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Building classification and retrofitting methodologies in the SEE countries
Tamás Csoknyai PhDBudapest University of Technology and Economics
Support for Low-Emission Development in South East Europe (SLED)
OBJECTIVES AND OVERVIEW
▪ General objective: Assist the design of energyefficiency and decarbonisation policies in thebuilding sector
▪ Task objective: Provide technical inputs forsectorial bottom-up simulation modeling in
▪ Albania: residential and public
▪ Montenegro: residential
▪ Serbia: residential
1. Analysis of building stock >>> definition of building types(building type matrix)
2. Definition of retrofit options:
▪ BAU: building as usual
▪ Standard retrofit
▪ Ambitious retrofit
3. Calculation of present and retrofitted consumptions:
▪ Heating
▪ Domestic hot water
▪ Cooling
4. Estimation of retrofit costs
METHODOLOGICAL OVERVIEW
Building types
Energy demand of the
present state
Sectorial
modelling by
Aleksandra
Novikova
Energy demand of
retrofitting options
Investment costs
Local expert
panels
Data collection
and
assessment
METHODOLOGICAL OVERVIEW
Building types
Energy demand of the
present state
Sectorial
modelling by
Aleksandra
Novikova
Energy demand of
retrofitting options
Investment costs
Local expert
panels
Data collection
and
assessment
MAIN DATA SOURCES
Main data sources
Expert panel of national experts
▪ Albanian expert panel
▪ Gjergji Simaku,
▪ Teuta Thimjo
▪ Thimjo Plaku
▪ Rodon Miraj
▪ Montenegrin expert panel (University of Montenegro, Faculty of MechanicalEngineering, Faculty of ElectricalEngineering):
▪ Prof. Dr Igor Vušanovic,
▪ Zoran Miljanic PhD,
▪ Biljana Gligoric
▪ Serbian expert panel (Faculty of Architecture, University of Belgrade):
▪ Prof. Milica Jovanović Popović,
▪ Ignjatović Dušan
▪ Bojana Stankovic
Statistical data, previous studies
▪ Latest census (2011)
▪ Jovanović Popović Milica, IgnjatovićDušan et all, National typology of residential buildings in Serbia, Belgrade, Faculty of Architecture, University of Belgrade, GIZ- DeutcheGesellschaft fur InternationaleZusammenarbeit, Belgrade, 2013
▪ Simaku, Gjergji; Thimjo, Teuta; Plaku, Thimjo: Assessment of the energyperformance of buildings – heating, 2014
▪ REKK, SLED Electricity sector modelling scenarios, 2015
▪ Technical building standards and regulations
▪ IPCC database of emission factors
Building types
Energy demand of the
present state
Sectorial
modelling by
Aleksandra
Novikova
Energy demand of
retrofitting options
Investment costs
Local expert
panels
Data collection
and
assessment
DEFINITION OF BUILDING TYPES
Tabula-Episcope
http://episcope.eu/
Residential Building Typology (MNO)
Main considerations (based on experts and census data)
▪ building type (size and geometry)
▪ detached houses (1-2 dwellings);
▪ multi-family houses (3-9 dwellings);
▪ multi-family houses (10 or more dwellings).
▪ construction period: five construction periods:
▪ buildings built before 1945;
▪ 1946-1970;
▪ 1971-1990;
▪ 1991-2000;
▪ 2001-2011.
Residential Building Typology (MNO)
Additional considerations:
▪ Climate zones (based on census data)
▪ Construction materials (based on experts)
▪ Heating systems and energy sources (based oncensus and experts)
AlbanianResidentialBuilding Typology
SerbianBuilding Typology
family housing multifamily housing
building
period class SFH TH MF AB
1 2 3 4
A
< 1945
B
1946-1960
C
1961-1970
D
1971-1980
E
1981-1990
F
1991-2011
MontenegrinResidential Building Typology
▪ Based on Serbiantypology
▪ Technical building systems different
Dormitories Hospitals Kindergartens
Public offices Schools Universities
Albanian public buildings
Statistical data on the residential building stock(2011 census)
Albania Montenegro Serbia Total
Population 2 821 977 620 029 7 114 393 10 556 399
Buildings 598 267 171 676 2 246 320 3 016 263
Dwellings 1 012 062 315 670 3 237 119 4 564 851
Percentage of non-inhabited
or seasonal dwellings 30.0% 40.3% 25.0% 27.2%
Source: calculated based on INSTAT 2011; SORS 2011; Monstat 2011
Number of dwellings by climate zone and occupancy (MNO)
Climate zone I Climate zone II Climate zone III
No data or industrial use only 5067 154 269
For seasonal use 47345 3986 10529
Vacant 38660 5068 15250
Occupied 110200 26661 51515
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
No data or industrial use only
For seasonal use
Vacant
Occupied
Statistical data on the building stock (ALB, 2011 census)
Number of residential buildings and dwellings per building type
Based on census 2011, dwellings estimated
Energy source mix for space heating in 2015
Natural
gas/LPG
Electricit
y
Coal Oil Wood
District
heating
% % % % % %
Albania
zone A 10-20 70-85 0 0 5-20 0
zone B 10-20 65-85 0 0 5-25 0
zone C 10-25 20-65 0 0 10-70 0
Montenegro
small houses 0 9-14 0 0 86-91 0
medium
buildings
0 27-68 0 0 32-73 0
large buildings 0 46-92 0 0 8-54 0
Serbia
general case 9 17 7.5 3 63.5 0
buildings with
district heating
0 0 0 0 13 83
Building types
Energy demand of the
present state
Sectorial
modelling by
Aleksandra
Novikova
Energy demand of
retrofitting options
Investment costs
Local expert
panels
Data collection
and
assessment
BUILDING TYPE MODELS
Energy demand calculation
▪ Residential: „Real example buildings” methodology
▪ Public: „Average buildings” methodology – energyaudit of 53 buildings
▪ Based on
▪ Calculations: methodology from quasi-steady-state seasonal method defined in EN ISO 13790:2008: Energy performance of buildings -- Calculation of energy use for space heating and cooling
▪ Estimations (expert panels)
▪ Montenegro and Serbia assessed jointly
▪ Calculations differenciated to climate zones (ALB, MNO)
▪ Full and partial - intermittent heating and coolingoptions
Energy audits, ALB, public buildings
Number
Dormitory 5
Hospital 5
Kindergarten 7
Office 4+6
School 18
University 7
▪ Limited technical informationon public buildings
▪ Common methodology
▪ Audit template
▪ Energy calculator
▪ Average results >>> inputsfor building type modeling
Climate zones
Albania Montenegro
Serbi
a
zone
name
HDD
(17,5
oC)
zone
name
HDD
(20
oC)
HDD
(20
oC)
Mildest
zone
zone A 1330 zone I 1623
2658
Moderate
zone
zone B 1534 zone II 2528
Coldest
zone
zone C 2600 zone III 3388
Building types
Energy demand of the
present state
Sectorial
modelling by
Aleksandra
Novikova
Energy demand of
retrofitting options
Investment costs
Local expert
panels
Data collection
and
assessment
MODELING RETROFIT OPTIONS
Retrofit options (RS)
Three options considered
▪ Business and Usual (improvement BAU)
▪ Change of windows and control improvements in the heating systems
▪ Standard retrofit (improvement 1)
▪ Comply with the current regulations or are close to the given values
▪ Technical building systems: ▪ Exchanged to efficient units
▪ Partly switched from individual to central
▪ In district heating systems improving control and efficiency
▪ Ambitious retrofit (improvement 2)
▪ Goes beyond the building regulations
▪ Technical building systems: even higher system efficiency▪ Central heating with condensing gas boiler or
▪ Biomass boiler for pellets or logs or
▪ Central heating with air/water heat pump;
▪ Solar thermal for DHW support
▪ In district heating systems improving control and efficiency
CO2 emission factors (kg/kWh)
CO2 emission factors (kg/kWh)
Albania Montenegro Serbia
natural gas not relevant not relevant 0.202
LPG 0.227 not relevant 0.227
wood 0.1 0.1 0.1
electricity 0.000 0.578 1.041
solar 0 0 0
coal lignite not relevant not relevant 0.364
diesel oil not relevant not relevant 0.267
district heating not relevant not relevant 0.330
Building types
Energy demand of the
present state
Sectorial
modelling by
Aleksandra
Novikova
Energy demand of
retrofitting options
Investment costs
Local expert
panels
Data collection
and
assessment
MODELING RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Results – net energy demand, present state(ALB,residential)
Climate zone B, full heating
Theory and reality
Unheated area
▪ Usual heating pattern: only the a part of the dwelling is heated
▪ Limited statistics
Intermittent heating
▪ Heating system is not turned on all day long, heating overnight is rare
Calibration needed
In the future
▪ Increased comfort
Assumptions for partial and intermittent heating, ALB, public
Heated floor area (%)
Renovation options Present BAU
Improvement
1 (standard)
Improvement
2 (ambitious)
Climate
zone A
Dormitory 69 90 90 100
Hospital 58 80 100 100
Kindergarten 78 80 100 100
Office 61 90 100 100
School 70 80 100 NA
University 72 80 80 NA
Heated hours/week
Climate
zone A
Dormitory 42 56 70 126
Hospital 56 84 126 168
Kindergarten 30 40 50 50
Office 30 40 50 50
School 20 30 40 NA
University 20 30 40 NA
Results – net energy demand, present state(ALB,residential)
Climate zone B, full heating Climate zone B, partial heating
Delivered energy use (MNO, partial heating)
Results – net energy demand, retrofit (ALB, residential)
Climate zone B, partial heating
CO2 emissions in building types (ALB, climate zone A, public buildings)
Dormitory HospitalKindergart
enOffice School University
Present state 3.1 5.6 2.1 1.3 0.7 0.6
BAU renovation 1.8 5.5 2.4 2.0 1.0 0.6
Improvement 1 1.7 1.4 1.0 0.6 0.5 0.1
Improvement 2 1.8 0.0 0.6 0.6
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
CO
2 e
mis
sio
n [
kg
CO
2/m
2a
]
Building types
Energy demand of the
present state
Sectorial
modelling by
Aleksandra
Novikova
Energy demand of
retrofitting options
Investment costs
Local expert
panels
Data collection
and
assessment
INVESTMENT COSTS
Cost of the retrofit options – building envelope(MNO)
▪ Prices provided by the experts
▪ Average prices, including all elements, but there could be extra costs (e.g. removal of old plaster etc.)
EE Measure Unit Cost Remarks6 Replacement of existing with new PVC windows
and doors; PVC profiles from not recycled PVC,
U value of the frame up to 1.4 W/m2/K, no
thermal bridges, at least five air chambers,
strengthened with U - metal profiles coated with
plastic layer; glass - low emission double glass,
16 mm gap between glasses, 4 + 16 + 4 mm
structure, filled with argon or other inert gas.
Total windows U-value up to 1.4 W/m2/K;
Solar energy transmittance of glass - Solar
Factor g at least 65%; technical codes defined in
technical description
€/m2 150 Technical Specification
and codes defined in
general requirements of
tender documents
Investment costs per heated floor area, heating(MNO)
„Standard” renovation option „Ambitious” renovation option
A1-5Wood pellet stove - eta=0.85
(25EUR/m2)
Centralized heating system with wood
pellete boiler and automatic regulation of
temperature and hot water preparation (55
EUR/m2)
B1-5Wood pellet stove - eta=0.85
(22.5EUR/m2)
Centralized heating system with wood
pellete boiler and automatic regulation of
temperature and hot water preparation (44
EUR/m2)
C1-5Heat pump - SCOP>3 (price 35
EUR/m2)Heat pump - SCOP>4 (price 80 EUR/m2)
The costs of standard retrofit: all climate zones, RS, €/m2 floor area, incl. VAT
Measures\Building types A1 B1 C1 D1 E1 F1 A2 C2 A3 B3 C3 D3 E3 F3 C4 D4 E4 F4
Walls (and arcade ceilings) 57.8 34.5 35.2 39.5 29.8 5.4 44.0 30.9 70.7 43.7 24.7 27.1 19.7 24.1 23.3 27.2 24.6 24.5
Windows 40.6 41.7 38.3 44.1 39.0 28.1 45.2 43.8 58.9 55.4 36.7 38.2 46.5 29.4 36.9 44.5 41.1 32.0
Floor c. to attic 30.0 37.1 13.8 10.8 9.7 10.7 28.4 19.3 8.0 4.1 2.7 4.0 3.2 3.3 0.0 1.7 2.2 2.7
Floor c. to unheated below (
cellar) 0.0 0.0 0.0 13.9 2.0 3.2 41.8 6.3 25.7 5.3 3.5 5.1 3.5 4.3 3.1 3.2 2.7 4.8
Flat roof 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 11.1 4.0 0.0 0.3
Pitched roof 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 1.9 2.7
Floor c. on ground 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 26.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Heating system 58.8 39.2 33.2 34.7 33.7 9.8 37.3 53.8 33.3 31.9 31.2 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8
Hot water system 28.8 9.2 3.2 4.7 3.7 9.8 7.3 23.8 3.3 1.9 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Total 216 162 124 148 118 91 204 178 208 148 108 83 82 69 79 90 83 76
Cooling (optional) 7.7 8.1 8.4 8.3 6.6 7.9 6.5 6.3 17.4 10.3 7.9 7.7 6.7 7.1 7.2 10.0 9.1 6.7
Building types
Energy demand of the
present state
Sectorial
modelling by
Aleksandra
Novikova
Energy demand of
retrofitting options
Investment costs
Local expert
panels
Data collection
and
assessment
SECTORIAL MODELING…
