmlagulmgýcbja mjcrvh bj kvlyjblb#

}ghrjvlpjzrl zc ‑jjbflm`„ bj kvlc gnphvrlcmgl w zrgagblb# Ja plmgjcrjj} mhc}mgjcrj rlcrh bj }z jyhazmgýc w pvhkvj}h! mhnh bja bçmgr |zjpvj}jcrl! bj hvnl |zj lmgagrl ja ph}rjvghv rvlfleh lclaîrgmh jc al }lalbj }ghrjvlpgl#

Jc mzlcrh l }z} pvhkvj}h}! j}rh} |zjblc vjijelbh} mhc al} pzcrzl.mghcj} hfrjcgbl} jc mlbl ezjkh! }hc vjkg}rvlbl} jc al lpagmlmgýc w

mhnplvlfaj} rlcrh mhc }z} pvhpgh} blrh} jc }zmj}gyl} }j}ghcj} mhnhmhc al} bja vj}rh bj }z} mhnplüjvh} |zj ah zrgagulc! j}rgnzalcbh l}î }zvjmzpjvlmgýc w vjmhnpjc}lcbh }z j}zjvuh jc ja rvlfleh bglvgh#

Jc ah vjjvjcrj l al} mlvjcmgl} h bçmgr jc al jejmzmgýc bj ah} ezjkh} ja}g}rjnl vjijel jc nhbh bj kvlml} lakzch} bj ah} nhygngjcrh} }hag.mgrlbh}! mhc ah mzla ja plmgjcrj rgjcj zcl vjjvjcmgl yg}zla nzw ylagh}lplvl mhcrgczlv rvlflelcbh#

Jc kjcjvla! jc ja rgjnph |zj aajylnh} rvlflelcbh mhc ygbjhezjkh} jc

ja mjcrvh djnh} phbgbh hf}jvylv al kvlc gnphvrlcmgl |zj rgjcj }z z}hplvl bg}ngczgv }hfvj rhbh ja kvlc mhnphcjcrj p}gmhaýkgmh |zj mhcaajylal plrhahkîl# Al alvkl j}rlcmgl bja plmgjcrj jc ja mjcrvh pzjbj aajylv jc



<42

hml}ghcj} l |zj aj plvjuml dlfjv jcrvlbh jc zcl vzrgcl bj rvlfleh pjv. ezbgmgla plvl }z vjmzpjvlmgýc# J}rj l}pjmrh pzjbj yjv}j vjbzmgbh mhcal gcmaz}gýc bj czjyl} rjmchahkîl} jc ah} rvlrlngjcrh} vjmgfgbh}! mhnhj} ja ml}h |zj ch} hmzpl#

Hrvh l}pjmrh ph}grgyh bja z}h bj ygbjhezjkh}! hf}jvylbh phv ja

nhnjcrh! j} |zj ja z}zlvgh j} mlplu bj aajylv l mlfh lmrgygblbj} |zjpvhpzj}rl} phv ja }ghrjvlpjzrl jc al }lal bj rvlfleh }hc mhc}gbjvlbl}mhnh bj bgmzarlb gnphvrlcrj phv ja plmgjcrj! pjvh |zj la vjlagulv}jfleh ja l}pjmrh aõbgmh bj ah} ygbjhezjkh} ch }hc vjjvgbl} mhnh rla phvah} plmgjcrj} w }z jejmzmgýc }j rhvcl nì} lmmj}gfaj#

Jc zc zrzvh! ch nzw ajelch! ah gbjla }jvîl bg}phcjv bj zcl zcgblb! j}rl.fajmgbl mhnh rla! mhc hfejrh bj nlcrjcjv zcl zrgagulmgýc mhcrgczlbl wpvhrhmhagulbl gcmazwjcbh al} czjyl} rjmchahkîl} jc ah} rvlrlngjcrh}

}ghrjvìpgmh} jc al Aj}gýc Njbzalv#

Gnlkjc ;# Rvlfleh bj bg}hmglmgýc bj mgcrzvl} pçaygml wj}mlpzalv l rvlyç} bja ‑_gvlkñg}nh„#



<4:

:#4Jtpjvgjcmgl} bj z}h bjrjmchahkîl} nzargnhblaj}

w rlckgfaj} mhc cgüh} bj

Jbzmlmgýc J}pjmgla#Elygjv Nlvmh! ]lcbvl Flabl}}lvvg w Jyl Mjvjuh

Kvzph KGKL Ljmrgyj AlfGc}rgrzrh bj Gcyj}rgklmgýc jc Gckjcgjvîl bj Lvlkýc#Bjpr# Gchvnìrgml j Gckjcgjvîl bj ]g}rjnl}# Zcgyjv}gblb bj Ulvlkhul#drrp5((kgkl#mp}#zcgulv#j}(ljmrgyjalfelyg#nlvmh! }lcbvl! jmjvjuh~Ozcgulv#j}

Ja KGKL Ljmrgyj Alf bj al Zcgyjv}gblb bj Ulvlkhul j} zckvzph j}pjmglagulbh jc al gcyj}rgklmgýc }hfvj lkjcrj} ygvrzl.aj} w jc czjyl} rçmcgml} bj gcrjvlmmgýc nzargnhbla w clrzvla#

Ja kvzph rvlflel jc z}ghclv bg}rgcrl} nhblagblbj} bj gcrjvlmmgýc mhc jahvbjclbhv plvl mhc}jkzgv mhnpzrlmgýc ljmrgyl $rjcgjcbh jc mzjcrl al}jnhmghcj} bja z}zlvgh' w î}gml $l rvlyç} bj al nlcgpzalmgýc bj hfejrh}mhcyjcmghclaj}'! |zj }j lpagmlc l ah} ezjkh} bj hvbjclbhv#

http://giga.cps.unizar.es/affectivelab

mailto:[email protected];%[email protected];%[email protected]

mailto:[email protected];%[email protected];%[email protected]

http://giga.cps.unizar.es/affectivelab



<49

Jc j}rj bhmznjcrh }j vjijel al mhalfhvlmgýc jcrvj ja KGKL Ljmrgyj Alf bj al Zcgyjv}gblb bj Ulvlkhul w ja Mhajkgh_õfagmh bj Jbzmlmgýc J}pjmgla ‑Lafhvlbl„ l rvlyç} bj bgyjv}l}

jtpjvgjcmgl} aajylbl} l mlfh mvjlcbh ezjkh} bj hvbjclbhv lmmj}gfaj}#Mhc jaah }j dl jtpahvlbh ah} fjcjmgh} |zj rgjcjc! plvl ah} laznch} bj

jbzmlmgýc j}pjmgla! al lpagmlmgýc bj gcchylbhvl} rçmcgml} bj gcrjvlm.mgýc! mhnh pjv}hclej} ygvrzlaj}! gcrjvlmmgýc clrzvla j gcrjvlmmgýc rlckg.faj# L}gng}nh! }j dl rvlflelbh jc bhrlv bj ijtgfgagblb w lblprlfgagblbl al} djvvlngjcrl} gchvnìrgml} bj}lvvhaalbl} plvl |zj ah} pvhj}hvj}pzjblc mvjlv w lbjmzlv ja mhcrjcgbh bgbìmrgmh l al} cjmj}gblbj} gcbgyg.bzlaj} bj mlbl cgüh#

Bzvlcrj ah} õargnh} lüh} ja KGKL Ljmrgyj Alf bj al Zcgyjv}gblb bjUlvlkhul dl mhalfhvlbh mhc ja Mhajkgh _õfagmh bj Jbzmlmgýc J}pjmgla

Lafhvlbl bj Ulvlkhul! mvjlcbh ezjkh} bj hvbjclbhv mhnh djvvlngjc.rl} bj lphwh l zc mhcezcrh bj mhnpjrjcmgl} fì}gml} |zj ja laznclbhbja mjcrvh bjfj lamlculv! w |zj }j mhcmvjrlc jc ìnfgrh} mhnh ja fgjc.j}rlv î}gmh! al j}rgnzalmgýc! al mhnzcgmlmgýc! ja bj}lvvhaah bj dlfgagbl.bj} bj lzrhchnîl w al }hmglagulmgýc# Dlw |zj rjcjv jc mzjcrl |zj jc alkvlc nlwhvîl bj laznch} }j jcmzjcrvlc ljmrlbl} bj hvnl gnphvrlcrj

al} zcmghcj} bj mhnzcgmlmgýc! l}î mhnh ah} pvhmj}h} bj vjalmgýc mhcja jcrhvch î}gmh w }hmgla! w phv jaah j} cjmj}lvgh fz}mlv czjyh} nçrh.bh} |zj pjvngrlc njehvlv ja bj}lvvhaah bj j}rh} l}pjmrh}#

Njbglcrj al lpagmlmgýc bj rçmcgml} bj gcrjvlmmgýc gcchylbhvl} j}rlnh}jtpahvlcbh al} ph}gfgagblbj} bj ah} ezjkh} bj hvbjclbhv plvl lrjcbjvl al bgyjv}gblb bj j}rj rgph bj laznch}# Z}lcbh rçmcgml} fl}lbl} jcgcrjvlmmgýc nzargnhbla w clrzvla }j njehvl al lmmj}gfgagblb bj al} djvvl.ngjcrl} gchvnìrgml} hvjmgjcbh ijtgfgagblb plvl al mvjlmgýc w lblprl.mgýc bj ah} ezjkh} l al} mlvlmrjvî}rgml} bj mlbl laznch#

Jc zc pvgnjv nhnjcrh j}rl mhalfhvlmgýc }j mjcrvý jc ja bj}lvvhaah bjzcl djvvlngjcrl }hr{lvj nzargnhbla plvl al mvjlmgýc bj zcl lnpaglylvgjblb bj lmrgygblbj} bgbìmrgml} fl}lbl} jc al lkvzplmgýc bj }în.fhah} kvìmh} }jkõc zcl mlrjkhvîl }hagmgrlbl P<^# Ah} ezjkh} mvjlbh}mhc j}rl djvvlngjcrl }j pzjbjc zrgagulv l rvlyç} bj bg}rgcrh} pjvgçvgmh}$vlrýc! rjmalbh lblprlbh! rlfajrl}! pgulvvl} gcrjvlmrgyl}! mhnzcgmlbh.vj}! ngmvýhch} plvl vjmhchmgngjcrh bj yhu…' $kzvl <'# Ja mhnph.cjcrj ljmrgyh bj ah} ezjkh} }j jtpahvý njbglcrj al gcmaz}gýc bj pjv.

}hclej} ygvrzlaj} jnhmghclaj} jcmlvklbh} bj gcbgmlv l ah} cgüh} }zpvhkvj}gýc! lajkvìcbh}j w lpalzbgjcbh mzlcbh al rlvjl }j dlmj fgjc! hjcrvg}rjmgçcbh}j mzlcbh }j dlmj nla $kzvl 6'#



<4;

Igkzvl <# Gu|zgjvbl5 ezklcbh jc zc hvbjclbhv mhcyjcmghcla# Bjvjmdl5 ezklcbhmhc zcl pgulvvl rìmrga#

Igkzvl 6# _jv}hclej ygvrzla mhc mlplmgblbj} jnhmghclaj}# Bj gu|zgjvbl lbjvjmdl5 }lazbl! lajkvj lpalzbgjcbh! rvg}rj! ygmrhvgh}h#

Lmrzlanjcrj! }j j}rì rvlflelcbh mhc al ng}nl ah}hîl! pjvh phcgjcbhj}pjmgla lrjcmgýc jc l|zjaah} cgüh} |zj! phv }z} pvhfajnl} nhrh.vj}! jcmzjcrvlc nì} bgmzarlbj} plvl ja z}h bj bg}ph}grgyh} pjvgçvg.mh} mhnh rjmalbh} w vlrhcj}! gcmaz}h l|zjaah} lblprlbh}# _hv ah rlcrh

djnh} bjmgbgbh lpagmlv ja plvlbgknl bj gcrjvlmmgýc rlckgfaj! fz}mlcbh|zj ja mhcrvha bj ah} ezjkh} }j vjlagmj phv njbgh bj ezkzjrj} mhchmg.bh} phv ah} cgüh}! w ch vjpvj}jcrlmghcj} ygvrzlaj} jc plcrlaal! plvl l}î hvjmjv zcl jtpjvgjcmgl rjmchaýkgml ah nì} mjvmlcl ph}gfaj l al} lmrg.ygblbj} dlfgrzlaj} jc ja lzal fl}lbl} jc nlcgpzalmgýc bj nlrjvglaj}bgbìmrgmh}# Mhc j}rj hfejrgyh }j dl bg}jülbh zc bg}ph}grgyh rlfajrhp$bjchngclbh CG@Yg}ghc'! j}pjmîmlnjcrj plvl }jv z}lbh jc zc lzal bjj}rj mjcrvh! |zj pjvngrj l ylvgh} cgüh} ezklv mhc ja hvbjclbhv nlcgpz.alcbh ezkzjrj} }hfvj al nj}l# Al }zpjvmgj bj CG@Yg}ghc j} mhnpzrl.

mghclanjcrj lmrgyl! j} bjmgv! ja }g}rjnl gchvnìrgmh j} mlplu bj bjrjm.rlv al} nlcgpzalmghcj} bj hfejrh}! w nh}rvlv gchvnlmgýc kvìml bja

ezjkh bgvjmrlnjcrj jc al }zpjvmgj h jc zc nhcgrhv $kzvl ='# Mzla|zgjv



<44

ezkzjrj }j pzjbj z}lv jc CG@Yg}ghc! }gnpajnjcrj pjklcbh jc }z fl}jzc plrvýc jc falcmh w cjkvh! |zj }gvyj plvl |zj ja }hr{lvj ah vjmh.chuml j gbjcrg|zj }z} nhygngjcrh} }hfvj al nj}l# J}rj }g}rjnl j}rjmchaýkgmlnjcrj }jcmgaah w pjvngrj l nzw fleh mh}rj jalfhvlv ezjkh}rlckgfaj} l plvrgv bj zcl lnpagl ylvgjblb bj nlrjvgla bgbìmrgmh P6^#

Igkzvl =# Ja rlfajrhp CG@Yg}ghc gc}rlalbh jc ja lzal w! l }zalbh! nlrjvglaj} bgbìmrgmh} plvl zch bj ah} ezjkh}#

Al jajmmgýc bj zc bg}ph}grgyh gchvnìrgmh lblprlbh l zcl nj}l }j fl}ljc |zj bgmdh jcrhvch pjvngrj phrjcmglv ja ezjkh jc kvzph w al vjal.mgýc }hmgla0 ngjcrvl}! ah} ezkzjrj} w ah} nlrjvglaj} bgbìmrgmh} ezjklc zcplpja zcblnjcrla jc ja bj}lvvhaah w ja lpvjcbgulej bj ah} cgüh}#

Ja bg}jüh bj ah} ezjkh} }j dl aajylbh l mlfh }gkzgjcbh zc pvhmj}hgrjvlrgyh |zj dl gcyhazmvlbh l pvhj}hvj} w laznch}# Jc zc pvgnjv

nhnjcrh! ah} pvhj}hvj} jtphcjc al} bg}rgcrl} lmrgygblbj} bgbìmrg.ml} |zj }j z}lc jc ja lzal5 rlcrh al} pzvlnjcrj î}gml}! mhnh hrvh}ygbjhezjkh} bj hvbjclbhv |zj ah} laznch} }zjajc zrgagulv! w }j fz}.mlc }hazmghcj} plvl aajylv j}rl} lmrgygblbj} la jcrhvch bj al nj}l#Igclanjcrj! rhbl} j}rl} pvhpzj}rl} }j gnpajnjcrlc w zcgmlc jc zcldjvvlngjcrl }hr{lvj |zj pjvngrj al mvjlmgýc bj nõargpaj} lmrgygblbj}bgbìmrgml} bj hvnl }jcmgaal }gc cjmj}gblb bj pvhkvlnlmgýc# L rvlyç}bj jbgmgýc mdjvh} TNA }j pzjbjc mhckzvlv ah} bgyjv}h} jcrhvch}kvìmh} l nh}rvlv jc ja rlfajrhp! w j}rlfajmjv vjalmghcj} jcrvj ìvjl}

bj al nj}l w nlrjvglaj} î}gmh}# _hv jejnpah! zcl bj al} lmrgygblbj}mvjlbl} mhc j}rl djvvlngjcrl mhc}g}rj jc l}hmglv }gazjrl} bj lcgnlaj}nh}rvlbl} jc al nj}l mhc }z mhvvj}phcbgjcrj ezkzjrj $kzvl 2'#



<47

Igkzvl 2# Lvvgfl l al gu|zgjvbl5 }gazjrl} nh}rvlbl} jc al nj}l# Lfleh l algu|zgjvbl5 Nlrjvglaj} bgbìmrgmh} nlcgpzalfaj}# Bjvjmdl5 Cgüh jc ja lzaljnplvjelcbh ah} nlrjvglaj} mhc }z }gazjrl#

Al ijtgfgagblb |zj pjvngrj j}rl djvvlngjcrl }j jtrgjcbj rlnfgçc l ah}hfejrh} nlcgpzalfaj}! wl |zj al ng}nl lmrgygblb }j pzjbj ezklv mhcbg}rgcrh} rgph} bj nlrjvglaj} bgbìmrgmh}! bj nlcjvl |zj pjvngrj lblp.rlval l al} ph}gfgagblbj} bj lpvjcbgulej bj mlbl laznch# _hv jejnpah! jang}nh j}mjclvgh bj }gazjrl} bj lcgnlaj} }j pzjbj ezklv mhc ezkzjrj}bj khnl h mhc pgmrhkvlnl} LVL]LLM6! pjvngrgjcbh ylvglv ja kvlbhbj lf}rvlmmgýc bj al lmrgygblb $kzvl :'#

Igkzvl :# Zcl ng}nl lmrgygblb pzjbj ezklv}j mhc bg}rgcrh} nlrjvglaj} bgbìm.rgmh} }jkõc al mlplmgblb bj lf}rvlmmgýc bja laznch#

6 Ja phvrla LVL]LLM j} zcl mhajmmgýc bj vjmzv}h} kvìmh} w nlrjvglaj} plvl lmgagrlv al mhnzcgml.mgýc bj l|zjaal} pjv}hcl} mhc lakõc rgph bj bgmzarlb jc j}rj ìvjl#drrp5(({{{#mlrjbz#j}(lvl}llm(



<7?

Jc bjcgrgyl! l plvrgv bj j}rl mhalfhvlmgýc dl }gbh ph}gfaj hvjmjv l ah}cgüh} zcl lnpagl ylvgjblb bj ezjkh} bgbìmrgmh}! njbglcrj ah} mzlaj}pzjbjc jtpvj}lv}j j gcrjvlmrzlv bj hvnl clrzvla mhc al lpagmlmgýc wmhc }z} mhnplüjvh} w rzrhvj}# _jvh lbjnì}! al gcrvhbzmmgýc bja hvbj.clbhv jc j}rj mhcrjtrh lphvrl5

… la cgüh! zc jcrhvch lmmj}gfaj! nhrgylcrj w bgyjvrgbh }hfvj ja|zj pzjbjc gcizgv bj zc nhbh bgvjmrh j gcnjbglrh0 jc ja |zj jaygbjhezjkh pvj}jcrl mhcrgczh} bj}lîh} w ja cgüh vjmgfj! jc janhnjcrh! vjmhnpjc}l bj }z pvhkvj}h#

… la pvhij}hv! zcl djvvlngjcrl mhc al |zj phbjv mvjlv iìmganjcrj

bgyjv}l} lpagmlmghcj} bgbìmrgml} lblprlfaj} l mlbl laznch! w vjl.agulv zc }jkzgngjcrh gcbgygbzlagulbh bj }z vjcbgngjcrh#

Al jtpjvgjcmgl pvj}jcrlbl dl lfgjvrh ja mlngch dlmgl zcl jtpahvlmgýc

nì} lnpagl bj al} phrjcmglagblbj} |zj al} czjyl} rjmchahkîl} gcrjvlm.rgyl} hvjmjc l ah} cgüh} bj jbzmlmgýc j}pjmgla# Jc plvrgmzalv! czj}rvhpvýtgnh vjrh mhc}g}rj jc bg}jülv lmrgygblbj} mhalfhvlrgyl} |zj vjzjv.mjc al mhnzcgmlmgýc w al vjalmgýc gcrjvpjv}hcla l rvlyç} bj ah} ezjkh}bj hvbjclbhv#

Vjjvjcmgl} fgfaghkvìml}P<^ Flabl}}lvvg! ]#! Mjvjuh! J#! Fal}mh! K# $6?<?'5 Ezjkh} jbzmlrgyh}mhckzvlfaj} plvl Jbzmlmgýc J}pjmgla! Gcrjvlmmgýc 6?<?5 TG Mhckvj}hGcrjvclmghcla Gcrjvlmmgýc _jv}hcl.Hvbjclbhv! 77.<?4

P6^ Nlvmh! E#! Mjvjuh! J#! Flabl}}lvvg! ]#! Nluuhccj! J#! Vjlb! E# $6??7'5Fvgckgck Rlfajrhp Rjmdchahkgj} rh @gcbjvklvrjc Mdgabvjc! 6=vb FM]Mhcjvjcmj hc Dznlc Mhnpzrjv Gcrjvlmrghc! Mlnfvgbkj Zcgyjv}grw!<?=.<<<



<7<

:#7Zrgagulmgýc bj al mhc}hal[gg bj Cgcrjcbh jcnlwhvj} mhc bjrjvghvh

mhkcgrgyh#Alzvl Nlvrîc

Ygrlagl Mjcrvh} bj Bîl{{{#ygrlagl#mhn#j}alzvl#nlvrgcOygrlagl#mhn#j}

Ygrlagl Mjcrvh} bj Bîl j} zcl jnpvj}l bj mjcrvh} bj bîl plvlnlwhvj} mhc zcl czjyl njrhbhahkîl! ja Nçrhbh Dhnlcc! zcnçrhbh vjkg}rvlbh mhnh hfvl mgjcrîml |zj zj mvjlbh phv

Mlrlagcl Dhnlcc#

http://www.vitalia.com.es/

http://www.vitalia.com.es/



<76

Jc j}rj mlpîrzah }j hvjmj gchvnlmgýc bj al zrgagulmgýc bj alMhc}hal [gg jc <? Mjcrvh} bj Bîl Ygrlagl mhc nlwhvj} mhc bjrj.vghvh mhkcgrgyh# ]j gcmazwj gchvnlmgýc bj gcbgmlmghcj}! mhcrvl.

gcbgmlmghcj}! fjcjmgh}! bgmzarlbj} jc }z z}h! pvhj}ghclaj} |zj ahbj}lvvhaalc! rjvlpgl} gcbgygbzlaj} w kvzplaj}#

Ja nçrhbh Dhnlcc }zphcj mjcrvlv}j jc pvj}rlv lrjcmgýc w mzgblbhl ah} nlwhvj}! mvjlcbh zc pvhkvlnl bj gcrjvyjcmgýc pjv}hclagulbhrjcgjcbh jc mzjcrl al} ìvjl} î}gml}! mhkcgrgyl}! ljmrgyl} w }hmglaj}#Jcrvj hrvh} vj|zg}grh}! rhbh} ah} pvhj}ghclaj} |zj hvnlc ja j|zgph

nzargbg}mgpagclv j}rìc hvnlbh} jc ja Nçrhbh Dhnlcc#]gkzgjcbh al mhc}gkcl bj Ygrlagl bj gcchylv w pvhphcjv l }z} nlwhvj}ah} rvlrlngjcrh} nì} chyjbh}h}! }j aajký l zc lmzjvbh mhc Cgcrjcbhplvl pvhflv al jjmrgygblb bj al mhc}hal [gg jc ah} nlwhvj}#

_lvl jaah! <? bj ah} mjcrvh} Ygrlagl bg}vzrlc bj zcl mj}gýc bj j}rlmhc}hal! zrgagulcbh ja ezjkh [gg Igr _az} plvl rvlflelv mhc nlwhvj} mhcbjrjvghvh mhkcgrgyh! |zj ylvîl }jkõc ah} ml}h} bj ajyj l }jyjvh w nlwh.vj} }gc bjrjvghvh mhkcgrgyh#

Lcrj} bj mhnjculv ja rvlfleh jc ah} mjcrvh} bj}bj Ygrlagl mjcrvla! jcmhcmvjrh ja ìvjl bj mhcrjcgbh} w hvnlmgýc! blbl al hvklcgulmgýc bjal} lmrgygblbj} w ja mlvìmrjv rjvlpçzrgmh bja z}h bj al mhc}hal! bjmgbgý|zgçc }jvîl ja pvhj}ghcla |zj mhhvbgclvl j}rl} lmrgygblbj}! w }j bjmg.bgý |zj ja Ig}ghrjvlpjzrl w(h ja Rjvlpjzrl Hmzplmghcla jvlc ah} pvhj.}ghclaj} nì} gcbgmlbh} plvl jaah#

Hrvl mhc}gbjvlmgýc pvjygl zj |zj plvl ah} nlwhvj} ja z}h bj mhc}hal}w ygbjhezjkh} j} lakh chyjbh}h! wl |zj j} zc jajnjcrh |zj ch dlc zrg.agulbh chvnlanjcrj jc }z} ygbl}! j}rh }zpz}h zc vjrh plvl pvhj}ghcl.aj} w nlwhvj} wl |zj rhbh} jaah} }j jcvjcrlflc l al jtpjvgnjcrlmgýcmhc czjyh} nlrjvglaj}#

L al dhvl bj phcjv jc nlvmdl ah} pvhkvlnl} bj gcrjvyjcmgýc mlblmjcrvh mvjý }z} dhvlvgh} w mvgrjvgh} plvl al gcmaz}gýc bj ah} nlwhvj}jc ah} kvzph} rjvlpçzrgmh}# L pj}lv bj j}rl agfjvrlb bj jajmmgýc }jmhnpvzjfl |zj ah} vj}zarlbh}! al} bgmzarlbj} gcgmglaj}! al ph}rjvghvlmjprlmgýc w ah} fjcjmgh}! }hc }gngalvj} jc ah} rhbh} ah} mjcrvh}#

La gnpalcrlv al} rjvlpgl} mhc al [gg! jc nzmdh} ml}h} ah} nlwhvj} }j

nh}rvlflc vjlmgh} l zrgagulv al mhc}hal phv mhc}gbjvlvah lakh gclcrga!phv ngjbh l mljv}j! h }gnpajnjcrj phv pjc}lv |zj jvl bjnl}glbhmhnpagmlbh plvl jaah}#



<7=

La pvgcmgpgh vjlagulflc mhnjcrlvgh} mhnh ‑Wh j}rh ch ah yhw l }lfjvdlmjv„! h ‑Ngvl |zj nj pjbî} mh}l} bgîmgaj}„#

Mhc ja rgjnph! ah} j}zjvuh} bj ah} pvhj}ghclaj} pjvngrgjvhc |zjnzmdh} nlwhvj} pvhflvlc ja ezjkh [gg Igr _az}! lblprìcbhah l }z}cjmj}gblbj}! w mhnpvhflcbh mhnh zcl yju |zj ah dlc z}lbh! aj}

kz}rl w chrlc }z} fjcjmgh}# Ah} mhnjcrlvgh} bj ah} nlwhvj} zjvhcnì} ph}grgyh}5 ‑Nj kz}rl nzmdh! |zgjvh vjpjrgv„! ‑J} nzw bgyjvrgbh! njkz}rl nzmdh„ ‑Dlmgjcbh j}rj rgph bj jejvmgmgh }j lyhvjmj al }lazb„‑\zgjvh }jkzgv dlmgjcbh j}rj rgph bj kgncl}gl„ ‑J}rh j} nzw nhbjvch„‑Mhc j}rh }jkzvh |zj }j pgjvbj nzmdh pj}h„…

_jvh ch dlw |zj haygblv |zj dlw zc kvzph vjbzmgbh |zj }j cjklvhc lapvgcmgpgh w ch dlc |zjvgbh plvrgmgplv bj j}rl lmrgygblb l pj}lv bj mhn.pvhflv |zj }z} mhnplüjvh} al zrgagulc w bg}vzrlc mhc jaah# Ah ez}rgmlc

mhc vl}j} ‑J}rh j} plvl |zj ezjkzj ng cgjrh„ h ‑Ch |zgjvh phv|zj njyhw l mljv„#

Al} rjvlpgl} }j dlc vjlagulbh bj hvnl kvzpla! mhc kvzph} pj|zjüh}jcrvj = w : plvrgmgplcrj}! mhc zcl bzvlmgýc jcrvj 2: w 9? ngczrh}#

Lzc|zj al lmrgygblb }j vjlagul jc kvzph! ja nlwhv |zj j}rì zrgagulcbhal [gg }gjnpvj j}rì lmhnplülbh phv ja pvhj}ghcla |zj bgvgkj al lmrg.ygblb plvl jygrlv pçvbgbl} bj j|zgagfvgh w(h jygrlv mlîbl} w lwzblvaj} lmhnpvjcbjv mýnh bjfjc vjlagulv ja jejvmgmgh# ]jkõc al} cjmj}gblbj}}j lmgagrl lphwh î}gmh! gcbgmlmghcj} yjvflaj} h }zpjvyg}gýc#

Bzvlcrj j}rl lmrgygblb ah} nlwhvj} j}pjvlc }z rzvch mhc al mhc}hal!vjmgfjc j}rgnzalmgýc mhkcgrgyl! wl |zj bjfjc vjmhvblv }z rzvch! lcg.nlc! lmhc}jelc! vjlagulc pj|zjül} mhnpjrgmghcj}… w bj}mlc}lc bjaj}zjvuh |zj plvl jaah} }zphcj mhnpvjcbjv |zj al kzvl |zj lplvjmjjc al plcrlaal }hc jaah}! w |zj }z nhygngjcrh }j vjijelvì jc jaal#

Rlnfgçc }j dlc vjlagulbh rvlrlngjcrh} gcbgygbzlaj} mhc nlwhvj} }gclpjcl} bjrjvghvh mhkcgrgyh |zj vj}g}rîlc nì} rgjnph }gc lrgklv}j î}gmlcg mhkcgrgylnjcrj#

Ah} pvgcmgplaj} fjcjmgh} |zj dlc hf}jvylbh ah} pvhj}ghclaj}w ah} nlwhvj} }hc zcl njehvl bja mhcrvha ph}rzvla! ja j|zgagfvgh w almhhvbgclmgýc#

Ah} pvhj}ghclaj} mhc}gbjvlc j}rl lmrgygblb gcrjvj}lcrj w fjcjmgh}ljc rhbh} ah} l}pjmrh} plvl ah} nlwhvj}! wl }jl l cgyja î}gmh $|zj plvjmjja nì} jygbjcrj'! pjvh rlnfgçc l cgyja mhkcgrgyh $lrjcmgýc! njnhvgl!zcmghcj} jejmzrgyl}' w }hfvj rhbh l cgyja }hmgla#

_lvl ja z}h bj al mhc}hal lmrzlanjcrj }j rvlflel õcgmlnjcrj mhc ja ezjkh [gg Igr _az}# ]j j}rìc vjmhkgjcbh al} }zkjvjcmgl} bj ah} pvhj.}ghclaj} plvl njehvlv j}rl gcrjvyjcmgýc# Al} nì} bj}rlmlfaj} }hc5



<72

. Al cjmj}gblb bj zc }jkzcbh nlcbh plvl hnjcrlv al mhnpjrg.mgýc w(h ja rvlfleh jc j|zgph#

. Zrgagulmgýc bj hrvh} ezjkh}! wl |zj }j dl mhnpvhflbh |zj j}rj ezjkh ch pjvngrj ja rvlfleh l pjv}hcl} |zj ch pzjbjc nlcrjcjv}jjc fgpjbj}rlmgýc w }j bj}palulc jc }gaal bj vzjbl}! phv ah |zj jc

cznjvh}l} hml}ghcj} dlc }zkjvgbh al zrgagulmgýc bj hrvh} rgph} bj ezjkh} |zj pjvngrlc ‑ezklv„ l ah} nlwhvj} |zj cjmj}grlc }gaal bjvzjbl} h l|zjaah} |zj ch zrgagulc al mhc}hal phv ngjbh l mljv}j#

Ygrlagl rvl} ah} vj}zarlbh} hfrjcgbh}! }j palcrjl zrgagulv al mhc}hal mhnhplvrj dlfgrzla bj }z} rjvlpgl} jc rhbh} ah} mjcrvh}! bj}lvvhaalcbh jgnpalcrlcbh zc pvhkvlnl j}pjmîmh bj Rjvlpgl mhc al [gg! jc al |zjch }hah }j zrgagmj ja ezjkh [gg Igr _az}! }gch hrvh} |zj ch vj|zgjvlc jaz}h bj al palrlhvnl w pjvngrlc al plvrgmgplmgýc bj ah} nlwhvj} mhc

pvhfajnl} jc al fgpjbj}rlmgýc# ]j j}rzbgl zrgagulv jcrvj hrvh} ja [gg]phvr! Fgk Fvlgc Lmlbjnw plvl [gg h ja [gg _lvrw#



<7:

:#<?‑Ezklcbh mhc LBYLCR5 LBYLCRjb Rdjvlpjzrgm}„_alrlhvnl plvl al

vjdlfgagrlmgýc î}gml w jajcrvjclngjcrh mhkcgrgyh# Ygvkgcgl Khcuìaju

]GC_VHNG# ]# A #]hmgjblb Gc}zalv plvl al_vhnhmgýc bj al} _jv}hcl} mhc Bg}mlplmgblb{{{#}gcpvhng#j}ygvkgcgl#}gcpvhngOrjcjvgj#j}

Al ]hmgjblb Gc}zalv plvl al _vhnhmgýc bj al} _jv}hcl} mhcBg}mlplmgblb $]GC_VHNG! ]#A#' j} zcl jcrgblb põfagml rgrzalvg.

blb bja Mlfgabh Gc}zalv bj Rjcjvgj |zj clmj jc <77= w rgjcj phvhfejrh al gcrjkvlmgýc }hmgh.alfhvla bj al} pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb#

Ja j|zgph bj bj}lvvhaah bj al djvvlngjcrl j}rì mhnpzj}rh phv pjv}hclabj bh} jcrgblbj}5 ]GC_VHNG# ]#A j GRJV# ]#L

http://www.sinpromi.es/

http://www.sinpromi.es/



<79

Al gbjl kahfla bj al lpagmlmgýc }j pzjbj vj}zngv jc zcl palrl.hvnl |zj pjvngrj! la z}zlvgh cla! al vj}hazmgýc bj jejvmgmgh}njbglcrj ja nhygngjcrh bj }z mzjvph w |zj dlc }gbh pvjygl.

njcrj jalfhvlbh} phv zc z}zlvgh jbzmlbhv# Al pvgcmgpla phrjcmgl bjj}rl palrlhvnl j}rvgfl jc al larl mlplmgblb bj mhckzvlmgýc bj ah}

jejvmgmgh}! mal}gmlbh} jc î}gmh} w mhkcgrgyh}! |zj pzjbjc }jv kjcj.vlbh} njbglcrj al djvvlngjcrl LBYLCRJB plvl azjkh }jv zrgagulbh} lnhbh bj ygbjh ezjkh phv ah} z}zlvgh} claj} bj al palrlhvnl LBYLCR#

_lalfvl} malyj5 lmmj}gfgagblb! bgyjv}gblb zcmghcla# @gcjmr! HpjcCG!vjdlfgagrlmgýc! ygbjh ezjkh#

Gcgmglrgyl LBYLCR w LBLYLCR.JB

Ja phvmjcrlej bj phfalmgýc mhc bgyjv}gblb bj zcmghcla bj mzla|zgjvplî} bja nzcbh }j jcmzjcrvl mhnpvjcbgbh jcrvj zc <?*.6?*=# JcJ}plül! ja 7* w al phfalmgýc rhrla! 2!<6 ngaahcj} bj pjv}hcl}! rgjcjcbg}mlplmgblb2#

_lvl j}rj }gkcgmlrgyh phvmjcrlej bj al phfalmgýc jc plvrgmzalv! w ja

rhrla bj al phfalmgýc jc kjcjvla! al vjlagulmgýc bj bjphvrj w al lmrgygblbî}gml mhcrvgfzwj! j}pjmglanjcrj! l5

. Nlcrjcjv zcl nhygagblb î}gml ýprgnl! vjalmghclbl mhc al} mlpl.mgblbj} nhrvgmj} bj al pjv}hcl#

. Jygrlv al bjkjcjvlmgýc bj al nz}mzalrzvl w lvrgmzalmghcj}#

. Ilmgagrlv al gcrjkvlmgýc bj al pjv}hcl#

. _vhnhmghclv al }lazb l rvlyç} bja nhygngjcrh#

. _hv rlcrh njehvlv }z mlagblb bj ygbl#

Jc ah} õargnh} lüh} al jcrvlbl bja ygbjhezjkh jc ja jcrhvch bj al }lazbw nì} mhcmvjrlnjcrj jc ja bj al lmrgygblb î}gml dl }gbh gnphvrlcrj!w }j dlmj plrjcrj mhc djvvlngjcrl} rlaj} mhnh! ]hcw Jwj Rhw§! cgc.rjcbh [gg Igr§! ]hcw _alw ]rlrghc Nhyj § h Ngmvh}hr @gcjmr§#

6 ]jkõc GN]JV]H jc }z gchvnj bj 6?<?5

drrp5(({{{#gn}jv}hnlwhvj}#m}gm#j}(bhmznjcrh}(bhmznjcrh}(hjb.gchvnj6?<?.?<#pb= ]jkõc ylvgh} j}rzbgh} vjmhpgalbh} phv al} Clmghcj} Zcgbl}5drrp5((zc}rlr}#zc#hvk(zc}b(bjnhkvlpdgm(}mhcmjvc}(bg}lfgagrw(bjlzar#drn

http://www.imsersomayores.csic.es/documentos/documentos/oed-informe2010-01.pdf

http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sconcerns/disability/default.htm

http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sconcerns/disability/default.htm

http://www.imsersomayores.csic.es/documentos/documentos/oed-informe2010-01.pdf



<7;

Al ygbl ygvrzla w ah} ygbjhezjkh} hmzplc zcl plvrj }gkcgmlrgyl jc janzcbh bja hmgh! w mlbl yju }hc nì} pjv}hcl} al} |zj dlmjc z}h bjygbjhezjkh} mhnh }g}rjnl bj hmgh# Ja }jknjcrh bj phfalmgýc |zjlflvmlc yl jc lznjcrh! phv ah |zj al} pjv}hcl} mhc bgyjv}gblb zc.mghcla h mhc lylculbl jblb }hc mlbl yju nì} pvhpjc}l} la z}h bj

j}rl} nì|zgcl} w rgph bj hmgh#Rjcgjcbh j}rh} djmdh} jc mzjcrl! l}jkzvlv ja lmmj}h bj al} pjv}hcl}mhc bgyjv}gblb zcmghcla l j}rj rgph bj hmgh vj}zarl bjrjvngclcrj# _lvljaah! ja bg}ph}grgyh Ngmvh}hr @gcjmr §! alculbh jc chygjnfvj bj 6?<?jc JJZZ! hvjmj al} }gkzgjcrj} yjcrlel} la jcrhvch bj ah} ygbjhezjkh}lmmj}gfaj}5

… Jagngcl vj}rvgmmghcj} iî}gml}5

. Ch gnphcj al zrgagulmgýc bj zc nlcbh#

. Ja mhcrvha bja ezjkh }j pzjbj vjlagulv l rvlyç} bj ylvgl} plv.rj} bja mzjvph! lvrgmzalmghcj}#

… Jagngcl vj}rvgmmghcj} mhkcgrgyl}5

. Ch j} cjmj}lvgh njnhvgulv al} zcmghcj} bja nlcbh hnlcbh}#

. J} nì} gcrzgrgyh#

. Nì} lblprlfaj l cgüh}! pjv}hcl} nlwhvj} h mhc bçmgr}

mhkcgrgyh}#

Ja hfejrgyh dl }gbh bj}lvvhaalv zcl lpagmlmgýc |zj lmgagrj al j}rgnzalmgýcî}gml w mhkcgrgyl bj pjv}hcl} |zj mzjcrjc mhc lakõc rgph bj bg}mlpl.mgblb! lblprìcbh}j l al} cjmj}gblbj} w agngrlmghcj} bj ah} z}zlvgh}claj}#

Ja pvhwjmrh }j dl mjcrvlbh jc bh} gbjl} pvgcmgplaj}#

… Vjlagulv ja bj}lvvhaah bj zc }g}rjnl lmmj}gfaj! jygrlcbh al} bgij.

vjcrj} agngrlmghcj} bj ah} }g}rjnl} lmrzlaj}# _lvl jaah! w mhnhjajnjcrh zcblnjcrla bja pvhwjmrh }j gcmazwj ja z}h bja bg}ph}g.rgyh Ngmvh}hr @gcjmr§ |zj pjvngrj al gcrjvlmmgýc bja z}zlvgh mhc}g}rjnl} bj gchvnlmgýc kvlmgl} la vjmhchmgngjcrh bja mzjvphdznlch w ja z}h kj}rzla! }gc cjmj}gblb bj nlcjelv î}gmlnjcrjbg}ph}grgyh lakzch#

… Mvjlv zc }g}rjnl lfgjvrh! mhc zc jcrhvch larlnjcrj mhckzvl.faj! bj nlcjvl |zj al} lmrgygblbj} l vjlagulv mhc ja }g}rjnl }jlblprjc l al} mhcbgmghcj} w al} mlvlmrjvî}rgml} plvrgmzalvj} bj

mzla|zgjv z}zlvgh#



<74

Fl}lbl jc ah} bh} pvgcmgpgh} lcrjvghvj} }j dl bj}lvvhaalbh zcl lpag.mlmgýc mhc bh} djvvlngjcrl} gcbjpjcbgjcrj} LBYLCR w LBYLCRJB#

LBYLCR phbvîl }jv mal}gmlbl mhnh zc ygbjhezjkh plvl ja z}zlvgh(lcla w pvj}jcrl mhnh mlvlmrjvî}rgml} zcblnjcrlaj}5

… al z}lfgagblb!

… al lmmj}gfgagblb!

… gcrjvilu lrvlmrgyl j gcrzgrgyl#

Igk#<# Ahkh bj al djvvlngjcrl w bja jbgrhv#

Al kvlc plvrgmzalvgblb bj j}rl lpagmlmgýc j} al ph}gfgagblb bj gcrjvpvj.rlmgýc w pzj}rl jc nlvmdl bj jejvmgmgh} pvjyglnjcrj mvjlbh} phv zc( zcl rjvlpjzrl h j}pjmglag}rl jbzmlmghcla# J}rh} jejvmgmgh} }hc vjpvj.}jcrlbh} l rvlyç} bja ygbjhezjkh mhc ja |zj ja z}zlvgh(l rjcbvì |zjgcrjvlmrzlv njbglcrj kj}rh} mhvphvlaj} }jcmgaah}# Ja nýbzah gcbjpjc.

bgjcrj! LBYLCR.JB! pjvngrj l}g}rgv jc al kjcjvlmgýc bj lmrgygblbj}j}pjmîml}# Al mhnfgclmgýc jcrvj ja ezjkh w jbgrhv pjvngrj al mvjlmgýcbj zcl kvlc ylvgjblb bj jejvmgmgh} mhc cznjvh}l} mlvlmrjvî}rgml}#

Bg}jüh j Gnpajnjcrlmgýc

Ja jajnjcrh pvgcmgpla cjmj}lvgh plvl al mhc}jmzmgýc bja pvhwjmrh dl}gbh ja bg}ph}grgyh @gcjmr § bj Ngmvh}hr §! gc}rvznjcrh plvl al mhc}halTfht =9? § bj Ngmvh}hr §# Ja gc}rvznjcrh mhc}rl bj zc mhcezcrh bj}jc}hvj} |zj mhc ja }hr{lvj lpvhpglbh }hc mlplmj} bj vjmhchmjv jamzjvph dznlch j gcrjvpvjrlv ah} nhygngjcrh} vjlagulbh}# Bj jcrvj ah}}jc}hvj} mhc ah} |zj mzjcrl dlc }gbh bj gcrjvç} plvl j}rj pvhwjmrh! almìnlvl YKL mhc al |zj }j vjlagul al mlprzvl bj gnìkjcj} w zc plv }jc.}hv.jng}hv bj gcvlvvheh} |zj pjvngrj hfrjcjv zc nlpl bj pvhzcbgblb#

Ja ]g}rjnl Hpjvlrgyh zrgagulbh mhnh palrlhvnl bj bj}lvvhaah dl }gbhNgmvh}hr [gcbh{} ; §#

L al dhvl bj vjlagulv j}rl jajmmgýc }j dlc rjcgbh jc mzjcrl nõargpaj}

lmrhvj}# Jc pvgnjv azklv! al jajmmgýc bj j}rj ]#H# ch} klvlcrgul zclnlwhv mhnplrgfgagblb mhc Ngmvh}hr @gcjmr §# Jc }jkzcbh azklv! alkvlc fl}j bj z}zlvgh}(l} mhc al |zj mzjcrl j}rj }g}rjnl hpjvlrgyh j}



<77

zc lmrhv bjrjvngclcrj rjcgjcbh jc mzjcrl ja hfejrgyh bj dlmjv aajklval lpagmlmgýc la nlwhv cõnjvh bj z}zlvgh}(l} ph}gfaj# Ja z}h bj j}rlpalrlhvnl klvlcrgul ja zcmghclngjcrh bj al lpagmlmgýc jc Ngmvh}hr[gcbh{} § w lmgagrl }z lblprlmgýc l zrzvl} yjv}ghcj} bj j}rj }g}rjnlhpjvlrgyh#

Al djvvlngjcrl pjvngrj al lf}rvlmmgýc bj ah} blrh} hfrjcgbh} phv jabg}ph}grgyh w jnpajlvah} plvl al gcrjvpvjrlmgýc bj al ph}gmgýc w ph}rzvlbja z}zlvgh(l njbglcrj al mvjlmgýc bj zc j}|zjajrh ygvrzla# J}rl vjpvj.}jcrlmgýc mzjcrl mhc rvjmj pzcrh} bj mhcrlmrh dìfgaj} vjpvj}jcrlbh}phv bgjvjcrj} jtrvjngblbj} w lvrgmzalmghcj} bj ah} mzlaj} }j pzjbjhfrjcjv al ph}gmgýc w hvgjcrlmgýc jc rgjnph vjla#

Igk#6# J}|zjajrh ygvrzla# Al} j}jvl}}hc ah} pzcrh} bj mhcrlmrh#

Ja bj}lvvhaah bja }g}rjnl }j dl mjcrvlbh jc nlcrjcjv al nlwhv yjv}lrg.agblb mhc vj}pjmrh l al kjcjvlmgýc bj jejvmgmgh} ngjcrvl} }j nlcrgjcjal lmgagblb bj z}h bj lnfh} mhnphcjcrj} bja pvhbzmrh# Lbjnì}! }jdlc rjcgbh jc mzjcrl5

<# _vgcmgpgh bj chvnlagulmgýc# Ja bj}lvvhaah bjfîl pjvngrgv }z zrgagul.mgýc jc dlvb{lvj j}rìcblv |zj pjvngrgjvl lflvlrlv mh}rj} w |zj lmgag.rlvl al gcrjkvlmgýc vjla bj al pjv}hcl jc }z jcrhvch#

6# _vgcmgpgh bj gcbgygbzlagulmgýc# Ja bj}lvvhaah bjfîl lrjcbjv l al}

pjmzaglvgblbj} bj al pjv}hcl! plvl jaah ja pvhrhrgph bjfîl vj|zjvgv zclarh cgyja bj mhckzvlmgýc |zj pjvngrgjvl mzfvgv al} cjmj}gblbj} mhk.cgrgyl} h bj vjdlfgagrlmgýc vj|zjvgbl}#



6??

Jejvmgmgh}

_lvl al mvjlmgýc bj al} lmrgygblbj} }j dl bjcgbh zc mhcezcrh bj jaj.njcrh} aýkgmh} |zj }j ag}rl l mhcrgczlmgýc5

… _zcrh bj mhcrlmrh5 vjpvj}jcrl zc pzcrh bja mzjvph dznlch |zjpjvngrj al gcrjvlmmgýc bja z}zlvgh(l mhc zc hfejrgyh#

… Hfejrgyh5 }j rvlrl bja jajnjcrh |zj ja z}zlvgh(l bjfj lamlculv mhc zch

…nì} pzcrh} bj mhcrlmrh# Zc hfejrgyh j}rì mhnpzj}rh phv zcl gnlkjc!

… phv zcl vjkgýc bjrjvngclbl bj al plcrlaal! l al |zj lmhnplül5

» _zcrh} bj mhcrlmrh5 pzjbj rjcjv zch h ylvgh}#

» ]hcgbh5 }j pvhbzmj mzlcbh zc pzcrh bj mhcrlmrh lamlculzc hfejrgyh#

Mhahv5 vjpvj}jcrl ja pzcrh bj mhcrlmrh mhc ja |zj bjfj }jvlamlculbh ja hfejrgyh#

… Il}j5 Lkvzplmgýc aýkgml bj hfejrgyh}! mhc al |zj }j mhcrvhal ja mhn.phvrlngjcrh bj ah} ng}nh}#

… _l}h5 Lkvzplmgýc aýkgml bj l}j}! mhc al |zj }j mhcrvhal ja mhnphv.rlngjcrh bj al} ng}nl}#

… Jejvmgmgh5 mhc}rl bj zc mhcezcrh bj pl}h} |zj }hc jejmzrlbh} bj

nlcjvl }jmzjcmgl }jkõc ja hvbjc jc ja |zj dlc }gbh bjcgbh}#

_lvl mhc}gbjvlv zc hfejrgyh mhnh lamlculbh dlfvì |zj rhmlvah mhczch h mhc rhbh} ah} pzcrh} bj mhcrlmrh |zj rgjcj l}hmglbh! }jkõc }jdlwl j}rlfajmgbh#

Lbgmghclanjcrj! jtg}rj zc rgph bj hfejrgyh j}pjmgla bjchngclbh‑ Bg}rvlmrhv „ |zj pjvngrj gcmhvphvlv hfejrgyh} mhc ja c bj bg}rvljv laz}zlvgh(l# J}rh} hfejrgyh} ch bjfjc }jv rhmlbh} bzvlcrj ja jejvmgmgh#

Dlw rvj} mlrjkhvîl} pvgcmgplaj} bj jejvmgmgh}# Iî}gmh}! Mhkcgrgyh} wAgfvj}#

Igk#=# Gnlkjc

vjpvj}jcrlrgyl bjzc jejvmgmgh î}gmh#

Igk#2# Gnlkjc

vjpvj}jcrlrgyl bjbj zc jejvmgmghmhkcgrgyh#

Igk#:# Gnlkjc

vjpvj}jcrlrgyl bjbj zc jejvmgmghagfvj#



6?<

Iî}gmh}

Jc j}rj rgph bj jejvmgmgh! ja z}zlvgh bjfj rhmlv ah} hfejrgyh} mhc al}lvrgmzalmghcj} bj }z mzjvph |zj ylwlc }zvkgjcbh jc al plcrlaal# Mhnhlwzbl yg}zla }j nh}rvlvìc mhahvj} plvl gcbgmlv ja }gkzgjcrj hfejrgyh l

rhmlv w mhc |zç pzcrh bj mhcrlmrh h mhcezcrh bj pzcrh} bj mhcrlmrh}j bjfj rhmlv#

_lvl phbjv lylculv jc ja ezjkh bjfjvìc rhmlv}j la ng}nh rgjnph rhbh}ah} hfejrgyh} vjnlvmlbh} mhc mhahvj}# J}rj rgph bj jejvmgmgh j}rì gcbg.mlbh pvgcmgplanjcrj plvl vjdlfgagrlmgýc bj pjv}hcl} mhc nhygagblbvjbzmgbl h pvhfajnl} î}gmh}#

Igk#9# Jejvmgmgh Iî}gmh# Lamlculv bj hvnl}gnzarìcjl ah} hfejrgyh} mhc ah} pzcrh}bj mhcrlmrh mhvvj}phcbgjcrj} w }jülal.bh} phv mhahv#

Mhkcgrgyh}

Ah} ezjkh} mhkcgrgyh} vjpvj}jcrlc ja nlwhv mhcezcrh bj jejvmgmgh}#Mhnh mlvlmrjvî}rgml mhnõc j}rl mlrjkhvîl rgjcj mhnh clagblb ja bj}l.vvhaah mhkcgrgyh bja z}zlvgh# Bzvlcrj j}rj rgph bj jejvmgmgh! ja z}zlvgh

mlvjmjvì bj al lwzbl phv mhahvj} jnpajlbl jc ja jejvmgmgh bj rgph î}gmh#]gc jnflvkh! hfrjcbvì pg}rl} yg}zlaj} w lzbgrgyl} |zj aj gcbgmlvìc |zçrgph bj rlvjl rgjcj |zj vjlagulv#



6?6

J}rl mlrjkhvîl bj jejvmgmgh }j bgygbj l }z yju jc rvj} }zf.mlrjkhvîl}5

l' Jnplvjelngjcrh5

Jc j}rj rgph bj jejvmgmgh! ja z}zlvgh rgjcj |zj jnplvjelv bh}hfejrgyh} vjalmghclbh} lrjcbgjcbh l zc mvgrjvgh bjrjvngclbh

bja |zj }jvì gchvnlbh bj hvnl yg}zla h lzbgrgyl#

Igk#;# Jejvmgmgh bj jnplvjelngjcrh# Lamlculv bj hvnl }gnzarlcjl alplvjel bj hfejrgyh} vjalmghclbh}#

f' Hvbjclmgýc5

Ja z}zlvgh rgjcj |zj hvbjclv ah} hfejrgyh} pvj}jcrj} jc plc.

rlaal lrjcbgjcbh l zc bjrjvngclbh mvgrjvgh bja |zj }jvì gchv.nlbh bj hvnl yg}zla h lzbgrgyl#

Igk#4# Jejvmgmgh bj hvbjclmgýc# Lamlculv ah} hfejrgyh} pvj}jcrj} jcplcrlaal }gkzgjcbh zc hvbjc j}rl.fajmgbh $bj njchv l nlwhv'#



6?=

m' Mal}gmlmgýc5

Jc j}rj rgph bj jejvmgmgh! ja z}zlvgh rgjcj |zj }jajmmghclv! bjrhbh} ah} hfejrgyh} pvj}jcrj} jc plcrlaal l|zjaah} |zj mzn.palc mhc zc mvgrjvgh j}rlfajmgbh#

Igk#7# Jejvmgmgh bj mal}gmlmgýc# Lamlculv ah} hfejrgyh} |zj }jmhvvj}phcblc mhc zc mvgrjvgh bjrjv.

ngclbh $lcgnlaj}'#

Agfvj}

J}rj rgph bj jejvmgmgh dl }gbh agfvjnjcrj mhckzvlbh phv jajbzmlbhv( rjvlpjzrl w ch }gkzj zc plrvýc bjrjvngclbh#

Al bgcìngml pvgcmgpla bj ah} jejvmgmgh} bj LBYLCR $LbylcmjbRdjvlpjzrgm}' }j vj}znj jc lamlculv ah} hfejrh} pvj}jcrj} jc plcrlaal|zj mznpalc mhc zcl} gc}rvzmmghcj} blbl}#

Bjpjcbgjcbh bja rgph w bj al clagblb bja jejvmgmgh! dlfvì |zj lamlc.ulv zc hfejrh mhc zcl h ylvgl} lvrgmzalmghcj}! ylvgh} hfejrh} bj hvnl}gnzarìcjl! h zc hfejrgyh mhc zcl lvrgmzalmgýc bj hvnl }jmzjcmgla hlajlrhvgl#

Jc al }gkzgjcrj kzvl }j nzj}rvl zc jejn.

pah bj ezjkh bj jnplvjelngjcrh bhcbj jaz}zlvgh bjfjvì jnplvjelv al ahmzmgýc bjachnfvj mhc ja hfejrh mhvvj}phcbgjcrj#

Igk#<?# Jejnpah bj jejvmgmgh bj jnplvjelngjcrh#



6?2


KHCUÌAJU VLNÎVJU! Eh}ç Ivlcmg}mh5 Rjajyg}gýc w ezjkh} jajmrvý.

cgmh}5 ¸lngkh} h jcjngkh}8 Nlbvgb! Mhajmmgýc Jbzmlmgýc w Ilngagl#$<777'#

DZRUAJV! W w ]DJVVGA! M $6??;'# Bjcgck lblprjb pdw}gmla lmrgygrw5

gcrjvclmghcla pjv}pjmrgyj}# Lblprjb _dw}gmla Lmrgygrw \zlvrjvaw! 62 $<'!<.6?

RJEJGVH ]LAKZJVH! Vgmlvbh w _jvjkvgcl bja Vîh! Nlczja! Ah}

ygbjhezjkh}# \zç }hc w mýnh ch} ljmrlc # Flvmjahcl! Lvgja $6??='#

NGLCKHALVVL! E#M $6??='# Vjdlfgagrlmgýc Maîcgml Gcrjkvla#

Izcmghclngjcrh w Bg}mlplmgblb # Flvmjahcl5 NL]]HC#

_HAHCG! F $6??='# Rjvlpgl Hmzplmghcla jc bg}mlplmgrlbh} î}gmh}5

rjhvîl w pvìmrgml# Nlbvgb5 _LCLNJVGMLCL#

VJGCL! V $6?<?'# Al lmrgygblb î}gml w ja bjphvrj lblprlbh lcrj ja

j}plmgh jzvhpjh bj jc}jülcul }zpjvghv # ]jygaal5 [LCMJZAJC

VÎH]! N! FALCMH! L! FHCLCW! R! W MLVHA! C#$6??<'# Lmrgygblb

î}gml lblprlbl# Ja ezjkh w ah} laznch} mhc bg}mlplmgblb # Flvmjahcl5_LGBHRVGFH#

_zfagmlmghcj} jc Gcrjvcjr

‑Ygbjhezjkh} lmmj}gfaj}# Klnj g} chr hyjv„#

drrp5(({{{#rjmchahkglwbg}mlplmgblb#j}(Lmmj}gfgagblbXlXygbjhezj.kh}#pb

$Mhc}zarlbh ja <;(?6(6?<<'#

‑Ygbjhezjkh} Lmmj}gfaj}# _hv |zç w mýnh dlmjvah}„#

{{{#elygjvnlgvjcl#cjr

$Mhc}zarlbh <;(?6(6?<<'#

http://tecnologiaydiscapacidad.es/Accesibilidad_a_videojuegos.pdf


http://www.javiermairena.net/

http://www.javiermairena.net/




6?:

:#<<_vhwjmrh ]HMGLFAJ5‑Nhrgylrgck palrhvnhv jabjvaw cjr{hv`gck!

njcrla vjgchvmjnjcr lcb}hmgla gcrjvlmrghc„#Vhmîh Ulvlkhul

Gc}rgrzrh Rjmchaýkgmh bja Ezkzjrj $LGEZ'{{{#lgez#gchpjblkhkîl#gfgOlgez#gch

LGEZ j} zcl jcrgblb pvgylbl bj }jvygmgh}! }gc ìcgnh bjazmvh! mzwh} cj} }hc lyhvjmjv al Gcchylmgýc! Bj}lvvhaah jGcyj}rgklmgýc Rjmchaýkgml! lznjcrlv al Mhnpjrgrgygblb bj al}

Jnpvj}l} w njehvlv al Mlagblb bj ah} pvhbzmrh}# Jc }z Bjplvrlnjcrhbj _jblkhkîl mzjcrl mhc bhmrhvj} w agmjcmglbh} jc pjblkhkîl w p}gmh.ahkîl! pvhj}hvj} bj Jbzmlmgýc Gclcrga w _vgnlvgl! lcgnlbhvj} w nhcgrh.vj} bj rgjnph agfvj! j}pjmglag}rl} jc kj}rgýc bj fl}j} bj blrh}! jrm# Zcj|zgph bj pvhj}ghclaj} j}pjmglagulbh} jc ja ezjkh w ah} ezkzjrj}# Jcrvj}z} hfejrgyh} j}rìc lyhvjmjv al gcchylmgýc! ja bj}lvvhaah w al gcyj}rgkl.mgýc! jc rhbl} l|zjaal} lmmghcj} vjalmghclbl} mhc ja ezjkh w ah} ezkzj.rj}! w }z ylahv bgbìmrgmh w jbzmlrgyh0 lznjcrlv al mlagblb bj ah} ezkzjrj}!mlagblb nlrjvgla! aõbgml w pjblkýkgml#

http://www.aiju.info/




6?9

Ja pvhwjmrh ]HMGLFAJ! clcmglbh phv ja ]çprgnh _vhkvlnlNlvmh bj al Mhng}gýc Jzvhpjl bjcrvh bja _vhkvlnl bjRjmchahkîl} bj al ]hmgjblb bj al Gchvnlmgýc! gnpalcrlvì zcl

palrlhvnl rjmchaýkgml fl}lbl jc al} Rjmchahkîl} bj al Mhnzcgmlmgýcw bj al Gchvnlmgýc nì} gcchylbhvl}! mlplmj} bj njehvlv al lmrgygblb

njcrla w al gcrjvlmmgýc }hmgla jcrvj gcbgygbzh} |zj }zvjc lakõc rgph bjbjnjcmgl ajyj# J}rl czjyl palrlhvnl! mhc}rvzgbl }hfvj rvj} pgalvj}rjmchaýkgmh} bj pvhflbl jmlmgl rjvlpçzrgml! }j jcmzjcrvl jc j}rh}nhnjcrh} jc al l}j bj jylazlmgýc w rj}rlbh jc al |zj plvrgmgplc nì}bj =:? pjv}hcl} nlwhvj} pvhmjbjcrj} bj : plî}j} jzvhpjh} $Fçakgml!Kvjmgl! Grlagl! Chvzjkl w J}plül'#

Al palrlhvnl ]HMGLFAJ! gcrjkvlbl jc al nj}l Ngmvh}hr ]zvlmjgcmazwj rlcrh ezjkh} rjvlpçzrgmh} mhnh mhc zcl flrjvîl bj lmrgygbl.bj} plvl al lmrgylmgýc }hmgla! bhcbj LGEZ }j jcmlvklvì bja bg}jüh bj

ezjkh} w bj al jylazlmgýc bj al z}lfgagblb bj al palrlhvnl bj rhbh ja}g}rjnl#

Bj}bj ja lüh <74; ja Bjplvrlnjcrh bj _jblkhkîl bja Gc}rgrzrhRjmchaýkgmh bja Ezkzjrj $LGEZ' rgjcj jcrvj }z} hfejrgyh} pvghvgrlvgh}gcyj}rgklv plvl njehvlv al mlagblb bj ah} hfejrh} aõbgmh}! l}j}hvlv l al}jnpvj}l} plvl lmgagrlv ja bg}jüh bj ezjkh} w ezkzjrj} bj mlagblb w rvl.flelv plvl l}jkzvlv w ez}rgmlv ah} ph}gfaj} jjmrh} fjcjmgh}h} bj allmrgygblb aõbgml jc al} pjv}hcl} $rlcrh bj}bj al pjv}pjmrgyl pjblkýkgmlmhnh p}gmhaýkgml! rjvlpçzrgml h pvjyjcrgyl'# Bj}bj j}rj bjplvrlnjcrh}j rvlflel dlfgrzlanjcrj $mhc jnpvj}l} bja }jmrhv h mhc zcgyjv}gblbj}h jcrgblbj} gcyj}rgklbhvl}' jc mzj}rghcj} vjalmghclbl} mhc ja ezjkhmhnh vjmzv}h plvl al bgyjv}gýc w(h ja jcrvjrjcgngjcrh! pjvh |zj l }z yjupjvngrl mhcrvgfzgv la bj}lvvhaah bj }z} z}zlvgh} jc al} bg}rgcrl} lmjrl}bj }z pjv}hclagblb $mhkcgrgyl! ljmrgyl! nhrhvl! agckñî}rgml###'#

Mhc ja mhngjcuh bj al aîcjl bj gcyj}rgklmgýc ‑Ezjkh mhnh pvhnhmgýcbj zc jcyjejmgngjcrh }lazblfaj„! w ‑Ezjkh rjvlpçzrgmh plvl al njehvl

bj bgjvjcrj} rgph} bj bg}mlplmgblb„ }j dl mhnpvhflbh }hfvlblnjcrjal} phrjcmglagblbj} bja ezjkh mhnh vjmzv}h jbzmlrgyh! rjvlpçzrgmh wpvjyjcrgyh jc bgjvjcrj} mhcrjtrh} bj zrgagulmgýc#



6?;

Ja pvhwjmrh ]HMGLFAJ j}rì larlnjcrj nhrgylbh phv ja djmdh bj |zjal mhnfgclmgýc bj lmrgygblb î}gml w mhkcgrgyl ezcrh mhc plvrgmgpl.mgýc }hmgla! vj}zarl larlnjcrj jjmrgyh# _hv mhc}gkzgjcrj! ja pvhwjmrhpvhpzj}rh agbjvl zcl lpvhtgnlmgýc rhrlanjcrj chyjbh}l fl}lbl jcRjmchahkîl} bj al Mhnzcgmlmgýc w bj al Gchvnlmgýc $RGM}' mhnh njbghbj lphwh gcrjkvla l al lmrgygblb njcrla! l}î mhnh plvl phrjcmglv algcrjvlmmgýc }hmgla bj ah} gcbgygbzh} bglkch}rgmlbh} bj bjnjcmgl ajyj#J}rl czjyl lpvhtgnlmgýc }j mhc}rvzgvì }hfvj rvj} pgalvj} rjmchaýkgmh}bj pvhflbl jmlmgl5 $l' czjyl} gcrjvlmj} bj vjlagblb ngtrl pjvmjp.rgyl fl}lbl} jc bg}ph}grgyh} gchvnìrgmh} bj }zpjvmgj nzargrìmrga! $f'zcl palrlhvnl nhbzalv plvl ja bj}lvvhaah bj ezjkh} bj jcrvjclngjcrhmhkcgrgyh |zj pjvngrj al mvjlmgýc w al pjv}hclagulmgýc bj bgmdh} ezjkh}

w $m' mlplmgblb plvl al ‑mvjlmgýc bj pjvaj}„ w al ‑fõ}|zjbl bj mhn.plrgfgagblb„ }hmgla plvl phrjcmglv al} vjbj} }hmglaj} w al gcrjvlmmgýcjcrvj pjv}hcl} nlwhvj}#

Jc rçvngch} kjcjvlaj}! ]HMGLFAJ gcrjkvlvì! bj}pajklvì w hpjvlvì zcgcchylbhv }jvygmgh hcagcj dlfgagrlbh njbglcrj RGM plvl al jylazlmgýc wph}rjvghv vjzjvuh bj al mlplmgblb mhkcgrgyl bj al} pjv}hcl} nlwhvj}mhc Laudjgnjv z hrvh rgph bj bjnjcmgl} njbglcrj lnjcl} lmrgygbl.bj} bj ezjkh bj jcrvjclngjcrh mhkcgrgyh! la rgjnph |zj phrjcmglvì jabj}lvvhaah bj }z} vjbj} }hmglaj} w al lmrgylmgýc bj }z} gcrjvlmmghcj}

gcrjvpjv}hclaj} bglvgl}#

Gnlkjc <5 Ylagblmgýc bj z}lfgagblb mhc z}zlvgh} bja pvh.wjmrh ]HMGLFAJ

Gnlkjc 65 Jejnpah} bj mhcrjcgbh} bj pvhpzj}rl} gcrjkvl.bl} jc ja pvhwjmrh ]HMGLFAJ



6?4

]HMGLFAJ mhnfgclvì lmrhv dznlch mhc gcchylbhvj} }jvygmgh} fl}l.bh} jc RGM} w al} rjmchahkîl} bj ygbl gcbjpjcbgjcrj# Nì} j}pjmî.mlnjcrj! ]HMGLFAJ mhnfgclvì ah} }jvygmgh} bj mzgblbh} w }hphvrjdznlch hvjmgbh} phv ah} mjcrvh} bj lrjcmgýc! ah} pvhj}ghclaj} }lcg.rlvgh} w ah} jtpjvrh} nçbgmh} j}pjmglagulbh} mhc ylckzlvbg}rl} rjmch.

ahkîl} bj gcvlj}rvzmrzvl} RGM} lmmj}gfaj} w |zj lmgagrlc al ygbl gcbj.pjcbgjcrj plvl |zj al} pjv}hcl} nlwhvj} pzjblc5

… Lmmjbjv l zc nhrgylbhv jcrhvch bj ezjkh hcagcj $rlnfgçc higcj

h zjvl bj aîcjl' fl}lbh jc rjmchahkîl} bj gcrjvlmj} bj vjlagblbngtrl w djvvlngjcrl} rjvlpçzrgml} vjalmghclbl} mhc ja ezjkh mhcja hfejrgyh bj pvjyjcgv w jcajcrjmjv al jyhazmgýc bj al bjnjcmglnjbglcrj ezjkh} bj jcrvjclngjcrh mhkcgrgyh plvl pjv}hcl} nlwh.vj}# Bgmdh }g}rjnl gcmazwj ezjkh} bj jcrvjclngjcrh mhkcgrgyh gcbg.ygbzlagulbh w ezjkh} plvl bg}vzrlv jc j|zgph gcrjkvlbh} mhc lmrg.ygblbj} bj lmrgylmgýc }hmgla l rvlyç} bj al vjb |zj pjvngrj |zjz}zlvgh} bj bgjvjcrj} plî}j} pzjblc mhnzcgmlv}j#

… Jylazlmgýc phv plvrj bj jtpjvrh} bj al jyhazmgýc mhkcgrgyl bj al}

pjv}hcl} mhc bjnjcmgl ajyj# J}rh mhcaajyl al vjmhkgbl bj gchv.nlmgýc vjalrgyl la j}rlbh mhkcgrgyh(zcmghcla(ljmrgyh bj al pjv.}hcl nlwhv! l}î mhnh bj gchvnlmgýc vjalmghclbl mhc ja mhcrjtrh#Bgmdl gchvnlmgýc }jvì vjmhpgalbl! kzlvblbl w pvj}jcrlbl bjhvnl }g}rjnìrgml plvl |zj ah} pvhj}ghclaj} }lcgrlvgh} w jtpjvrh}

nçbgmh} bj ah} mjcrvh} bj lrjcmgýc }j }gvylc bj jaal l al dhvl bjgcrjvpvjrlv ja j}rlbh mhkcgrgyh! zcmghcla w ljmrgyh bj al} pjv}h.cl} nlwhvj} mhc bjnjcmgl ajyj w bj bjcgv pvhkvlnl} bj jcrvj.clngjcrh lpvhpglbh} w hrvl} njbgbl} rjvlpçzrgml}#

… Lmrgylv w(h gcmvjnjcrlv al mlagblb w mlcrgblb bj al} gcrjvlmmghcj}

}hmglaj} bj al} pjv}hcl} nlwhvj} mhc hrvh} z}zlvgh}# J}rh }j mhc.}jkzgvì rjcgjcbh jc mzjcrl ah} pjvaj} w pvjjvjcmgl} bj al} pjv}h.cl} nlwhvj} mhc zc gcchylbhv }jvygmgh bj ‑fõ}|zjbl bj mhnpl.rgfgagblb }hmgla„ hvjmgbh l rvlyç} bj al palrlhvnl ]HMGLFAJ! |zjhnjcrlvì al} gcrjvlmmghcj} }hmglaj} bj al} pjv}hcl} nlwhvj}#

]HMGLFAJ dl }gbh gc}rlalbh plvl }z ylagblmgýc jc ah} mjcrvh} bj lrjcmgýcj}pjmglagulbl w bj hmgh plvl pjv}hcl} nlwhvj}! l}î mhnh jc ah} dhklvj}#

Jcalmj} bj gcrjvç}

{{{#lgez#gch

{{{#}hmglfaj.pvhejmr#jz


http://www.sociable-project.eu/

http://www.sociable-project.eu/




6?7

:#<6_vhwjmrh LMRGYL5 ‑Bj}lvvhaahbj zc }g}rjnl bj rjvlpgl

LMRGYL fl}lbl jc ja

jejvmgmgh î}gmh |zj pjvngrlja hvrlajmgngjcrh nz}mzalvjc jcjvnh} bj _lv`gc}hc lrvlyç} bja hmgh w al} Czjyl}

Rjmchahkîl} bj al Gchvnlmgýc w al Mhnzcgmlmgýc„#Vhmîh Ulvlkhul

Gc}rgrzrh Rjmchaýkgmh bja Ezkzjrj $LGEZ'{{{#lgez#gchpjblkhkîl#gfgOlgez#gch

LGEZ j} zcl jcrgblb pvgylbl }gc ìcgnh bj azmvh# Izj zcblbljc <74: w }grzlbl jc Gfg! jc ja mjcrvh kjhkvìmh j}plüha bj allfvgmlmgýc bja ezkzjrj! bhcbj }j mhcmjcrvl al nlwhv bjc}gblb

bj ìfvgml} bja ezkzjrj bj J}plül! plvl pjvngrgv l ah} lfvgmlcrj} bja ezkzjrj rjcjv lmmj}h w mhchmgngjcrh bj al} czjyl} rjmchahkîl}#


mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]




6<?

Ja pvgcmgpla hfejrgyh bj LMRGYL j} j}rlfajmjv al fl}j plvl jabj}lvvhaah bj zc ezjkh gcrjvlmrgyh bj larh ylahv aõbgmh w rjvl.pçzrgmh fl}lbh jc al mhnfgclmgýc bja jejvmgmgh î}gmh mhc

rjmchahkîl} lylculbl} bj yg}zlagulmgýc w mhnzcgmlmgýc plvl al pvh.nhmgýc bj al }hmglagulmgýc! ja jcrvjrjcgngjcrh w njehvl bj al} dlfgagbl.

bj} nhrhvl} w nz}mzalvj} jc pjv}hcl} mhc _lv`gc}hc# Lbjnì}! mhcah} vj|zjvgngjcrh} bj z}lfgagblb j}pjmîmh} bj j}rj mhajmrgyh! w |zj!fl}lbh} jc al} Rjmchahkîl} bj al Gchvnlmgýc w bj al Mhnzcgmlmgýcnì} lylculbl}” RGM}. hvjmjvìc czjyl} hpmghcj} bj hmgh ngjcrvl}njehvlc }z} dlfgagblbj} zcmghclaj} w }hmglaj}# _lvl jaah }j zrgagulvìc[ggnhrj} bj al mhc}hal [gg bj Cgcrjcbh mhnh }hphvrj bj gcrjvlmmgýcbj ah} ezjkh} |zj }j bj}lvvhaalvìc#

Al pvhj}ghclagblb w al jtpjvgjcmgl lb|zgvgbl} l ah alvkh bj ah} lüh}lylalc l LGEZ! rlnfgçc mhchmgbl mhc ja chnfvj bj Gc}rgrzrh Rjmchaýkgmhbja Ezkzjrj! mhnh zcl gc}rgrzmgýc |zj rvlflel plvl njehvlv ja zrzvh bjal gcbz}rvgl ezkzjrjvl# Zc zrzvh |zj! phv hrvh albh! }j mlvlmrjvgul phv al}zpvj}gýc bj vhcrjvl} clmghclaj} w |zj jcmzjcrvl }z njehv jtpvj}gýcjc al gnpalcrlmgýc bja Njvmlbh Õcgmh Jzvhpjh# Rhbh jaah j}rì jcml.ngclbh dlmgl ja mhcrgczh bj}lvvhaah bj al gcbz}rvgl ezkzjrjvl! jc mzwh}jch LGEZ j}rì ezklcbh zc plpja bj l}j}hv jc bgyjv}l} lmrgygblbj}#

Ja hfejrgyh pvgcmgpla bj LGEZ j} dlmjv lmmj}gfaj} al} njehvl} jc rjmch.ahkîl} bj pvhbzmmgýc w bg}jüh l al} pj|zjül} w njbglcl} jnpvj}l}bja }jmrhv |zj! bjfgbh l }z} mlvlmrjvî}rgml}! ch pzjbjc rjcjv lmmj}hgcbgygbzlanjcrj l al} czjyl} rjmchahkîl} jnjvkjcrj}#

Al mhnfgclmgýc bj ezjkh} w rjmchahkîl} hvjmj czjyl} ph}gfgagblbj}bj jcrvjrjcgngjcrh w pjvngrj! l }z yju! ja bj}lvvhaah gcrjkvla bj ah}gcbgygbzh} njehvlcbh mlplmgblbj} bj kvlc ylahv plvl bgjvjcrj} rgph}bj mhcrjtrh} $j}mhalv! rjvlpçzrgmh! jrm#'# L}gng}nh! lphvrl yjv}lrgagblbjc al kjcjvlmgýc bj mhcrjcgbh} w jc ja lmmj}h l ah} ng}nh} bj hvnl

clrzvla! ah |zj lyhvjmj j}pjmglanjcrj ja ezjkh plvl rhbl} al} jblbj}#Igclanjcrj! czj}rvh} bj}lvvhaah} aõbgmh} mhcrvgfzwjc l al j.gcmaz}gýcbj ah} mhajmrgyh} nì} lajelbh} bja z}h bj al} czjyl} rjmchahkîl}#



6<<

Ja pvhwjmrh! mhhvbgclbh phv LGEZ w mhclcmglbh phv ja Ngcg}rjvgh bjGcbz}rvgl! Rzvg}nh w Mhnjvmgh w phv ja Ihcbh ]hmgla Jzvhpjh bjcrvhbja _alc Clmghcla bj Gcyj}rgklmgýc Mgjcrîml! Bj}lvvhaah j GcchylmgýcRjmchaýkgml 6??4.6?<< $_alc Lylcul'! }zvkj mhnh vj}pzj}rl l zcl}jvgj bj cjmj}gblbj} lmrzlaj} bj al L}hmglmgýc bj _lv`gc}hc Nlbvgb

$plvrgmgplcrj jc ja pvhwjmrh'! w jtrjc}gfaj l rhbl} al} L}hmglmghcj} bj_lv`gc}hc Clmghclaj}#

Al} Rjmchahkîl} bj al Gchvnlmgýc w bj al Mhnzcgmlmgýc $RGM}' gvvzn.pjc mhc zjvul jc al }hmgjblb ngjcrvl} ja mhajmrgyh bj pjv}hcl} ljm.rlbl} phv al jcjvnjblb bj _lv`gc}hc cjmj}grlc w bjnlcblc czjyl}hvnl} bj lwzbl plvl jcvjcrlv}j l }z ygbl mhrgbglcl# J}rj mhajmrgyh }jjcvjcrl l gnphvrlcrj} flvvjvl} |zj bgmzarlc ja z}h w bg}vzrj bj }z}yjcrlel} w ph}gfgagblbj}#

Mhc}gbjvlcbh al} mhcmaz}ghcj} hfrjcgbl} jc cznjvh}l} gcyj}rgkl.mghcj} }hfvj ja ezjkh w czjyl} rjmchahkîl}! plvjmj jygbjcrj |zj almhnfgclmgýc bj lnfh} jajnjcrh} pjvngrgvîl gcrjvyjcgv bj hvnl }gnza.rìcjl j gcchylbhvl }hfvj ah} l}pjmrh} mhc}gbjvlbh} j}jcmglaj} jcal gcrjvyjcmgýc }hmgla w bj }lazb jc al} pjv}hcl} mhc _lv`gc}hc# _hvhrvh albh! ah} blrh} vjijelc |zj al jcjvnjblb bj _lv`gc}hc ljmrl lzch} mzlrvh ngaahcj} bj pjv}hcl} jc rhbh ja nzcbh# Jc czj}rvh plî}nì} bj <6?#??? pjv}hcl} plbjmjc j}rl plrhahkîl w mlbl lüh }zvkjcjcrvj =<?? w 4??? czjyh} $GCJ! 6??7' ml}h} bj jcjvnh} bj _lv`gc}hc#

Lbjnì}! al jblb pvhnjbgh bj gcgmgh j} bj 9? lüh} w ja vgj}kh bj plbj.mjv al jcjvnjblb lznjcrl }gkcgmlrgylnjcrj mhc al jblb! phv jaah}j j}pjvl |zj ja gnplmrh jmhcýngmh w jc al }lazb põfagml bj j}rljcjvnjblb lznjcrj l njbgbl |zj al phfalmgýc jcyjejuml# Ja mhcrg.czh jcyjejmgngjcrh bj al phfalmgýc w ja j}pjmrlmzalv gcmvjnjcrh bj aljtpjmrlrgyl bj ygbl ylc }jkzgbh} cjmj}lvglnjcrj bj nlwhv cõnjvhlf}hazrh bj plmgjcrj}#

Ja pvhwjmrh LMRGYL bj}lvvhaalvì zc }g}rjnl rjvlpçzrgmh jmgjcrj w bjfleh mh}rj! lnpaglcbh al} hrvl} ph}gfgagblbj} rjvlpçzrgml} njbglcrjja z}h bj al} RGM}# _hv rlcrh! ch} jcmhcrvlnh} lcrj zcl hphvrzcgblbõcgml bj bj}lvvhaalv zcl lpagmlmgýc vjlanjcrj gcchylbhvl l cgyja gcrjv.clmghcla jc al |zj }j gcrjkvjc vj}zarlbh} bj gcyj}rgklmgýc mlplmj} bjplaglv al} cjmj}gblbj} bj zc mhajmrgyh |zj! phv bj}kvlmgl! wl j} nzwjtrjc}h nzcbglanjcrj#

J}rh} hfejrgyh} phbvìc }jv lamlculbh} kvlmgl} l al plvrgmgplmgýc bjhvklcg}nh} bj vjmhchmgbh pvj}rgkgh jc al lrjcmgýc bj jcjvnh} bj_lv`gc}hc mhnh j} al L}hmglmgýc bj _lv`gc}hc Nlbvgb w jc ezjkh} w

hmgh rjvlpçzrgmh gcrjvkjcjvlmghcla mhnh j} ja Gc}rgrzrh Rjmchaýkgmh bja ezkzjrj $LGEZ'# Lbjnì}! ja pjv}hcla rçmcgmh bj LGEZ! mhcrlvì mhc almhalfhvlmgýc bj Fvlgc}rhvn Nzargnjbgl ]#A#! jnpvj}l j}pjmglagulbl



6<6

jc jcrhvch} rvgbgnjc}ghclaj} lphwlbh} jc Rjmchahkîl} Lylculbl} bjYg}zlagulmgýc j Gcrjvlmmgýc! w bj Lvrgml Rjajnjbgmgcl j}pjmglagulbl jcRGM} plvl ja }jmrhv }hmgh}lcgrlvgh0 j}rlfajmgjcbh zc j|zgph nzargbg}mg.pagclv |zj klvlcrgulvì ja çtgrh bja pvhwjmrh l bj}lvvhaalv#

Jc ja pvgnjv lüh bj rvlfleh bja pvhwjmrh! rvl} ja j}rzbgh jc alfhvlrhvgh

mhc jtpjvrh} w z}zlvgh} claj} plvl bjrjvngclv ah} gcrjvlmj} bj yg}zl.agulmgýc j gcrjvlmmgýc nì} lbjmzlbh}! }j dl phbgbh mhc}rlrlv |zj almhnfgclmgýc bja ezjkh! czjyl} rjmchahkîl} w nì} mhcmvjrlnjcrj }hfvjal palrlhvnl [gg! pjvngrgvì gcrjvyjcgv bj hvnl }gnzarìcjl j gcchylbhvl}hfvj ah} l}pjmrh} mhc}gbjvlbh} j}jcmglaj} jc al gcrjvyjcmgýc }hmgla wbj }lazb jc al} pjv}hcl} |zj plbjmjc j}rl plrhahkîl# L mhcrgczlmgýc}j jtphcjc lakzch} jejnpah} hrhkvìmh} bja j}rzbgh bj z}lfgagblbw lmmj}gfgagblb mhc z}zlvgh} vjlagulbh jc al L}hmglmgýc bj _lv`gc}hcNlbvgb# _hv zc albh! njbglcrj ja nlcjeh bj ah} {ggnhrj} bj Cgcrjcbh!w phv hrvh! njbglcrj al yg}zlagulmgýc bj bgjvjcrj} plvìnjrvh} bj yg}zl.agulmgýc l rvlyç} bj zcl plcrlaal bj hvbjclbhv5

Gnlkjc <5 Ylagblmgýc bj z}lfgagblb mhc z}zlvgh} bja pvh.wjmrh LMRGYL

L plvrgv bj l|zî! w }gkzgjcbh ja pvhkvlnl njrhbhaýkgmh bg}jülbh plvl LMRGYL! ah} jtpjvrh} jc _lv`gc}hc ezcrh mhc ah} jtpjvrh} jc czjyl}rjmchahkîl} w hmgh rjvlpçzrgmh dlc mhnjculbh al mvjlmgýc bj pvhbzm.rh} aõbgmh} bj larh ylahv rjvlpçzrgmh! fl}lbh jc al} rjmchahkîl} nì}

lylculbl} bj al Gchvnlmgýc w al Mhnzcgmlmgýc plvl al njehvl bj al}mlplmgblbj} î}gml} w zcmghclaj} bj al} pjv}hcl} |zj j}rìc ljmrlbl}phv al jcjvnjblb bj _lv`gc}hc#



6<=

J}rh} }hc ah} hfejrgyh} |zj }j dlc mhc}jkzgbh l ah alvkh bja pvgnjvlüh bja pvhwjmrh5

… Al hfrjcmgýc bj zcl fl}j bj mhchmgngjcrh jc mzlcrh l al zrgagul.mgýc bj al} Rjmchahkîl} bj al Gchvnlmgýc w bj al Mhnzcgmlmgýc mhnhgc}rvznjcrh plvl al gcrjvyjcmgýc mhc bg}rgcrl} rgphahkîl} bj z}zlvgh} w

mhchmjv al} bgmzarlbj} jcmhcrvlbl} plvl }z z}h w lpagmlmgýc#… Ylagblmgýc bj al dgpýrj}g} bj al mhckzvlmgýc rjmchaýkgml pvh.pzj}rl $j}rzbgh bj z}lfgagblb w lmmj}gfgagblb'#

… ]j dlc bjcgbh al} pvjijvjcmgl} rjnìrgml} bj nlwhv gcrjvç} plvl

ja mhajmrgyh#

… ]j dl vjmhpgalbh al gcihvnlmgýc cjmj}lvgl plvl ja j}rlfajmg.ngjcrh bj ah} mhcrjcgbh} bj al pvhpzj}rl aõbgml nì} lbjmzlbh} lal} cjmj}gblbj} bj jcrvjrjcgngjcrh j gcrjvyjcmgýc }jülalbl} phvah} jtpjvrh} jc _lv`gc}hc l al} pvjjvjcmgl} plvl ja bg}vzrj bjargjnph bj hmgh bj al} pjv}hcl} mhc j}rj rgph bj plrhahkîl}#

… ]j dl bj}lvvhaalbh al pvgnjvl pvhpzj}rl bj ah} mhcrjcgbh} mhc

ja gcpzr bj ah} j}pjmglag}rl}! al} ìvjl} bj gcrjvyjcmgýc w ylvglfaj}î}gml} pvghvgrlvgl} |zj bjfjc }jv vjkg}rvlbl} l rvlyç} bj LMRGYL#

… ]j dl j}rlfajmgbh zc ‑Kvzph bj L}j}hvlngjcrh„ ihvnlbh phv

z}zlvgh} w rjvlpjzrl}! |zj vjlagulvhc al pvgnjvl ylagblmgýc gcrjvclbj al pvhpzj}rl aõbgml! lphvrlcbh jjb.flm` bj ylahv lülbgbh#

… ]j dl mhnjculbh l rvl}alblv rhbh} ah} vj|zjvgngjcrh} bj ah}

z}zlvgh} w bj al jylazlmgýc bj ah} gcrjvlmj} bj yg}zlagulmgýc jgcrjvlmmgýc l zc ezjkh fl}lbh jc Rjmchahkîl} bj al Gchvnlmgýcw al Mhnzcgmlmgýc |zj gcrjkvlvì ah} mhcrjcgbh} w al rjmchahkîlnl} lbjmzlbl w |zj lmgagrlvì ja z}h bj j}rj rgph bj ezjkh} plvlja põfagmh hfejrgyh#


Ml}h} czjyh} bj pjv}hcl} mhc _lv`gc}hc!jc5 drrp5(({{{#gcj#j}( $Mhc}zarlbh ?:(?:(6??7'#

Jcalmj} bj gcrjvç}

{{{#lgez#gch

{{{#plv`gc}hcnlbvgb#j}

http://www.ine.es/


http://www.parkinsonmadrid.es/

http://www.parkinsonmadrid.es/


http://www.ine.es/



9Al mhcmgjcmglmgýc!bgyzaklmgýc w ihvnlmgýc jc

lmmj}gfgagblb jc ygbjhezjkh}



6<:

9#<‑Bgfz} plvl rhbh}„5Jtpjvgjcmgl bj}jc}gfgagulmgýc }hfvj

al lmmj}gfgagblb jcygbjhezjkh}# Lckja Klvmîl!G}vlja Khcuìaju!Eh}ç Azg} AýpjuZcgyjv}gblb Mlvah} GGG bj

Nlbvgbdrrp5(({{{#zm=n#j}lmvj}phOgl#zm=n#j}gkmlvvl}Ogc#zm=n#j}

eaahpjuOgc#zm=n#j}

Gvlrtj \zgcrlclMjcrvh J}plühabj ]zfrgrzalbh w

Lzbghbj}mvgpmgýc

drrp5(({{{#mj}wl#j}gvl|zgcrlclOmj}wl#j}

Al Zcgyjv}gblb Mlvah} GGG bj Nlbvgb j} zcl zcgyjv}gblb ehyjc

zfgmlbl jc ja }zv bj Nlbvgb# Bgyjv}h} gcyj}rgklbhvj} bj alzcgyjv}gblb mhalfhvlc lmrgylnjcrj jc al} lmrgygblbj} bja

MJ]WL! mhcrvgfzwjcbh l ah} hfejrgyh} bja ng}nh# Ja Mjcrvh J}plüha bj]zfrgrzalbh w Lzbghbj}mvgpmgýc $MJ]wL' j} zc hvklcg}nh bjpjcbgjcrjbja Vjla _lrvhclrh bj Bg}mlplmgblb $Ngcg}rjvgh bj ]lcgblb! _haîrgml]hmgla j Gkzlablb'# ]z pvhwjmrh mhc}g}rj jc lyhvjmjv al lmmj}gfgagblb jcah} njbgh} lzbghyg}zlaj} phv njbgh bja }zfrgrzalbh w al lzbghbj}mvgp.mgýc# Jc }z lmrgygblb }j gcmazwjc lmmghcj} bj gcyj}rgklmgýc w hvnlmgýc!l}î mhnh al mhalfhvlmgýc jc gcgmglrgyl} bj chvnlagulmgýc! mhnzcgmlmgýcw }jc}gfgagulmgýc }hmgla#

http://www.uc3m.es/

http://www.cesya.es/

http://www.cesya.es/

http://www.uc3m.es/



6<9

Jc j}rl mhalfhvlmgýc }j bj}mvgfj ja bj}lvvhaah bj zc ygbjhezjkhlmmj}gfaj mzwh hfejrgyh j} }jc}gfgagulv l ah} nì} pj|zjüh}}hfvj al cjmj}gblb bj dlmjv lmmj}gfaj} ah} mhcrjcgbh} lzbgh.

yg}zlaj}# J}rj ezjkh mznpaj lbjnì} zcl }jkzcbl zcmgýc! pzj} pjv.ngrj mhnplvrgv ja ezjkh jcrvj ah} cgüh} mhc gcbjpjcbjcmgl bj al bgyjv.

}gblb zcmghcla lzbgrgyl h yg}zla |zj ph}jlc# Ja ezjkh }j bg}rvgfzwj jczc MB lmmj}gfaj plvl z}zlvgh} mhc pvhfajnl} yg}zlaj} h lzbgrgyh}#

Ja bj}lvvhaah bja ezjkh ‑Bgfz} plvl rhbh}„ mzfvj zc bhfaj plpja# Jcpvgnjv azklv! mhcrvgfzwj l al }jc}gfgagulmgýc bj ah} nì} pj|zjüh} jc alcjmj}gblb bj }zfrgrzalv w lzbghbj}mvgfgv rhbh} ah} mhcrjcgbh} lzbghyg.}zlaj} plvl al} pjv}hcl} |zj ch pzjbjc lmmjbjv l jaah}! jcrjcbgjcbhmhnh vjmzv}h} lzbghyg}zlaj} ch }halnjcrj al} pjaîmzal}! }gch mzla|zgjvmhcrjcgbh mhnh pzjbj }jv zc ygbjhezjkh# Jc }jkzcbh azklv! ja ezjkhpjvngrj ezklv l cgüh} |zj ch pzjbjc phv mlz}l bj }z bgyjv}gblb zcmgh.cla! wl }jl yg}zla h lzbgrgyl#

Ja ygbjhezjkh ‑Bgfz} plvl rhbh}„ mhc}g}rj jc lwzblv l zcl cgül lazmdlv mhcrvl ‑Al Fvzel _jhv„! zcl fvzel |zj }j mhnj al} gnìkjcj} w ja}hcgbh bj ah} bgfzeh} lcgnlbh}# Ja ezjkh mhngjcul mhc zcl gcrvhbzm.mgýc mhc }zfrîrzah} w lzbghbj}mvgpmgýc mjvvlbl}! bj hvnl |zj rhbh}

ah} z}zlvgh} pzjbjc bg}vzrlval# Jc j}rl gcrvhbzmmgýc! ja clvvlbhv w ah}bh} pjv}hclej}! al cgül w ‑Al fvzel _jhv„! jtpagmlc jc |zç mhc}g}rjc ja}zfrgrzalbh w al lzbghbj}mvgpmgýc bj hvnl }jcmgaal w bgyjvrgbl#

Igkzvl <#Hpmghcj} bj ezjkh#



6<;

Rvl} al gcrvhbzmmgýc la ezjkh }j lmmjbj la njcõ pvgcmgpla# Dlw mzlrvhhpmghcj} bj ezjkh5 al} bh} pvgnjvl} mhc}g}rjc jc }zfrgrzalv w lzbgh.bj}mvgfgv plvrj} bj zc mzjcrh# Mhnh }j rvlrl bj zc ezjkh plvl cgüh}!ah} ph}gfaj} }zfrîrzah} w lzbghbj}mvgpmghcj} }j blc mhnh hpmgýc bj rlahvnl |zj ja cgüh }hah rgjcj |zj }jajmmghclv al hpmgýc |zj mhc}gbjvl

lbjmzlbl# Zcl cgül lcgnl la cgüh l }jajmmghclv al} hpmghcj} mhvvjmrl}njbglcrj pg}rl} |zj aj lwzblvìc! ngjcrvl} |zj al fvzel _jhv! gcrjcrlbj}pg}rlv la cgüh blcbh pg}rl} la}l}# Al} bh} }gkzgjcrj} hpmghcj}mhc}g}rjc jc }zfrgrzalv ja mzjcrh }gc }hcgbh w lzbghbj}mvgfgv ja mzjcrh}gc gnìkjcj}#

Igkzvl 6# ]zfrgrzalv }gc }hcgbh#

J}rl} bh} hpmghcj} }gvyjc plvl |zj ah} cgüh} pzjblc mhnpvjcbjv|zç }gjcrjc hrvh} cgüh} |zj ch pzjbjc yjv w hîv mhvvjmrlnjcrj w! lbj.nì}! pjvngrj ezklv l ah} cgüh} |zj ch pzjbjc yjv w hîv mhvvjmrlnjcrj#

Lbjnì} jc}jül l ah} cgüh} |zç j} ja }zfrgrzalbh w al lzbghbj}mvgpmgýcw |zç zrgagblb rgjcjc# Kvlmgl} l j}rl bzlagblb! ch }hah }j mhc}gkzj almhcmgjcmglmgýc bj ah} cgüh} jc al cjmj}gblb bj }zfrgrzalbh w lzbgh.bj}mvgpmgýc! }gch |zj rlnfgçc }j mhc}gkzj |zj ah} cgüh} pzjblc ezklv

ezcrh} gcbjpjcbgjcrjnjcrj bj }z bgyjv}gblb zcmghcla! hnjcrlcbh jahmgh mhnplvrgbh w pjvngrgjcbh mhnplvrgv ezjkh} l rhbh} ah} cgüh} jc

gkzlablb#



6<4

Igkzvl =# Hpmghcj} plvl lzbghclyjklmgýc#

Ja ezjkh }j dl jbgrlbh jc hvnlrh MB VHN mhnplrgfaj mhc Ngmvh}hr[gcbh{} T_ h }zpjvghv# Ja bg}mh j} lzbghclyjklfaj mhcrlcbh mhczc nýbzah lmmj}gfaj plvl }hvbh} w hrvh plvl mgjkh}# Al hpmgýc bjlzbghclyjklmgýc j}rì hvgjcrlbl l z}zlvgh} mhc pvhfajnl} yg}zlaj}!pzbgjcbh mhcrvhalv bj j}rl hvnl ja njcõ bja ezjkh#

Mhcmaz}ghcj}

Al lmmj}gfgagblb l ah} ygbjhezjkh} pl}l phv al mhcmgjcmglmgýc bj}bjcgüh} bj al cjmj}gblb bj dlmjv lmmj}gfaj ja hmgh plvl rhbh}# Mhc j}rj

ezjkh }j dl pvjrjcbgbh }jc}gfgagulv l ah} cgüh} }hfvj j}rl cjmj}gblb!jc}jüìcbhaj} jc |zç mhc}g}rj ja }zfrgrzalbh w al lzbghbj}mvgpmgýc lrvlyç} bj zc ezjkh lmmj}gfaj# _hv j}rj nhrgyh ja ygbjhezjkh mznpaj!lbjnì}! zcl }jkzcbl zcmgýc! |zj j} al bj pjvngrgv ezklv ezcrh} l ah}cgüh} mhc gcbjpjcbjcmgl bj al bgyjv}gblb zcmghcla lzbgrgyl h yg}zla|zj ph}jlc#



6<7

9#6GchvnOmgýc5 j.gcmaz}gýcbj pjv}hcl} mhcnhygagblb vjbzmgbl#

Whalcbl Djvcìcbju

L]_LWN Nlbvgb{{{#l}plwnnlbvgb#hvkrjvlpglhmzplmghclaOl}plwnnlbvgb#hvk

Al L}hmglmgýc bj _lvlpaçegmh} w _jv}hcl} mhc Kvlc Bg}mlplmgblbIî}gml bj al Mhnzcgblb bj Nlbvgb $L]_LWN.NLBVGB' j} aljcrgblb |zj vjpvj}jcrl la mhajmrgyh bj Aj}ghclbh} Njbzalvj}!

jc bjjc}l bj }z} bjvjmdh} w cjmj}gblbj} jc rhbh} ah} ìnfgrh} bjcrvhbj al }hmgjblb! mhc al gcrjcmgýc bj mhc}jkzgv }z pajcl gcrjkvlmgýc# J}bjmalvlbl Jcrgblb bj Zrgagblb _õfagml phv Hvbjc bj al ]zf}jmvjrlvîlbja Ngcg}rjvgh bja Gcrjvghv bj jmdl 4 bj ezcgh bj 6??2# L]_LWN Nlbvgb

pjvrjcjmj l hrvl} jcrgblbj} l cgyja bj al Mhnzcgblb bj Nlbvgb! mhnhMjvng Nlbvgb w IJNLBJN! l cgyja j}rlrla! mhnh al Ijbjvlmgýc Clmghclabj L]_LWN! ja Mjvng Clmghcla w _VJBGI! w l cgyja jzvhpjh mhnh J]MGI$Ijbjvlmgýc Jzvhpjl bj Aj}ghclbh} Njbzalvj}'#

http://www.aspaymmadrid.org/

http://www.aspaymmadrid.org/



66?

Ja _vhwjmrh GchvnOmghc5 j.gcmaz}gýc bj _jv}hcl} mhc

Nhygagblb Vjbzmgbl! zj pzj}rh jc nlvmdl phv L]_LWN.Nlbvgb w clcmglbh phv ja Ngcg}rjvgh bj Gcbz}rvgl! Rzvg}nh w

Mhnjvmgh! ezcrh mhc Izcblmgýc Yhblhcj# Zch bj ah} hfejrgyh} malyjjvl bg}ngczgv al fvjmdl bgkgrla jtg}rjcrj jc ja mhajmrgyh bj pjv}hcl} mhc

nhygagblb vjbzmgbl# Bj}lvvhaal zc mhcezcrh bj djvvlngjcrl} bgyzaklrgyl}$BYB! _ìkgcl [jf w Ehvclbl Gchvnlrgyl'! bgvgkgbl} l al} pjv}hcl} mhcbg}mlplmgblb î}gml! }z} l}hmglmghcj} w ah} pvhj}ghclaj} |zj rvlflelcjc j}rj ìnfgrh $Rjvlpjzrl} Hmzplmghclaj}! Nçbgmh}! Hvrhpjbgl}! jrm'!jcmlngclbl} l blv l mhchmjv al} Rjmchahkîl} bj Lphwh bj lmmj}h lal} Czjyl} Rjmchahkîl} jtg}rjcrj} jc ja njvmlbh w phrjcmglv }z z}hphv plvrj bj j}rj mhajmrgyh! l}î mhnh pjvngrgv |zj ah} pvhpgh} z}zl.vgh} lphwjc ja bj}lvvhaah bj zrzvh} bg}ph}grgyh} |zj }j lez}rjc l }z}cjmj}gblbj}#

Kvlmgl} la mhcrlmrh bgvjmrh bj L]_LWN Nlbvgb mhc ja mhajmrgyh bj pjv.}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb î}gml! }hnh} mhchmjbhvj} bj al gnphvrlcmglbj al gcmaz}gýc jc al }hmgjblb bj al gchvnlmgýc bj al} pjv}hcl} mhcbg}mlplmgblb# Rjcgjcbh jc mzjcrl |zj j} zcl mzj}rgýc |zj ylvîl jchv.njnjcrj bj zcl pjv}hcl l hrvl! jc L]_LWN.Nlbvgb djnh} vjlagulbh

zc lcìag}g} bj cjmj}gblbj} jc ja |zj jcmhcrvlnh} |zj jtg}rj zcl larlbj mhcmgjcmglmgýc bj ah} fjcjmgh} bj al rjmchahkîl jc }z mlagblb bjygbl! zc bj}mhchmgngjcrh bj ah} pvhbzmrh} bj lphwh bg}phcgfaj} jcja njvmlbh! w al gcjtg}rjcmgl bj gchvnlmgýc vjla plvl |zj ah} z}zlvgh}pzjblc yjv bj pvgnjvl nlch ja z}h vjla bj zc bg}ph}grgyh! }z zcmghcl.ngjcrh w }z nlcjeh phv pjv}hcl} mhc mlvlmrjvî}rgml} }gngalvj}#

Gnìkjcj} bj al} Ehvclbl Gchvnlrgyl w bja J}plmgh bj _vzjfl! mjajfvlbl ja = bj hmrzfvj bj 6??4#



66<

Lbjnì}! jtg}rj zc ngjbh dlmgl al rjmchahkîl jc j}rj mhajmrgyh! kjcj.vlbh phv ylvgh} nhrgyh}! jcrvj jaah} al larl bj lmmj}gfgagblb bj ah}gcrjvlmj} bja z}zlvgh w al gnph}gfgagblb bj mhnpvhflv gc ygyh }g al rjm.chahkîl aj} }jvîl õrga h ch#

Mhc ja hfejrgyh bj }hayjcrlv al fvjmdl bgkgrla! L]_LWN.Nlbvgb jalfhvl

j}rj pvhwjmrh! bjcrvh bj zc mhcezcrh bj lmmghcj} |zj j}rìc jcmlng.clbl} l blv l mhchmjv al} Czjyl} Rjmchahkîl} bg}phcgfaj} w phrjcmglv}z z}h bjcrvh bj j}rj mhajmrgyh#

Mlvlrzal bja BYB! Rjmchahkîljc al Ygbl Bglvgl! jc ja |zj}j nzj}rvlc l pjv}hcl} mhcbg}mlplmgblb zrgagulcbh rjm.chahkîl} bj lphwh l al ygblbglvgl#

J}rj mhcezcrh bj lmmghcj} }hc5

. Zc BYB bhcbj }j nzj}rvlc j}rl} rjmchahkîl}#

. Zcl pìkgcl {jf bhcbj lbjnì} bj al} rjmchahkîl} vjmhkgbl} jcja BYB! }j pzjbjc gcmhvphvlv czjyl} lphvrlmghcj} ${{{#l}pl.wnnlbvgb#gch(j.gcmaz}ghc'#

. Zcl Ehvclbl gchvnlrgyl w J}plmgh bj pvzjfl! bhcbj lbjnì}

bj mhcjvjcmgl} vjalmghclbl} mhc ja Z}h bj Bg}ph}grgyh} bj Lwzblplvl ja lmmj}h la hmgh! la jnpajh! l al hvnlmgýc! jrmçrjvl! }j mhcrýmhc zc j}plmgh bj pvzjfl bj Rjmchahkîl} plvl ah} l}g}rjcrj}#



666

Ah |zj }j pvjrjcbj j} |zj al} pvhpgl} pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblbylahvjc ja nlcjeh bj j}rh} bg}ph}grgyh} w |zj ah} jylaõjc jc rçvngch}bj lmmj}gfgagblb! lblprlfgagblb! z}lfgagblb! mhnplrgfgagblb mhc hrvl}rjmchahkîl} w bg}phcgfgagblb jc ja njvmlbh#

Al} mlrjkhvîl} |zj jcnlvml ja pvhwjmrh }hc5

. Lmmj}h la Hvbjclbhv

. Mhnzcgmlmgýc

. Mhcrvha bj jcrhvch

. ]g}rjnl} bj ]jkzvgblb

. Rjajnjbgmgcl

. Hmgh jajmrvýcgmh

. Yjdîmzah}

. ]gaal} jaçmrvgml}

. Hrvh}

Rhbl j}rl gchvnlmgýc }j vjlagul l rvlyç} bj zcl djvvlngjcrl gcrjvlmrgylbj bhmznjcrlmgýc(gchvnlmgýc }hfvj RGM} plvl z}zlvgh} w phrjcmglaj}z}zlvgh}# J}rl djvvlngjcrl mzjcrl lbjnì} bj gnlkjc el w rjtrh bj}.mvgprgyh! bj yîbjh# _hv ah rlcrh }j yj ja zcmghclngjcrh vjla bja bg}ph}g.rgyh! w ch }hah al lplvgjcmgl jtrjvcl! mhnh hmzvvj jc hrvh} mlrìahkh}#

_hvrla {jf }hfvj Rjmchahkîl} jc al YgblBglvgl! jcnlvmlbh bjcrvh bja pvhwjmrh{{{#l}plwnnlbvgb#gch(j.gcmaz}ghc

http://www.aspaymmadrid.info/e-inclusion

http://www.aspaymmadrid.info/e-inclusion



66=

Ah} pvhpgh} z}zlvgh} }hc ah} nhbjah} bzvlcrj al kvlflmgýc! mhc ja cbj phrjcmglv ja lpvjcbgulej jcrvj plvj}# Gkzlanjcrj! ah} pvhj}ghcl.aj} |zj rvlflelc jc ja mlnph bja bg}jüh! pvhbzmmgýc w lblprlmgýc bjj}rl} rjmchahkîl} }jvìc fjcjmglvgh} gcbgvjmrh} bj j}rl lmmgýc! pzj}hfrjcbvìc gchvnlmgýc bj pvgnjvl nlch |zj aj} pjvngrgvì njehvlv }z}

}jvygmgh}#Jc ja hmgh jajmrvýcgmh! bj}rlmlnh} al gnphvrlcmgl bja lmmj}h l ah}ygbjhezjkh} zrgagulbh} phv al phfalmgýc jc kjcjvla w ja z}h bj j}rh}mhnh plvrj gnphvrlcrj jc al vjdlfgagrlmgýc bj al} pjv}hcl} mhc bg}.mlplmgblb! l}î mhnh jc al gcmaz}gýc jc ja hmgh bgkgrla# Jc al} ehvclbl}plvrgmgplvhc jnpvj}l} mhnh ]hcw J}plül! mhc ja pvç}rlnh bj bh}mhc}hal} _alw ]rlrghc GGG w ylvgh} lmmj}hvgh}! jcrvj jaah} ja jwj.rhw wCgcrjcbh! mhc ja pvç}rlnh bj bh} mhc}hal} [gg mhc ylvgh} ezjkh}# Ah}z}zlvgh} w phrjcmglaj} z}zlvgh} pzbgjvhc mhnpvhflv jc rgjnph vjla}z z}h! l}î mhnh ezklv mhc hrvl} plvrgmgplcrj} bj al} ehvclbl}! rlcrhpjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb mhnh }g jaal# Ja jjb.flm` |zj ch} rvlc}.ngrgjvhc ah} plvrgmgplcrj}! j} |zj lzc|zj j} zc lylcmj jc nlrjvgl bjygbjhezjkh}! rhblyîl |zjbl nzmdh rvlfleh l vjlagulv plvl mhc}jkzgv jaz}h bj j}rh} bg}ph}grgyh} phv plvrj bj rhbh} ah} mgzblblch}#

Jcalmj} bj gcrjvç}

{{{#l}plwnnlbvgb#gch(jgcmaz}ghc

{{{#janzcbh#j}(janzcbh(6??4(?9(?:(}hagblvgblb(<6<699=294#drna

http://www.aspaymmadrid.info/einclusion

http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2008/06/05/solidaridad/1212663468.html

http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2008/06/05/solidaridad/1212663468.html

http://www.aspaymmadrid.info/einclusion



662

9#= Lphvrlmghcj} bja MVNIbj ]lalnlcml l rvlyç} bj

ehvclbl} hvnlrgyl} }hfvj

ygbjhezjkh} w }z plpjajc al} pjv}hcl} mhcbg}mlplmgblb#Mlvnjc Alumlch

MVNI bj ]lalnlcml{{{#mvn}lalnlcml#j}mvn#}lalnlcmlOgn}jv}h#j}

Ja MVNI bj ]lalnlcml! hvnl plvrj bj al Vjb bj Mjcrvh} bjVjmzpjvlmgýc bj pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb î}gml bjpjcbgjc.rj} bja Gn}jv}h! ]hc mjcrvh} bj ìnfgrh j}rlrla |zj plvrgjcbh

bj zc jch|zj gcrjkvlbh bj al vjdlfgagrlmgýc pvj}rlc zc mhcezcrh bj }jv.ygmgh} vjmzpjvlbhvj} bj mhcrjcgbh njbgmhzcmghcla! p}gmh.}hmgla w bjhvgjcrlmgýc w hvnlmgýc pvhj}ghcla w hmzplmghcla plvl pjv}hcl} mhcbg}mlplmgblb î}gml h }jc}hvgla jc jblb alfhvla# Bgmdh} }jvygmgh} }j hvj.mjc jc vçkgnjc bj gcrjvclbh h bj lrjcmgýc bgzvcl! bj lmzjvbh mhc al}mgvmzc}rlcmgl} pjv}hclaj} w cjmj}gblbj} j gcrjvj}j} bj ah} z}zlvgh}#

http://www.crmfsalamanca.es/

http://www.crmfsalamanca.es/



66:

Lphvrlmghcj} }hfvj al} ehvclbl} hvnlrgyl} vjlagulbl} jc jaMVNI bj ]lalnlcml jc vjalmgýc l al} RGM w ah} ygbjhezjkh}mhnh djvvlngjcrl bj j}plvmgngjcrh w hmgh jc al} pjv}hcl}

mhc bg}mlplmgblb# Mhc al hvklcgulmgýc bj j}rl} Ehvclbl} }j lclagulja j}rlbh bja lvrj! ah} lylcmj} w czjyh} pvhwjmrh}! pvhmzvlcbh blv

pl}h} bjcrvh bja mlnph bja hmgh jajmrvýcgmh w rvlc}ngrgv jtpjvgjcmgl}mhc al plvrgmgplmgýc bj jtpjvrh} jc ja bg}jüh! bj}lvvhaah gcrjvlmrgyh wmzarzvl bj ah} ygbjhezjkh}#

Jc ja MVNI bj ]lalnlcml }j vjlagulc cznjvh}l} Ehvclbl} l ah alvkhbja lüh! |zj lfhvblc rjnl} vjalmghclbh} mhc al Bg}mlplmgblb Lzbgrgyl!bj Vjmhchmgngjcrh Jnpvj}lvgla! Jnpajh w Bg}mlplmgblb! _vjngh}

_jvghbî}rgmh}! Mhcmgjvrh} Bgbìmrgmh} plvl _jv}hcl} mhc Bg}mlplmgblblzbgrgyl h Nzejv w Bg}mlplmgblb! jcrvj hrvh}#

Bjcrvh bj j}rj pvhkvlnl bj lmrgygblbj} }j dlc aajylbh l mlfh bgyjv}l} ehvclbl} jc al} |zj }j dl rvlrlbh bj pvhnhyjv al} RGM w ah} Ygbjhezjkh}mhnh djvvlngjcrl bj j}plvmgngjcrh w hmgh jc al} pjv}hcl} mhc bg}ml.plmgblb w mhnh zc jajnjcrh nì} bja bj}lvvhaah pjv}hcla#

Jc ja lüh 6??; }j gcgmgý al lcblbzvl bja MVNI mhc j}rj vjrh w allpzj}rl phv ja z}h bj al} rjmchahkîl} bj al gchvnlmgýc w bj al mhnz.

cgmlmgýc plvl al} pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb! gcrjcrlcbh aajklv l aljmlmgl jc }z z}h! mhc al Ijvgl bj al Vjlagblb Ygvrzla! Hmgh Jajmrvýcgmhw Bg}mlplmgblb |zj mhc}gkzgý lmjvmlv l nì} bj :??? pjv}hcl}! plvlmhchmjv w lpvhtgnlv}j l ah} lylcmj} rjmchaýkgmh}#

J}rl} ehvclbl} }j hvklcgulvhc l ah alvkh bj rvj} bîl} mhc zc pvhkvlnlw phcjcrj} jtpjvrh} jc }h{lvj bj hmgh! vjlagblb ygvrzla! palrlhvnlbj vjlagblb ygvrzla plvl ja bjphvrj w }hfvj pvhwjmrh} bj gcyj}rgklmgýcw bg}mlplmgblb! }gnzarlcjlcbh mhc }rlcb} w rlaajvj} plvl yg}grlcrj}#

]j rvlrlvhc rjnl} mhnh Hmgh w Bg}mlplmgblb $Mlvah} bj Ml}rvh! kvzphbj gcyj}rgklmgýc bj al Zcgyjv}gblb bj Mývbhfl JLRMH'0 bg}jüh bjygbjhezjkh} plvl nýygaj} $Dzkh Alcmdlvj}! Zc`l}hr'0 gcrjkvlmgýc bjal} bg}mlplmgblbj} $G}lfja Bîlu! Izcblmgýc plvl al Gcrjkvlmgýc bj al}Bg}mlplmgblbj}'0 lblprlmgýc bj ezjkh} l al Mzjyl Gcnjv}gyl $Eh}çNgkzja Vlnîvju! JIGRJ@'0 mhcrvha bj jcrhvch w mhnzcgmlmgýc $FhvelVhnjvh! F)E'0 mhcrvha bja hvbjclbhv mhc ja gvg} $_jbvh _lahnh! Gvg}mhn'!palrlhvnl bj vjlagblb ygvrzla plvl ja bjphvrj5 lpagmlmgýc ]nl}dFlaa $H}mlv Klvmîl! Gckjcgjvîl Nzargnjbgl Al ]laaj'0 Rjmchahkîl bj al

Bhmznjcrlmgýc lpagmlbl la _lrvgnhcgh $Bgjkh Khcuìaju! Kvzph RGBH_'0Rjajyg}gýc Bgkgrla j Gcrjkvlmgýc $Fjkhül Kýnju'0 _vhwjmrh gcrjvlmrgyj RY$Blcgja Hagyjvl' w Vhfhr phvrìrga bj l}g}rjcmgl $Lafjvrh Elvbýc'#



669

Jc j}rl jvgl plvrgmgplvhc l}gng}nh mhnh phcjcrj} Cgmhaì} Mhvrç}$AFK bj Mývbhfl'! Eh}ç Nlczja Luhvgc Lafgülcl $Izcblmgýc Yhblhcj'!Vgmlvbh Vhc $Kvzph Bglcl'! Blcgja Rlpgl} $Rjajýcgml Nhyg]rlv' w Vllja]ìcmdju $IVJJ'#

Jc ezcgh bj 6??7! }j vjlagulvhc hrvl} Ehvclbl} mhc ja rîrzah ‑Vjrh} bja

hmgh jajmrvýcgmh# ]z plpja jc al} pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb„#

Al mhcjvjcmgl gclzkzvla mhvvgý l mlvkh bj G}lfja Vzfgh! bj al Mìrjbvlbj Hmgh! Gcmaz}gýc w Bg}mlplmgblb bja Gc}rgrzrh bj J}rzbgh} bj Hmghbj al Zcgyjv}gblb bj Bjz}rh# Jc }z plvrgmgplmgýc ‑Ygbjhezjkh} w bg}.mlplmgblb# Ja vjrh bj al gcmaz}gýc„ lclaguý ah} j}mjclvgh}! ygbjhezjkh}w bg}mlplmgblb! ja z}h bj ah} ygbjhezjkh} jc al} pjv}hcl} mhc bg}ml.plmgblb! al gcmaz}gýc w }z} gnpagmlmghcj} w! clanjcrj! ah} vjrh} bj al

gcbz}rvgl bja ygbjhezjkh lcrj al gcmaz}gýc# L}gjv \zj}lbl! Bgvjmrhv bj Bjagvgzn ]rzbgh} jtpagmý lakzch} bj ah}rvlfleh} vjlagulbh} rlcrh jc Lbyjvklnj} h pzfagmgblb bjcrvh bj zcygbjhezjkh mhnh jc vjlagblb ygvrzla# Vlnýc Clvgl! pvj}gbjcrj bj al

L}hmglmgýc bj Bj}lvvhaalbhvj} bj Hmgh Gcrjvlmrgyh Bgkgrla $Bhgb'! jtpz}hal jyhazmgýc bja hmgh gcrjvlmrgyh bgkgrla jc j}rj mlnph jc ah} õargnh} lüh}jc J}plül# Ezlc Vlnýc Nlvrîc! bgvjmrhv bj VJYG]RVHCGM w ]jmvjrlvghKjcjvla bj al L}hmglmgýc J}plühal bj Jnpvj}l} Bj}lvvhaalbhvl} bjYgbjhezjkh} w ]hr{lvj bj jcrvjrjcgngjcrh $BJY' nh}rvý al} rjcbjc.

mgl} |zj j}rìc }gkzgjcbh ah} ygbjhezjkh} lmrzlaj} h jc bj}lvvhaah wbj}rlmý al gnphvrlcmgl |zj dlc lb|zgvgbh al} mhnzcgblbj} ygvrzlaj} lal dhvl bj }lmlv zc pvhbzmrh la njvmlbh#



66;

Gkclmgh Hrlahvl! bj al Mìnlvl bj Mhnjvgmgh bj Fgaflh! vj}larý ja }jmrhvbj ah} ygbjhezjkh} mhnh hphvrzcgblb w pvj}jcrý ja pvhwjmrh ‑Bgkg_jcJzvhpj Fgaflh„#

Al ehvclbl }j mhnpajrý mhc al} gcrjvyjcmghcj} bj Ngkzja bj Bgh}jc vjalmgýc l }hr{lvj w dlvb{lvj agfvj jc ygbjhezjkh}! Eh}ç Mlvah}

Ijvcìcbju l rvlyç} bj zcl ngvlbl mvîrgml l al vjlagblb bj al pvjc}lbj ygbjhezjkh} hc agcj jc J}plül! Elygjv Nlgvjcl! }hfvj ygbjhezjkh}lmmj}gfaj}! Lafjvrh ]ìcmdju mhc al jtpagmlmgýc bja ezjkh MGRG plvlpjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb gcrjajmrzla! Djvngcgh Nlvrîc lmjvml bj ah}ygbjhezjkh} lpagmlbh} la j.ajlvcgck! w Bgjkh Aýpju! mhc al pvj}jcrl.mgýc l rvlyç} bj ygbjhmhcjvjcmgl bja ezjkh Bhz}#

J}rl ehvclbl j}rzyh lmhnplülbl bj zc rlaajv bj ygbjhezjkh} jc ja |zj}j lclaguý ja j}rlbh bj ah} ygbjhezjkh} w }z nlcjeh phv pjv}hcl} mhc

bg}mlplmgblb î}gml w(h }jc}hvgla# ]j zrgagulvhc ezjkh} plvl _M w plvlmhc}hal} bj nlvml} pvj}jcrj} jc ja njvmlbh mhnh [gg! _alw ]rlrghc =w Tfht =9?#

Jcalmj} bj gcrjvç}

{{{#bjy#hvk{{{#vjyg}rvhcgm#mhn

{{{#hmgh#bjz}rh#j}

http://www.dev.org/

http://www.revistronic.com/



http://www.revistronic.com/

http://www.dev.org/



664

9#2Fahk Ygbjhezjkh} Lmmj}gfaj}#

Elygjv Nlgvjcl

Lmmj}}Lfaj Klnj}{{{#Lmmj}}LfajKlnj}#mhn

enlgvjclOlmmj}}lfajklnj}#mhn

Lmmj}}Lfaj Klnj}5 Bj}lvvhaah w mhc}zarhvîl

bj lmmj}gfgagblb jc ygbjhezjkh}#





667

Zch bj ah} kvlcbj} pvhfajnl} |zj ch} jcmhcrvlnh} jc lmmj.}gfgagblb jc ygbjhezjkh} j} ja kvlc bj}mhchmgngjcrh bj al}ph}gfgagblbj} jtg}rjcrj} lmrzlanjcrj w al} czjyl} |zj }j pzj.

bjc mvjlv# Ja fahk Ygbjhezjkh} Lmmj}gfaj} bgzcbj gchvnlmgýc }hfvjjyjcrh} vjalmghclbh} mhc al lmmj}gfgagblb jc ygbjhezjkh}! j}rzbgh}!

lylcmj} w lclagul al lmmj}gfgagblb bj lakzch} ezjkh} w bg}ph}grgyh} bj ezjkh lmrzlaj}#

Ja hfejrgyh bja fahk Ygbjhezjkh} Lmmj}gfaj} j} al bgz}gýc bj al lmmj}g.fgagblb jc ygbjhezjkh}! bgvgkgbh rlcrh l pvhj}ghclaj} mhnh l z}zlvgh}#

Kvlmgl} l lakzch} bj ah} lvrîmzah} |zj }j pzfagmlc ah} ezklbhvj} pzj.bjc mhchmjv al} ph}gfgagblbj} lmrzlaj} jc mzlcrh l lmmj}gfgagblb wl

|zj! lzc|zj }hc phmh} rhblyîl! jtg}rjc ezjkh} mhc bg}jüh w hpmghcj}j}pjmglaj} pjc}lbl} plvl njehvlv }z lmmj}gfgagblb! }hr{lvj lbgmghclamhc ja |zj njehvlv al lmmj}gfgagblb bj zc ezjkh w bg}ph}grgyh} bj mhc.rvha mhc bg}jüh} |zj blc al ph}gfgagblb bj ezklv l nì} pjv}hcl}#

Rlnfgçc }j vjmhkjc }hazmghcj} czjyl} gbjlbl} }hfvj ezjkh} h bg}ph.}grgyh} ch lmmj}gfaj} phv|zj! lzc|zj al nlwhvîl bj ah} ezjkh} ch }jlclmmj}gfaj}! l yjmj} mhc gnlkgclmgýc }j pzjbj dlmjv |zj ah }jlc zcphmh nì}#

_lvl bj}lvvhaalbhvj} bj ygbjhezjkh} w lfvgmlcrj} bj bg}ph}grgyh}pzjbj }jvygv mhnh zjcrj bj gbjl} plvl njehvlv al lmmj}gfgagblb bj}z} pvhbzmrh}0 w plvl nçbgmh}! rjvlpjzrl}! p}gmýahkh}… pzjbj }jvygv



6=?

mhnh pzcrh bj gchvnlmgýc }hfvj jyjcrh} mjajfvlbh} }hfvj j}rl rjnì.rgml! j}rzbgh}! lylcmj} w czjyh} z}h} jc njbgmgcl! rjvlpgl! vjdlfgagrl.mgýc w bglkcý}rgmh#

Mhnh nzj}rvl bja mhcrjcgbh |zj }j rvlrl jc ja fahk! l mhcrgczlmgýc}j jcznjvlc ah} rîrzah} bj ah} õargnh} bgju lvrîmzah} pzfagmlbh} jc ja

nhnjcrh bj al vjblmmgýc bj j}rl pzfagmlmgýc5» Lcìag}g}5 _hvrla 6

» L_LN Klnj}! Ezjkh} }gc flvvjvl}

» YG Igr! ezjkh} plvl [ggnhrj }gc yjv

» J}rlbî}rgml} bj z}h bj lmmj}gfgagblb jc Lrvlmrhvj}

» Zcgyjv}gblb w Lmmj}gfgagblb jc Ygbjhezjkh}

» Ehvclbl} ‑Fleh Mh}rj 6?<<„

» _gcclmaj Klnj _vhajv plvl vj}hayjv pvhfajnl} bj lmmj}gfgagblb

» Yg`gck =9?! klnjplb mhc nlmvh}

» VLR 7! vlrýc pjv}hclagulfaj jc pj}h w hvnl

» ]rvjjr Igkdrjv GY mhc mhcrvha }gnpagmlbh

Ja fahk j}rì lfgjvrh l al pzfagmlmgýc bj czjyl} chrgmgl} vjalmghclbl}mhc j}rl rjnìrgml! phv ah |zj }j lpvhyjmdl j}rl pzfagmlmgýc plvl gcyg.

rlv l rhbh} ah} gcrjvj}lbh} l nlcblv gchvnlmgýc }hfvj mzla|zgjv pvh.wjmrh h jyjcrh vjalmghclbh mhc al lmmj}gfgagblb jc ygbjhezjkh} la lzrhvbj j}rj lvrîmzah#

Ja fahk }j pzjbj }jkzgv bj al} }gkzgjcrj} nlcjvl}5

» [jf5 drrp5(({{{#ygbjhezjkh}lmmj}gfaj}#j}

» IlmjFhh`5 drrp5(({{{#lmjfhh`#mhn(Ygbjhezjkh}Lmmj}gfaj}

» V]]5 drrp5((jjb}#jjbfzvcjv#mhn(ygbjhezjkh}lmmj}gfaj}

» Mhvvjh jaçmrvýcgmh5 ]z}mvgpmgýc jc al {jf! mhazncl bj al bjvjmdl#

http://www.videojuegosaccesibles.es/

http://www.facebook.com/VideojuegosAccesibles

http://feeds.feedburner.com/videojuegosaccesibles

http://feeds.feedburner.com/videojuegosaccesibles

http://www.facebook.com/VideojuegosAccesibles




6=<

9#:Bgvjmrhvgh bj jcalmj}õrgaj} vjalmghclbh}mhc al lmmj}gfgagblb

jc ygbjhezjkh}#Mlvnj Nlckgvhc

Kvzph bj gcyj}rgklmgýc Rvlc}njbgl MlrlahcglMjcrvh bj Lmmj}gfgagblb j Gcrjagkjcmgl Lnfgjcrla bj

Mlrlazül $MLGLM'Zcgyjv}grlr Lzröchnl bj Flvmjahcldrrp5((mlglm#zlf#mlrmlvnj#nlckgvhcOzlf#mlr

Rvlc}njbgl Mlrlahcgl j} zc kvzph bj gcyj}rgklmgýc zcgyjv}grlvghbj al Zcgyjv}gblb Lzröchnl bj Flvmjahcl! lb}mvgrh la Mjcrvhbj Lmmj}gfgabrlb j Gcrjagkjcmgl Lnfgjcrla bj Mlrlazcwl $MLGLM'

w la Bjplvrlnjcrh bj Rvlbzmmgýc w bj Gcrjvpvjrlmgýc! agbjvlbh phv alBvl# _galv Hvjvh# Rvlc}Njbgl Mlrlahcgl j}rzbgl bgyjv}h} l}pjmrh} bj alrvlbzmmgýc lzbghyg}zla $bhfalej! }zfrgrzalbh! yhgmj hyjv! jrm#' w bj al lmmj.}gfgagblb lzbghyg}zla $}zfrgrzalbh plvl }hvbh}! lzbghbj}mvgpmgýc! }zfrgrz.albh njbglcrj ja vjmhchmgngjcrh bja dlfal'# ]j rvlrl bj zc kvzph mhc.}hagblbh mhc clcmglmgýc bj al Kjcjvlagrlr bj Mlrlazcwl $6??7]KV;??'#

Jc }jrgjnfvj bja lüh 6??7 Rvlc}njbgl Mlrlahcgl lülbgý al lmmj}gfgagblbjc ygbjhezjkh} l }z} aîcjl} bj gcyj}rgklmgýc kvlmgl} l al hfrjcmgýc bjzcl fjml ph}rbhmrhvla bj bh} lüh} Fjlrvgz bj _gcý} phv plvrj bj al Bvl#

Mlvnjc Nlckgvhc# Bj}bj jcrhcmj} dl j}rlbh gcyj}rgklcbh ja j}rlbhbj al mzj}rgýc jc lmmj}gfgagblb l ygbjhezjkh} w nì} j}pjmîmlnjcrj allmmj}gfgagblb plvl ezklbhvj} mhc bgyjv}gblb zcmghcla lzbgrgyl#





6=6

Jc j}rl} pìkgcl} }j hvjmj zcl mhnpgalmgýc bj vjmzv}h} jajm.rvýcgmh} vjalmghclbh} mhc al lmmj}gfgagblb l ygbjhezjkh}5 ag}rlbj al GKBL! fahk}! pìkgcl} }hmglaj} j}pjmglagulbl}! pìkgcl}

plvl bj}mlvklv h lb|zgvgv ezjkh} lmmj}gfaj}! jrm#! bj hvnl |zj l|zj.aah} z}zlvgh} gcrjvj}lbh} pzjblc lnpaglv gchvnlmgýc! }z}mvgfgv}j l

pìkgcl} j}pjmglagulbl}! jrm#

Bgvjmrhvgh

Jtg}rjc bg}rgcrh} }grgh} {jf} j}pjmglagulbh} |zj pvhphvmghclc gchvnl.mgýc }hfvj ja kvlbh bj lmmj}gfgagblb bj ah} ezjkh} bg}phcgfaj} jc janjvmlbh! ja z}h bj rjmchahkîl lblprlrgyl! lylcmj} jc ja mlnph! jrm#Ah} z}zlvgh} pzjbjc vjkg}rvlv}j w plvrgmgplv jc ah} hvh}! mhnplvrgvhrh} w yîbjh}! jrm# Rlnfgçc jtg}rjc bgyjv}l} pìkgcl} bj}bj al} |zj }jpzjbjc bj}mlvklv ezjkh} lmmj}gfaj}# L mhcrgczlmgýc pvhphvmghclnh}lakzch} jejnpah} }gkcgmlrgyh}! lzc|zj al ag}rl ch j} jtdlz}rgyl w ch}bg}mzaplnh} phv mzla|zgjv hng}gýc5

Fahk} w pìkgcl} j}pjmglagulbl}

LfajKlnjv}

]grgh {jf bj al zcblmgýc LfajKlnjv} |zj mhcrgjcj gchvnlmgýc! vj}j.ül} bj ygbjhezjkh}! hvh} bj bg}mz}gýc w zcmghcl mhnh vjb }hmglaplvl lmghclbh} l ah} ygbjhezjkh} mhc bgyjv}gblb zcmghcla#

drrp5(({{{#lfajklnjv}#mhn(

Lmmj}gfaj KlnjFl}j

_ìkgcl {jf bj al hvklcgulmgýc bj fjcjmjcmgl ]pjmgla Jjmr! mzwhhfejrgyh j} lwzblv l rhbh} ah} eýyjcj} mhc bgyjv}gblb zcmghcla l bg}.vzrlv bj ah} ygbjhezjkh}# Mhcrgjcj gchvnlmgýc }hfvj ja kvlbh bjlmmj}gfgagblb bj ezjkh} jtg}rjcrj}! kvzph} w hvh} bj bg}mz}gýc! gchv.nlmgýc }hfvj lmhcrjmgngjcrh} vjajylcrj}! jrm#

drrp5(({{{#klnjfl}j#gch(

L}}g}rgyj Klngck

]grgh |zj mhcrgjcj vj}jül} w lvrîmzah} bj ezklbhvj} mhc bgyjv}gblb zc.mghcla |zj jnpajlc rjmchahkîl lblprlrgyl plvl ezklv#

drrp5(({{{#l}}g}rgyjklngck#mhn(


http://www.gamebase.info/

http://www.assistivegaming.com/

http://www.assistivegaming.com/

http://www.gamebase.info/




6==

Fagcb Mhnpzrjv Klnj}

_ìkgcl {jf |zj hvjmj plzrl} plvl bj}lvvhaalbhvj} plvl bg}jülvygbjhezjkh} lmmmj}gfaj}! l}î mhnh gchvnlmgýc }hfvj }grgh} jc ah} |zj}j pzjbjc bj}mlvklv ygbjhezjkh} plvl ezklbhvj} mgjkh}#

drrp5((fagcbmhnpzrjvklnj}#mhn(

Bjl Klnjv}

]grgh {jf jc ja |zj }j dlmjc vj}jül} w }j jylaõlc ah} ezjkh} mhnjv.mglaj} bj}bj ja pzcrh bj yg}rl bj al lmmj}gfgagblb plvl ah} ezklbhvj}}hvbh}#

drrp5(({{{#bjlklnjv}#mhn

Klnl}zrvl

Al vjyg}rl jajmrvýcgml bgvgkgbl l ah} pvhj}ghclaj} bj al gcbz}rvgl bjah} ygbjhezjkh} pzfagml hml}ghclanjcrj lvrîmzah} vjalmghclbh} mhc allmmj}gfgagblb#

drrp5(({{{#klnl}zrvl#mhn(

Klnj Lmmj}}gfgagrw

_ìkgcl {jf bj zc pvhwjmrh bj gcyj}rgklmgýc }hfvjal lmmj}gfgagblb jc

ygbjhezjkh} clcmglbh phv al C]K@ $Izcblmgýc Dhalcbj}l plvl ah}Cgüh} Bg}mlplmgrlbh}' w ja flcmh ]C]# ]z hfejrgyh mhc}g}rj jc gchv.nlv l ah} ezklbhvj} mhc bgyjv}gblb zcmghcla }hfvj ezjkh} lmmj}gfaj} wplvl pvhphvmghclv gchvnlmgýc l bj}lvvhaalbhvj}! jbgrhvj} j gcyj}rgkl.bhvj} }hfvj j}rj rjnl plvl hnjcrlv al lmmj}gfgagblb jc ygbjhezjkh}#

drrp5(({{{#lmmj}}gfgagrw#ca(klnj}(

GKBL Klnj Lmmj}}gfgagrw ]GK

_ìkgcl bja kvzph bj gcrjvç} j}pjmgla $]pjmgla Gcrjvj}r Kvhzp! ]GK' }hfvjlmmj}gfgagblb jc ygbjhezjkh} bj al Gcrjvclrghcla Klnj Bjyjahpjv}

L}}hmglrghc# ]z hfejrgyh j} mhcrvgfzgv la bj}lvvhaah bj ezjkh} zcgyjv.}lanjcrj lmmj}gfaj}! gcbjpjcbgjcrjnjcrj bj al} mlplmgblbj} bj mlblgcbgygbzh# _vhphvmghclc gchvnlmgýc }hfvj lmmj}gfgagblb l bj}lvvhaal.bhvj}! lmlbçngmh}! jnpvj}l} w rgjcjc zcl ag}rl bj bg}rvgfzmgýc nzwlmrgyl jc al |zj }j bjflrjc rhbh rgph bj mzj}rghcj} vjalmghclbl} mhcal lmmj}gfgagblb jc ygbjhezjkh}#

drrp5((gkbl.kl}gk#hvk(

http://blindcomputergames.com/

http://www.deafgamers.com/

http://www.gamasutra.com/

http://www.accessibility.nl/games/



http://www.accessibility.nl/games/

http://www.gamasutra.com/

http://www.deafgamers.com/

http://blindcomputergames.com/



6=2

ZL.Klnj} $Zcgyjv}laaw lmmj}}gfaj klnj}'

_ìkgcl bja alfhvlrhvgh bj gcrjvlmmgýc pjv}hcl ” hvbjclbhv bja Gc}rgrzrjhv Mhnpzrjv ]mgjcmj.IHVRD jc Djaal}! Kvjmgl# _vhphvmghclc gchv.nlmgýc }hfvj ja bg}jüh zcgyjv}la bj ygbjhezjkh} w hvjmjc al bj}.mlvkl bj mzlrvh ezjkh}# Rvj} bj jaah} }hc zcgyjv}lanjcrj lmmj}gfaj}5

ZL.Mdj}}! Lmmj}} Gcylbjv} w Rjvvj}rvgla Gcylbjv}# Ja mzlvrh j} ja pvg.njv ezjkh zcgyjv}lanjcrj gclmmj}gfaj! |zj yghal rhbl} al} vjkal} bjabg}jüh lmmj}gfaj w zj bj}lvvhaalbh mhc ja hfejrgyh bj mhcmgjcmglv l ah}bj}lvvhaalbhvj} bj ygbjhezjkh} bj al gnphvrlcmgl bja bg}jüh lmmj}gfaj#

drrp5(({{{#gm}#hvrd#kv(dmg(zl.klnj}(gcbjtXnlgc#pdp8a>j)m>:::

Ygbjhezjkh} lmmj}gfaj}

Fahk jc j}plüha mzwl clagblb j} bgzcbgv chrgmgl} vjalmghclbl} mhc ah}

ygbjhezjkh} lmmj}gfaj}! mhnh al mjajfvlmgýc bj jyjcrh}! czjyl} rçm.cgml} bj lmmj}gfgagblb! vj}jül} }hfvj ezjkh} jtg}rjcrj}! jrm# Lbjnì}mhcrgjcj jcalmj} l hrvl} pìkgcl} bj gcrjvç} w lakzch} bhmznjcrh}vjalmghclbh} mhc al lmmj}gfgagblb# Mzjcrl mhc ja lphwh bja Mjcrvh bjvjjvjcmgl J}rlrla bj Lzrhchnîl _jv}hcla w Lwzbl} Rçmcgml} $MJL_LR'#

drrp5(({{{#ygbjhezjkh}lmmj}gfaj}#j}(

_ìkgcl} mhc ezjkh} lmmj}gfaj} h }hfvj lmmj}gfgagblb

Clchklnj}

_ìkgcl |zj mhcrgjcj ezjkh} mhnjvmglaj} plvl _M lmmj}gfaj} plvl ezkl.bhvj} bj bg}rgcrl} jblbj} w rgph} bj bgyjv}gblb zcmghcla#

drrp5(({{{#clchklnj}#mhn(

;.<64 ]hr{lvj

Bj}lvvhaalbhv gcbjpjcbgjcrj bj ygbjhezjkh} kvlrzgrh} mhnjvmglaj}

lmmj}gfaj} plvl _M! bj ah} mzlaj} lakzch} }hc lmmj}gfaj} plvl ezkl.bhvj} mgjkh}! plvl ezklbhvj} mhc nhfgagblb vjbzmgbl w plvl ezklbhvj}mhc bgyjv}gblb zcmghcla mhkcgrgyl#

drrp5(({{{#;<64#mhn(

http://www.ics.forth.gr/hci/ua-games/index_main.php?l=e&c=555


http://www.nanogames.com/

http://www.7128.com/

http://www.7128.com/

http://www.nanogames.com/


http://www.ics.forth.gr/hci/ua-games/index_main.php?l=e&c=555



6=:

Ezjkh} lmmj}gfaj} plvl ezklbhvj} mhc bgyjv}gblb zc.mghcla yg}zla

Lzbgh Klnj}

_ìkgcl {jf j}pjmglagulbl jc ezjkh} fl}lbh} jc lzbgh! j} bjmgv! alnjmìcgml bj ezjkh }j fl}l jtmaz}gylnjcrj jc ja }hcgbh# J}rj rgph bj

ezjkh} j}rìc bgvgkgbh} pvgcmgplanjcrj l ah} ezklbhvj} mgjkh}#

drrp5(({{{#lzbghklnj}#cjr

Lzbghezjkh}

_ìkgcl |zj mhcrgjcj jcalmj} l ezjkh} fl}lbh} õcgmlnjcrj jc lzbgh!|zj }j pzjbjc bj}mlvklv kvlrzgrlnjcrj#

drrp5(({{{#lzbghezjkh}#cjr(

LzbgHbg}}jw

Ezjkh jtpjvgnjcrla bj nõ}gml w vgrnh plvl ezklbhvj} mhc yg}gýc h mhcbgyjv}gblb zcmghcla yg}zla#

drrp5((klnfgr#ngr#jbz(ahlbklnj(lzbghbw}}jw#pdp

Mjcrvh bj vjmzv}h} jbzmlrgyh} bj al HCMJ

Mhcrgjcj zcl }jmmgýc bj ezjkh} plvl cgüh} mgjkh} h mhc phml yg}gýcbj jbzmlmgýc gclcrga w pvgnlvgl#

drrp5((jbzmlmghc#hcmj#j}(dhnj#mn8gb><=?)cgyja>6)hvbjc>6

Mjcrvh bj Gcyj}rgklmgýc! Bj}lvvhaah w Lpagmlmgýc Rgihrçmcgml bjal HCMJ

Lmrzlanjcrj mhcrgjcj 9: ezjkh} lmmj}gfaj} plvl ezklbhvj} mhc bgyjv.}gblb zcmghcla yg}zla#

drrp5((mgblr#hcmj#j}(dhnj#mn8jtmjpmghc>:<)}jmmghc><=

@grmdjc} Gcm#

Mhcrgjcj ezjkh} bj lzbgh bj}mlvklfaj} kvlrzgrlnjcrj#

drrp5(({{{#`grmdjc}gcm#cjr(

Cgja} Flzjv}

Bj}lvvhaalbhv gcbjpjcbgjcrj bj ygbjhezjkh} mhnjvmglaj} plvl _M

lmmj}gfaj} plvl ezklbhvj} mgjkh}#drrp5(({{{#cgja}flzjvklnj}#mhn(

http://www.audiogames.net/


http://gambit.mit.edu/loadgame/audiodyssey.php


http://cidat.once.es/home.cfm?excepcion=51&seccion=13

http://www.kitchensinc.net/

http://www.nielsbauergames.com/

http://www.nielsbauergames.com/

http://www.kitchensinc.net/

http://cidat.once.es/home.cfm?excepcion=51&seccion=13


http://gambit.mit.edu/loadgame/audiodyssey.php


http://www.audiogames.net/



6=9

]phhcfgaa ]hr{lvj

Mhcrgjcj ezjkh} bj lzbgh bj}mlvklfaj} kvlrzgrlnjcrj#

drrp5(({{{#}phhcfgaa}hr{lvj#mhn#lz(fagcbklnjv}#drn

Rjvvlhvnjv}

Ezjkh bj lmmgýc w lyjcrzvl |zj }j pzjbj ezklv rlcrh jc nhbh yg}zlamhnh jc nhbh lzbgh jc ja |zj ja ezklbhv nlcjel zcl j}rvzmrzvl vhfh.rgulbl |zj aj pjvngrj jtpahvlv jc rjvvjch} gclmmj}gfaj} plvl mhahcgulvhrvh} palcjrl}! mzjcrl mhc zc }g}rjnl bj kzîl phv njbglcrj }hcgbh jc=B! zc }hclv w zc }g}rjnl K_]# Ja ezklbhv bjfj z}lv lvnl} bj zjkh!vj}hayjv pzuuaj} bj }hcgbh! jrm#

drrp5((rjvvlhvnjv}#cz(

Ezjkh} lmmj}gfaj} plvl ezklbhvj} mhc bgyjv}gblb zc.mghcla mhkcgrgyl

Izcblmgýc Hvlckj

Bh} bj }z} pvhwjmrh} mhc}g}rjc jc ezjkh} plvl ezklbhvj} mhc bgyjv}g.blb zcmghcla mhkcgrgyl $MGRG' h }îcbvhnj bj Bh{c $Azml} w ja ml}h bjamzlbvh vhflbh'#

drrp5((zcblmghchvlckj#j}(zcblmghchvlckj(pvhwjmrh}#drna[dgu`gbklnj}

_hvrla bj ezjkh} hcagcj kvlrzgrh} bg}jülbh} plvl cgüh} mhc lzrg}nh#

drrp5(({{{#{dgu`gbklnj}#mhn(

Ezjkh} lmmj}gfaj} plvl ezklbhvj} mhc bgyjv}gblb zc.mghcla nhrhvl

Hcj ]{grmd

_ìkgcl |zj pvhphvmghcl gchvnlmgýc }hfvj rjmchahkîl lblprlrgyl plvlygbjhezjkh} w }hfvj ezjkh} lmmj}gfaj}! lvrîmzah}! chrgmgl} vjalmghclbl}mhc al lmmj}gfgagblb w jcalmj} l ezjkh} lmmj}gfaj}! jcrvj hrvh}#

drrp5(({{{#hcj}{grmd#hvk#z`

Djap @gbu Ajlvc

_ìkgcl |zj mhcrgjcj ezjkh} jc aîcjl plvl cgüh} |zj }j pzjbjc ezklvmhc zcl }hal rjmal#

drrp5(({{{#djap`gbuajlvc#mhn(

http://www.spoonbillsoftware.com.au/blindgamers.htm

http://terraformers.nu/

http://fundacionorange.es/fundacionorange/proyectos.html

http://www.whizkidgames.com/

http://www.oneswitch.org.uk/

http://www.helpkidzlearn.com/

http://www.helpkidzlearn.com/

http://www.oneswitch.org.uk/

http://www.whizkidgames.com/

http://fundacionorange.es/fundacionorange/proyectos.html

http://terraformers.nu/

http://www.spoonbillsoftware.com.au/blindgamers.htm



6=;

Ezbw Awcc

Ezjkh} mhnjvmglaj} jbzmlrgyh} bj zc fhrýc#

drrp5(({{{#ezbwawcc#mhn(pvhkXbj}m#pdp8_VHKXCZN><<:

Ezjkh} jbzmlrgyh} plvl mhcmgjcmglv }hfvj al bgyjv}g.blb zcmghcla

Gvjbgl

Ja }jmvjrh bj Lrvln5 ezjkh bg}jülbh plvl jc}jülv l ah} cgüh} hwjcrj}jc |zç mhc}g}rj al }hvbjvl! |zç j} ja ajckzlej bj }gkch}! |zç }hc ah}gnpalcrj} mhmajlvj}! jrm# J}rì bg}phcgfaj plvl _M w Tfht Agyj#

drrp5(({{{#gvjbgl#j}(gvjbgl#drna

http://www.judylynn.com/prog_desc.php?PROG_NUM=115

http://www.iredia.es/iredia.html

http://www.iredia.es/iredia.html

http://www.judylynn.com/prog_desc.php?PROG_NUM=115



6=4

Kah}lvgh Lmmj}gfgagblb zcgyjv}la5 Mhcbgmgýc |zj bjfjc mznpagv ah} jcrhvch}!pvhmj}h}! fgjcj}! pvhbzmrh} w }jvygmgh}! l}î mhnh ah} hfejrh} h gc}rvz.njcrh}! djvvlngjcrl} w bg}ph}grgyh}! plvl }jv mhnpvjc}gfaj}! zrgagul.

faj} w pvlmrgmlfaj} phv rhbl} al} pjv}hcl} jc mhcbgmghcj} bj }jkzvg.blb w mhnhbgblb w bj al hvnl nì} lzrýchnl w clrzvla ph}gfaj#

Lmmj}gfgagblb jc ygbjhezjkh}5 Ja Klnj Lmmj}}gfgagrw ]pjmgla Gcrjvj}rKvhzp $KL.]GK' bj al Gcrjvclrghcla Klnj Bjyjahpjv} L}}hmglrghc $GKBL'bjcj al lmmj}gfgagblb jc ygbjhezjkh} mhnh al dlfgagblb bj ezklv l zc

ezjkh gcmaz}h fleh mhcbgmghcj} vj}rvgmrgyl}! wl }jlc agngrlmghcj} zc.mghclaj} h bg}mlplmgblbj}! phv jejnpah! }jc}hvglaj} h nhrhvl} $Klnj

Lmmj}}gfgagrw ]GK5 6??2'#

Ilmgagblb plvl ezklv l zc ezjkh! gcmaz}h jc mhcbgmghcj} agngrlbl}! }gc|zj mhc jaal} ja z}zlvgh pjvmgfl zcl vjbzmmgýc bj al ezklfgagblb hfrj.cgbl phv ja ezjkh#

Lmrgygblbj} Fì}gml} bj al Ygbl Bglvgl $LFYB'5 Jc al Ajw bj pvhnh.mgýc bj al lzrhchnîl pjv}hcla w lrjcmgýc l al} pjv}hcl} jc }grzlmgýcbj bjpjcbjcmgl }j j}rlfajmj |zj }hc5 ‑al} rlvjl} nì} jajnjcrlaj} bjal pjv}hcl! |zj aj pjvngrjc bj}jcyhayjv}j mhc zc nîcgnh bj lzrhch.nîl j gcbjpjcbjcmgl! rlaj} mhnh5 ja mzgblbh pjv}hcla! al} lmrgygblbj}bhnç}rgml} fì}gml}! al nhygagblb j}jcmgla! vjmhchmjv pjv}hcl} w hfej.

rh}! hvgjcrlv}j! jcrjcbjv w jejmzrlv ývbjcj} h rlvjl} }jcmgaal}„# Lmrgygblbj} gc}rvznjcrlaj} bj al ygbl bglvgl5 ]hc lmrgygblbj} nì}mhnpajel} |zj al} LFYB! w }z vjlagulmgýc vj|zgjvj bj zc nlwhv cgyjabj lzrhchnîl pjv}hcla# ]j l}hmglc l rlvjl} |zj gnpagmlc al mlplmg.blb bj rhnlv bjmg}ghcj} j gnpagmlc gcrjvlmmghcj} nì} bgîmgaj} mhc janjbgh# Jc j}rl mlrjkhvîl }j gcmazwjc rlvjl} bhnç}rgml}! bj nhygagblb!bj lbngcg}rvlmgýc bja dhklv w bj al pvhpgjblb#

Lmrgygblb î}gml5 Rhbh nhygngjcrh mhvphvla pvhbzmgbh phv ja lplvlrh

ahmhnhrhv mhc kl}rh bj jcjvkîl# Lbyjvklngck5 Bja gckaç} lbyjvrg}gck w klnj! j} al pvìmrgml bj z}lvygbjhezjkh} plvl pzfagmgrlv zcl nlvml! pvhbzmrh! hvklcgulmgýc h gbjl#



6=7

Lpagmlmgýc bgvgkgbl5 Lpagmlmgýc |zj gnpajnjcrl rhbh} ah} jajnjcrh}cjmj}lvgh} plvl |zj zcl pjv}hcl mhc bg}mlplmgblb yg}zla pzjbl gcrj.vlmrzlv mhc al ng}nl }gc cjmj}gblb bj zrgagulv zc vjyg}hv bj plcrlaal#Al gchvnlmgýc }j pvhphvmghcl njbglcrj yhu w(h fvlgaaj bjpjcbgjcbhbj ah} ml}h}#

Lzbghezjkh5 Ezjkh jajmrvýcgmh jc ja |zj ja }g}rjnl bj vjlagnjcrlmgýcj} lzbgrgyh#

Lzbghbj}mvgpmgýc5 _vhmjbgngjcrh phv ja |zj }j lmgagrl ja lmmj}h bjal} pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb l nlrjvgla lzbghyg}zla $rjajyg}gýc! mgcj!ygbjhezjkh}…'# Mhc}g}rj jc gchvnlmgýc }hchvl }zpajnjcrlvgl }hfvjah} jajnjcrh} yg}zlaj} h }grzlmghclaj} l ah} |zj al} pjv}hcl} mgjkl} hmhc flel yg}gýc ch pzjbjc rjcjv lmmj}h#

Lzrhmzgblbh5 Mzgblbh pjv}hcla |zj }j vjlagul al pjv}hcl l }î ng}nl!

jcrjcbgbh mhnh alylv}j w }jmlv}j! ja mzgblbh bja mzjvph w plvrj} bjamzjvph! yj}rgv}j! mhnjv w fjfjv! w mzgblv bj al pvhpgl }lazb#

Lzrhchnîl5 Mlplmgblb bj mhcrvhalv! lvhcrlv w rhnlv! phv pvhpgl gcg.mglrgyl! bjmg}ghcj} pjv}hclaj} lmjvml bj mýnh ygygv bj lmzjvbh mhc al}chvnl} w pvjjvjcmgl} pvhpgl} l}î mhnh bj bj}lvvhaalv al} lmrgygblbj}fì}gml} bj al ygbl bglvgl#

Lylrlv5 Vjpvj}jcrlmgýc kvìml! kjcjvlanjcrj dznlcl! |zj }j l}hmgll zc z}zlvgh plvl }z gbjcrgmlmgýc# Ah} lylrlvj} pzjbjc }jv hrhkvlîl}

h bgfzeh} lvrî}rgmh}! w lakzcl} rjmchahkîl} pjvngrjc ja z}h bj vjpvj}jc.rlmghcj} rvgbgnjc}ghclaj}#

Flvvjvl}5 Ilmrhvj} jc ja jcrhvch bj zcl pjv}hcl |zj! mzlcbh j}rìcpvj}jcrj} h lz}jcrj}! agngrlc ja zcmghclngjcrh w kjcjvlc bg}mlpl.mgblb# Jcrvj jaah} }j gcmazwjc l}pjmrh} rlaj} mhnh |zj ja lnfgjcrjî}gmh }jl gclmmj}gfaj! larl bj rjmchahkîl l}g}rjcmgla lbjmzlbl! lmrgrz.bj} cjklrgyl} bj al phfalmgýc vj}pjmrh l al bg}mlplmgblb! w rlnfgçcah} }jvygmgh}! }g}rjnl} w phaîrgml} |zj h fgjc ch jtg}rjc h bgmzarlc alplvrgmgplmgýc bj al} pjv}hcl} mhc zcl mhcbgmgýc bj }lazb jc rhbl} al}ìvjl} bj al ygbl#Fgphalv Albbjvgck $FAL'5 Njrhbhahkîl |zj ch} pjvngrj vjlagulv zcj}rzbgh mzlagrlrgyh w hfrjcjv bjcgmghcj} }zrgaj} lmjvml bj ah} pzcrh}zjvrj} w bçfgaj} bj zc pvhbzmrh h mhcmjprh l plvrgv bj al jtpjvgjcmglbj z}zlvgh# J}rl rçmcgml }j vjlagul l plvrgv bj zc hvnlrh bj jcrvjyg}rl}}hmvìrgml} njbglcrj al} mzlaj} }j jtpahvl al vjalmgýc z}zlvgh.pvhbzmrhw }j bjcjc al} mlvlmrjvî}rgml} mhcmvjrl} |zj ljmrlc l ah} j}rlbh}jnhmghclaj} $vz}rvlmgýc! }lrg}lmmgýc! nhrgylmgýc! jrm#' |zj ja pvh.

bzmrh pvhyhml la z}zlvgh# Al lpagmlmgýc bja nçrhbh FAL }j vjlagul mhczc }hazmghclvgh vjalmghclbh mhc ah} pvhfajnl} |zj }j dlwlc bjrjm.rlbh bzvlcrj al l}j bj bjcgmgýc# Bj j}rj nhbh! pjvngrj lclagulv al}



62?

}grzlmghcj} gbýcjl} plvl ja z}zlvgh vjalmghclbl} mhc mlbl jajnjcrhpvhfajnìrgmh# L plvrgv bj j}rj nhbjah bj jcrvjyg}rl }j hfrgjcjc ag}rl}bj jajnjcrh} }gkcgmlrgyh} vjalmghclbh} mhc zcl pzcrzlmgýc cznç.vgml |zj phcbjvl ja cgyja bj ljmrlmgýc bja z}zlvgh plvl mlbl zch bjah} jajnjcrh} hfrjcgbh}# Bjpjcbgjcbh bj al pzcrzlmgýc w bja cõnjvh

bj yjmj} |zj dlwl }gbh njcmghclbh j}phcrìcjlnjcrj ah} jajnjcrh}vjijelc al gnphvrlcmgl vjla |zj lbhprlc jc al jtpjvgjcmgl bj z}zlvgh}hnjrgbl l j}rzbgh#

Fhmmgl5 Ezjkh bj pvjmg}gýc w bj j}rvlrjkgl! mhc }z} pvhpgl} vjkal}vjmhkgbl} jc zc Vjkalnjcrh Gcrjvclmghcla# Al} õcgml} mlrjkhvîl} ah}hc jc zcmgýc bja kvlbh bj bg}mlplmgblb |zj plbjumlc ah} bjphvrg}.rl}# Rhbh} jaah}! kvlyjnjcrj ljmrlbh} w phv rlcrh }jcrlbh} jc }gaal}bj vzjbl}! alculc al} fhal} mhc }z} nlch} h pgj}! jtmjprh ah} bj almal}j mhvvj}phcbgjcrj l al bg}mlplmgblb nì} }jyjvl! |zj ezjklc mhcal lwzbl bj zcl mlclajrl h vlnpl! }hfvj al |zj }z lztgaglv bjph}grl alfhal zcl yju j}mhkgbl al bgvjmmgýc phv ja bjphvrg}rl# Jtg}rjc pvzjfl}gcbgygbzlaj}! phv plvjel} w bj j|zgph}! }gjcbh zc bjphvrj ngtrh jc ja|zj ah} dhnfvj} w al} nzejvj} mhnpgrjc jcrvj }î#

Mlnph yg}zla5 J}plmgh jc ja |zj zcl pjv}hcl pzjbj yjv mzlcbh ah}heh} hf}jvylc elnjcrj zc hfejrh jc al aîcjl bgvjmrl bj yg}gýc! gcmaz.wjcbh rhbl al yg}gýc gcbgvjmrl h pjvgçvgml#

Mlagblb bj ygbl5 _jvmjpmgýc |zj zc gcbgygbzh rgjcj bj }z azklv jc al

jtg}rjcmgl! jc ja mhcrjtrh bj al mzarzvl w bja }g}rjnl bj ylahvj} jc ah}|zj ygyj w jc vjalmgýc mhc }z} hfejrgyh}! }z} jtpjmrlrgyl}! }z} chv.nl} w }z} gc|zgjrzbj}# ]j rvlrl bj zc mhcmjprh nzw lnpagh |zj j}rìgcizgbh bj nhbh mhnpajeh phv al }lazb î}gml bja }zejrh! }z j}rlbh p}g.mhaýkgmh! }z cgyja bj gcbjpjcbjcmgl! }z} vjalmghcj} }hmglaj}! l}î mhnh}z vjalmgýc mhc ah} jajnjcrh} j}jcmglaj} bj }z jcrhvch#

Mlvb ]hvrgck5 Al rçmcgml bj hvbjclmgýc bj rlvejrl} h Mlvb ]hvrgck j}zcl rçmcgml |zj }j zrgagul nzmdh jc _}gmhahkîl# J}rj pvhmj}h j} nzw

õrga plvl bjrjvngclv ja Nhbjah Njcrla bj ah} z}zlvgh} w klvlcrgulv |zj|zjbj vjmhkgbh jc al lv|zgrjmrzvl bj gchvnlmgýc# J}rh lwzbl l hvkl.cgulv mzla|zgjv bg}jüh h }jvygmgh bj hvnl nì} gcrzgrgyl#

Ml}zla klnjv h ygbjhezklbhv ml}zla5 Ygbjhezklbhv mzwh rgjnph hgcrjvç} jc ezklv ygbjhezjkh} j} agngrlbh jc mhnplvlmgýc mhc ja bj zc‑klnjv„#

Mjkzjvl5 Jc rçvngch} kjcçvgmh}! al lz}jcmgl rhrla bj yg}gýc h bj }gn.paj pjvmjpmgýc aznîcgml jc zch h lnfh} heh}# Ch hf}rlcrj! j} ph}gfajj}rlfajmjv kvlbh}#

Mjkzjvl bj mhahvj}5 Vjbzmmgýc jc al mlplmgblb plvl pjvmgfgv al}bgjvjcmgl} bj mhahv#



62<

Mjcrvh} bj bîl5 J}plmgh} plvl ja bj}lvvhaah bj lmrgygblbj}! phv plvrjbj pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb h nlwhvj}! hvgjcrlbh} l hvjmjvaj} zclvj}pzj}rl hvnlrgyl! bj}lvvhaalv }z} dlfgagblbj} w mlplmgblbj}! }gjcbh}z c õargnh ja nìtgnh bj}lvvhaah ph}gfaj bja phrjcmgla jyhazrgyh bjmlbl pjv}hcl w ph}gfgagrlvaj} zcl ygbl }hmgla plvrgmgplrgyl w bj mlagblb#

Mgcjnìrgml5 J}rzbgh bja nhygngjcrh bj ah} mzjvph}#Mah}jb Mlprghc5 ]g}rjnl bj }zfrgrzalbh |zj bj}mvgfj ch }ýah ah} bgì.ahkh}! }gch rhbh ja lzbgh pvj}jcrj jc ja ygbjhezjkh $gcmazwjcbh nõ}gmlbj hcbh w jjmrh} bj }hcgbh'#

Mhc}hal phvrìrga5 Bg}ph}grgyh jajmrvýcgmh agkjvh |zj pjvngrj ezklvygbjhezjkh} w |zj! l bgjvjcmgl mhc zcl ygbjhmhc}hal maì}gml! ah}mhcrvhaj}! al plcrlaal! ah} larlyhmj} w al lagnjcrlmgýc ” pgal}! flrj.vîl}!## . j}rìc rhbh} gcrjkvlbh} jc al ng}nl zcgblb w rhbh jaah mhc

zc pj|zjüh rlnlüh! plvl phbjv aajylval w ezklv jc mzla|zgjv azklv hnhnjcrh#

Mzj}rghclvgh bj }lrg}lmmgýc ]Z]5 J} zcl djvvlngjcrl |zj }j zrgagulplvl bjrjmrlv ja kvlbh bj }lrg}lmmgýc bja z}zlvgh |zj vjlagul ja rj}r#J} zcl njrhbhahkîl bj}lvvhaalbl phv Bgkgrla J|zgpnjcr Mhvphvlrghcjc <749 w pjvngrj pvjmg}lv bj zcl hvnl vìpgbl w mhcmg}l ja kvlbh bjlmjprlmgýc |zj rgjcj ja }g}rjnl zrgagulbh bzvlcrj zcl pvzjfl bj rj}r#

Blüh mjvjfvla5 Aj}gýc mjvjfvla h larjvlmgýc jc ja rjegbh mjvjfvla! pvh.

bzmrh bj zc lmmgbjcrj yl}mzalv! rvlznlrg}nh! jcjvnjblb h pvhmj}hbjkjcjvlrgyh#

BMZ5 Vjlagulmgýc bj zc bg}jüh mjcrvlbh jc al} cjmj}gblbj} w pjv}.pjmrgyl} bj ah} z}zlvgh}! plvl lmjvmlvch} l ç}rl}! zrgagulcbh bgjvjcrj}nçrhbh} bj jylazlmgýc#

Bjmgjcmgl}5 _vhfajnl} jc al} zcmghcj} h j}rvzmrzvl} mhvphvlaj}!rlaj} mhnh zcl bj}yglmgýc }gkcgmlrgyl h zcl pçvbgbl# Rhbl pçvbgblh lchvnlagblb bj zcl j}rvzmrzvl h zcmgýc p}gmhaýkgml! }ghaýkgml h

lclrýngml#Bjnjcmgl5 J}rlbh bj bjrjvghvh! kjcjvlanjcrj pvhkvj}gyh! bj al} lmza.rlbj} njcrlaj} lcrjvghvnjcrj jtg}rjcrj} jc zc gcbgygbzh#

Bjpjcbjcmgl5 Jc al Ajw =7(6??9! bj <2 bj bgmgjnfvj! bj _vhnhmgýcbj al Lzrhchnîl _jv}hcla w Lrjcmgýc l al} pjv}hcl} jc }grzlmgýc bjbjpjcbjcmgl! }j vjmhkj al mal}gmlmgýc bj al bjpjcbjcmgl jc ah}}gkzgjcrj} kvlbh}5

Kvlbh G# Bjpjcbjcmgl nhbjvlbl5 mzlcbh al pjv}hcl cjmj}grl lwzbl

plvl vjlagulv ylvgl} lmrgygblbj} fì}gml} bj al ygbl bglvgl! la njch} zclyju la bîl h rgjcj cjmj}gblbj} bj lphwh gcrjvngrjcrj h agngrlbh plvl }zlzrhchnîl pjv}hcla#



626

Kvlbh GG# Bjpjcbjcmgl }jyjvl5 mzlcbh al pjv}hcl cjmj}grl lwzbl plvlvjlagulv ylvgl} lmrgygblbj} fì}gml} bj al ygbl bglvgl bh} h rvj} yjmj}la bîl! pjvh ch vj|zgjvj ja lphwh pjvnlcjcrj bj zc mzgblbhv h rgjcjcjmj}gblbj} bj lphwh jtrjc}h plvl }z lzrhchnîl pjv}hcla#

Kvlbh GGG# Kvlc bjpjcbjcmgl5 mzlcbh al pjv}hcl cjmj}grl lwzbl plvl

vjlagulv ylvgl} lmrgygblbj} fì}gml} bj al ygbl bglvgl ylvgl} yjmj} la bîlw! phv }z pçvbgbl rhrla bj lzrhchnîl î}gml! njcrla! gcrjajmrzla h }jc}h.vgla! cjmj}grl ja lphwh gcbg}pjc}lfaj w mhcrgczh bj hrvl pjv}hcl h rgjcjcjmj}gblbj} bj lphwh kjcjvlagulbh plvl }z lzrhchnîl pjv}hcla#

Bjphvrj5 J}rj rçvngch lflvml zcl bgyjv}gblb bj lmrgygblbj} vjlagul.bl} mhc lvvjkah l zcl} vjkal}! pvlmrgmlbl} phv palmjv h mhc ìcgnhmhnpjrgrgyh# Al} lmrgygblbj} bjphvrgyl} }zjajc mhc}g}rgv jc lmrgygblbj}î}gml} vjlagulbl} phv j|zgph} h pjv}hcl}#

Bjphvrj lblprlbh5 Rhbl hvnl bj lmrgygblb î}gml lblprlbl l al} pjv.}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb! w |zj rgjcbl l jtpvj}lv zc fzjc j}rlbh njc.rla w î}gmh! l al yju |zj hrhvkl al ph}gfgagblb bj jejvmjvah bj nlcjvlmhnpjrgrgyl! mhcaajylcbh zc larh cgyja bj gcrjkvlmgýc w }hmglagulmgýc#

Bjvjmdh} dznlch} w bg}mlplmgblb5 Ah} bjvjmdh} dznlch} dlc }gbhjczcmglbh} jc ylvgh} rjtrh} zcblnjcrlaj} jcrvj jaah}! pvgcmgplanjcrj!al Bjmalvlmgýc Zcgyjv}la bj ah} Bjvjmdh} dznlch} bj <724# Ja <= bjbgmgjnfvj bj 6??9 al L}lnfajl Kjcjvla bj Clmghcj} Zcgbl} lbhprýal bjchngclbl ‑Mhcyjcmgýc }hfvj ah} Bjvjmdh} bj al} _jv}hcl} mhcBg}mlplmgblb„0 }j rvlrl bj zc vjmhchmgngjcrh bj ah} Bjvjmdh} bj al}_jv}hcl} mhc Bg}mlplmgblb! l plvrgv bj al Bjmalvlmgýc Zcgyjv}la bj ah}Bjvjmdh} Dznlch}#

Bg}mlplmgblb5 ]jkõc al Mal}gmlmgýc Gcrjvclmghcla bja Izcmghclngjcrh!bj al Bg}mlplmgblb w bj al ]lazb $MGI'! pzfagmlbl phv al HN] jc 6??<!bg}mlplmgblb j} zc rçvngch |zj vjmhkj al} bjmgjcmgl} jc al} zcmgh.cj} w j}rvzmrzvl} mhvphvlaj}! al} agngrlmghcj} jc al mlplmgblb bj aajylvl mlfh lmrgygblbj} w al} vj}rvgmmghcj} jc al plvrgmgplmgýc#

Bg}mvgngclmgýc5 ]grzlmgýc jc al |zj zcl pjv}hcl h kvzph j} rvlrlblbj hvnl bj}lyhvlfaj l mlz}l bj pvjezgmgh}# Bgmzarlb h gnph}gfgagblbjc ja jejvmgmgh pajch bj ah} bjvjmdh} w agfjvrlbj} fì}gml} jc zc palchbj gkzlablb vj}pjmrh bj mzla|zgjv mgzblblch# ]j bj}mvgfj al bg}mvgng.clmgýc }hmgla mhnh ja rvlrh bj gcjvghvgblb l zcl pjv}hcl h mhajmrgygblbphv nhrgyh} vlmglaj}! vjagkgh}h}! }hmglaj}! phaîrgmh}! jmhcýngmh}! mzarz.vlaj}! fghp}gmhaýkgmh}! bj jblb! jrm#

Bg}jüh plvl rhbh}5 Gcrjvyjcmgýc }hfvj jcrhvch}! pvhbzmrh} w }jv.

ygmgh}! bj rla nlcjvl |zj rhbh}! gcmazgbl} al} kjcjvlmghcj} zrzvl}!gcbjpjcbgjcrjnjcrj bj al jblb! kçcjvh! mlplmgblb h flklej mzarzvlapzjblc bg}vzrlv plvrgmgplcbh jc al mhc}rvzmmgýc bj al }hmgjblb#



62=

Bg}jüh zcgyjv}la5 Bg}jüh bj pvhbzmrh} w jcrhvch} bj nhbh |zj }jlczrgagulfaj} w mhnpvjc}gfaj} phv rhbl} al} pjv}hcl}! jc al nlwhv njbgblph}gfaj! }gc al cjmj}gblb bj zcl lblprlmgýc h zc bg}jüh j}pjmglagulbh#

Bgyjv}gblb zcmghcla5 Rçvngch larjvclrgyh la bj bg}mlplmgblb |zjdl mhnjculbh l zrgagulv}j jc J}plül! pvhpzj}rh jc ja Ihvh bj Ygbl

Gcbjpjcbgjcrj jc ja lüh 6??:! w pvjrjcbj }z}rgrzgv l hrvh} mzwl }jnìc.rgml pzjbj mhc}gbjvlv}j pjwhvlrgyl# Ja mlnfgh rjvngchaýkgmh dl blbhazklv rlnfgçc l zcl czjyl nlcjvl bj jcrjcbjv ja jcýnjch w dl }gk.cgmlbh al bj}mvgpmgýc bj zc Nhbjah bj al Bgyjv}gblb#

Jbzmlmgýc j}pjmgla5 Nhblagblb bja }g}rjnl j}mhalv! bj rgph rvlc}yjv}laj gcrjvbg}mgpagclvgh! jcmlvklbl bj phrjcmglv w l}jkzvlv ja mznpagngjcrhbja pvgcmgpgh bj j|zgplvlmgýc bj hphvrzcgblbj} bj l|zjaah} cgüh}!cgül} w eýyjcj} |zj pvj}jcrlc cjmj}gblbj} jbzmlrgyl} j}pjmglaj}#

Jbzmlmgýc gcmaz}gyl5 Nhygngjcrh jbzmlrgyh zcblnjcrlbh jc ja pvgc.mgpgh bj jbzmlmgýc plvl rhbh}# Al jbzmlmgýc j} zc bjvjmdh gclagjclfajbj rhbl} al} pjv}hcl}# ]j hphcj l mzla|zgjv hvnl bj }jkvjklmgýc phvvluhcj} pjv}hclaj}! }hmglaj}! çrcgml} h mzarzvlaj}#

Jcjvnjblb bj Laudjgnjv5 Ihvnl nì} mhnõc bj bjnjcmgl! |zjlplvjmj mhc nlwhv vjmzjcmgl jc pjv}hcl} nlwhvj} bj 9: lüh} bjjblb# Rlnfgçc bjchngclbl nla bj Laudjgnjv! h bjnjcmgl }jcga bj rgph

Laudjgnjv $B]RL' j} zcl jcjvnjblb cjzvhbjkjcjvlrgyl! |zj }j nlcg.j}rl mhnh bjrjvghvh mhkcgrgyh w rvl}rhvch} mhcbzmrzlaj}# ]j mlvlm.rjvgul jc }z hvnl rîpgml phv zcl pçvbgbl pvhkvj}gyl bj al njnhvgl wbj hrvl} mlplmgblbj} njcrlaj}! l njbgbl |zj al} mçazal} cjvygh}l}$cjzvhcl}' nzjvjc w bgjvjcrj} uhcl} bja mjvjfvh }j lrvhlc#

Jcjvnjblb bj _lv`gc}hc5 Rlnfgçc bjchngclbl _lv`gc}hcg}nhgbghpìrgmh h plvìag}g} lkgrlcrj! j} zc rvl}rhvch cjzvhbjkjcjvlrgyh mvý.cgmh |zj mhcbzmj mhc ja rgjnph l zcl gcmlplmgblb pvhkvj}gyl! pvh.bzmgbh l mhc}jmzjcmgl bj al bj}rvzmmgýc! phv mlz}l} |zj rhblyîl }jbj}mhchmjc! bj al} cjzvhcl} pgknjcrlbl} bj al }z}rlcmgl cjkvl#

Ivjmzjcrjnjcrj mal}gmlbl mhnh zc rvl}rhvch bja nhygngjcrh! al jcjv.njblb bj _lv`gc}hc rlnfgçc bj}jcmlbjcl larjvlmghcj} jc al zcmgýcmhkcgrgyl w jc al jtpvj}gýc bj al} jnhmghcj}#

Jcrvjclngjcrh bj j|zgagfvgh5 Jejvmgmgh} j}rìrgmh} w bgcìngmh} |zj}j pvlmrgmlc mhc ja c bj njehvlv al mlplmgblb bj al pjv}hcl plvlvj}phcbjv l nhygngjcrh} bj flalcmjh h j}rînzah} bj}j}rlfgagulbhvj}mlz}lbh} phv ja pvhpgh nhygngjcrh! ja jcrhvch z hrvl} mlz}l}#

Jcrhvch5 Lnfgjcrj} î}gmh $clrzvla! mhc}rvzmmghcj} w hfejrh}' w }hmgla

$pvj}jcmgl! vjalmghcj} w jtpjmrlrgyl} bj al} pjv}hcl}! ah} kvzph} w al}hvklcgulmghcj}'! |zj vhbjlc l al pjv}hcl w jc ah} |zj }j bj}lvvhaal }zygbl#



622

Jejvmgmgh5 ]zfmlrjkhvîl bj lmrgygblb î}gml |zj dl }gbh pvhkvlnlbl! j}j}rvzmrzvlbl w vjpjrgrgyl! w vj}phcbj l zc c! jc ja }jcrgbh bj njehvlvh nlcrjcjv zch h nì} mhnphcjcrj} bj al hvnl î}gml# Ah} rçvngch}‑jejvmgmgh„ w ‑hvnlmgýc njbglcrj jejvmgmgh}„ }zjajc zrgagulv}j mhnh}gcýcgnh}! w dlmjc vjjvjcmgl l al lmrgygblb î}gml vjlagulbl bzvlcrj

ja rgjnph bj hmgh! pvgcmgplanjcrj mhc ja c bj njehvlv h nlcrjcjv alhvnl î}gml! ja vjcbgngjcrh î}gmh h al }lazb#

J}rgnzalmgýc mhkcgrgyl5 Lmrgygblbj} bgvgkgbl} l njehvlv ja vjcbgngjcrhmhkcgrgyh kjcjvla h lakzch bj }z} pvhmj}h} w mhnphcjcrj} j}pjmî.mh} $lrjcmgýc! njnhvgl! ajckzlej! zcmghcj} jejmzrgyl}! mìamzah jrm#'! wl}jl ç}rl jc }zejrh} }lch} mhnh jc plmgjcrj} mhc lakõc rgph bj aj}gýcjc ja }g}rjnl cjvygh}h mjcrvla#

Jtpjvgjcmgl bja z}zlvgh5 Mhcezcrh bj }jc}lmghcj}! }jcrgngjcrh} h

jnhmghcj} |zj }j pvhbzmjc jc ja z}zlvgh mzlcbh nlcjel zc }g}rjnlgcrjvlmrgyh#

Ilmrhvj} lnfgjcrlaj}5 Mhc}rgrzwjc ja lnfgjcrj î}gmh! }hmgla w lmrgrz.bgcla jc ja |zj zcl pjv}hcl ygyj w mhcbzmj }z ygbl#

Ijjbflm` h vjlagnjcrlmgýc5 Mhcezcrh bj vjlmmghcj} h vj}pzj}rl}|zj nlcgj}rl zc vjmjprhv vj}pjmrh l al lmrzlmgýc bja jng}hv! ah |zjj} rjcgbh jc mzjcrl phv j}rj plvl mlnfglv h nhbgmlv }z njc}lej# Jcja mhcrjtrh bj vjdlfgagrlmgýc! gchvnlmgýc gcrvîc}jml h jtrvîc}jml |zjal pjv}hcl vjmgfj ngjcrvl} lpvjcbj l bj}lvvhaalv zcl czjyl dlfgagblbh j}rvlrjkgl#

Igv}r _jv}hc ]dhhrjv $ygbjhezjkh} bj bg}plvh} bj pvgnjvl pjv.}hcl'5 Kçcjvh bj ygbjhezjkh} w }zfkçcjvh bj ah} ygbjhezjkh} bj bg}.plvh} jc ah} |zj ja ezklbhv hf}jvyl ja nzcbh bj}bj al pjv}pjmrgyl bjapjv}hclej pvhrlkhcg}rl#

Ig}ghrjvlpgl5 Mhcezcrh bj nçrhbh}! lmrzlmghcj} w rçmcgml}! |zjnjbglcrj al lpagmlmgýc bj njbgh} î}gmh}! mzvlc! pvjygjcjc w lblprlcl pjv}hcl} ljmrlbl} bj bg}zcmghcj} p}gmh}hnìrgml}! }hnìrgml} whvkìcgml} h l al} |zj bj}jlc nlcrjcjv zc cgyja lbjmzlbh bj }lazb$]jkõc al L}hmglmgýc J}plühal bj Ig}ghrjvlpjzrl}'#

Iajtgfgagblb mhkcgrgyl5 Izcmghcj} njcrlaj} cjmj}lvgl} plvl lbhprlvj}rvlrjkgl} bgjvjcrj} h nhbgmlv zc pzcrh bj yg}rl bjrjvngclbh# J}zcl mlplmgblb vjajylcrj jc al vj}hazmgýc bj pvhfajnl}#

Izcmghcj} mhkcgrgyl}5 Mlplmgblbj} mhnh ja pjc}lngjcrh! al njnh.vgl! al palcgmlmgýc! al mhnpvjc}gýc! al lrjcmgýc w mhcmjcrvlmgýc! jaajckzlej! al pjvmjpmgýc! ja vluhclngjcrh! jrm#

Izcmghcj} jejmzrgyl}5 Mhcezcrh bj dlfgagblbj} mhkcgrgyl} |zj pjv.ngrjc aajylv l mlfh bjrjvngclbl} lmmghcj} mhnh ja j}rlfajmgngjcrh



62:

bja pjc}lngjcrh j}rvzmrzvlbh! palcgmlv! hvklcgulv w jejmzrlv jc zc.mgýc bj hfejrgyh} palcrjlbh}! lcrgmgplv w j}rlfajmjv njrl}! nhbgmlvah} palcj} lcrj mlnfgh} gcj}pjvlbh}! w lzrhvvjkzalv w nhcgrhvgulv al}rlvjl}#

Klnjv5 Zc klnjv! bja gckaç} ‑ezklbhv bj ygbjhezjkh}„! j} ja rçvngch

z}lbh jc ja gbghnl j}plüha plvl bjcgv la rgph bj ygbjhezklbhvj} |zj}j mlvlmrjvgulc phv ezklv mhc kvlc bjbgmlmgýc j gcrjvç} w phv rjcjv zclklnl bgyjv}gmlbl bj mhchmgngjcrh }hfvj ygbjhezjkh}#

Klnjplb5 Bg}ph}grgyh bj jcrvlbl z}lbh plvl gcrjvlmrzlv mhc zcygbjhezjkh wl }jl plvl mhc}hal h _M# Ja klnjplb h mhcrvha bj nlcbhpjvngrj nhyjv}j j gcrjvlmrzlv mhc ah} jajnjcrh} bja ezjkh plvl vjlag.ulv al} bgyjv}l} lmmghcj} cjmj}lvgl} plvl mznpagv ah} hfejrgyh}#

Kjcjvlagulmgýc bja lpvjcbgulej5 Zcl yju |zj }j dl jcrvjclbh ja

lpvjcbgulej bj zcl zcmgýc jc zc mhcrjtrh pvhrjkgbh w mhcrvhalbh$mhnh pzjbj }jv zcl }lal bj rjvlpgl hmzplmghcla jc zc mjcrvh bj vjdl.fgagrlmgýc' }j bjchngcl kjcjvlagulmgýc bja lpvjcbgulej l al vjlagulmgýcbj al lmrgygblb jc zc mhcrjtrh clrzvla $bhngmgagh! yîl põfagml! jrm#'#

Dlvb{lvj5 Rhbl} al} plvrj} rlckgfaj} bj zc }g}rjnl gchvnìrgmh5 }z}mhnphcjcrj} jaçmrvgmh}! jajmrvýcgmh}! jajmrvhnjmìcgmh} w njmìcg.mh}0 }z} mlfaj}! klfgcjrj} h mlel}! pjvgçvgmh} bj rhbh rgph w mzla|zgjvhrvh jajnjcrh î}gmh gcyhazmvlbh# Al Vjla Lmlbjngl J}plühal ah bjcjmhnh Mhcezcrh bj ah} mhnphcjcrj} |zj gcrjkvlc al plvrj nlrjvgla bjzcl mhnpzrlbhvl°# Ja rçvngch! lzc|zj j} ah nì} mhnõc! ch }halnjcrj}j lpagml l zcl mhnpzrlbhvl! }gch rlnfgçc l zc rjaçhch nýyga! zclmìnlvl hrhkvìml h zc vjpvhbzmrhv nzargnjbgl#

Djngcjkagkjcmgl5 Ilarl bj lrjcmgýc l zcl ngrlb bja mlnph yg}zla!mhvvj}phcbgjcrj la albh hpzj}rh la bj al aj}gýc mjvjfvla#

Djngplvj}gl5 Bg}ngczmgýc bj al zjvul nz}mzalv |zj ljmrl l zclplvrj bja mzjvph#

Djngpajegl5 _lvìag}g} bj zc albh bja mzjvph#Gkzlablb bj Rvlrh( Gkzlablb bj hphvrzcgblbj}5 Ja pvgcmgpgh ezvîbgmhbj gkzlablb bj rvlrh mhc}g}rj jc rvlrlv bj nlcjvl gbçcrgml l zcl pjv.}hcl mhc vjalmgýc l hrvl mzlcbh }j jcmzjcrvl jc zcl }grzlmgýc gbçcrgmlw rvlrlval bj nlcjvl bgjvjcrj mzlcbh }j jcmzjcrvl jc zcl }grzlmgýcbgjvjcrj# Jc J}plül! al ajw :<(6??=! bj 6 bj bgmgjnfvj! bj gkzlablbbj hphvrzcgblbj}! ch bg}mvgngclmgýc w lmmj}gfgagblb zcgyjv}la bj al}pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlplmgblb! bjcj $lvrîmzah <' al gkzlablb bj hphvrz.cgblbj} bj j}rj nhbh5 „l j}rh} jjmrh}! }j jcrgjcbj phv gkzlablb bj

hphvrzcgblbj} al lz}jcmgl bj bg}mvgngclmgýc! bgvjmrl h gcbgvjmrl! |zjrjckl }z mlz}l jc zcl bg}mlplmgblb! l}î mhnh al lbhpmgýc bj njbg.bl} bj lmmgýc ph}grgyl hvgjcrlbl} l jygrlv h mhnpjc}lv al} bj}yjcrlel}



629

bj zcl pjv}hcl mhc bg}mlplmgblb plvl plvrgmgplv pajclnjcrj jc alygbl phaîrgml! jmhcýngml! mzarzvla w }hmgla#„

Gcmaz}gýc5 _vgcmgpgh vjmrhv |zj kzîl al} lmmghcj} jcmlngclbl} l |zjrhbl} al} pjv}hcl} hvnjc plvrj vjla bj al }hmgjblb bj al |zj }hcngjnfvh}# Bj}rlml j}pjmglanjcrj al gbjl bj al vj}phc}lfgagblb |zj

rgjcj ja jcrhvch bj kjcjvlv lmmghcj} w pvìmrgml} |zj hnjcrjc al pajcllmjprlmgýc w plvrgmgplmgýc bj ah} mhajmrgyh} bg}rgcrh} jc ja nzcbh |zjaj} vhbjl#

Gcpzr5 Jc al gcrjvlmmgýc pjv}hcl.nì|zgcl! ja gcpzr h jcrvlbl j} al gchv.nlmgýc pvhbzmgbl phv ja z}zlvgh mhc ja pvhpý}grh bj mhcrvha# Ihvnl jc|zj ja ezklbhv bl ývbjcj} la ygbjhezjkh! wl }jl phv zc klnjplb! phvrjmalbh w vlrýc h l rvlyç} bja lmjajvýnjrvh#

Gcrjvlmmgýc nzargnhbla5 Al Gcrjvlmmgýc Nzargnhbla h Nzargnhblagblb

mhc}g}rj jc zc pvhmj}h jc ja mzla bgyjv}h} bg}ph}grgyh} w pjv}hcl} }hcmlplmj} bj aajylv l mlfh zcl gcrjvlmmgýc $lzbgrgyl! yg}zla! rìmrga w kj}.rzla' mhcezcrl bj}bj mzla|zgjv }grgh! jc mzla|zgjv nhnjcrh! zrgagulcbhmzla|zgjv bg}ph}grgyh w bj hvnl lmmj}gfaj! gcmvjnjcrlcbh l}î al gcrj.vlmmgýc jcrvj pjv}hcl}! w jcrvj bg}ph}grgyh} w pjv}hcl}#

Gcrjvlmmgýc rlckgfaj5 _lvlbgknl bj gcrjvlmmgýc jcrvj z}zlvgh.hvbj.clbhv! jc ja |zj hfejrh} mhcyjcmghclaj} }hc z}lbh} phv al} pjv}hcl}plvl mhcrvhalv w vjmgfgv gchvnlmgýc bgkgrla bj zc }g}rjnl h lpagmlmgýcgchvnìrgml#

Gcrjvlu bj z}zlvgh5 Njbgh mhc |zj ja z}zlvgh pzjbj mhnzcgmlv}jmhc zcl nì|zgcl! h zc hvbjclbhv w mhnpvjcbj rhbh} ah} pzcrh} bjmhcrlmrh jcrvj ja z}zlvgh w ja j|zgph# Al} gcrjvlmj} fì}gml} bj z}zlvgh}hc l|zjaal} |zj gcmazwjc jajnjcrh} mhnh njcõ}! yjcrlcl}! rjmalbh!vlrýc w }hcgbh} |zj dlmj ja j|zgph! w jc kjcjvla! rhbh} l|zjaah} mlcl.aj} phv ah} mzlaj} }j pjvngrj al mhnzcgmlmgýc jcrvj ja }jv dznlch w jahvbjclbhv#

Gcrvh5 ]jmzjcmgl bj lcgnlmgýc ch ezklfaj |zj }zjaj lvvlcmlv lcrj} bjaygbjhezjkh# ]z zcmgýc j} dlmjv zcl gcrvhbzmmgýc bj ah} pjv}hclej} wbj al }grzlmgýc |zj bj}jcmlbjcl al dg}rhvgl bja ezjkh#

Ehw}rgm`5 Bg}ph}grgyh bj mhcrvha |zj }j pzjbj z}lv! phv jejnpah! plvllmmjbjv la hvbjclbhv h plvl nlcjelv zcl ygbjhmhc}hal#

Ezklfgagblb5 Mhcezcrh bj pvhpgjblbj} |zj bj}mvgfjc al jtpjvgjcmglbja ezklbhv lcrj zc }g}rjnl bj ezjkh bjrjvngclbh! mzwh pvgcmgpla hfej.rgyh j} bgyjvrgv w jcrvjrjcjv bj hvnl }lrg}lmrhvgl w mvjîfaj wl }jl }hah hjc mhnplüîl# Kvlbh jc ja mzla ezklbhvj} j}pjmîmh} lamlculc njrl}

mhcmvjrl} bja ezjkh mhc jjmrgygblb! jmgjcmgl! ijtgfgagblb! }jkzvgblbw! j}pjmglanjcrj! }lrg}lmmgýc jc zc mhcrjtrh ezklfaj bj z}h#



62;

Aj}gýc njbzalv5 Aj}gýc bj al nçbzal j}pgcla |zj pzjbj pvhyhmlv zclpçvbgbl bj }jc}gfgagblb w(h bj nhygagblb! bj hvgkjc rvlznìrgmh $phvjejnpah! lmmgbjcrj} bj rvìmh' h phv jcjvnjblb#

Aj}gýc njbzalv mhnpajrl5 ]j pvj}jcrl mzlcbh ch dlw zcmghcj}bjfleh bja cgyja bj al aj}gýc w ch dlw }jc}gfgagblb cg nhygngjcrh}

yhazcrlvgh}#Aj}gýc njbzalv gcmhnpajrl5 _vj}jcrl mhc}jvylmgýc! jc nlwhv hnjchv kvlbh! bj zcmgýc nhrhvl w(h }jc}grgyl phv bjfleh bja cgyja bjaj}gýc#

Agngrlmghcj} jc al lmrgygblb5 Bgmzarlbj} |zj zc gcbgygbzh pzjbjrjcjv jc ja bj}jnpjüh(vjlagulmgýc bj lmrgygblbj}#

Ahmlagulmgýc5 _vhmj}h bj lblprlmgýc bja ygbjhezjkh l hrvh gbghnlplvl }z yjcrl jc zc njvmlbh bgjvjcrj la hvgkgcla#

Ngmvh}hr ]zvlmj5 _vhbzmrh bj Ngmvh}hr |zj pjvngrj la z}zlvghnlcjelv mhcrjcgbh} bgkgrlaj} mhc nhygngjcrh} bj al} nlch} z hfejrh}#J}rl rjmchahkîl nzargrìmrga j} vj}zarlbh bj al mhnfgclmgýc jcrvj }hr.{lvj w dlvb{lvj# ]zvlmj ph}jj zcl plcrlaal bj =? pzaklbl} $;9 mn'jnphrvlbh jc zcl nj}l bj bgnjc}ghcj} bj :9 mn bj larh! := mn bjpvhzcbgblb w <?4 mn bj lcmdh# Al plvrj }zpjvghv bj ]zvlmj j} bjlmvîagmh w }z nlvmh gcrjvghv j}rì vjyj}rgbh bj phayh bj lmjvh# Ja }hr.{lvj mhvvj fleh [gcbh{} Yg}rl w ph}jj mhcjtghcj} Jrdjvcjr <?(<??!

{gvjaj}} 4?6#<< f(k w Fazjrhhrd 6#?#Cjzvhp}gmhahkîl5 Mgjcmgl |zj j}rzbgl al} vjalmghcj} jcrvj ja mjvjfvh!al} zcmghcj} mhkcgrgyl} w al mhcbzmrl dznlcl#

Chvnlagulmgýc5 _vgcmgpgh jc ygvrzb bja mzla al} pjv}hcl} mhc bg}mlpl.mgblb bjfjc phbjv aajylv zcl ygbl chvnla! lmmjbgjcbh l ah} ng}nh}azklvj}! ìnfgrh}! fgjcj} w }jvygmgh} |zj j}rìc l bg}ph}gmgýc bj mzla.|zgjv hrvl pjv}hcl#

Hmgh5 Lnfgrh bj bj}lvvhaah dznlch! |zj }j mlvlmrjvgul phv al agfjvrlb

bj jajmmgýc! bj jtpvj}gýc! bj vjlagulmgýc bj rlvjl} ch zrgagrlvgl}! w bjygyjcmgl} }lrg}lmrhvgl}# Lbjnì} ja hmgh j} zc bjvjmdh dznlch fì}gmh!mhnh al jbzmlmgýc! ja rvlfleh w al }lazb! w clbgj bjfj }jv pvgylbh bj çaphv vluhcj} bj kçcjvh! hvgjcrlmgýc }jtzla! jblb! vlul! vjagkgýc! mvjjc.mgl! cgyja bj }lazb! bg}mlplmgblb h mhcbgmgýc jmhcýngml#

Hcj }{grmd klnj}5 Ezjkh} bg}jülbh} j}pjmîmlnjcrj plvl mhcrvh.alv}j mhc zc }hah gcpzr! phv jejnpah! zc magm bj vlrýc#

Hvgjcrlmgýc j}plmgla5 Mlplmgblb plvl vjalmghclv j gbjcrgmlv al ph}g.

mgýc! bgvjmmgýc h ja nhygngjcrh bj hfejrh} h pzcrh} jc ja j}plmgh#Hzrpzr5 ]lagbl bj gchvnlmgýc! phv jejnpah! bj zc }g}rjnl gchvnìrgmh!pzbgjcbh }jv blrh} lzbgh h ygbjh#



624

_lvlpajegl5 _lvìag}g} bj ah} bh} ngjnfvh} gcjvghvj}#

_lvrgmgplmgýc5 Lmrh bj gcyhazmvlv}j jc zcl }grzlmgýc ygrla#

_JKG $_lc Jzvhpjlc Klnj Gchvnlrghc'5 ]g}rjnl jzvhpjh plvl mal.}gmlv ah} ygbjhezjkh} w hrvh rgph bj }hr{lvj bj jcrvjrjcgngjcrh phvmlrjkhvîl} bj jblb w phv bj}mvgprhvj} bj mhcrjcgbh#

_jv}hcl} mhc nhygagblb vjbzmgbl5 _jv}hcl} |zj rgjcjc agngrlblrjnphvla h pjvnlcjcrjnjcrj al ph}gfgagblb bj bj}palulv}j# ]j jcrjc.bjvì |zj zcl pjv}hcl rgjcj nhygagblb vjbzmgbl jc ah} ml}h} jc |zj j}cjmj}lvgh ja z}h bj }gaal} bj vzjbl}! fl}rhcj}! jrm#

_hvrlv5 Dlmjv ph}gfaj ja z}h bj zc ygbjhezjkh jc zcl palrlhvnl bgj.vjcrj l al palrlhvnl plvl al |zj zj gcgmglanjcrj bj}lvvhaalbh# _hvjejnpah! }g }j dl bj}lvvhaalbh zc ygbjhezjkh plvl _M! }j pzjbj dlmjvzc ‑phvr„ h phvrlv l Tfht =9?#

_vjyjcmgýc pvgnlvgl5 Njbgbl} jcmlngclbl} l vjbzmgv ah} vgj}kh} bjamhcezcrh bj al phfalmgýc! mhc gcbjpjcbjcmgl bja cgyja bj vgj}kh h bj}z} ph}gfaj} fjcjmgh} plvl mlbl pjv}hcl# Al} gcrjvyjcmghcj} bj pvj.yjcmgýc pvgnlvgl rgjcjc phv hfejrh nhbgmlv ja pjva bja mhcezcrh bj alphfalmgýc plvl dlmjvah nì} }lazblfaj# _j|zjül} ylvglmghcj} bja lm.rhv bj vgj}kh jc al nlwhvîl bj al phfalmgýc jtpzj}rl l zc vgj}kh fleh hnhbjvlbh pzjbjc rjcjv gnphvrlcrj} jjmrh} jc ja vgj}kh bj bjzcmgýcw bg}mlplmgblb lrvgfzgfaj l al phfalmgýc#

_vhbzmrh} bj lphwh5 Mzla|zgjv pvhbzmrh $gcmazwjcbh bg}ph}grgyh}!j|zgph! gc}rvznjcrh}! rjmchahkîl} w }hr{lvj' lfvgmlbh j}pjmglanjcrjh bg}phcgfaj jc ja njvmlbh! plvl pvjyjcgv! mhnpjc}lv! mhcrvhalv! ngrg.klv h cjzrvlagulv bjmgjcmgl}! agngrlmghcj} jc al lmrgygblb w vj}rvgmmgh.cj} jc al plvrgmgplmgýc# $ZCJ JC G]H 777756??;'#

_zuaj5 Njmìcgml bj ezjkh! nzw zrgagulbl jc al} lyjcrzvl} kvìml}! |zjjtgkj la ezklbhv ja z}h bj al aýkgml#

Vjlagblb ygvrzla5 ]gnzalmgýc bj zc jcrhvch vjla kjcjvlbl phv hvbj.

clbhv jc al |zj! l rvlyç} bj zcl gcrjvlu dhnfvj.nì|zgcl! }j yl lpjvngrgv la z}zlvgh gcrjvlmrzlv mhc mgjvrh} jajnjcrh} bjcrvh bja j}mj.clvgh }gnzalbh# ]g}rjnl gchvnlrgulbh |zj pjvngrj |zj zc z}zlvghdznlch gcrjvlmrõj jc zc lnfgjcrj bj yg}zlagulmgýc ygvrzla gcrvhbz.mgjcbh }jülaj} vjpvj}jcrlrgyl} bj nhygngjcrh} vjlaj} plvl nhbgmlval ph}gmgýc w hvgjcrlmgýc bj ah} hfejrh} |zj mhc}rgrzwjc ja nzcbhygvrzla! vjmgfgjcbh zcl vj}pzj}rl! |zj j} mhc}jmzjcmgl bj al nhbg.mlmgýc gcrvhbzmgbl#

Vjdlfgagrlmgýc5 _vhmj}h lmrgyh l rvlyç} bja mzla zcl pjv}hcl mhclakzcl bg}mlplmgblb aajyl l mlfh zcl vjmzpjvlmgýc la nì} larh cgyjaph}gfaj bj lblprlmgýc î}gml! mhkcgrgyl! p}gmhaýkgml w }hmgla#



627

Vjyg}hv bj plcrlaal5 _vhbzmrh bj lphwh zrgagulbh phv pjv}hcl} mhclakzcl bg}mlplmgblb yg}zla |zj }j jcmlvkl bj gcrjvpvjrlv al gchvnl.mgýc bj al plcrlaal bja hvbjclbhv w pvhphvmghclval l rvlyç} bj }îcrj}g}bj yhu w aîcjl Fvlgaaj la z}zlvgh#

]lazb5 Mhnpajrh j}rlbh bj fgjcj}rlv î}gmh! njcrla w }hmgla w ch njvl.

njcrj al lz}jcmgl bj jcjvnjblb h gcmlplmgblb#]lrg}lmmgýc bj z}zlvgh5 ]grzlmgýc |zj }j bl mzlcbh ja z}zlvgh j}rìmhcrjcrh w nhrgylbh mhc al zrgagulmgýc bja pvhbzmrh#

]jvghz} Klnj $Ezjkh ]jvgh'5 Lpagmlmgýc bj }hr{lvj h dlvb{lvj bj}l.vvhaalbl l plvrgv bj al rjmchahkîl bja jcrvjrjcgngjcrh w bj al} ajwj} bjaBg}jüh bj Ezjkh} pjvh mhc zc pvhpý}grh bg}rgcrh la pzvlnjcrj aõbgmh#

]îcbvhnj bj Bh{c5 Larjvlmgýc kjcçrgml |zj hml}ghcl bg}mlplmgblbgcrjajmrzla! |zj pzjbj blv}j mhc bg}rgcrh} kvlbh} bj ljmrlmgýc#

]hr{lvj5 J|zgplngjcrh aýkgmh h }hphvrj aýkgmh bj zc }g}rjnl gchv.nìrgmh0 mhnpvjcbj ja mhcezcrh bj ah} mhnphcjcrj} aýkgmh} cjmj}l.vgh} |zj dlmjc ph}gfaj al vjlagulmgýc bj rlvjl} j}pjmîml}! jc mhcrvl.ph}gmgýc l ah} mhnphcjcrj} î}gmh}! |zj }hc aalnlbh} dlvb{lvj#

Rjmchahkîl bj lphwh $bja gckaç}! l}}g}rgyj rjmdchahkw'5 Mhcezcrh bjj|zgph}! }jvygmgh}! j}rvlrjkgl} w pvìmrgml} mhcmjfgbl} w lpagmlbl} plvl|zj al pjv}hcl pzjbl bj}jnpjülv rlvjl} w lmrgygblbj} |zj! bj hrvhnhbh! ch phbvîl vjlagulv#

Rjmchahkîl} gcrjvlmrgyl} bgkgrlaj} nzargnjbgl5 Ja z}zlvgh rgjcj agfvjmhcrvha }hfvj al pvj}jcrlmgýc bj ah} mhcrjcgbh}! lmjvml bj |zç j} ah|zj bj}jl yjv w mzlcbh! l bgjvjcmgl bj zcl pvj}jcrlmgýc agcjla! jc al|zj j} hvulbh l yg}zlagulv mhcrjcgbh jc zc hvbjc pvjbjrjvngclbh#

Rjvlpgl hmzplmghcla5 Bg}mgpagcl }hmgh}lcgrlvgl |zj jylaõl al mlplmg.blb bj al pjv}hcl plvl bj}jnpjülv al} lmrgygblbj} bj al ygbl mhrg.bglcl j gcrjvygjcj mzlcbh bgmdl mlplmgblb j}rì agngrlbl! lwzblcbh lal pjv}hcl l lb|zgvgv ja mhchmgngjcrh! al} bj}rvjul} w lmrgrzbj} cjmj.

}lvgl} plvl mhc}jkzgv ja nìtgnh bj lzrhchnîl j gcrjkvlmgýc#Rj}r bj rlvjl}5 Ja hfejrgyh bj j}rj rgph bj rj}r j} gbjcrgmlv! njbgv wpvhphcjv }hazmghcj} }hfvj ah} ph}gfaj} pvhfajnl} bj z}lfgagblb bjapvhbzmrh# Jc ça }j lpagml ja pvhrhmhah bj pjc}lngjcrh nlcgj}rh $bjmgvjc yhu larl ah |zj pgjc}l' mhc al pvj}jcmgl bj zc lmgagrlbhv# Ngjcrvl}! jaj|zgph bj jtpjvrh} $p}gmýahkh}! lcrvhpýahkh}! bg}jülbhvj} j gckjcgj.vh} jcrvj hrvh}' vjlagul ja rvlfleh bj mlnph bj}bj zcl }lal bj hf}jv.ylmgýc# ]j vjlagulc rlvjl} j}pjmîml} bj al} |zj }j jylaõlc nçrvgml}mhnh çtgrh! vlml}h! la}h çtgrh! la}h vlml}h! jjmrgygblb! jmgjcmgl!rgjnph bj lpvjcbgulej w }j hfrgjcjc blrh} }zfejrgyh} mhnh5 hf}jvyl.mghcj}! agrjvlaj}! mhnphvrlngjcrh! jnhmghcj}!…Jc ezjkh} ch} vjjvg.nh} la ‑palwrj}r„#



6:?

Rjrvlpajegl5 _lvìag}g} bj ah} mzlrvh ngjnfvh}#

Rgph bj lmrgygblb î}gml5 Ihvnl bj plvrgmgplmgýc jc zcl lmrgygblbî}gml# Ja rgph bj lmrgygblb î}gml pzjbj lbhprlv bgyjv}l} hvnl}5 ljvý.fgml! bj hvrlajmgngjcrh! bj ijtgfgagblb! bj j|zgagfvgh#

Rvlc}bg}mgpagclv5 _vgcmgpgh bj zcgblb bja mhchmgngjcrh nì} laaì bj al}bg}mgpagcl}#

Z}lfgagblb5 ]jkõc al G]H(GJM 762<! al z}lfgagblb j} al jjmrgygblb! j.mgjcmgl w }lrg}lmmgýc mhc al |zj zc pvhbzmrh pjvngrj lb|zgvgv hfejrgyh}j}pjmîmh} l z}zlvgh} j}pjmîmh} jc zc mhcrjtrh bj z}h j}pjmîmh# Jamhcmjprh z}lfgagblb bjcj zc z}h hprgngulbh bja mhcrjcgbh bja ezjkhw zcl vjbzmmgýc bj j}zjvuh phv plvrj bja z}zlvgh plvl mhc}jkzgv janìtgnh vjcbgngjcrh#

Z}zlvgh5 _jv}hcl |zj yl l zrgagulv ja pvhbzmrh $phrjcmgla h cla'# Jcja mhcrjtrh bj ah} ygbjhezjkh} phbjnh} dlfalv bj _E $_jv}hclejEzklbhv'#

Yjahmgblb bj pvhmj}lngjcrh5 Mlplmgblb plvl jtpahvlv! hvbjclv hbg}mvgngclv gchvnlmgýc yg}zla }gnpaj bj hvnl vìpgbl w jmlu# Lrjcmgýcw mhhvbgclmgýc yg}hnhrhvl#

Ygbl gcbjpjcbgjcrj5 ]grzlmgýc jc al |zj zcl pjv}hcl mhc bg}mlplmg.blb jejvmj ja phbjv bj bjmg}gýc }hfvj }z pvhpgl ygbl w plvrgmgpl lmrgyl.njcrj jc }z mhnzcgblb#

Ygbjhmhc}hal5 ]g}rjnl jajmrvýcgmh |zj jejmzrl ezjkh} jajmrvýcgmh}$ygbjhezjkh}' |zj j}rìc mhcrjcgbh} jc mlvrzmdh}! bg}mh} ýprgmh}!bg}mh} nlkcçrgmh} h rlvejrl} bj njnhvgl# Ah} pvgnjvh} }g}rjnl} bjygbjhmhc}hal} zjvhc bg}jülbh} õcgmlnjcrj plvl ezklv ygbjhezjkh}pjvh l plvrgv bj al }jtrl kjcjvlmgýc bj ygbjhmhc}hal} dlc }gbh gcmhv.phvlbl} mlvlmrjvî}rgml} gnphvrlcrj} bj nzargnjbgl! gcrjvcjr! rgjcbl}ygvrzlaj}! }jvygmgh jc aîcjl mhnh5 Tfht Agyj! _alw]rlrghc Cjr{hv` wMlclaj} [gg#

Ygbjhezjkh5 Rhbh rgph bj ezjkh bgkgrla gcrjvlmrgyh! mhc gcbjpjcbjcmglbj }z }hphvrj#

Ygbjhezjkh} nzargezklbhv5 ]hc l|zjaah} jc ah} |zj plvrgmgplc bgyjv.}h} ezklbhvj}# Nì} mhcmvjrlnjcrj! j}rj rçvngch }j }zjaj zrgagulv plvlbjcgv ygbjhezjkh} |zj }hc ezklfaj} l rvlyç} bj Gcrjvcjr z hrvh rgphvjb! mhc hrvl} pjv}hcl} mhcjmrlbl} l al ng}nl# ]zjajc }jv jc rgjnphvjla h phv rzvch}#

Yhgmj.hyjv5 Rçmcgml bj pvhbzmmgýc bhcbj zcl yhu }zpjvpzj}rl j}

bgzcbgbl jc ygyh h pvj.kvlflbl jc vlbgh! rjajyg}gýc! mgcj! rjlrvh z hrvhnjbgh lzbghyg}zla#

buenas prácticas de accesibilidad en videojuegos

Documents