building energy auditing
TRANSCRIPT
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DEPARTMENT OF MINERALS AND ENERGY
DME-Danida Capacity Building in Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy
Module : Basic !rinciples of
Energy
"nderstanding ho# energy
#or$s in %uildings
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DME Building Energy 4
DEPARTMENT ofMINERA! and ENER"#
&earning o%'ectives
Defne energy in its various orms and energyrelated properties;
Use the correct units or energy and power, and
convert rom one unit to another as needed;
Determine the properties o steam and moist air;
Describe the mechanisms by which heat istranserred;
Explain the eect o insulation on heat transer,and the means by which radiative heat transer iscontrolled.
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DME Building Energy 7
DEPARTMENT ofMINERA! and ENER"#
Electrical po#er
hen voltage and current wor-together to do something useul % such
as turn a motor or light a lamp Units are atts
/// atts 0 -ilowatt (-)
horsepower (12) 0 345 atts
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DME Building Energy 8
DEPARTMENT ofMINERA! and ENER"#
AC()C
220 volts DC vs. time
220
0 1/50 se
!10
220
0
"!10
220 volts #M$
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DME Building Energy %
DEPARTMENT ofMINERA! and ENER"#
Calculating po#er
atts 0 $olts x +mps x 2ower6actor
$+ 0 $olts x +mps
2ower actor (26) indicates how wellthe current and voltage are wor-ingtogetherIncandescent Lamps 100%Large Motors 0!"0%
Sma## Motors $0!&%
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DME Building Energy 10
DEPARTMENT ofMINERA! and ENER"#
!o#er *actor + lagging
current
!10
220
0
"!10
!10
220
0
"!10
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DME Building Energy 11
DEPARTMENT ofMINERA! and ENER"#
,hy should I care a%out
po#er factor-
Utilities may bill or $olts x +mps (-$+) or applya surcharge or 26 below a set value
7ote that -$+ is always greater than ore8ual to -
9ncreased line currents
:ow 26 may suggest lightly loaded motors
6acilitates interpretation o electrical profles
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DME Building Energy 12
DEPARTMENT ofMINERA! and ENER"#
!o#er factor correction
+dd capacitance
+t service entrance
9n distribution system +t point o use ! e.g. on motors
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DME Building Energy 1!
DEPARTMENT ofMINERA! and ENER"#
!o#er and energy
2ower 0 1ow 6ast
(Demand)
Energy 0 1ow #uch(onsumption)
Energy 0 2ower x "ime
Units are -ilowatt%hours (-h)
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DME Building Energy 14
DEPARTMENT ofMINERA! and ENER"#
,hat is efficiency-
Electric 1eat
9ncandescent :amp
#otors
2umps6an
+ir ompressor
//< Elec % 1eat
/%=/< Elec % :ight
>/%?>< Elec % 2ower
=/%5/< Elec % 6low
>%>< Elec % +ir
OutputInput
Efciency = x100%
Device E@ciency 9nput %Autput
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DME Building Energy 15
DEPARTMENT ofMINERA! and ENER"#
.hermal energy units
Unit o thermal energy is a Boule (B)
"ypically use #B or CB.
Boule per second 0 att -h 0 .5 #B (/.//5 CB)
boiler 12 0 ?,/ atts
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DME Building Energy 16
DEPARTMENT ofMINERA! and ENER"#
Other useful units
-h 0 4 F"U
"on o rerigeration
0 =,/// F"U1r
0 .5 -
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DME Building Energy 17
DEPARTMENT ofMINERA! and ENER"#
Sensi%le and latent
heat
0 ' (or )ater
100 ' (or )ater at Sea Le*e#Steam On#+
)ater , Steam
Ice , )aterIce
-eat Remo*ed -eat Added
0% Steam ./a#t+
100% Steam ./a#t+
Latent -eatLatent -eatSens#e
-eatSens#e
-eatSens#e
-eat
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DME Building Energy 18
DEPARTMENT ofMINERA! and ENER"#
/umid air +
psychrometry
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DME Building Energy 1%
DEPARTMENT ofMINERA! and ENER"#
0uality2 of heat + a
3uestion of usefulness
Re$uired Te%perature '( CRe$uired Energy )'*+(( ,-
2&0 #tres 3 100'45000 67
1000 #tres 3 40'45000 67
100 #tres3 20'
)8c8 9## do t8e:o;
T8e 100 #tres 9##e 8eated +mmersng ts
contaner n one o(
t8e #argercontaners*=(( F' 8F)>+*>)=: F
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DME Building Energy 80
DEPARTMENT ofMINERA! and ENER"#
&oad factor
100)24
*+, xperiodindaysxdayperhrxkWPeak
periodinusedkWhFactorLoad =
Mont7ly oad 0actor 8G:
+G+=G
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DME Building Energy 81
DEPARTMENT ofMINERA! and ENER"#
raphical analysis of
historical energy use
Building HAH"a5 !pace 9eat & "a5 Do%e5tic 9ot 6ater* Electric A4C
0
25000
45000
$5000
5000
105000
125000
145000
1$5000
7an Fe Mar Apr Ma+ 7/ne 7/#+ A/g Sept Oct No* Dec
E
$ui1alent,67
Mont8#+ E#ectrct+ 'ons/mpton Mont8#+ Gas 'ons/mpton
Building HBHElectric !pace 9eat* Electric A4C* "a5 Do%e5tic 9ot 6ater
0
2500045000
$5000
5000
105000
125000
145000
1$5000
15000
7an Fe Mar Apr Ma+ 7/ne 7/#+ A/g Sept Oct No* Dec
E
$ui1alent,67
Mont8#+ E#ectrct+ 'ons/mpton Mont8#+ Gas 'ons/mpton
Building HCH"a5 !pace 9eat & Do%e5tic 9ot 6ater* no A4C
0
25000
45000
$5000
5000
105000
125000
7an Fe Mar Apr Ma+ 7/ne 7/#+ A/g Sept Oct No* Dec
E$ui1alent,67
Mont8#+ E#ectrct+ 'ons/mpton Mont8#+ Gas 'ons/mpton
Building HDH"a5 !pace 9ea t & Proce55 9eat* / 6ee, Augu5t !7utdown
0
25000
45000
$5000
5000
105000
125000
7an Fe Mar Apr Ma+ 7/ne 7/#+ A/g Sept Oct No* Dec
E$ui1alent,67
Mont8#+ E#ectrct+ 'ons/mpton Mont8#+ Gas 'ons/mpton
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DME Building Energy 82
DEPARTMENT ofMINERA! and ENER"#
Calculating degree+days
Correlation of energy
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DME Building Energy 8!
DEPARTMENT ofMINERA! and ENER"#
Correlation of energy
consumption to degree+days
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DEPARTMENT OF MINERALS AND ENERGYDME-Danida Capacity Building in Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy
Module >: Energy
Assessment + )emandAnalysis
"nderstanding the time
patterns of energy use
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DME Building Energy 85
DEPARTMENT ofMINERA! and ENER"#
&earning o%'ectives
Abtain an electrical demand profle,interpret it, and identiy possible
E#As; 9dentiy opportunities or power
actor correction.
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DME Building Energy 86
DEPARTMENT ofMINERA! and ENER"#
/ourly )emand !rofile
-o/r o( t8e Da+
1
2
4
&
$
"
10
11
12
1
14
1&
1$
1
1
1"
20
21
22
2
24
0
20
40
$0
0
100
120
140
An Electrical
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DME Building Energy 87
DEPARTMENT ofMINERA! and ENER"#
An Electrical
*ingerprint
00
1000
1200
1400
1$00
100
2000
G
0#o
9
a
tts
Tme o( Da+ B00I00 ! 24I00C
Pea, Day De%and Profil1& mn/te demand nter*a#
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DME Building Energy 88
DEPARTMENT ofMINERA! and ENER"#
!atterns 4evealed
2ea- Demand
7ight :oad
Jtart%Up Jhut%Down
eather Eects
:oads that ycle
9nteractions
AccupancyEects
2roduction
Eects 2roblem +reas
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DME Building Energy 8%
DEPARTMENT ofMINERA! and ENER"#
AnalyDing the !rofile
He8uires acility operational -nowledge
#ar- scheduled events on the profle
orrelate events withG Demand increase, decrease, cycling, pea-s
Heconcile with demand on utility bills
9nvestigate un-nown patterns
Theres always a savingsopportunity in a new deand pro!le"
O%taining a )emand
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DME Building Energy %0
DEPARTMENT ofMINERA! and ENER"#
O%taining a )emand
!rofile
2eriodic utility meter readings
Hecording clip%on ammetermeasurements
Fasic recording power meter
#ulti%channel recording power meters
+ 6acility energy management orJ+D+ system
+ dedicated monitoring system
O%taining a demand
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DME Building Energy %1
DEPARTMENT ofMINERA! and ENER"#
O%taining a demand
profile
D'
A'
START STOP OFF
ON
'-ART PO)ER
L1
L2
L
'LIP!ON AMMETER
RE'ORDER
3 hase ower from
single hase
measurement:kVA = Amps x
Volts x 1.73 1000
3 hase ower from
single hase
measurement:kVA = Amps x
Volts x 1.73 1000
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DME Building Energy %2
DEPARTMENT ofMINERA! and ENER"#
5 phase measurement
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DME Building Energy %!
DEPARTMENT ofMINERA! and ENER"#
)aily or monthly
400
$00
00
1000
1200
14001$00
100
2000
60#o9atts
Da+ o( t8e Mont8
Mont7ly De%and Profile1& mn/tedemandnter*a#
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DME Building Energy %4
DEPARTMENT ofMINERA! and ENER"#
Meter response
oad
di5connected
oadconnected
,hat the demand meter
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DME Building Energy %5
DEPARTMENT ofMINERA! and ENER"#
,hat the demand meter
sees#0
1$
10
$
0
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DME Building Energy %6
DEPARTMENT ofMINERA! and ENER"#
Savings opportunities
Jcheduling ! reduce startup pea-s
9nre8uent demand pea-s !
avoidable Jhit on%pea- to o%pea- usage
pattern
E8uipment loading ! considerse8uencing
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DME Building Energy %7
DEPARTMENT ofMINERA! and ENER"#
!ea$ demand control
Eliminate accidental pea-s
Jhit activity &o%pea-'
2ea- demand warning or sta 9nterloc- e8uipment
:oad shedding system
Use generator to &clip' the pea-
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DME Building Energy %8
DEPARTMENT ofMINERA! and ENER"#
!o#er factor correction
orrect power actor ! on pea-
at service entrance
in the distribution system at the point o use power actor
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DME Building Energy %%
DEPARTMENT ofMINERA! and ENER"#
Analyse this ' + )(
@oltage I%balance 8G:
Increa5ein
o55e58G:
DEPARTMENT of! "
Match the motor to the
load
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DME Building Energy 144
MINERA! and ENER"#load
Motor Loadng
E((cenc+B%C
0% 2&% &0% &% 100%0%
2&%
&0%
&%
100%
DEPARTMENT ofMINERA! d ENER"#
Operating conditions
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DME Building Energy 145
MINERA! and ENER"#p g
:eading cause o motor ailure isheat
/< temperature increase 0 V lie lean air vents
Falance voltages
+void too many starts
DEPARTMENT ofMINERA! d ENER"#
Energy efficient motors
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DME Building Energy 147
MINERA! and ENER"#gy
oading 8G: )((G oad =G oad =(G oad9P Type EffKy P;0; EffKy P;0; EffKy P;0;11
EEStd
4
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DME Building Energy 148
MINERA! and ENER"#y p
Energy e@cient motors tend to havehigher ratedoperating speeds.
%< higher rated speeds.
hen driving a centriugal loadG
+ < speed increase 0 .>< powerincrease.
DEPARTMENT ofMINERA! and ENER"#
*ans pumps
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DME Building Energy 14%
MINERA! and ENER"#p p
omprisesignifcant load inbuildings
"ypically oversiKed #isapplication is
common
2roper *ow controlcan yield largesavings
DEPARTMENT ofMINERA! and ENER"#
Assessing fans
pumps
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DME Building Energy 150
MINERA! and ENER"#pumps
/atch the need% ma-e sure theanpump siKe matches the need or *ow
Ensure that the pump or an is operating
at close to optimal conditions % i notreconsider the pumpan selection
Heduce resistance to *ow in the
distribution systems % *ow resistance,fttings, pipeduct siKing
DEPARTMENT ofMINERA! and ENER"#
!o#erful la#s
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DME Building Energy 151
MINERA! and ENER"#
Q2
Q1
N2
N1
P2
P1
N2
N1
2 kW2
kW1
N2
N1
!
+@nity laws or centriugal ans and pumps.
N0 speed, Q0 *ow, P0 pressure, kW0 power
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DEPARTMENT ofMINERA! and ENER"#
*an(!ump savings
strategy
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DME Building Energy 15!
MINERA! and ENER"#strategy
Maximize
Efficiency
Tec8no#ogca#Operatona#
Match theRequiement
/
)
>
App#+ a*ara#espeed dr*e
Mantan ,operate at
est pont(G '(G +(G )((G 026
@ariable!peed
Met7od
T7rottlingMet7od
Power!a1ingL
9P
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DEPARTMENT ofMINERA! and ENER"#
&earning o%'ectives
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DME Building Energy 15%
+ssess the heating and cooling load oa building;
9dentiy and assess energy e@ciency
opportunities or building envelope;1$+ systems including boilers, steamand hot water distribution systems, air
distribution systems; and theapplication o building control systems.
DEPARTMENT ofMINERA! and ENER"#
/eating(cooling loads and
the 0comfort Done2
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DME Building Energy 160
DEPARTMENT ofMINERA! and ENER"#
/eat loss and gain 9 %asic
relationship
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DME Building Energy 161
p
3 e&t loss r&te *, 1 / #"v&lue e&t tr&nser
oeiient */m2.oC,
A $ur&e &re& *m2,
2 ndoor emer&ture *o
C,1 -utdoor emer&ture *oC,
DEPARTMENT ofMINERA! and ENER"#
Insulation EMOs 9 reduce
heat loss(gain
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DME Building Energy 162
g
#aintenanceG
Hepair damagedinsulation
Hepair damagedcoverings andfnishes
#aintain saety
re8uirements
:ow%costG
9nsulate non%insulated pipes N
fttings 9nsulate non%
insulated vessels
+dd insulation to
reach therecommended level
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DEPARTMENT ofMINERA! and ENER"#
Infiltration(Exfiltration
EMOs
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DME Building Energy 164
EMOs
aul- all crac-s
aul- around all pipes,louvers, or other openings that
penetrate the building s-in
Hepair windows
eatherstrip exterior doorsand windows
over window air conditioners
during o seasons
9nstall revolving doors,
vestibule and automatic doorclosers
DEPARTMENT ofMINERA! and ENER"#
Solar gain 9 radiation
heat load
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DME Building Energy 165
DEPARTMENT ofMINERA! and ENER"#
4educe solar gain 6 6 6
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DME Building Energy 166
9n new constructionG
Class area and type
Fuilding orientation in new construction
Averhangs and shading
9n existing buildingsG
Exterior shading (awnings)
9nterior shading and blinds
He%glaKing (maybe)
DEPARTMENT ofMINERA! and ENER"#
Summary of heat load
EMOs
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DME Building Energy 167
Heduce heat lossgainbyG onduction % add
insulation
onvection % minimiKeair infltration
and radiation % replaceor improve windows,use shading
JtrategyG eliminate waste % ensure
building need is exactlymet by the energysystem;
maximiKe e@ciency !select best technology,improve operational andmaintenance practices;
optimiKe energy supply %
select most economicalenergy source, utilisewaste heat
DEPARTMENT ofMINERA! and ENER"#
4educe heating energy
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DME Building Energy 168
#aintain the indoor temperature as low aspossible
Use most economical level o insulation
Ensure vapour barrier is installed and in goodrepair
Use double or triple glaKing or windows
Heorganise activities inside the building %
separate the building into Kones based onspecifc heating and cooling re8uirements
DonPt heat unoccupied areas
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DEPARTMENT ofMINERA! and ENER"#
Energy efficient /AC
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DME Building Energy 170
nt&9e *m&9e"u,Air:lo;
?&ust Air :lo;
-utside *lo;er,emer&ture
nside *?ig?er,emer&ture
*B, ntern&l e&t
@&in E>?&ust
*A, Cooledentil&tion
E>?&ust
nt&9e
Boiler
:uelC?iller
Eletriity
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DEPARTMENT ofMINERA! and ENER"#
*inding /AC EMOs +
some 3uestions
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DME Building Energy 172
3
"emperature and ventilation re8uirements othe conditioned space % match o systemcapacity to these needs
ontainment o contaminants rom other
building areas hat is the accuracy o temperature and
humidity control % more accurate controlsL
Does the 1$+ load vary daily and seasonally %
does the system have capacity control toaccommodate these swingsL
DEPARTMENT ofMINERA! and ENER"#
6 6 6 more 3uestions
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DME Building Energy 17!
9s there a preventative maintenanceprogram or the 1$+ systemsL
+re controls calibrated regularlyL
as the existing system designed or
the present purpose or conditionsL
+re there more e@cient systems orour applicationL
DEPARTMENT ofMINERA! and ENER"#
EMOs chec$list +
ventilation
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DME Building Energy 174
Jhut down ventilationexhaust systems when notre8uired
#aintain dampers to reduce outside air lea-agewhen not re8uired
Use correct ventilationexhaust rates orapplication N occupancy
Utilise systems to destratiy ceiling air
#inimise the Use o local exhaust
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DEPARTMENT ofMINERA! and ENER"#
Boiler plant systems
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DME Building Energy 176
se(/#-eat
Ar
F#/e Gas
F/e#
100xEnergyFuel
EnergyUsefulEfficiencyBoiler =
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DEPARTMENT ofMINERA! and ENER"#
*uel com%ustion
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DME Building Energy 178
F/e#! caron! 8+drogen! s/#p8er
'om/ston Ar! o@+gen! ntrogen
-eat
B&! &%C
'om/ston
F#/e Gas! 'O25 'O! ntrogen5 NO@
! 9ater! e@cess ar! SO@! O'
DEPARTMENT ofMINERA! and ENER"#
&osses from %oiler
systems
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DME Building Energy 17%
Combustion by-products! depends on theair%uel mixture
Heat in the fue gas! depends on the
amount o excess combustion air andeectiveness o heat exchange
Blow-down ! hot water removed rom theboiler to control accumulation o solids
Skin Loss! heat escaping rom the boilerenclosure
DEPARTMENT ofMINERA! and ENER"#
Com%ustion efficiency
measurement
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DME Building Energy 180
6lue gas N combustionair temperature
6lue gas constituents A#(indicates A#and
excess air) A
7Ax, JAx, etc
Drat and dierential
pressure E@ciency is calculated
rom *ue heat loss
DEPARTMENT ofMINERA! and ENER"#
Measuring com%ustion
efficiency
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DME Building Energy 181
E8uipment re8uiredG
ombustion analyKer
Ar, minimally A#,
temperature sensor
and e@ciency tables
+ccess re8uiredG
W' to ' hole in*ue close to last
heat exchange
DEPARTMENT ofMINERA! and ENER"#
Boiler plant EMOs
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DME Building Energy 182
+dMust uelair ratio
Ensure boiler temperature set point is AS
lean heat transer suraces
Jtagingcontrol o multiple units
A cycle heat loss reduction
Furner alignmentadMustment
Foilerpipe insulation
DEPARTMENT ofMINERA! and ENER"#
More %oiler plant EMOs
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DME Building Energy 18!
Helocate combustion air inta-eto use waste heat
Heplace ine@cient units
Hight%siKe boilers Jmaller boiler or summer loads
1eat recovery on larger boilers
Heduction o loss is frstconsideration
DEPARTMENT ofMINERA! and ENER"#
6 6 6 And more EMOs
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DME Building Energy 184
Heduce blowdown rate, by managingwater treatment.
Heduction rom /< to >< saves about
< o uel
Heduce steam pressure
:ower *ue, radiation, and lea- losses
Heduce ventinglea-s i possible
DEPARTMENT ofMINERA! and ENER"#
/eat recovery
opportunities
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DME Building Energy 185
Use economiKer to heat ma-e%upwater
ombustion air pre%heater
6lue gas condenser
Flow down heat recovery
Hecover de%aerator steam
DEPARTMENT ofMINERA! and ENER"#
Savings example
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DME Building Energy 186
2reheat combustionair with heat rompower house ceiling
ombustion air =/
o
to 4/o
Foiler e@ciencyimprovement o
.
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DEPARTMENT ofMINERA! and ENER"#
Assessment of steam
distri%utionA n a # + e S t e a m
D s t r / t o n
S t e a m
P r e s s / r eT o o - g 8
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DME Building Energy 18%
P p e S e
A o * e / s e r
r e ? / r e m e n t !
r e d / c e p r e s s / r e
I n c r e a s e
' a p a c t +
o ( P p n g
S t e a m
T r a p p n g
F / t / r e
E @ p a n s o n
E @ c e s s * e L o s s !c o n s d e r s m a # #e r
p p e s
S / r * e + ( o r
d a m a g e n c o r re c t 5
t + p e p o s t o n 5 s e