Major Characteristics: Plant Survival Needs:

· Multicellular _____________ * ____________

· Cell walls made of ___________ * Water and Minerals

· ________________ * _____________________

· Stationary organisms * Movement of water and nutrients

· Alternation of generations

· Plants evolved from green __________ of fresh water.

· As plants began to live on land, they had to evolve to acquire, transport, and conserve __________ in order to survive.

· The first true plants were similar to today’s ___________. They were still dependent on water for reproduction.

· The early plants were simple in structure and grew close to the ______________.

Plant Evolution:

760

Species

11,000

Species

235,000

Species

15,600

Species

Plant Divisions:

1. _________________: mosses , liverworts and hornworts

2. Vascular __________: ferns, horsetails and club mosses

3. Vascular naked seed plants: ___________________

4. Vascular flowering seed plants: __________________

1. Non-vascular plants: 1-Bryophyta, 2-Hepatophyta, 3-Anthocerophyta

· 1-Mosses, 2-liverworts, and 3-hornworts

· Life cycles depend on _________ because

reproduction depends on swimming sperm

· ________________ and small sized

· Found in moist, __________ areas

· Have ___________ instead of true roots

· Gametophyte (haploid) is the

dominant life stage

2. Vascular seedless: ferns, horsetails and club mosses

· ______________ (Pterophyta), horsetails (Sphenophyta), and club mosses (Lycophyta)

· Vascular tissues: Xylem and Phloem

· _____________ tissue carries water upward from roots to rest of plant

· _____________tissue transports nutrients and carbs produced by photosynthesis throughout plant

· True roots, stems, and leaves

· Roots: ___________ water and minerals

· Leaves (fronds):__________________ organs containing veins of xylem and phloem

· Stems (rhizomes): connect roots and leaves, carrying water and nutrients between them

· Diploid sporophyte is the dominant life stage

· Sporangia: container on underside of fronds where haploid ________________ are produced

Fern Life Cycle

3. Vascular naked seed plants: Gymnosperms

· Coniferophyta-________________ (pines and spruces), Cycadophyta-cycads, Ginkophyta-ginkgos, and Gnetophyta-gnetophytes have “naked” or exposed seeds

· ____________-bearing plants

· Reproduction does _____ require water

· Adaptations for dry living conditions: water-conserving __________________ and thick ____________ coating

· Wind, insects, birds, and small animals spread the ___________ of seed plants: aka _______________________

4. Vascular flowering seed plants: Angiosperms _________________

· Monocots: _______ cotyledon (1 seed leaf)

· Dicots: ______ cotyledons (2 seed leaves)

· _______________ plants (trees, shrubs, grapes and vines)

· ___________________ plants (dandelions, petunias and sunflowers)

· ______________: complete life cycle in 1 growing season (petunias, pansies and wheat)

· Biennials: complete life cycle in 2 years (parsley, celery and primrose)

· ________________: live for 2+ years (asparagus, maple trees, grasses)

Plants can overlap groups; ex. petunias are herbaceous annuals

Seed Plant Structure (Gymnosperms and Angiosperms):

· Roots: absorb water and nutrients from soil, anchor plants in ground, hold plants upright and stable in wind

· Stems: supports plant, transports water and nutrients up and down plant, holds leaves up to sun

· Leaves: carry out photosynthesis, adjustable pores prevent water loss, allows ____ to enter and __ to leave

Root Types:

· ____root: mostly in dicots; grow far underground to reach water-> carrots and dandelions

· ___________ root: mostly in monocots; even branching of roots underground, helps prevent topsoil from being washed away by heavy rains (erosion) -> grasses

Leaf Structure:

· Mesophyll cells: packed with chloroplasts to absorb light

· Stomata: ____________ that allow CO2 in and O2 out

· Cuticle: waxy layer- prevents ___________________

Xylem and Phloem

Root cap: protects and lubricates root as it forces its way through soil

___________________: loss of water through leaves; the faster water leaves the plant, the stronger the pull of water upward from the roots

Reproduction in Seed Plants (Gymnosperms and Angiosperms):

· Alternation of Generations: Diploid (2n) sporophyte generation alternates with haploid (n) gametophyte generation ALL Plants!

· The diploid sporophyte is the part of the plant that we recognize.

· _____________: reproductive structures of gymnosperms

· _____________: reproductive structures of angiosperms

Gymnosperms:

· Mature sporophyte plant produces 2 types of cones

· Pollen cone: _____- produces pollen (sperm)

· Seed cone: ________- contains ovule, produces

egg cells ready for fertilization from sperm

· Most are pollinated by ___________

Angiosperms:

· Reproduction takes place in the ______________.

· After pollination and fertilization, the seeds develop protective structures.

· _______________: male- produces pollen (sperm)

· ___________: female- contains ovule, produces egg cell ready for fertilization from sperm

· Most are pollinated by animals: insects, birds, and bats carry pollen from one flower to another

· As angiosperm seeds mature, the ovary walls thicken to form a _________ that encloses the developing seeds; fruits vary in size and structure

· A fruit is anything containing a __________ enclosed inside the ovary wall: apples, grapes, cucumbers, tomatoes, peas, and corn

· Seeds can lie ________________ where the embryo is alive but not growing until environmental factors are favorable again.

· Plants can reproduce asexually through cuttings or budding.

· Cuttings: Cut stem with buds and replant

· Budding: New plants (usually seedless or woody plants) are grown on established plants with strong root systems

Plant Growth:

· Plants have hormones that control growth and development

· Auxins: hormones that stimulate cell _____________ and responsible for gravitropism

· Cytokinins: hormones that stimulate cell division and cause dormant seeds to _________

· Ethylene: hormones that stimulate fruits to _____________

· Gibberellins: growth-promoting substance produced by plants; causes drastic _______ increases in stems and fruit

Plant Tropisms:

· Gravitropism: plant response to gravity, causes the shoot of a germinating seed to grow ______ of the soil and also causes roots to grow ______ into soil

· Phototropism: plant response to _________, causes plant to grow toward light source

· Thigmotropism: plant response to _____________, causes plants to curl and twist around objects. Ex. Grape vines growing up a fence

· Hydrotropism: plant response to water, causes plant to grow toward ___________ source

Gravitropism

Plant Adaptations:

· Aquatic plants have air-filled spaces in their tissues where oxygen can diffuse

· Seeds of aquatic plants can float in water

· Desert plants have extensive roots, reduced leaves, and thick stems -> All to conserve water

· Some plants are poisonous which protects them from being eaten. Ex. Milkweed and tobacco plants.