building aware flow and t&d modeling sensor data fusion ncar/ral march 23 2007
TRANSCRIPT
Building Aware Flow and T&D ModelingSensor Data Fusion
NCAR/RAL
March 23 2007
Building Effects
A
C
B
Arrows indicate flow around typical building structures for an undisturbed wind flowing from left to right. Plume predictions based upon measurements taken at points A, B, or C will indicate transport opposite the mean flow.
Example comparing rooftop anemometer to lidar observations.
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23
45
68
90
113
135
158
180
203
0:00 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 0:00
30 August 2004
Direction From
Lidar Navy Annex
Building Effects
N
E
S
NE
SE
NNE
ENE
ESE
SSE
SSW
Physical model of Lower Manhattan
1:200 scale wind tunnel model
EPA Fluid Modeling Facility
Laser Doppler velocimeter to measure flows
Building-Aware Model
• Los Alamos developed empirical flow distortion mass consistent model calibrated with wind tunnel experiments
• Computes mean, time-averaged, effects of buildings on the wind field
• Capable of running at a resolution of a few meters
QUIC-Urb
QUIC-Urb
• Buildings superimposed within the unmodified wind field
• Buildings are composed of rectilinear blocks that are an integer number of grid cells
• Empirical algorithms are used to estimate the velocities in various zones around the buildings - the zones are a function of the size of the building and wind speed and direction
QUIC-Urb
• A diagnostic wind scheme, continuity, is used to adjust the winds to account for mass conservation and obstacle blocking effects
• Allows for realistic rotational flow
• Frozen hydrodynamics - change of flow with time is obtained through successive application of the whole process
QUIC-Urb
• Complicated building shapes can be built from simple rectilinear elements
• Building elements should maximize horizontal area. Unrealistic flows can arise from improper building construction.
Lagrangian Particle Modeling
• Stochastic model of Lagrangian velocities (Monte-Carlo, Markov-chain)
dXdt
U U U'
Ut t' aUt
't 1 a2 1 2
t
a expt
TL
• Eulerian mean and turbulent fields - From a mesoscale, LES, or CFD model
t generally given by
x,
y, or
z - From model or parameterized
•
t is a dimensionless random variable with mean of 0 and variance of 1
• TL is the integrated Lagrangian time scale
Particles move with the mean wind plus perturbation
Perturbation is part memory part turbulence
Memory coefficient
• Each particle represents a finite amount of material
• Concentration based on sum of particles within a grid cell
• Account for buildings by reflection of particles off building surfaces
• How many particles to use?– Statistical significance– Size of grid cells– Distance from source– Strength of turbulence– Available run time
Lagrangian Particle Modeling
Concentration computation
Building reflection
• Advantages– Modifications for inhomogeneous turbulence– Complicated sources/releases– Treatment of buildings reasonably simple
• Disadvantages– Number of particles (runtime, concentration)– Complications dealing with chemical reactions
• Hybrids– Langrangian Puff– Langrangian/Eulerian
Lagrangian Particle Modeling
QUIC-Plume
Example of QUIC-Plume running over a multi building urban area.
• Building aware Lagrangian particle dispersion model developed by Los Alamos National Lab
• Building aware wind field input from QUIC-Urb
Lagrangian-Puff Modeling (SCIPUFF/HPAC)
• Lagrangian transport of Gaussian puffs
• Concentration field represented by collection of 3-D puffs
Q +
• Puffs characterized by 3-moments of the puff concentration– 0th Mass– 1st Centroid– 2nd Spread
Puff concentration
Lagrangian-Puff Modeling
• Develop prognostic equations for each of the moments based upon environmental conditions
• Assume that environmental conditions at puff centroid are representative for whole puff
• Splitting and merging of puffs• Instantaneous or continuous
releases, sources from 3rd party models
• Reflection of puffs at boundaries - difficulties for treatment of buildings
• Buildings treated as additional surface roughness (Urban Wind Model - UWM)
• Urban Dispersion Model - UDM
SPLIT
MERGE
Boundary
SCIPUFF
Typical HPAC plume using VLAS wind field.
Example of building effects in HPAC. This simulation did not execute in an emergency response time frame.
Sensor Data Fusion
• Scenario– A sensor or sensor network detects CBR materials
CBR SensorLocation
Sensor Data Fusion
• Scenario– A sensor or sensor network detects CBR materials– Detection is currently used as the source to forecast the downwind impact
CBR SensorLocation
Sensor DetectionBased Plume
Sensor Data Fusion
• Scenario– A sensor or sensor network detects CBR materials– Detection is currently used as the source to forecast the downwind impact– This forecast may not accurately reflect the actual threat
Actual ReleaseLocation
CBR SensorLocation
Sensor DetectionBased Plume
Sensor Data Fusion
• Scenario– A sensor or sensor network detects CBR materials– Detection is currently used as the source to forecast the downwind impact– This forecast may not accurately reflect the actual threat
Actual ReleaseLocation
CBR SensorLocation
Actual CBRPlume
Sensor DetectionBased Plume
CBR SDF Objective
• Given disparate CBR sensor readings and meteorological measurements, determine:
– CBR Source Characteristics (Location, Mass, Time)– CBR Refined Downwind Hazard (Surface Dosage)
CB/Met SensorsCB/Met Sensors SDFSDF
SourceCharacterization
SourceCharacterization
RefinedDownwind
Hazard
RefinedDownwind
Hazard
• Essentially this is done by using sensor readings at sources and running the T&D model in reverse (adjoint)
• Then determine PDF of reverse concentration peaks (most likely location of source)
• Complications - Continuous sources, multiple sources, moving sources
Demonstration
Control Experiment: Single Source, Perfect Sensors, Known Release Time
Demonstration
Control Experiment: Single Source, Perfect Sensors, Known Release Time
Demonstration
Control Experiment: Single Source, Perfect Sensors, Known Release Time
Demonstration
Control Experiment: Single Source, Perfect Sensors, Known Release Time
Demonstration
Control Experiment: Single Source, Perfect Sensors, Known Release Time
Demonstration
Control Experiment: Single Source, Perfect Sensors, Known Release Time