building engines for growth and competitiveness in china: experience with special economic zones...
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8/7/2019 Building Engines for Growth and Competitiveness in China: Experience with Special Economic Zones and Industrial
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Du`jb`hk Ihk`his ngr Krgwtm
lhb Agepit`t`vihiss `h Am`hlIxpir`ihai w`tm Qpia`lj Iaghge`a Sghis
lhb @hbustr`lj Ajustirs
Bgukjls Sm`mul Sihk
Ib`tgr
B @ T I A R @ G H Q @ H B I ^ I J G _ E I H R
Aguhtr`is lhb Tik`ghs
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Du`jb`hk Ihk`his ngr Krgwtm lhb
Agepit`t`vihiss `h Am`hl
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Du`jb`hk Ihk`his ngr Krgwtm
lhb Agepit`t`vihiss `h Am`hlIxpir`ihai w`tm Qpia`lj Iaghge`a Sghis
lhb @hbustr`lj Ajustirs
Bgukjls Sm`mul Sihk
Ib`tgr
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4?
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v
Ngriwgrb x```
Lafhgwjibkeihts xv
Lddriv`lt`ghs xv``
Aurrihay xv```
Amlptir < Mgw Bg Qpia`lj Iaghge`a Sghis lhb @hbustr`lj
Ajustirs Br`vi Am`hls Tlp`b Bivijgpeiht7
Qpia`lj Iaghge`a Sghis `h Am`hl3
L Rist`hk Jld ngr tmi Elrfit Iaghgey =
@hbustr`lj Ajustirs `h Am`hl3
L Agepit`t`vi Ihk`hi ngr tmi Jgalj Iaghgey 42
Tinjiat`ghs gh tmi Ixpir`ihais gn Am`hlsQISs lhb @hbustr`lj Ajustirs 1>
Amljjihkis tg tmi Qustl`hldji Bivijgpeiht gn
Am`hls QISs lhb @hbustr`lj Ajustirs 10
_gj`ay @epj`alt`ghs 24
Aghtihts
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Aghajus`gh 29
Lhhix L 2>
Lhhix D 2;
Hgtis 2=
D`dj`gkrlpmy 20
Amlptir 4 Am`hls N`rst Qpia`lj Iaghge`a Sghi3
Rmi Alsi gn Qmihzmih 99
P`e`hk Pulh, Mghky` Kug, Mghkni` ]u,
[i`q` J`, Qmlhsmlh Jug, Ml`q`hk J`h,
lhb Pulh Pulh
Dlafkrguhb gh tmi Qmihzmih QIS 9>
Bivijgpeiht Lam`ivieihts 9=
Bivijgpeiht Qtlkis >>
Tgjis gn tmi Kgvirheiht ;4
_riniriht`lj _gj`a`is ;;
Fiy Ixpir`ihais =?
Amljjihkis lhb Tiageeihblt`ghs =
Amlptir 1 L Alsi Qtuby gn R`lhc`h Iaghge`a
Riamhgjgk`alj Bivijgpeiht Lril =;
]`lgx` J`, Tu`cuh Bulh, lhb Mulhzmlg Smlhk
RIBLs Laagepj`smeihts ==
Dlafkrguhb gh RIBL 0>Rmi Tgji gn Kgvirheiht `h tmi Aghstruat`gh
gn RIBL
RIBLs Quaaiss
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Rmi Elcgr Lam`ivieihts gn FIRB
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Ivljult`gh gn Kgvirheiht _gj`ay lhb tmi
]`q`lg Rixt`ji Ajustir 4?0
B`sauss`gh, Aghajus`gh, lhb _gj`ay @epj`alt`ghs 4
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Elps
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1.1 ljui gn RIBLs M`km-Riam Ixpgrts lhb Rmi`r Qmlri gn
Rgtlj Ixpgrt ^ljui, 4?? >.2 @hhgvlt gh Eitmgbs Ysib dy QEIs `h tmi ]`q`lg
Rixt`ji @hbustry, 4??2 4??
>.9 Ivgjut gh gn Jgalj Kgvirheiht Tgji h ]`q`lg
Ajustir Bivijgpeiht 4?1
x Aghtihts
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>.> Riamh`alj Qirv`ais Laaiptib dy Rixt ji Ihtirpr`sis
nrge ]`q`lgs Riamhgjgky @hhgvlt`gh Aihtir, 4??2 4?0
>.; ]`q`lgs Ajustirs Dingri lhb Lntir tmi Istldj smeiht
gn tmi Riamhgjgky @hhgvlt`gh Aihtir,
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x```
@h tmi plst 1? yilrs, Am`hl mls lam`ivib pmihgeihlj iaghge`a krgwtm,
lh uhpriaibihtib bivijgpeiht e`rlaji `h muelh m`stgry. Q`hai tmi
`hst`tut`gh gn `ts ringres lhb Gpih Bggr pgj`ay `h
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Rmi fiy ixpir`ihais gn Am`hls QISs lhb `hbustr`lj ajustirs alh dist
di sueelr`zib ls krlbulj`se w`tm lh ixpir`eihtlj lpprglam6 l strghk
agee`teiht6 lhb tmi lat`vi, prlkelt`a nla`j`tlt`gh gn tmi stlti. Qgei gn
tmi spia`n`a jissghs `hajubi tmi `epgrtlhai gn strghk agee`teiht lhb
prlkelt`se nrge tmi tgp jilbirsm`p6 priniriht`lj pgj`a`is lhb drglb
`hst`tut`ghlj lutghgey6 stluham suppgrt lhb prglat`vi plrt`a`plt`gh gn
kgvirheihts, ispia`ljjy `h tmi lrils gn pudj`a kggbs lhb ixtirhlj`t`is6
pudj`a-pr`vlti plrthirsm`ps6 ngri`kh b`riat `hvisteiht lhb `hvisteiht
nrge tmi Am`hisi b`lspgrl6 dus`hiss vljui aml`hs lhb sga`lj hitwgrfs6
lhb aght`hugus tiamhgjgky jilrh`hk lhb upkrlb`hk.
K`vih tmi vlst huedir gn QISs lhb ajustirs `h Am`hl, `t `s `epgss`djitg agvir ljj gn tmie. Ngr tmi purpgsi gn `jjustrlt`gh, tm`s vgjuei ngausis
gh tmrii QISs (Qmihzmih, R`lhc`h, lhb Fuhsmlh) lhb gh twg `hbustr`lj
ajustirs (tmi [ihzmgu nggtwilr ajustir `h Smic`lhk _rgv`hai lhb tmi
]`q`lg tixt`ji ajustir `h Kulhkbghk _rgv`hai).
Rmi vgjuei dik`hs w`tm l sueelry p`iai tmlt dr`injy riv`iws tmi
bivijgpeiht ixpir`ihais gn Am`hls QISs lhb `hbustr`lj ajustirs lhb
tmih ngjjgws w`tm tmi n`vi alsi stub`is. Rgkitmir, tmiy lri `htihbib tg
dihin`t bivijgp`hk aguhtr`is `h plrt`aujlr lhb tmi kjgdlj bivijgpeihtageeuh`ty `h kihirlj. Rmiri `s, mgwivir, hg s`jvir dujjit ngr bivijgp-
eiht3 wmlt `s `epgrtlht `s tmlt ilam aguhtry eust n`hb tmi egbij dist
su`tib tg `ts gwh uh`qui s`tult`gh.
Cust`h P`nu J`h Qlhcly _rlbmlh
Qih`gr ^`ai _ris`biht lhb Am`in Iaghge`st ^`ai _ris`biht
Bivijgpeiht Iaghge`as [grjb Dlhf @hst`tuti
[grjb Dlhf [grjb Dlhf
x`v Ngriwgrb
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xv
Rm`s dggf wls priplrib dy Bgukjls Sm`mul Sihk, sih`gr iaghge`st lt tmi
[grjb Dlhf, lhb wls n`hlhaib tmrgukm tmi kihirgus suppgrt gn tmi Y.F.
Biplrteiht ngr @htirhlt`ghlj Bivijgpeiht (BN@B) Am`hlLnr`al Rrust
Nuhb, tmi Fgril[grjb Dlhf @hst`tuti ([D@) Qf`jjs lhb @hhgvlt`gh
_rgkrle Rrust Nuhb, lhb tmi Eujt`-Bghgr Rrust Nuhb (EBRN) ngr Rrlbi
lhb Bivijgpeiht.
Rmi ib`tgr w`smis tg tmlhf Clhle`trl Bivlh (v`ai pris`biht lhb milb gn
hitwgrf, N`hlha`lj lhb _r`vlti Qiatgr Bivijgpeiht, [grjb Dlhf Krgup)ngr m`s vljuldji ageeihts. Lrbg Mlhssgh lhb `haiht _ljelbi wiri piir
riv`iwirs. Rmi ib`tgr `s krltinuj tg Elr`jgu Clhi Yy, Fjlus Tgmjlhb, Druhg
Jlpgrti, Tlc Hljjlr`, lhb Furt Jlrsih ngr tmi`r elhlkieiht suppgrt.
Qpia`lj tmlhfs kg tg Nrlhf Qlbir, Klhism Tlslkle, [`jj`le Elrt`h, _m`j`p
Flrp, Rmgels Nlrgji, Plh [lhk, ]`lgdg Smlhk, [`jj`le F`hkse`jj,
Kgfmlh Lf`ha`, lhb Cust`hi [m`ti ngr tmi`r strghk suppgrt lhb vljuldji
`hput. Rm`s dggf ljsg dihin`tib nrge b`sauss`ghs w`tm E`amlij C. Ihr`kmt
(prgnissgr, Yh`virs`ty gn Mghk Fghk) lhb Amr`st`lh Fitijs (pr`ha`pljlssga`lti, @hst`tuti ngr Qtrltiky lhb Agepit`t`vihiss, Mlrvlrb Dus`hiss
Qamggj). D`htlg [lhk prgv`bib ixaijjiht lhljyt`alj suppgrt.
Rmi alsis stub`is `h tm`s dggf wiri gr`k`hljjy prgbuaib ngr tmi eujt`yilr
m`km-jivij Am`hlLnr`al QgutmQgutm Bivijgpeiht Ixpir`ihai-Qmlr`hk
Lafhgwjibkeihts
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_rgkrle spghsgrib dy tmi Am`hisi kgvirheiht lhb nla`j`tltib dy tmi
[grjb Dlhf, wm`am tggf pjlai `h Ely 4??= lhb Cujy 4??0 (w`tm tmi
tm`rb prgkrle samibujib ngr Qiptiedir 4?
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xv``
LB lhhg bge`h`
ALB ageputir-l`bib bis`kh
ALKT agepguhb lhhulj krgwtm rlti
ALE ageputir-l`bib elhunlatur`hk
AA_ Am`hisi Ageeuh`st _lrty
AA_AA Am`hisi Ageeuh`st _lrty Aihtrlj Agee`ttii
A@EQ ageputir-`htikrltib elhunlatur`hk systie
I_S ixpgrt-prgaiss`hk zghiIT_ ihtirpr`si risgurais pjlhh`hk
IRBS iaghge`a lhb tiamhgjgk`alj bivijgpeiht zghi
Iu_ ihirky-us`hk prgbuats
NB@ ngri`kh b`riat hvisteiht
NQEA Nldr`as QlepjiElhunlatur`hk Agrpgrlt`gh
NRS nrii trlbi zghi
KB_ krgss bgeist`a prgbuat
K@_ krgss hbustr`lj prgbuat M@BS m`km-tiam hbustr`lj bivijgpeiht zghi
@A `htikrltib a`rau`t
@_T `htijjiatulj prgpirty r`kmts
@R `hngrelt`gh tiamhgjgky
FI_S Fuhsmlh Ixpgrt-_rgaiss`hk Sghi
Lddriv`lt`ghs
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xv``` Lddriv`lt`ghs
FIRB Fuhsmlh Iaghge`a-Riamhgjgk`alj Bivijgpeiht Sghi
JAB j`qu`b arystlj b`spjly
Jtb. j`e`tib
E@Q elhlkieiht hngrelt`gh systie
EHA eujt`hlt`ghlj agrpgrlt`gh
EGNAGE E`h`stry gn Ageeirai
EGQR E`h`stry gn Qa`ihai lhb Riamhgjgky
GIE gr`k`hlj iqu`peiht elhunlaturir
GRA gvir tmi aguhtir
_BE prgbuat bltl elhlkieiht
___ pudj`a-pr`vlti plrthirsm`p_QY pudj`a sirv`ai uh`t
T&B risilram lhb bivijgpeiht
TILAM Tik`strlt gh, Ivljult gh, lhb Lutmgr`zlt`gh gn Amie`aljs
TgMQ Tistr`at`ghs gh tmi Ysi gn Airtl`h Mlzlrbgus Qudstlhais
Q&R sa`ihai lhb tiamhgjgky
QLRTL Qmgi lhb Ljj`ib Rrlbi Lssga`lt`gh
QIS spia`lj iaghge`a zghi
QEI seljj lhb eib`ue ihtirpr`siQGI stlti-gwhib ihtirpr`si
QQRIA Q`hg-Q`hklpgri R`lhc`h Iag-A`ty
RIBL R`lhc`h Iaghge`aRiamhgjgk`alj Bivijgpeiht Lril
R@LA Rixt`ji @hbustry Lssga`lt`gh gn Am`hl
R@A tiamhgjgky hhgvlt`gh aihtir
RQG tiamhgjgky sirv`ai grklh`zlt`gh
LR vljui-lbbib tlx
[AQA [ihzmgu Am`hl Qmgi Alp`tlj[III [lsti Ijiatr`alj lhb Ijiatrgh`a Iqu`peiht
[MIS [ihzmgu Milbqulrtirs Iaghgey Sghi
[RG [grjb Rrlbi Grklh`zlt`gh
Hgti3 Mghk Fghk lhb Elalg lri tmi twg Qpia`lj Lbe`h`strlt`vi Tik`ghs `h
Am`hl. Am`hl rikl`hib sgviri`khty gn Mghk Fghk nrge tmi Yh`tib F`hkbge
gh Cujy
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, tmi n`vi `h`t`lj QISs laaguhtib
ngr 9 piraiht gn Am`hls tgtlj rilj KB_, 44 piraiht gn tgtlj eiramlhb`siixpgrts, lhb 0 piraiht gn tgtlj NB@ `hnjgws. Lt tmi slei t`ei, tmi
92 hlt`ghlj IRBSs laaguhtib ngr 9 piraiht gn tgtlj KB_, , tmi 92 stlti-jivij IRBSs, 91 stlti-jivijM@BSs,2 lhb .
Hgti3 5 hgt lvl`jldji.
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tgtlj KB_ lhb 40.= piraiht gn ixpgrts (Am`hl Fhgwjibki Ghj`hi 4??0).
Rmi slei yilr, tmi tgtlj KB_ ngr Qmlhkml` _ubghk lhb R`lhc`h D`hml`
wls TED 41>.91 d`jj`gh lhb TED .?9 d`jj`gh, rispiat`vijy6 lhb tmi`r
ixpgrts wiri YQ$22.9 d`jj`gh lhb YQ$, tmi tgtlj iepjgyeiht gn tmi
`h`t`lj n`vi QISs wls ldgut
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Dy iviry laaguht, egst gn tmi QISs `h Am`hl, tmgukm b`nnir`hk `h pir-
ngrelhai lhb spiib, lri qu`ti suaaissnuj. Rgkitmir, tmiy mlvi ngreib l
pgwirnuj ihk`hi tg br`vi Am`hls ringre prgaiss lhb iaghge`a krgwtm.
Jit us hgw ixle`hi mgw tmisi QISs kriw gut gn l tmih sivirijy aghstrl`h-
`hk rik`ei lhb suaaiibib diyghb tmi egst gpt`e`st`a ixpiatlt`ghs.
Elcgr Nlatgrs ngr Quaaiss lhb Jissghs JilrhibElhy nlatgrs aghtr`dutib tg tmi suaaiss gn Am`hls QISs, lhb h iviry alsi,
tmi s`tult`ghs lhb nlatgrs e`kmt di b`nniriht. Mgwivir, tmi`r suaaiss brlws
gh sgei ageegh fiy ijieihts lhb pg`hts tg sgei ageegh jissghs.
Qtrghk agee`teiht tg ringre lhb prlkelt`se nrge tgp jilbirsm`p.
Bisp`ti tmi m`km uhairtl`hty lt tmi dik`hh`hk, tmi tgp jilbirs wiri
bitire`hib tg elfi amlhkis, tmrgukm l krlbulj`st lpprglam. Quam l
bitire`hlt`gh ihsurib l stldji lhb suppgrt`vi elargihv`rgheiht ngr
ringre lhb ngr tmi hiw Gpih Bggr pgj`a`is tg priviht pgj`t`alj gppgs`-
t`gh lhb tiepgrlry sitdlafs nrge uhbire`h`hk tmi iaghge`a ixpir`-
eiht w`tm tmi spia`lj iaghge`a zghis. Bihks sgutmirh tgur `h
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@h lbb`t`gh, tmi QISs (ispia`ljjy tmi ageprimihs`vi QISs lhb IRBSs)
wiri k`vih kriltir pgj`t`alj lhb iaghge`a lutghgey. Rmiy mlb tmi jik-
`sjlt`vi lutmgr`ty tg bivijgp euh`a`plj jlws lhb rikujlt`ghs ljghk tmi
dls`a j`his gn hlt`ghlj jlws lhb rikujlt`ghs, `hajub`hk jgalj tlx rltis lhb
struaturis, lhb tg kgvirh lhb lbe`h`stir tmisi zghis. Lt tmlt t`ei, `h
lbb`t`gh tg tmi Hlt`ghlj _igpjis Aghkriss lhb `ts Qtlhb`hk Agee`ttii,
ghjy tmi prgv`ha`lj-jivij _igpjis Aghkriss lhb `ts Qtlhb`hk Agee`ttii
mlb suam jik`sjlt`vi pgwir.0 Rmlt b`sarit`gh ljjgwib tmie egri nriibge
`h pursu`hk tmi hiw pgj`a`is lhb tmi bivijgpeiht eilsuris biieib hia-
isslry tg v`tlj`zi tmi iaghgey. Ngr `hstlhai, QISs wiri tmi n`rst tg istld-
j`sm l jldgr elrfit. Ageplh`is gpirlt`hk `hs`bi tmi zghis agujb ihtir`htg ihngraildji jldgr aghtrlats w`tm spia`n`a tire j`e`ts, agujb b`se`ss
uhqulj`n`ib gr uhbirpirngre`hk iepjgyiis, lhb agujb lbcust wlki lhb
agepihslt`gh rltis tg rinjiat tmi elrfit s`tult`gh (_rgJgk`s 4??=). Rmisi
nlatgrs wiri ar`t`alj tg lttrlat`hk tmi r`kmt tljiht.
@h Qmihzmih, tmi kgvirheiht wls viry prlkelt`a, lhb `ts pgj`ay `hhg-
vlt`ghs wiri ispia`ljjy suaaissnuj. @h
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dus`hiss ihv`rgheiht. Rmiy hgt ghjy put `h pjlai lh inn`a`iht rikujltgry
lhb lbe`h`strlt`vi systie dut ljsg kggb `hnrlstruaturi, suam ls rglbs,
wltir, ijiatr`a`ty, kls, siwirlki, tijipmghi, lhb pgrts, wm`am `h egst alsis
`hvgjvi milvy kgvirheiht b`riat hvisteihts, ispia`ljjy h tmi h`t`lj stlkis.
@h tmi alsi gn Fuhsmlh, dingri `t wls lpprgvib ls l stlti-jivij IRBS `h
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ljjgwlhais6 lhb nlvgrldji lrrlhkieihts pirtl`h`hk tg prgciat burlt`gh,
s`zi, jgalt`gh lhb gwhirsm`p (Ki
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sikrikltib dy typi gn ihtirpr`si gwhirsm`p, sg `t `s b`nn`aujt tg aghbuat l
s`e`jlr typi gn lhljys`s6 dut l ageplr`sgh gn prgbuat`v`ty krgwtm ditwiih
twg siatgrstmi pr`elry siatgr w`tm viry j`ttji NB@ lhb tmi trlhspgrtl-
t`gh, pgstlj, lhb tijiage siatgr wmiri NB@ `s viry milvysmgws tmlt NB@
`s st`jj viry pgs`t`vijy j`hfib tg tmi siatgrlj prgbuat`v`ty `eprgvieiht
lntir
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lhb `hhgvlt`gh. Rmi lduhblhai gn NB@ prgv`bis l kggb gppgrtuh`ty ngr
tiamhgjgky jilrh`hk. Kgvirheihts ljsg put strghk iepmls`s gh tiamhgj-
gky jilrh`hk lhb `hhgvlt`gh, ls wijj ls gh tiamhgjgky-`htihs`vi `hbustr`is.
Ngr ixlepji, tmi Qmihzmih kgvirheiht sit up lh `htijjiatulj prgpirty
gnn`ai lhb `ssuib l huedir gn pgj`a`is lhb rikujlt`ghs tg prgtiat `htijjia-
tulj prgpirty r`kmts. @t ljsg `epjieihtib elhy priniriht`lj tlx pgj`a`is
lhb n`hlha`lj `haiht`vis tg ihagurlki m`km-tiam `hbustr`is, suam ls tmi
sgntwlri lhb `htikrltib a`rau`ts (@A) `hbustr`is, T&B spihb`hk, lhb vih-
turi alp`tlj `hvisteiht lhb tg lttrlat tiamhgjgky tljihts.
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`harilsib rlp`bjy. Bisp`ti tmi jlrki huedir gn tmisi zghis, tmiy ljj mlvi
ajilr kgljs lhb tlrkits `h KB_ krgwtm, ixpgrts, iepjgyeiht, rivihuis,
NB@ kihirlt`gh, lhb tmi j`fi. Rmisi ixpiatlt`ghs put l krilt bilj gn pris-
suri lhb rispghs`d`j`ty gh tmi smgujbirs gn tmi kgvirheiht. Eilhwm`ji,
tmi muhbribs gn QISs lri m`kmjy agepit`t`vi leghk tmiesijvis. Ilam
QIS str`vis tg b`st`hku`sm `tsijn `h sirv`ai, qulj`ty gn `hnrlstruaturi, lhb
lppilrlhai tg lttrlat hiw ihtirpr`sis lhb rilam tmi tlrkitib bivijgpeiht
kgljs. Quam agepit`t`gh mijps elfi tmie egri inn`a`iht lhb agepit`t`vi.
Jgalt`gh lbvlhtlkis. Egst QISs `h Am`hl lri jgaltib `h tmi aglstlj
rik`gh gr hilr elcgr a`t`is w`tm l m`stgry gr trlb`t`gh gn ngri`kh trlb`hkgr dus`hiss lhb tmus lri dittir j`hfib tg tmi `htirhlt`ghlj elrfit. Rmiy
ljsg mlvi kggb laaiss tg elcgr `hnrlstruaturi, suam ls pgrts, l`rpgrts, lhb
rl`jwlys. Rmi jgalt`gh lbvlhtlki `s ispia`ljjy gdv`gus ngr tmi QISs `h tmi
_ilrj T`vir Bijtl rik`gh (ajgsi tg Mghk Fghk, Am`hl) lhb tmi E`h Bijtl
rik`gh (ajgsi tg Rl`wlh, Am`hl). Mghk Fghk, Am`hl mls prgv`bib alp`tlj,
jgk`st`alj suppgrt, laaiss tg wgrjb elrfits, elhlkieiht fhgw-mgw,
tiamhgjgky, lhb elhlkieiht sf`jjs. Rmi _ilrj T`vir Bijtl rik`gh mls
prgv`bib jldgr, jlhb, lhb hlturlj risgurais. @t `s tm`s `htirlat`gh tmlt mlsljjgwib tmi Kriltir _ilrj T`vir Bijtl rik`gh tg ieirki rijlt`vijy
qu`afjy ls ghi gn tmi wgrjbs elcgr elhunlatur`hk dlsis (Ihr`kmt, Qagtt,
lhb Amuhk 4??9).
@t s wgrtm hgt`hk tmlt, bisp`ti tmi gvirljj suaaiss gn Am`hls QISs, tmiy mlvi
krilt b`splr`t`is `h pirngrelhai lhb spiib gn krgwtm. K`vih tmi hueirgus
QISs, l drglb lssisseiht `s b`nn`aujt, dut l prij`e`hlry ageplr`sgh leghk
tmi tmrii `h`t`lj QISs `h Kulhkbghk _rgv`hai agujb y`ijb sgei `htirist`hkjissghs. Ljtmgukm ljj tmrii wiri k`vih tmi slei pr`v`jikib stltus lt ljegst
tmi slei t`ei, Qmihzmih mls diih krgw`hk euam nlstir lhb `s euam egri
`hhgvlt`vi tmlh tmi gtmir twg. Rm`s supir`gr`ty agujb di lttr`dutib tg elhy
nlatgrs, dut ghi agujb di tmi alpla`ty gn lh QIS tg `biht`ny `ts ageplrlt`vi
lbvlhtlkis lhb dgttjihiafs laaurltijy lhb `epjieiht tmi r`kmt strltiky tg
riegvi prgdjies ls wijj ls tg du`jb l aghbua`vi dus`hiss ihv`rgheiht.
[m`ji Qmihzmih wls qu`af `h `biht`ny`hk `ts `hbustr`lj pgs`t`gh lhb
tg du`jb l kggb ihldj`hk ihv`rgheiht, Smuml` lhb Qmlhtgu siieib l
stip dim`hb. [`tm tmi `htihsi agepit`t`gh ngr NB@, tmi n`rst-egvirlbvlhtlki `s ljwlys `epgrtlht. Smuml` latuljjy gvirdu`jt `ts `hnrlstrua-
turi diyghb sustl`hldji bielhb, lhb tmi syedgj`a rijlt`ghsm`p w`tm
Elalg, Am`hl mls hgt djgssgeib (Piuhk, Jii, lhb Fii 4??0). @ts gvir-
s`zib l`rpgrt ixmlustib `ts `h`t`lj alp`tlj lhb dialei l brlk gh `ts iagh-
gey (Smghk it lj. 4??0). Qmlhtgu mls rilamib lvirlki rltis gn iaghge`a
Mgw Bg QISs lhb @hbustr lj Ajustirs Br vi Am`hls Tlp`b Bivijgpeiht7 41
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krgwtm, dut lt vlr`gus t`eis tmlt krgwtm mls diih stljjib dy salhbljs
trlaib tg agrrupt`gh, austges `rrikujlr`t`is, seukkj`hk, lhb tmi j`fi. @t
ljsg sunnirs nrge pggr sga`lj arib`t lhb trust. @h lbb`t`gh, tmi urdlh lhb
zghi elhlkieiht `s hgt wijj pjlhhib, lhb tmiri mlvi diih sgei `hst`-
tut`ghlj aghnj`ats (Smghk it lj. 4??0).
@h lbb`t`gh, ljtmgukm ljj QISs ihcgy l njix`dji pgj`ay ihv`rgheiht,
Qmihzmih siies tg di egri `hhgvlt`vi `h bis`kh`hk elhy prgdus`hiss
pgj`a`is lhb `hst`tut`ghs, pirmlps dialusi gn `ts `ee`krlht aujturi, wmiri
`hvistgrs niij egri laaiptib lhb mlvi l sihsi gn gwhirsm`p. @h ageplr`-
sgh, Smuml` lhb Qmlhtgu lri m`stgr`a a`t`is w`tm strghk jgalj austges lhb
aujturi, ls wijj ls tmi`r gwh jlhkulkis. Quam lh ihv`rgheiht e`kmt sgei-t`eis bitir ngri`kh `hvistgrs lhb `hhgvlt`vi lpprglamis. Rm`s agujb di lh
ixgkihgus nlatgr ngr tmi pirngrelhai klp leghk tmie, ljtmgukm `t `s
mlrb tg prgvi.
@hbustr`lj Ajustirs `h Am`hl3L Agepit`t`vi Ihk`hi ngr tmi Jgalj Iaghgey
Rmi lbvlhtlkis gn `hbustr`lj ajustirs mlvi diih wijj bgaueihtib `h b`n-niriht j`tirlturis. Q`hai tmi sie`hlj wgrf gn Ljnrib Elrsmljj (_r`ha`pjis gnIaghge`as ) nurtmir bin`hib tmie `htg twg3 n`rst,
tmi bivijgpeiht gn elrfits, wm`am nla`j`tltis tmi trlhslat`ghs gn plrts,
n`hlj kggbs, lhb sf`jjib wgrfirs leghk plrts suppj`irs, lssiedjirs, lhb
eiramlhts6 lhb siaghb, tmi prgegt`gh gn `hhgvlt`gh tmrgukm lttrlat`hkusinuj muelh risgurais.
@h kihirlj, tmi agjgalt`gh gn hueirgus n`res alh kihirlti sudstlht`lj
iepjgyeiht lhb lam`ivi s`kh`n`alht dihin`ts tmrgukm iaghge`is gn salji.
Ajustirs ljsg ihmlhai `hbustr`lj agepit`t`vihiss tmrgukm prgbuat spia`lj-
`zlt`gh lhb `eprgvi tmi agjjiat`vi inn`a`ihay tmrgukm dus`hiss vljui
aml`hs lhb jgwirib trlhslat`gh agsts. @h lbb`t`gh, ajustirib n`res ljsg ngs-
tir l m`km bikrii gn hitwgrf`hk lhb `htiraghhiat`ghs tmlt ihagurlki
fhgwjibki lhb tiamhgjgky sp`jjgvirs, tmus st`eujlt`hk prgbuat`v`ty lhb
`hhgvlt`gh. Quam ihtirpr`sis alh laqu`ri l sijn-sustl`h`hk byhle`a lr`s`hknrge l ris`j`iht ageplrlt`vi lbvlhtlki `h l spia`n`a rlhki gn prgbuats lhb
sirv`ais. Nurtmiregri, `hhgvlt`vi ajustirs lri ldji tg b`virs`ny lhb trlhs`-
t`gh tg l nrism j`hi gn prgbuats `n bielhb ngr tmi ix`st`hk prgbuat e`x
biaj`his (Pusun, Hldism`el, lhb Plelsm`tl 4??=).
42 Du jb`hk Ihk`his ngr Krgwtm lhb Agepit`t vihiss `h Am`hl
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[`tmgut l bgudt, ghi gn tmi rilsghs ngr Am`hls spiatlaujlr `hbustr`lj
byhle`as `h tmi plst bialbis `s tmi lkkjgeirlt`gh gn spia`lj`zib ihtir-
pr`sis tmlt sprlhk up s`hai tmi ringres `h ixtrieijy vlr`ib ngres lhb
biipjy lnniatib tmi bivijgpeiht gn airtl`h rik`ghs (Klhhi lhb Jiajir
4??0). Rmisi lkkjgeirlt`ghs gn ihtirpr`sis elfi up lh `epgrtlht plrt gn
tmi agepit`t`vi pgwir gn tmi aguhtry, ispia`ljjy `h tmi trlb`t`ghlj `hbus-
tr`is, ljtmgukm sgei gn tmie lri ljsg gpirlt`hk gr lri krlbuljjy upkrlb-
`hk `htg tiamhgjgky-`htihs`vi siatgrs. Rmiy lri lh `epgrtlht br`vir gn
Am`hls rlp`b ixpgrt-jib krgwtm.
K`vih tmi jlrki elkh`tubi gn `hbustr`lj ajustirs `h Am`hl, `t `s v`rtuljjy
`epgss`dji tg ixle`hi ljj gn tmie. Miri wi htihb tg k`vi l dr`in gvirv`iwgn tmi`r ngrelt`gh, suaaiss nlatgrs, amljjihkis, lhb jissghs jilrhib tmrgukm
sivirlj alsi stub`is.
L Dr`in Gvirv`iw gn Am`hls @hbustr`lj AjustirsLs `h elhy gtmir aguhtr`is, egst gn tmi `hbustr`lj ajustirs `h Am`hl mlvi
ieirkib spghtlhigusjy, dut kgvirheiht (ispia`ljjy jgalj kgvirheihts)
mls k`vih ljj f`hbs gn suppgrt tg tmi`r bivijgpeiht prgaiss.
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cust ghi tm`hk, `hajub`hk sgei gn tmi egst pibistr lh gn kggbs3 a`klritti
j`kmtirs, dlbkis, hiaft`is, lhb nlstihirs. Rmi ajustirs lri ghi rilsgh Am`hls
sm`peihts gn sgafs tg tmi Y.Q. mlvi sglrib nrge > e`jj`gh pl`rs `h 4??? tg
>;? e`jj`gh pl`rs jlst yilr V4??2U. ([lhk 4??0)
Dialusi gn tmi b`nn`aujty `h gdtl`h`hk bltl, `t `s mlrb tg qulht`ny tmi
gvirljj aghtr`dut`ghs gn `hbustr`lj ajustirs tg Am`hls iaghge`a bivijgp-
eiht, dut sgei ixlepjis agujb prgv`bi us l d`rbs-iyi v`iw. @h 4??1,
egri tmlh 4?,??? ageplh`is `h tmi nggtwilr ajustirs `h Am`hl prgbuaib
sgei > d`jj`gh pl`rs gn smgis gn vlr`gus f`hbs, gn wm`am egri tmlh 1.=;
d`jj`gh pl`rs w`tm l tgtlj vljui gn YQ$0.2; d`jj`gh wiri ixpgrtib. Q`xtypiraiht gn tmi smgis elbi `h Am`hl ihtirib tmi `htirhlt`ghlj elrfit,
laaguht`hk ngr 49 piraiht gn tmi tgtlj turhgvir gn tmi smgi `hbustry `h tmi
wgrjb. Aurrihtjy, ghjy [ihzmgus nggtwilr prgbuats laaguht ngr ghi-
qulrtir gn Am`hls lhb ghi-i`kmtm gn tmi wgrjbs tgtlj, w`tm egri tmlh
1??,??? iepjgyiis. 4??;
Ajustir
iepjgyiis 94.09 .;2 1;?.;< 211 2,=9
Ajustir
iepjgyeiht (%) gn tm`s vgjuei lhb Kulhkbghk Qtlt`st`alj Pilrdggf 4??0.
Hgti3 5 hg bltl lvl`jldji.
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_rgv`hai, piraiht gn tmi kjgdlj
elrfit, iepjgy`hk ldgut 21 piraiht gn ]`q`lgs pgpujlt`gh.
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4??=), dut sgei nlatgrs lppilr tg di uh`qui tg Am`hl, suam ls tmi jghk
m`stgry gn prgbuat`gh `h elhy seljj tgwhs, `hbustr`lj trlhsnir, lhb tmi j`fi.
Mgw tmi Ajustirs Quaaiibib lhb Rggf GnnAjustirs surv`vi lhb suaaiib el`hjy dialusi tmiy lri ldji tg `harilsi
tmi b`virs`ty lhb sgpm`st`alt`gh gn tmi`r dus`hiss lat`v`t`is tg lam`ivi
kriltir prgbuat`v`ty lhb inn`a`ihay. @h lh ixpgrt-jib krgwtm egbij,
tm`s ld`j`ty `s ispia`ljjy `epgrtlht. Dis`bis tmi wijj-fhgwh jgw-agst
jldgr nlatgr, elhy gtmir ijieihts mlvi aghtr`dutib tg tmi suaaiss gn
Am`hisi `hbustr`lj ajustirs. Rmisi `hajubi, leghk gtmirs, inn`a`ihay
kl`hs lhb jgwirib ihtry dlrr`irs tmrgukm dus`hiss vljui aml`hs, prg-buat`gh spia`lj`zlt`gh, lhb b`v`s`gh gn jldgr6 inniat`vi jgalj kgvirh-
eiht suppgrt6 fhgwjibki, tiamhgjgky, lhb sf`jj sp`jjgvirs tmrgukm
`htirn`re j`hfs, `hajub`hk tmgsi w`tm stlti-gwhib ihtirpr`sis (QGIs)
lhb ngri`kh n`res6 ihtriprihiur`lj sp`r`t lhb sga`lj hitwgrfs6 `hhgvl-
t`gh lhb tiamhgjgky suppgrt nrge fhgwjibki lhb pudj`a `hst`tut`ghs6
lhb suppgrt nrge `hbustr`lj lssga`lt`ghs.
Inn`a`ihay kl`hs lhb jgwirib ihtry dlrr`irs. @h egst Am`hisi ajustirs,elhy n`res gpirlti `h b`nniriht elhunlatur`hk sikeihts ls wijj ls `h
rijltib sirv`ais, tmus ngre`hk wijj-nuhat`gh`hk vljui aml`hs lhb prgbua-
t`gh hitwgrfs w`tm inn`a`iht b`v`s`gh gn jldgr. Ngr ixlepji, tmi Bltlhk
sgafs ajustir `h Smic`lhk _rgv`hai agepr`sis 4,291 sgafs n`res, 99? rlw
eltir`lj n`res, 2?? rlw eltir`lj biljirs, 119 sgaf biljirs, lhb
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gn qulht`ty w`tmgut qulj`ty6 ls l risujt, tmiy gnnirib jgw pr`ais dut
sunnirib nrge l dlb riputlt`gh. Rg agrriat tm`s prgdjie, tmi euh`a`-
plj kgvirheiht `ssuib str`at rikujlt`ghs lhb qulj`ty stlhblrbs ngr
[ihzmgu smgis lhb mijpib n`res bivijgp drlhbib prgbuats.40 Quam
l eilsuri latuljjy slvib tmi ajustir. @h Kulhkbghk `h riaiht yilrs,
sgei a`t`is sit stlhblrbs ngr `hvisteiht qulj`ty tg ihsuri inn`a`ihay,
`hajub`hk dittir usi gn jlhb lhb jiss pgjjut`gh, ngr ixlepji.1? @h tmi
_uyulh tixt`ji ajustir `h Smic`lhk _rgv`hai, wmih elrfit agepit`-
t`gh ngraib n`res tg usi amilp eltir`ljs lt tmi ixpihsi gn qulj`ty `h tmi
jlti
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Rldji _irngrelhai gn tmi ]`q`lg Ajustir Dingri lhb Lntir tmi Istldj`smeiht gn tmi Riamhgjgky @hhg
Ageplr`sgh gn twg yilrs
.< ? ? 190 11,1=; 141
8
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kgvirheiht ihagurlkis ihtriprihiurs tg sit up jilrh`hk `hst`tut`ghs6
eilhwm`ji, t hv`tib tmi smgi elhunlatur`hk dus`hissis h @tljy tg sit
up l nggtwilr bis`kh aihtir `h [ihzmgu tg mijp tmi ajustir kl`h `hhg-
vlt`gh alpla`ty. @h lbb`t`gh, `t mls sit up gr `htrgbuaib prgniss`ghlj
smgi jiltmir elcgrs `h jgalj agjjikis lhb samggjs tg ngstir prgniss`ghlj
tljiht ngr tmi nggtwilr `hbustry.14
_riniriht`lj pgj`a`is lhb n`hlha`lj suppgrt. Rg lttrlat qulj`n`ib ihtir-pr`sis tg tmi ajustirs, jgalj kgvirheihts gntih gnnir airtl`h `haiht`vis,
`hajub`hk bis`rldji jlhb, tlx ribuat`gh gr ixiept`gh, lhb laaiss tg
arib`ts lhb jglhs. L sir`is gn priniriht`lj pgj`a`is nrge Ngsmlh lhbHlhml` (Kulhkbghk _rgv`hai) hajubi tlx ixiept`gh ngr tmi n`rst twg
yilrs lhb l jgwir tlx rlti gn
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tmiri wiri elhy sp`h-gnns nrge tmisi ihtirpr`sis ls wijj, suam ls tmi
nlegus Lgflhk lhb Mghkq`hkt`hk krgups (Mulhk, Smlhk, lhb Smu 4??=).
@h lbb`t`gh, elhy ajustirs `h tmi aglstlj rik`gh, ispia`ljjy tmgsi `h tmi
_ilrj T`vir Bijtl, wiri br`vih dy NB@, ispia`ljjy nrge tmi b`lspgrl `h
Mghk Fghk, Am`hl6 Elalg, Am`hl6 lhb Rl`wlh, Am`hl. Quam ixlepjis
`hajubi ajustirs `h Mu`zmgu lhb `h Bghkkulh, wm`am wls riklrbib ls l
elcgr dlsi. Leghk tmisi ajustirs, elhy ngri`kh lhb bgeist`a pirsghlj
ageputirrijltib ageplh`is suam ls Lair, Ageplq, Nguhbir, @DE,
Jikihb, lhb elhy gtmir b`lspgrl-`hvistib n`res mlvi istldj`smib pjlhts
gr plrts prgaiss`hk.12 Rmi Fuhsmlh @R ajustir `h C`lhksu _rgv`hai wls sup-
pgrtib el`hjy dy `hvistgrs nrge Rl`wlh, Am`hl. Rmi vgjuei gn `hvist-eiht nrge Rl`wlh, Am`hl `h Fuhsmlh laaguhts ngr hilrjy ghi-qulrtir gn
`ts `hvisteiht `h C`lhksu _rgv`hai lhb ghi-tihtm gn `ts `hvisteiht `h tmi
wmgji aguhtry (Jl`, Am`u, lhb Jiu 4??9). Rmisi ngri`kh lhb b`lspgrl
`hvisteihts mlvi diagei `epgrtlht sgurais gn tiamhgjgky lhb sf`jjs.
Ihtriprihiur`lj sp`r`t lhb tmi sga`lj hitwgrf. Elhy gn tmi rik`ghs gr
a`t`is tmlt mgst ajustirs mlb l jghk m`stgry gn dus`hiss lhb `hbustry pri-
blt`hk tmi ngrelt`gh gn tmi ajustirs. Ljtmgukm tmi pjlhhib iaghgey`htirruptib tmi `hbustr`lj`zlt`gh prgaiss gn Am`hl, tmi sp`r`t gn ihtripri-
hiursm`p mlb j`vib gh `h tmi rik`ghs. Ghai tmi elargihv`rgheiht
gpihib up, tmisi m`bbih ihtriprihiur`lj tljihts wiri rlp`bjy rijilsib.
Quam l sp`r`t wls agupjib w`tm l krilt br`vi ngr wiljtm lntir bialbis gn
bipr`vlt`gh. Rmi [ihzmgu pigpji lri ispia`ljjy wijj fhgwh ngr tmi`r
w`jj`hkhiss tg tlfi r`sfs lhb tg jilrh tmrgukm tr`lj lhb irrgr, wm`am prg-
v`bib lh issiht`lj `hkrib`iht tg tmi`r suaaiss.
@h lbb`t`gh, ls `h elhy gtmir aguhtr`is, tmi ajustirs `h Am`hl bipihbmilv`jy gh `hngrelt`gh hitwgrfs lhb sga`lj alp`tlj ngr tmi`r gpirlt`gh.
Dialusi elhy trlhslat`ghs `hvgjvi l huedir gn b`nniriht plrt`is `h l
ajustir, tmi usi gn ngrelj aghtrlats ngr ilam trlhslat`gh agujb jilb tg prg-
m`d`t`vi trlhslat`gh agsts, ispia`ljjy wmiri l ngrelj cub`a`lj systie `s
`hagepjiti gr jlaf`hk. Ls l risujt, egst QEIs prinir grlj lkriieihts
(Tulh lhb Smlhk 4??=). Ljtmgukm tmi lkriieihts lri hgt jikljjy d`hb-
`hk, QEIs tihb hgt tg drilf tmie dialusi gn n`irai elrfit agepit`t`gh
lhb `hngrelj ihngraieiht eiamlh`ses, suam ls ageeuh`ty t`is, riputl-
t`gh, gppgrtuh`ty agst gn jgs`hk dus`hiss, lhb sg ngrtm. Rm`s sga`lj trust mlss`kh`n`alhtjy ribuaib trlhslat`gh agsts, lhb elhy n`res latuljjy gpirlti
gh nuhbs dgrrgwib nrge nr`ihbs lhb rijlt`vis gr gh trlbi arib`ts prgv`bib
dy upstrile gr bgwhstrile ihtirpr`sis. Quam l egbij `s qu`ti privljiht
`h elhy Am`hisi ajustirs, ispia`ljjy `h [ihzmgu.
12 Du jb`hk Ihk`his ngr Krgwtm lhb Agepit`t vihiss `h Am`hl
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Aihtir, lhb Tisilram @hst`tuti, wm`am mlvi diih `h gpirlt`gh s`hai ). Rmisi `hst`tut`ghs lri arua`lj ngr tmi ajustirs
tiamhgjgky `hhgvlt`gh lhb jilrh`hk. Quam ixlepjis alh di nguhb `h elhy
gtmir ajustirs ls wijj.
Tinjiat`ghs gh tmi Ixpir`ihais gn Am`hls QISslhb @hbustr`lj Ajustirs
Qg nlr, wi mlvi ixle`hib tmi suaaiss nlatgrs dim`hb Am`hls spia`lj iag-
hge`a zghis lhb `hbustr`lj ajustirs. Rmgsi nlatgrs lri hgt hiaisslr`jy ljj
tmlt mlvi aghtr`dutib tg tmi`r suaaiss, dut tmiy bg alpturi sgei gn tmifiy ijieihts tmlt e`kmt di usinuj tg gtmir bivijgp`hk aguhtr`is tmlt w`sm
tg jilrh nrge Am`hls `hbustr`lj ixpir`ihais. Leghk tmi vlr`gus pgss`d`j-
`t`is, wi w`jj m`kmj`kmt sivirlj issiht`lj pg`hts3
Qtrghk agee`teiht nrge tmi tgp jilbirsm`p, lhb m`km-jivij prlkelt`se,njix`d j`ty, lhb lutghgey. Rmi uhswirv`hk bitire`hlt`gh gn tmi tgp jilb-irs prgv`bib tmi sgj`b lssurlhai lhb pgj`ay stld`j`ty hiibib ngr tmi
h`t`lj QISs, wm`am tmih sirvib ls tmi arlbji gn Am`hls iaghge`aringres lhb Gpih Bggr pgj`ay. Quam lssurlhai wls l fiy nlatgr ngr
`hvistgrs, ispia`ljjy ngr ngri`kh `hvistgrs, `h lh gtmirw`si viry r`k`b
pgj`t`alj, jiklj, lhb rikujltgry ihv`rgheiht (Smihk 4??0). Rmi
uhpriaibihtib lutghgey lhb prlkelt`se ihcgyib dy tmi QISs ari-
ltib l byhle`a ihtriprihiur`lj lhb `hhgvlt`vi dus`hiss aj`elti.
L krlbulj`st lpprglam tgwlrb ringre. Iaghge`a j`dirlj`zlt`gh `s l
eilhs gn prgegt`hk iaghge`a bivijgpeiht, hgt lh ihb h `tsijn. Mgwtg prgaiib inniat`vijy w`tm iaghge`a j`dirlj`zlt`gh `s l quist`gh tmlt
bipihbs milv`jy gh tmi s`tult`gh `h l plrt`aujlr iaghgey. Rmi Am`hisi
ixpir`ihai sg nlr siies tg sukkist, leghk gtmir tm`hks, tmlt l prlk-
elt`a, stip-dy-stip lpprglam wgrfs dittir tmlh lh lttiept tg amlhki
ivirytm`hk gvirh`kmt. Rmi fiy `s tg e`h`e`zi lvg`bldji iaghge`a,
sga`lj, lhb pgj`t`alj agsts. Ys`hk QISs ls jldgrltgr`is, pgj`ay elfirs
mlvi diih ldji tg `biht`ny prgdjies, sgrt gut ssuis, bivijgp eilsuris,
lhb tist lhb ivljulti risujts (Ki Du jb`hk Ihk`his ngr Krgwtm lhb Agepit`t vihiss `h Am`hl
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e`krlht wgrfirs wiri hiv`tldjy lnniatib (Qtrl`ts R`eis 4??=). Eilhwm`ji,suam l krgwtm egbij gntih elfis Am`hl l tlrkit gn lht`buep`hk lhb
trlbi jlwsu`ts. Kjgdlj trlbi nr`at`ghs w`jj bin`h`tijy `harilsi `h tmi nuturi,
w`tm tmi `harils`hk kjgdlj prgtiat`gh`se `hbuaib dy tmi iaghge`a ar`s`s.
Ljj tmisi `ssuis rl`si quist`ghs ldgut tmi sustl`hld`j`ty gn tmi ixpgrt-jib
strltiky.
Ihv`rgheihtlj lhb Tisgurai Aghstrl`htsTijltib tg Am`hls krgwtm egbij dlsib gh jgw tiamhgjgky lhb jldgr- lhb
risgurai-`htihs`vi elhunlatur`hk, elhy QISs lhb ajustirs nlai sir`gus
ihv`rgheihtlj lhb risgurai amljjihkis. [`tm tmi `harils`hk iepmls`s ghaj`elti amlhki prgdjies, twg lspiats rijltib tg ihv`rgheihtlj amlj-
jihkis aljj ngr plrt`aujlr lttiht`gh3 ghi `s tmi sir`gus wltir, l`r, lhb jlhb
pgjjut`gh lhb tmi muki leguht gn `hbustr`lj wlsti6 tmi gtmir `s tmi
`harils`hkjy tgukm iag-stlhblrbs sit dy `hbustr`lj aguhtr`is ngr prgbuats
ixpgrtib nrge bivijgp`hk aguhtr`is. Rmisi `hajubi TgMQ (Tistr`at`gh gn
tmi Ysi gn Airtl`h Mlzlrbgus Qudstlhais), [III ([lsti Ijiatr`alj lhb
Ijiatrgh`a Iqu`peiht), lhb Iu_ (ihirky-us`hk prgbuats). Rmisi amlj-
jihkis lri ivih egri siviri ngr ajustirs, wmiri tmi tiamhgjgky alpla`ty `seuam wilfir, tmlh ngr egst QISs.
@h lbb`t`gh, w`tm tmi rlp`b `hbustr`lj ixplhs`gh, jlhb, sf`jjib jldgr, lhb
ihirky risgurais suam ls g`j, wltir, lhb ijiatr`a`ty mlvi ljj diagei egri
ixpihs`vi lhb j`e`tib. @h sgei a`t`is, v`rtuljjy hg egri jlhb `s lvl`jldji
ngr milv`jy risgurai-dlsib elhunlatur`hk lat`v`t`is, wm`am riqu`ri l jgt gn
pmys`alj splai. @h elhy QISs, tmi jlhb agst hgw `s sivirlj t`eis m`kmir
tmlh `t wls wmih tmiy wiri istldj`smib. Rmisi prgdjies mlvi ngraib
sgei n`res tg egvi `hjlhb gr ldrglb6 mgwivir, tmlt `s ghjy l smgrt-tiresgjut`gh. @h tmi jghk ruh, tmi QISs lhb ajustirs w`jj hiib tg ngaus egri
gh krgwtm qulj`ty tmlh gh qulht`ty.
@hst`tut`ghlj AmljjihkisAm`hls suaaiss diklh w`tm `hst`tut`ghlj ringres w`tm`h tmi ageprimih-
s`vi QISs, dut hgw, w`tm tmi elrfit iaghgey wijj istldj`smib largss tmi
aguhtry, nurtmir bivijgpeiht w`jj riqu`ri ivih dittir lhb egri inn`a`iht
`hst`tut`ghs bielhbib dy l wijj-nuhat`gh`hk elrfit iaghgey. Quam `hst`-
tut`ghs `hajubi, leghk gtmirs, l sguhb rikujltgry lhb jiklj systie,
`hajub`hk l wijj-nuhat`gh`hk @_T rik`ei6 l plrt`a`pltgry egh`tgr`hk lhb
supirv`sgry systie6 l kggb ivljult`gh eiamlh`se, ispia`ljjy ngr pudj`a
spihb`hk6 lhb l sguhb sga`lj slnity hit. Eilhwm`ji, uhbir tmi dljlhaib
hlt`ghlj bivijgpeiht strltiky, j`hf`hk tmi nurtmir bivijgpeiht gn QISs
2? Du jb`hk Ihk`his ngr Krgwtm lhb Agepit`t vihiss `h Am`hl
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egri ajgsijy tg tmi hgh-QIS plrt gn l a`ty lhb tmi rurlj lril w`jj di lh
`epgrtlht dut b`nn`aujt tlsf.
Jlkk`hk Qga`lj Bivijgpeiht[m`ji tmi spia`lj iaghge`a zghis lhb ajustirs mlvi lam`ivib gdv`gus
iaghge`a suaaiss, tmiy lri sgeiwmlt jlkk`hk dim`hb `h prgv`b`hk tmi
ageeihsurlti sga`lj sirv`ais. Ljtmgukm sgei QISs lhb ajustirs ihcgy l
kggb j`v`hk ihv`rgheiht, elhy gn tmie bg hgt mlvi sunn`a`iht miljtm lhb
ibualt`gh sirv`ais gr pudj`a trlhspgrtlt`gh tg laageegblti tmi`r `harils-
`hk pgpujlt`gh. Qgei QISs lri lt l b`stlhai nrge tmi`r mgst a`t`is, j`fi lh
`sgjltib `sjlhb w`tm niw aujturlj lhb ji`suri lat`v`t`is,1; lhb tmiy wgrrytmlt ghai tmiy jgsi egri gn tmi`r spia`lj stltus lhb priniriht`lj trilt-
eiht, tmiy e`kmt hgt di ldji tg lttrlat egri tljiht lhb `hvisteiht.
Amljjihkis spia`n`a tg QISs gr ajustirs. @h lbb`t`gh tg tmi amljjihkis
ageegh tg spia`lj iaghge`a zghis lhb `hbustr`lj ajustirs, sgei lri spi-
a`n`a tg ghi gr tmi gtmir. Ngr QISs, suam amljjihkis `hajubi
Rmi b`e`h`sm`hk gn tmi priniriht`lj pgj`a`is lhb pr`v`jikib stltus. [mirilstmi QISs wiri spia`lj dy v`rtui gn tmi ixajus`vi pgj`a`is lhb gtmir
pr`v`jikis ixtihbib tg tmie `h tmi ilrjy yilrs, jltir gh tmgsi prinirih-
t`lj pgj`a`is mlb sprilb tg elhy gtmir plrts gn Am`hl. Lntir Am`hls
[RG laaiss`gh `h
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ngr nujjy egd`j`z`hk l v`jjlkis gr tgwhs risgurais dlsib gh tmi`r age-
plrlt`vi lbvlhtlkis. Ghai tmiy wiri suaaissnuj, mgwivir, tmiy nguhb
tmiesijvis jlaf`hk nurtmir agepit`t`vi strihktm dialusi gn seljj
salji, j`e`tib muelh lhb tiamhgjgky risgurais, lhb m`km-jivij nrlk-
eihtlt`gh. Rgwhs wiri latuljjy agepit`hk w`tm gtmir tgwhs `h tmi
slei prgv`hai gr gtmir prgv`hais.1= Mgw tg `htikrlti tmisi s`e`jlr
siatgrs tmrgukmgut l a`ty, l prgv`hai, gr l rik`gh `htg l jlrkir vljui
aml`h sg tmlt tmiy alh lam`ivi kriltir iaghge`is gn salji lhb mlvi l
biipir alpla`ty ngr `hhgvlt`gh `s l rilj quist`gh. @h lbb`t`gh, risilram
mls nguhb tmlt `h l ajustir, tmi virt`alj j`hfs lri strghk, dut tmi mgr`-
zghtlj j`hfs leghk s`e`jlr n`res lri wilf (Qm` lhb Klhhi 4??0). Rm`swilfhiss w`jj lbvirsijy lnniat tmi`r agjjiat`vi inn`a`ihay lhb `hhgvl-
t`gh ld`j`ty `h tmi jghk ruh.
Jlaf gn sf`jjib tiamh`alj lhb elhlkir`lj pirsghhij. @h egst ajustirs, tmipiraihtlki gn iepjgyiis w`tm l agjjiki bikrii gr krlbulti ixpir`ihai
`s qu`ti jgw, w`tm tmi elcgr`ty mlv`hk ghjy l sih`gr siaghblry ibual-
t`gh gr dijgw. Dialusi gn tmi jgw-ihb hlturi gn tmisi ajustirs (elhy gn
tmie lri nle`jy dlsib), tmiy mlvi b`nn`aujty lttrlat`hk sf`jjib tljiht lhblri tmus `h l b`slbvlhtlkigus pgs`t`gh ageplrib tg tmi QISs (ljtmgukm
tmiy tgg mlvi airtl`h smgrtlkis gn m`km-ihb T&B pirsghhij). Rm`s
smgrtage`hk aghstrl`hs tmi`r nuturi krgwtm lhb ld`j`ty tg upkrlbi.
_gj`ay @epj`alt`ghs
K`vih tmisi elcgr amljjihkis, Am`hl w`jj hiib tg lbcust `ts aurriht
bivijgpeiht strltiky lhb egvi tgwlrb l egri agepit`t`vi lhb sustl`h-ldji bivijgpeiht plrlb`ke. Mgw tg lam`ivi tm`s kglj `s l viry agepjix
`ssui, lhb bitl`jib pgj`ay riageeihblt`ghs lri hgt k`vih miri, dut sgei
kihirlj pgj`ay b`riat`ghs tmlt e`kmt di usinuj `h gvirage`hk tmi amlj-
jihkis tmlt Am`hls spia`lj iaghge`a zghis lhb `hbustr`lj ajustirs nlai
lri prgv`bib.
Krlbuljjy Egv`hk tgwlrb l Egri Fhgwjibki-lhb Riamhgjgky-Dlsib Bivijgpeiht EgbijLs fhgwjibki lhb tiamhgjgky lri `harils`hkjy diage`hk tmi br`virs ngr
krgwtm lhb agepit`t`vihiss lhb dialusi tmi agst gn risgurais lhb jldgr `s
r`s`hk, ljghk w`tm trlbi prgtiat`gh`se, Am`hl alhhgt aght`hui tmi gjb
jgw-agst jldgr lhb nlatgr-dlsib krgwtm egbij `h tmi jghk ruh. Eilhwm`ji,
tmi amljjihkis gn aj`elti amlhki lhb tgukm iag-stlhblrbs elfi suam l
24 Du jb`hk Ihk`his ngr Krgwtm lhb Agepit`t vihiss `h Am`hl
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strltiky sm`nt ivih egri hiaisslry. Rg el`htl`h tmi`r agepit`t`vi ibki,
Am`hls spia`lj iaghge`a zghis lhb `hbustr`lj ajustirs hiib tg di egri
`hhgvlt`vi lhb tiamhgjgky htihs`vi. Gn agursi, k`vih tmi vlst pggj gn jldgr,
suam l sm`nt w`jj tlfi t`ei lhb alhhgt di agepjitib mlst`jy.
_utt`hk Egri Iepmls`s gh Bgeist`a Elrfits lhbAghsuept`gh ls l Qgurai gn Krgwtm[m`ji tmi ixpgrt-jib krgwtm mls diih viry suaaissnuj ngr Am`hl, tmi iag-
hge`a ar`s`s lhb `harils`hk trlbi nr`at`gh e`kmt elfi Am`hl aghs`bir
wmitmir `t smgujb aght`hui tg rijy gh ixpgrts ls tmi el`h ihk`hi ngr
krgwtm. Lntir bialbis gn krgwtm, tmi bgeist`a elrfit `s diage`hk d`kkirlhb egri sgpm`st`altib, w`tm l e`bbji ajlss rlp`bjy ieirk`hk. Yhbir suam
a`rauestlhais, Am`hl e`kmt di ldji tg krlbuljjy `harilsi tmi smlri gn
bgeist`a aghsuept`gh ls l sgurai gn krgwtm. Rm`s strltiky w`jj hiib l
ageprimihs`vi lpprglam. Ihtirpr`sis w`jj hiib tg elfi egri prgbuats
tmlt altir tg bgeist`a aghsueirs, ngr ixlepji, lhb tmi kgvirheiht w`jj
hiib tg strihktmih sga`lj siaur`ty lhb tmi sga`lj slnity hit. Eilhwm`ji,
gpih`hk up lhb strihktmih`hk tmi sirv`ai siatgrssuam ls ibualt`gh,
miljtm, lhb rurlj sirv`aisw`jj st`eujlti aghsuept`gh s`kh`n`alhtjy. Rm`s`bil `s aghs`stiht w`tm Am`hls aurriht dljlhaib hlt`ghlj bivijgpeiht
strltiky lhb w`jj ljsg mijp egvi tmi aguhtry tgwlrb l egri sirv`ai-dlsib
iaghgey.
Ypkrlb`hk tmi QISs lhb @hbustr`lj Ajustirs tmrgukmRiamhgjgky @hhgvlt`gh lhb Jilrh`hk[m`ji Am`hl `s krlbuljjy jgs`hk `ts jgw-agst jldgr lbvlhtlkis tg gtmir
aguhtr`is suam ls Dlhkjlbism lhb ^`ithle, `t hiibs tg upkrlbi tmi aur-riht QISs lhb ajustirs tmrgukm tiamhgjgky `hhgvlt`gh, lblptlt`gh, lhb
b`nnus`gh ls wijj ls tmrgukm sf`jjs trl`h`hk. Ngr Am`hl tg lam`ivi suam lh
led`t`gus kglj, `t w`jj mlvi tg tlfi l ageprimihs`vi lpprglam tmlt w`jj
`hvgjvi dut hgt di j`e`tib tg tmi ngjjgw`hk3
Qtrihktmih`hk `htijjiatulj prgpirty r`kmts prgtiat`gh. Quam prgtiat`gh `s`epgrtlht ngr spurr`hk `hhgvlt`gh lhb lttrlat`hk m`km-ihb NB@, ispi-
a`ljjy `h T&B aihtirs. Rgbly, Am`hl mls kggb rikujlt`ghs lhb jlws
rijltib tg @_T prgtiat`gh dut sunnirs nrge wilf ihngraieiht.
_rgv`b`hk tmi r`kmt `haiht`vis gr prissuris ngr ihtirpr`si-jib `hhgvlt`gh.@h lbb`t`gh tg n`salj `haiht`vis, airtl`h `hstrueihts suam ls kgvirh-
eiht prgaurieiht lhb stlhblrbs, ls wijj ls QGI kgvirhlhai ringre
Mgw Bg QISs lhb @hbustr lj Ajustirs Br vi Am`hls Tlp`b Bivijgpeiht7 21
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lhb ribuat`gh gn kgvirheiht gwhirsm`p tmrgukm b`v`bihb agjjiat`gh
lhb siaghblry smlri gnnir`hks lhb tmi j`fi, agujb di usib (Smlhk
it lj. 4??0).
@eprgv`hk QEI hhgvlt`gh alpla`ty. Rm`s `eprgvieiht agujb di lam`ivibtmrgukm egbirh`z`hk muelh risgurais elhlkieiht, prgv`b`hk egri
sf`jjs trl`h`hk lhb vgalt`ghlj ibualt`gh, lhb istldj`sm`hk airtl`h QEI-
spia`n`a prgkrles suam ls `hhgvlt`gh vguamirs10 lhb `hhgvlt`gh drgfir-
lkis.2? @h ajustirs, dialusi gn tmi nriquihay gn `e`tlt`gh lhb jgw ihtry
dlrr`irs, tmi agri tiamhgjgk`is lhb sf`jjs trl`h`hk mlvi tmi amlrlatir`st`as
gn pudj`a kggbs lhb strghk ixtirhlj`ty. Kgvirheihts, tmiringri, hiib tgsuppgrt suam lat`v`t`is, `biljjy tmrgukm prgniss`ghlj sirv`ais grklh`zl-
t`ghs suam ls `hbustr`lj lssga`lt`ghs. Rm`s inngrt lkl`h riqu`ris nurtmir
ringre gn tmi `htireib`lry siatgrs (suam ls lssga`lt`ghs lhb amledirs gn
ageeirai) tg ihagurlki egri pr`vlti lhb pudj`a-pr`vlti plrthirsm`p
typis gn prgv`birs. @h lbb`t`gh, tg gviragei tmi nrlkeihtlt`gh prgdjie,
kgvirheiht-suppgrtib tiamhgjgky `hhgvlt`gh aihtirs agujb di bis`khib
ls siatgr-dlsib `h l prgv`hai tg ihagurlki aggpirlt`gh leghk n`res,
`hstilb gn tgwhsm`p-dlsibls `s hgw tmi alsi.
Qtrihktmih`hk uh`virs`ty-`hbustry j`hflkis. Ti`hngra`hk tmisi aghhia-t`ghs w`jj riqu`ri pgj`ay `hstrueihts tmlt ihagurlki cg`ht T&B
ditwiih uh`virs`t`is lhb `hbustry ls wijj ls dittir stlnn egd`j`ty
ditwiih tmisi twg siatgrs. Eilhwm`ji, tmi m`kmir ibualt`gh systie
smgujb di nurtmir ringreib tg di egri rispghs`vi tg elrfit hiibs
(Blmjelh, Sihk, lhb [lhk 4??;).
Qtrihktmih`hk tmi n`hlha`lj siatgr, ispia`ljjy tmi iagsystie gn tmi vihturialp`tlj `hbustry. Du`jb`hk up tmi n`hlha`lj siatgr wgujb ihtl`j `eprgv-`hk tmi agrpgrlti kgvirhlhai gn vihturi alp`tlj n`res, ihagurlk`hk
`hst`tut`ghlj `hvistgrs, lhb ixplhb`hk tmi ix`t lvihuis ngr vihturi
alp`tlj `hvistgrs, leghk gtmir tm`hks (Smlhk it lj. 4??0).
@epjieiht`hk Qtr`at Ihv`rgheihtlj QtlhblrbsIhngra`hk strghkir stlhblrbs w`jj hgt ghjy `eprgvi tmi ihv`rgheiht lhb
`harilsi tmi ngaus gh qulj`ty gn krgwtm rltmir tmlh gh qulht`ty, dut ljsg
ngrai n`res tg `hvist egri `h ihv`rgheihtlj lhb ihirky-rijltib `hhgvl-
t`ghs. Rm`s eilsuri, mgwivir, ljsg hiibs tg di `epjieihtib w`tm pudj`a
lss`stlhai. Dialusi elhy n`res `h tmi Am`hisi ajustirs gr ivih `h tmi QISs
lri gpirlt`hk `h tmi jgw-tiam lhb ihv`rgheiht-pgjjut`hk siatgrs, tmiy lri
22 Du jb`hk Ihk`his ngr Krgwtm lhb Agepit`t vihiss `h Am`hl
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uhldji tg agepjy w`tm airtl`h stlhblrbs bui tg jlaf gn `hhgvlt`gh alpla-
`ty, dut s`epjy ajgs`hk tmie bgwh gr egv`hk tmie lwly ely di hgt tmi
dist sgjut`gh. Dialusi airtl`h kriih tiamhgjgk`is mlvi amlrlatir`st`as gn
pudj`a kggbs, kgvirheiht lhb pudj`a `hst`tut`ghs ely hiib tg prgv`bi
T&B lhb tiamhgjgk`alj suppgrt tg ihldji tmisi n`res tg upkrlbi.
[i alh sii, mgwivir, tmlt sgei QISs lhb `hbustr`lj plrfs mlvi ljrilby
dikuh tg `hagrpgrlti kriih nla`j`t`is ls plrt gn tmi zghi bis`kh, suam ls `h
tmi R`lhc`h D`hml` Hiw Lril, wmiri l Q`hg-Q`hklpgri R`lhc`h Iag-A`ty `s
di`hk bivijgpib. Rmi iag-a`ty s ihv`s`ghib ls lh iaghge`aljjy sustl`hldji,
sga`ljjy mlregh`gus, ihv`rgheihtljjy nr`ihbjy lhb risgurai-aghsirv`hk
a`ty, wm`am w`jj diagei l egbij iag lhb jgw alrdgh a`ty ripj`aldji dygtmir a`t`is `h Am`hl.2. Jilrh`hk `h l Jgalj Ajustir `h tmi Aghtixt gn tmi
Kjgdlj ^ljui Aml`h3 L Alsi Qtuby gn tmi Puhmi [ggb Rgy Ajustir `h
Smic`lhk, Am`hl. @hhgvlt`gh3 Elhlkieiht, _gj`ay & _rlat`ai = (
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99
Jgaltib `h tmi _ilrj T`vir Bijtl, Qmihzmih nuhat`ghs ls l j`hf lhb l
dr`bki ditwiih Mghk Fghk, Am`hl, lhb el`hjlhb Am`hl. Rmi Qmihzmih
Qpia`lj Iaghge`a Sghi (QIS) wls tmi n`rst suam zghi ariltib bur`hk tmi
ilrjy pir`gb gn egbirh Am`hls iaghge`a ringres. Gh Lukust >,
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9> Du jb`hk Ihk`his ngr Krgwtm lhb Agepit`t vihiss `h Am`hl
`epgrtlht ringres suam ls tmi sijj`hk gut gn stlti-jlhb-usi r`kmts, tmi
stgaf-ixamlhki p`jgt, tmi pirsghhij systie ringre, lhb tmi e`h`e`z`hk gn
lbe`h`strlt`vi lpprgvlj prgaiburis. @h 4??;, Qmihzmih wls rlhfib n`rst
`h ageprimihs`vi euh`a`plj agepit`t`vihiss leghk ljj tmi a`t`is `h
el`hjlhb Am`hl (Am`hisi Lalbiey gn Qga`lj Qa`ihais 4??=).
Qmihzmihs krgss bgeist`a prgbuat (KB_) rilamib TED ;=?.>9 d`j-
j`gh< `h 4??=, l `h
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Qmihzmihs Yh`qui Kigkrlpm`a Jgalt`ghGh tmi aglst w`tm`h l 29-e`huti br`vi nrge Mghk Fghk, Am`hl,
Qmihzmih `s tmi ghjy el`hjlhb a`ty dgrbir`hk tm`s wijj-bivijgpib, egb-
irh `sjlhb a`ty, wm`am mlb diih lh `htirhlt`ghlj n`hlha`lj aihtir, sm`pp`hk
lhb rik`ghlj trlb`hk aihtir, lhb tmi wgrjbs nriist elrfit. Qmihzmih
ihcgys l kigkrlpm`a lbvlhtlki dialusi `t mls jghk diih tmi egst `epgr-
tlht amlhhij ditwiih tmi el`hjlhb lhb Mghk Fghk, Am`hl, `h ageegb-
`ty a`raujlt`gh lhb nlatgr `epgrts. Egri `epgrtlht, Mghk Fghk, Am`hl, mls
prgnguhbjy `hnjuihaib Qmihzmih `h `ts inngrts tg istldj`sm l elrfit-
gr`ihtib systie.
Qmihzmih mls l tgtlj lril gn
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Egrigvir, pigpji `h hilrdy Mghk Fghk4 lhb Elalg,1 wmg smlrib
ljegst tmi slei hlturlj ihbgweihts, wiri ihcgy`hk viry b`nniriht j`v`hk
aghb`t`ghs. Rm`s smlrp aghtrlst ariltib strghk `haiht`vis leghk
Qmihzmihs ris`bihts tg `eprgvi tmi`r j`v`hk stlhblrbs tmrgukm amlhk`hk
tmi privl`j`hk iaghge`a `hst`tut`ghs lhb gpih`hk up tmi`r iaghgey lhb
sga`ity tg tmi guts`bi wgrjb.
Bivijgpeiht Lam`ivieihts
Lntir 40 yilrs gn bivijgpeiht, Qmihzmih mls diagei ghi gn Am`hls
egst `epgrtlht m`km-tiam risilram lhb bivijgpeiht (T&B) lhb elhu-nlatur`hk dlsis. @t `s hgw tmi wgrjbs ngurtm-jlrkist aghtl`hir pgrt, mls tmi
ngurtm-jlrkist l`rpgrt `h Am`hl, lhb brlws tmi ngurtm-jlrkist huedir gn
tgur`sts leghk Am`hisi a`t`is.
Tlp`b Iaghge`a Krgwtm lhb @hbustr`lj`zlt`ghNrge 4??; 4??=
YQ$ d`jj`ghs ?.?2 ?.9; 4.94 ? =9.49 00.;2
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sivih yilrs, lhb tmi TED 4??-d`jj`gh (YQ$40.4= d`jj`gh) `harilsi `h tmi
egst riaiht n`vi yilrs. @h 4??=, Qmihzmihs krgss `hbustr`lj gutput vljui
kriw lhgtmir
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Qmihzmih mls rlhfib n`rst `h tgtlj trlbi vljui leghk ljj a`t`is `h el`hjlhb
Am`hl ngr egri tmlh =9.49 ?.;? 1?2.09 4;9.;< ?.0 12?.2= 11=.00 ?. 4??; 4??=?
4?
2?
>?
krgwtmrlti(%)
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leguht gn YQ$;.4= d`jj`gh. Leghk tmisi prgciats, 199 wiri `h tmi elh-
unlatur`hk siatgr w`tm YQ$0< `h
sirv`ai `hbustr`is w`tm YQ$2.02 d`jj`gh (latuljjy ut`j`zib). Gn tgtlj NB@,
siaghblry `hbustry lhb tirt`lry `hbustry laaguhtib ngr .2 piraiht lhb 2;.? pir-
aiht, rispiat`vijy. @h tmi sirv`ai siatgrs, tmi ngri`kh alp`tlj njgw`hk `htg
sa`iht`n`a risilram, tiamh`alj sirv`ais, lhb kigjgk`alj prgspiat`hk kriw dy
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m`km-tiam `hbustry `harilsib stilb`jy, w`tm tmi elcgr m`km-tiam `hbustr`is
amlhk`hk nrge `epgrt`hk tiamhgjgk`is tg `hbipihbiht `hhgvlt`gh. Dy
tmi ihb gn 4??=, tmi gutput vljui gn m`km-tiam hbustr`is w`tm hbipihb-
iht `htijjiatulj prgpirty wls ls m`km ls YQ$;9.20 d`jj`gh, krgw`hk dy
piraiht gvir tmi priv`gus yilr lhb elf`hk up 90.< piraiht gn tmi
tgtlj gutput vljui gn m`km-tiam `hbustr`is (tldji 4.;).
Qmihzmihs Aghtr`dut`gh tg tmi Hlt`gh@h tires gn iaghge`a s`zi, Qmihzmih `s tmi ngurtm jlrkist a`ty `h Am`hl.
@ts aghtr`dut`gh tg tmi hlt`gh, mgwivir, rilamis diyghb wmlt alh di
eilsurib dy l eiri KB_ n`kuri. @h suam lrils ls iaghge`a systie
ringre, sga`lj systie ringre, elrfit agepit`t`vihiss, lhb `hbustr`lj rijl-
t`ghs, Qmihzmih mls sit lh gutstlhb`hk ixlepji ngr gtmir a`t`is lhb
rik`ghs tg ngjjgw.
Qystie ringre. Rmi nuhbleihtlj sgurai gn tmi bivijgpeiht gn tmi
Qmihzmih QIS `s nguhb `h tmi trlhsngrelt`gh nrge l pjlhhib iaghgey tg
l elrfit-dlsib systie. Lbgpt`hk elrfit eiamlh`ses mls ihldjib tmi
QIS tg arilti l hiw egbi gn iaghge`a bivijgpeiht. Egri kihirljjy,
Am`hls N`rst Qpia`lj Iaghge`a Sghi3 Rmi Alsi gn Qmihzmih >1
Rldji 4.9 Gutput ^ljui gn M`km-Riam @hbustr`is `h Qmihzmih, Qijiatib Pilrs,
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Qmihzmih mls pjlyib lh `epgrtlht bieghstrlt`gh rgji `h jilb`hk Am`hls
suaaiss`vi ringres lhb urdlh riaghstruat`gh, wm`am `hajubi jlhb tihuri,
pr`ai systie, jldgr elrfit, n`hlha`lj systie, lhb ihtirpr`si ringre3
Jlhb tihuri ringre. Qmihzmih wls tmi n`rst a`ty `h Am`hl tg gpih up tmi
jlhb elrfit lhb ageeira`lj`zi ris`biht`lj jlhb. Gvir tmi pir`gb 4??; 4??=
_rgbuat`gh
(TED d`jj`gh) 91.29 ;2.9> 09.29 > 9.11 229.22 94 90.
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jldgr aghtrlats, leghk gtmirs. Q`hai tmi
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rik`ghs. Rm`s jlrki vgjuei gn `ee`krlht jldgr mls diih hgt ghjy l elcgr
ngrai `h tmi a`tys ghkg`hk aghstruat`gh lhb iaghge`a krgwtm, dut ljsg lh
`epgrtlht lhb `hhgvlt`vi sgjut`gh tg tmi iepjgyeiht prgdjies `h tmi
jiss-bivijgpib `hjlhb lrils (tldji 4.=).
Bivijgpeiht Qtlkis
Nrge tmi pirspiat`vi gn iaghge`a ringre, tmi 1? yilrs gn tmi Qmihzmih
QIS alh di b`v`bib `htg ngur stlkis. Rmi ghi-dy-ghi eilsuri drilf-
tmrgukm stlki splhhib 10.=9
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aieihtib `t ls l riqu`rib prgaiburi. Rmi d`bb`hk systie amlhkib tmi
gjb elhlkieiht egbij, wm`am nilturib lbe`h`strlt`vi ljjgalt`gh gn
prgciats, lhb ngreib l elrfit systie `h tmi aghstruat`gh `hbustry.
Rrlhsnirr`hk jlhb r`kmts us`hk agepihslt gh lhb jlhb-usi niis. @h
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Rmisi elrfit-gr`ihtib ringres drgfi tmi smlafjis gn tmi pjlhhib iagh-
gey, ajilrjy jl`b gut tmi b`riat`gh gn ringre, amlhkib tmi wly gn ljjgalt-
`hk risgurais, lhb suaaissnujjy agepjitib tmi prij`e`hlry ixpir`eihts
w`tm l elrfit iaghgey.
Ageprimihs`vi TingresDitwiih lhb
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rikujlt`ghs gh riaru`teiht, ivljult`gh, riwlrb, lhb b`sa`pj`hi wiri
rlt`n`ib, ngre`hk l rijlt`vijy agepit`t`vi systie.
Alrry`hk gut ageprimihs`vi ringres gn tmi lbe`h`strlt`vi elhlkieiht
systie. Qmihzmih euh`a`plj kgvirheiht put `h pjlai sudstlht`lj
ringres dy ribua`hk lbe`h`strlt`vi jlyirs lhb ngre`hk tmi tmrii elcgr
systies fhgwh ls ageprimihs`vi elhlkieiht, lbe`h`strlt`vi elh-
lkieiht, lhb lssit elhlkieiht. Jltir, tmi euh`a`plj lbe`h`strlt`vi
struaturi lhb tmi elhlkieiht systie wiri nurtmir ringreib, w`tm
tmi l`e gn agepjit`hk tmi lbe`h`strlt`vi elhlkieiht systie w`tm
ageprimihs`vi nuhat`ghs `hajub`hk trlbi, trlnn`a elhlkieiht, `hvist-eiht lttrlat`gh, lhb a`ty elhlkieiht.
Ihagurlk`hk ihtriprihiursm`p. Qmihzmih ihagurlkib m`km-tiam prgnis-
s`ghljs tg diagei smlrimgjbirs gn pr`vlti ihtirpr`sis dy `hvist`hk `h
alsm, pmys`alj kggbs, `hb`v`bulj pltihts, spia`ljjy gwhib tiamhgjgky,
drlhbs, lhb tmi j`fi lhb dy prgegt`hk tiamhgjgk`is `h prgbuat`gh.
Rmisi eilsuris hsp`rib l huedir gn m`km-tiam prgniss`ghljs tg sit up
pr`vlti tiamhgjgky vihturis.
_r`vlt z`hk stlti-gwhib ihtirpr`sis. Rmi ngaus gn ringre `h tmi siaghb
stlki wls tg pr`vlt`zi QGIs. @h , Qmihzmih dialei tmi n`rst a`ty
`h Am`hl tg alrry gut suam pr`vlt`zlt`ghs. @h
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trlbi), Qmihzmih hst`tutib l nrii trlbi zghi, tmi Qmltguc`lg nrii trlbi
zghi, tgkitmir w`tm tmi n`rst alp`tlj kggbs elrfit lhb tmi nuturi
ixamlhki, tmi Qmihzmih Hghnirrgus Ixamlhki. @h lbb`t`gh, tmi aihtrlj
dlhf sit up l systie gn arib`t airt`n`altis ngr ihtirpr`sis `h Qmihzmih.
Rmisi ringres n`hljjy istldj`smib l elrfit iaghgey `h Qmihzmih.
L Elrfit Qystie NrleiwgrfBur`hk tmi n`vi-yilr pir`gb nrge
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Am`hls N`rst Qpia`lj Iaghge`a Sghi3 Rmi Alsi gn Qmihzmih ; rikujlt`ghs lhb elbi bia`s`ghs rijlt`hk
tg ljj lspiats gn tmi a`tys iaghgey lhb sga`ity. Leghk tmisi rikujl-
t`ghs lhb bia`s`ghs, ldgut ghi-tm`rb wiri egbijib lntir tmgsi `h Mghk
Fghk, Am`hl lhb ngri`kh aguhtr`is6 ghi-tm`rb wiri rlt`n`ib w`tm hiais-
slry egb`n`alt`ghs, lbb`t`ghs, lhb rin`hieihts gn ix`st`hk jlws lhb rik-
ujlt`ghs dlsib gh tmi iaghge`a bivijgpeiht hiibs gn tmi Qmihzmih
QIS6 lhb ghi-tm`rb wiri lblptib w`tm tmi purpgsi gn ri`hngra`hk tmi
lbe`h`strlt`vi systie, ihv`rgheihtlj prgtiat`gh, urdlh elhlkieiht,lhb aujturlj bivijgpeiht.
_riniriht`lj _gj`a`is
Rmi Qmihzmih QIS `epjieihtib l sir`is gn priniriht`lj pgj`a`is tg
lttrlat ngri`kh lhb bgeist`a `hvisteihts.9 Rmi el`h ghis `hvgjvib ngr-
i`kh ihtirpr`sis, m`km-tiam `hbustr`is, m`km-tiam vihturi alp`tlj `hvist-
eiht, muelh risgurais, lhb jlhb pgj`a`is.
Ngri`kh Ihtirpr`sisNgri`kh-`hvistib ihtirpr`sis ihcgy l huedir gn priniriht`lj pgj`a`is,
`hajub`hk tmgsi lppjy`hk tg tlxlt`gh. Ngr ixlepji, tmi agrpgrlti `hagei
tlx rlti `s
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M`km-Riam @hbustr`isNgr `htikrltib a`rau`ts (@A) elhunlatur`hk ihtirpr`sis, nrge tmi`r t`ei gn
airt`n`alt`gh uht`j tmi ihb gn 4?
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Muelh TisguraisRg lttrlat tljihtib pigpji, Qmihzmih mls uhbirtlfih l sir`is gn aghstrua-
t`vi h`t`lt`vis. Rmisi hajubi istldj`sm`hk jldgr lhb pirsghhij sirv`ais age-
plh`is lhb sitt`hk up l muelh `htijj`kihai elrfit, l sih`gr agrpgrlti
elhlkir riageeihblt`gh lhb ivljult`gh aihtir, lhb l ngri`kh-rijltib
jldgr elrfit, ls wijj ls mgst`hk tljiht eiit`hks. Rmi `epjieihtlt`gh gn
tmisi `h`t`lt`vis mls lttrlatib tljihtib pigpji nrge Am`hl lhb ldrglb.
Qpia`lj pgj`a`is lri `h pjlai tg lttrlat m`km-tiam tljihts ls wijj.
Qgntwlri bivijgpeiht pirsghhij w`tm uh`virs`ty gr agjjiki ibualt`ghs gr
ldgvi, tmgsi w`tm e`b- tg sih`gr-jivij prgniss`ghlj t`tjis, lhb tmgsi w`tm
`epgrtlht `hviht`ghs, ljghk w`tm tmi`r spgusis lhb am`jbrih (`n e`hgrs),lri ljjgwib tg sittji `h Qmihzmih ls rik`stirib ris`bihts lhb lri
ixieptib nrge tmi a`tys `hnrlstruaturi ixplhs`gh nii. Nurtmiregri, tmi
euh`a`plj kgvirheiht w`jj suds`b`zi pgstbgatgrlj sa`iht`n`a risilram
wgrfstlt`ghs lpprgvib dy tmi aihtrlj kgvirheiht lhb w`jj suds`b`zi ilam
pgstbgatgrlj risilramir tmrgukm l krlht gn TED 9?,??? (YQ$;,14?.>2)
ngr ilam yilr lntir mi gr smi ihtirs tmi pgstbgatgrlj sa`iht`n`a risilram
wgrfstlt`gh.
@h lbb`t`gh, tmi Qmihzmih kgvirheiht ljsg sit up sivirlj lwlrbs tgriagkh`zi gutstlhb`hk tljiht3
Rmi Lwlrb ngr Rljiht `h @hbustr`lj Bivijgpeiht lhb @hhgvlt`gh gn
Qmihzmih mls diih sit up tg lafhgwjibki pigpji wmg mlvi elbi
gutstlhb`hk aghtr`dut`ghs tg `hbustr`lj bivijgpeiht lhb `hbipihbiht
`hhgvlt`gh `h tmi a`tys iaghgey.
Rmi euh`a`plj kgvirheiht bis`khltis TED 4?? e`jj`gh (YQ$40.4=
e`jj`gh) ngr tmisi lwlrbs ls plrt gn `ts n`salj dubkit.Rmi euh`a`plj kgvirheiht mls sit up spia`n`a lwlrbs ngr sa`ihai lhb
tiamhgjgky, `hajub`hk tmi Qmihzmih Elygrs Lwlrb, tmi Qmihzmih
Qa`iht`n`a lhb Riamhgjgk`alj _rgkriss Lwlrb, lhb tmi Qmihzmih Riam-
hgjgk`alj @hviht`gh Lwlrb. Ilam yilr, l sue gn TED = e`jj`gh
(YQ$
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s`tis lri ixiept nrge trlhslat`gh niis amlrkib ngr tmi trlhsnir gn jlhb-usi
r`kmts, rik`strlt`gh niis, trlb`hk niis, lhb amlrkis rijlt`hk tg prgbuat`gh lhb
gpirlt`gh nla`j`t`is lhb prgpirt`is. N`hljjy, hiwjy puramlsib prgpirt`is ngr
istldj`sm`hk prgbuat`gh nla`j`t`is lhb gpirlt`ghs ngr m`km-tiam ihtirpr`sis
lhb prgciats lri ixiept nrge prgpirty tlx ngr n`vi yilrs stlrt`hk nrge tmi
blti gn agepjit`gh gn tmi puramlsi.
Fiy Ixpir`ihais
Qmihzmih mls diagei l egbij ngr tmi ringre lhb gpih`hk up prgaiss `h
Am`hl, lhb `ts ixpir`ihais mlvi prgvib tg di vljuldji ixlepjis ngr tmirist gn tmi hlt`gh. Rmi fiy ixpir`ihais `hajubi arilt`gh gn l sguhb dus`-
hiss ihv`rgheiht, `hst`tut`ghlj ringre, lutmgr`ty ngr jgalj bia`s`gh elf-
`hk, lhb priniriht`lj pgj`a`is.
Arilt`hk l Qguhb Dus`hiss Ihv`rgheihtRg ihsuri grbirjy iaghge`a lhb urdlh bivijgpeiht lhb tg du`jb `hvistgr
aghn`bihai, tmi aihtrlj kgvirheiht lhb tmi Qmihzmih euh`a`plj kgvirh-
eiht mlvi kghi tg krilt jihktms tg prgbuai l sguhb dus`hiss ihv`rgh-eiht. Rmlt ihv`rgheiht `hajubis l kggb jiklj systie, pgj`ay suppgrt, lhb
`hnrlstruaturi prgv`s`gh. Kgvirheiht lutmgr`t`is mlvi ljsg prgv`bib
inniat`vi pjlhh`hk ngr tmi QIS bivijgpeiht lhb mlvi istldj`smib `hst`tu-
t`ghs tmlt prgtiat prgpirty r`kmts tg ihsuri l nl`r elrfit.
Ngaus`hk gh @hst`tut`ghlj TingresLs tmi n`rst a`ty `h Am`hl tg istldj`sm lh QIS, Qmihzmih mls aghaihtrltib
gh tmi `hst`tut`ghlj ringres riqu`rib tg du`jb l hiw elrfit-gr`ihtib iag-hge`a systie. @ts ixpir`eihts `h ringre diklh lt l t`ei wmih tmi wmgji
aguhtry wls st`jj l pjlhhib iaghgey, lhb Qmihzmih tr`ib ljj lvl`jldji
eilhs, `hajub`hk jilrh`hk nrge ngri`kh ixpir`ihai, tg istldj`sm l kggb
jiklj lhb rikujltgry ihv`rgheiht, lh inn`a`iht lbe`h`strlt`vi systie, l
njix`dji jldgr elrfit, lhb tmi j`fi. @ts 1? yilrs gn nlst bivijgpeiht mlvi
prgvib tmi `epgrtlhai gn `hst`tut`gh du`jb`hk.
Krlht`hk Qunn`a`iht Nriibge ngr Jgalj Bia`s`gh Elf`hk
L spia`lj lspiat gn tmi Qmihzmih QIS wls `ts lutmgr`ty tg try`hk ljj f`hbsgn iaghge`a ixpir`eihts. Ngr `hstlhai, Qmihzmih wls tmi n`rst a`ty tg
istldj`sm l riqu`rib 42-mgur turhlrguhb t`ei ngr prgciat lpprgvlj lhb tg
sm`nt tmi pirsghhij systie nrge bis`khltib tg gpih m`r`hk. @htikrlj tg tm`s
spia`lj stltus wls tmi jik`sjlt`vi pgwir krlhtib dy tmi aihtrlj kgvirheiht.
=? Du jb`hk Ihk`his ngr Krgwtm lhb Agepit`t vihiss `h Am`hl
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@h lbb`t`gh, tmi QIS mls diih krlhtib tmi pr`v`jiki gn bitire`h`hk `ts gwh
iaghge`a elhlkieiht strltik`is. Ljj suam lutghgey `s arua`lj tg
Qmihzmihs suaaiss.
Krlht`hk _rgpir _riniriht`lj _gj`a`isRmi Qmihzmih QIS ihcgys krilt njix`d`j`ty `h tmi lppj`alt`gh gn ngri`kh
nuhbs, tmi `htrgbuat`gh gn ngri`kh tiamhgjgk`is, lhb tmi uhbirtlf`hk gn
ngri`kh iaghge`a agjjldgrlt`gh. _riniriht`lj pgj`a`is wiri krlhtib `h suam
lrils ls tlxlt`gh, austges, stlnn`hk, jlhb usi, lhb tmi j`fi. Ngr hstlhai, tmi
prgn`ts gn ngri`kh n`res siht ldrglb mlvi diih ixieptib nrge `hagei tlx,
lhb suam n`res lri ljsg hgt j`ldji ngr prgpirty tlxis ngr tmrii yilrs lntirtmi`r istldj`smeiht.
Amljjihkis lhb Tiageeihblt`ghs
Bisp`ti tmi trieihbgus suaaiss gn tmi Qmihzmih QIS, `t nlais elhy amlj-
jihkis tg `ts nuturi bivijgpeiht3
_gj`ay amlhkis lntir [RG laaiss`gh. _riniriht`lj tlx pgj`a`is ngr ngri`kh`hvisteiht jib tg aghnj`ats gn `htirist rijlt`hk tg ngri`kh `hvisteiht
lhb bgeist`a `hvisteiht. N`rst, tmi gvirljj agst gn `epjieiht`hk
ngri`kh-`hvisteiht priniriht`lj tlx pgj`a`is `s ixtrieijy m`km.
Laagrb`hk tg bltl rijilsib dy tmi Hlt`ghlj Qtlt`st`as Durilu, Am`hls
NB@ laaguhtib ngr
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ldgut tmi hiw elrfit systie. Ls tmi elrfit iaghgey krlbuljjy
dialei ihtrihamib, mgwivir, tm`s `hsp`rlt`gh inniat biarilsib.
Yhsustl`hldji bivijgpeiht plttirhs. @h tmi ilrjy
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riel`hs jlrkijy uhsgjvib. Rmi klps ditwiih suppjy lhb bielhb `h
rijlt`gh tg jlhb, wltir, ijiatr`a`ty, lhb gtmir risgurais mlvi diagei
`harils`hkjy lpplriht.
Ihv`rgheihtlj bikrlblt`gh.[`tm iaghge`a krgwtm ls tmi aihtirp`iai
gn bivijgpeiht, ihbilvgrs tg rl`si `hageis mlvi riai`vib tmi egst
prge`hiht lttiht`gh. Lt tmi slei t`ei, tmgukm, tmi ihv`rgheiht mls
sunnirib tg l aghs`birldji ixtiht, lhb `ts qulj`ty mls diih biaj`h`hk
rlp`bjy ls l risujt. Egrigvir, s`hai QISs mlvi j`e`tib hlturlj risgurais
lhb alpla`ty, tmi`r iaghge`a krgwtm alhhgt bipihb ixajus`vijy gh
suam sgurais. Tij`lhai gh ixtirhlj risgurais tmiringri diageis lh e-pgrtlht nlatgr h lam`iv`hk suam krgwtm. Dialusi el`htl`h`hk ihv`rgh-
eihtlj qulj`ty b`riatjy lnniats tmi a`tys ld`j`ty tg lttrlat ixtirhlj ri-
sgurais, tmi lvl`jld`j`ty gn risgurais mls diagei lh epgrtlht vlr`ldji
ngr tmi nurtmir bivijgpeiht gn QISs. @eprgv`hk ihv`rgheihtlj qulj`-
ty mls tmus diagei ghi gn `ts tgp pr`gr`t`is.
Aujturlj aghnj`ats. Lh hnjux gn pigpji nrge lrils w`tm b`nniriht aujtur-
lj dlafkrguhbs alh alusi aghnj`ats w`tm`h sga`ity tmlt tlfi t`ei tg ri-sgjvi lhb alh bielhb aghs`birldji aggrb`hlt`gh inngrts. Bur`hk tmi
bivijgpeiht prgaiss, du`jb`hk l mlregh`gus sga`ity riprisihts l s`k-
h`n`alht amljjihki ngr tmi euh`a`plj kgvirheiht.
Rmi Nuturi gn tmi QISsBur`hk Am`hls tmrii bialbis gn ringre lhb `ts gpih`hk up tg tmi wgrjb,
tmi hlt`ghs iaghgey mls suaaissnujjy el`htl`hib lh lstgh`sm`hk krgwtm
rlti. Rgbly, tmi dls`a nrleiwgrf gn tmi elrfit iaghgey mls diih istld-j`smib largss tmi iht`ri aguhtry. Dialusi gn Am`hls spia`lj s`tult`gh ls l
jlrki bivijgp`hk aguhtry, mgwivir, prgdjies suam ls `hiqulj`ty, `hngrel-
t`gh lsyeeitr`is, lhb `eelturi `hst`tut`ghs st`jj ix`st. Ls l risujt, `ts
elrfit systie `s nlr nrge pirniat lhb s`khljs tmlt tmi e`ss`gh gn tmi QISs
ls ixpir`eiht n`ijbs ngr iaghge`a ringre `s st`jj `epgrtlht.
Rmi e`ss`gh gn tmi QISs mls diih tg risgjvi ieirk`hk prgdjies `h
tmi prgaiss gn Am`hls iaghge`a bivijgpeiht. Rmi _ubghk Hiw Lril
wls istldj`smib `h Qmlhkml` tg sirvi ls tmi st`eujus ngr bivijgpeiht
`h rik`ghs suam ls tmi Plhktzi T`vir Bijtl lhb largss tmi aguhtry.Q`e`jlrjy, tmi R`lhc`h D`hml` Hiw Lril wls jluhamib ls Am`hl diklh
tg `htikrlti `htg tmi wgrjb iaghgey, wm`am bielhbib l bivijgpeiht
strltiky w`tm aged`hib pjlhh`hk ngr jlhb usi, inniat`vi bis`kh gn
kjgdlj jgk`st`as, lhb muelh risgurais lhb `hngrelt`gh njgws. Am`hl
Am`hls N`rst Qpia`lj Iaghge`a Sghi3 Rmi Alsi gn Qmihzmih =1
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amgsi tmi Amlhksml-Smuzmgu-]`lhktlh tr`lhkji lril, Amghkq`hk, lhb
[umlh ls ixpir`eihtlj lrils ngr hlt`ghlj urdlh lhb rurlj aggrb`hl-
t`gh lhb lssga`ltib ageprimihs`vi ringres. Rm`s `s Am`hls elcgr
strltiky `h tmi bivijgpeiht gn tmi aihtrlj lhb wistirh plrts gn tmi
aguhtry. Quam lrils lri ljsg riklrbib ls tist lrils ngr du`jb`hk l mlr-
egh`gus sga`ity dy lppjy`hk l sa`iht`n`a bivijgpeiht aghaipt. @h tmi
prgaissis gn egbirh`zlt`gh, Am`hl ely st`jj ihaguhtir egri prgd-
jies. K`vih tmlt tmi Qmihzmih QIS `s tmi egst `epgrtlht ixpir`eiht
n`ijb `h Am`hls iaghge`a bivijgpeiht, tmi jlrkir tmi rgji `t `s ldji tg
pjly, tmi egri bivijgpeiht gppgrtuh`t`is tmi a`ty w`jj mlvi.
Am`hls ringre diklh w`tm amlhkis `h `ts iaghge`a `hst`tut`ghs. L elr-fit iaghgey riqu`ris l wijj-nuhat`gh`hk jiklj systie, nl`r agepit`t`gh,
lhb `haiht`vis tmlt dljlhai agepit`hk `htirists. Rm`s f`hb gn iaghge`a
systie ljsg aljjs ngr l su`tldji pgj`t`alj ihv`rgheiht, lhb `t `s ngr tm`s ril-
sgh tmlt ringre gn tmi pgj`t`alj systie pjlys suam l v`tlj rgji `h lbvlha`hk
Am`hls iaghge`a bivijgpeiht. Hghitmijiss, ringre`hk tmi pgj`t`alj sys-
tie ajilrjy `hvgjvis l w`bi rlhki gn `htirists, lhb `t `s b`nn`aujt tg stlrt
suam ringres lt tmi hlt`ghlj jivij. Yhbir suam a`rauestlhais, tmi QISs
surijy diagei tmi egst lpprgpr`lti tist n`ijbs ngr suam ringre. Rm`s hiwtlsf ngr Qmihzmih lhb tmi gtmir QISs ljsg krlhts tmie hiw bivijgpeiht
gppgrtuh`t`is lt tmi slei t`ei.
_gj`ay Tiageeihblt`ghsQgei drglb pgj`ay riageeihblt`ghs smgujb di aghs`birib, wm`am ihldji
tmi spia`lj iaghge`a zghis tg gviragei tmisi amljjihkis lhb tg aght`hui
gh tmi pltm gn suaaiss. Leghk tmie, `hst`tut`ghlj ringre lhb lbcust`hk
tmi ngaus gn ringre nrge krgwtm tg bivijgpeiht lri plrt`aujlrjy `epgr-tlht. Rmi QISs mlvi tg ngaus egri gh sgei spia n`a fiy lspiats.
Hiw ringre `haiht`vis. @hst`tut`ghlj ringre `s tmi fiy nlatgr dim`hb tmi
suaaiss gn tmi Qmihzmih QIS, lhb jgalj kgvirheiht mls diih lh `epgr-
tlht pjlyir `h tmi riqu`rib `hst`tut`ghlj ringres. Ls l aghsiquihai, `t `s
lpplriht tmlt tmi `haiht`vis prgv`bib tg tmi kgvirheiht mlvi sirvib ls
tmi gr`k`hlj ihk`hi gn tmi ringre prgkrle lhb mlvi jltir diagei tmi br`v-
`hk ngrai ngr iaghge`a bivijgpeiht. Ngr tmlt rilsgh, tmi Qmihzmih QIS
mls diagei tmi egst suaaissnuj QIS `h Am`hl. @h tmi nuturi, tm`s jgk`a gnsuaaiss w`jj aght`hui tg mgjb. Bur`hk tm`s arua`lj pir`gb gn Am`hls egb-
irh`zlt`gh, `hst`tut`ghlj ringre `s tmi s`hkji egst `epgrtlht nlatgr `h
ihldj`hk tmi Qmihzmih QIS tg aght`hui tg jilb `h sga`lj lhb iaghge`a
bivijgpeiht gvir tmi hixt
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gn du`jb`hk l wijj-nuhat`gh`hk elrfit eiamlh`se, alh tmi a`ty el`htl`h
`ts istldj`smib nrght-ruhhir rgji `h Am`hl. Ghi priaghb`t`gh ngr tm`s gut-
agei `s tg arilti strghkir `haiht`vis ngr kgvirheiht gnn`airs tg alrry gh
nurtmir `hst`tut`ghlj `hhgvlt`gh.
Lbcust`hk tmi ringre ngaus. Lt tm`s stlki, `t `s ljsg gn krilt `epgrtlhai
tg biipih tmi hiibib lbe`h`strlt`vi ringre tg ihsuri tmi ngrelt`gh gn l
m`kmjy inn`a`iht lhb njix`dji lbe`h`strlt`vi systie tmlt alh inniat`vijy
suppgrt iaghge`a bivijgpeiht lhb tmi durkigh`hk elrfit iaghgey. Lt
prisiht, tmi lbe`h`strlt`vi dgb`is gn tmi QIS lri rijlt`vijy jlrki. Rmi
aggrb`hlt`gh gn b`nniriht biplrteihts mls diagei ivir egri b`nn`aujt lhbmls risujtib `h jgwir inn`a`ihay. @t `s iv`biht, tmiringri, tmlt tmi amlhki gn
kgvirheiht nuhat`ghs mls hgt yit diih inniat`vijy `epjieihtib lhb
euam uhhiaisslry lbe`h`strlt`vi `htirviht`gh `h iaghge`a lat`v`t`is st`jj
gaaurs. Tingre`hk tmi kgvirheiht elhlkieiht systie dy jilrh`hk nrge
`htirhlt`ghlj ixpir`ihais tg ihsuri tmlt tmi iaghgey bivijgps sustl`h-
ldjy, rlp`bjy, lhb miljtm`jy mls diagei lh urkiht tlsf.
Nrge iaghge`a krgwtm tg drglbir bivijgpeiht. @h tmi plst 1? yilrs,iaghge`a krgwtm mls diih tmi tgp pr`gr`ty `h Am`hl. Qg nlr, tm`s kglj mls
diih wijj eit tmrgukm tmi `htrgbuat`gh gn ngri`kh alp`tlj, lbvlhaib elh-
lkieiht eitmgbs, lhb tiamhgjgk`is. @h riaiht yilrs, `hbustr`is rijy`hk gh
bgeist`a `hvisteiht mlvi ixpir`ihaib rlp`b bivijgpeiht. Ls tmi`r age-
plrlt`vi lbvlhtlkis mlvi sjgwjy nlbib lwly lhb jldgr lhb jlhb suppj`is
mlvi biarilsib, mgwivir, tmi aghnj`ats ditwiih sga`lj bivijgpeiht lhb
iaghge`a bivijgpeiht, ditwiih `hagei kihirlt`gh lhb ihv`rgheihtlj
bikrlblt`gh, lhb ditwiih iaghge`a krgwtm lhb uhiqulj `hagei b`str`-dut`gh lri diage`hk egri siviri tmlh ivir. @h tmi age`hk yilrs, tmisi
lspiats hiib tg di tlfih `htg laaguht, lhb tmi el`h gdciat`vi eust di
sm`ntib nrge l sgji pursu`t gn iaghge`a krgwtm tg l w`bir ghi tmlt
ihageplssis sga`lj bivijgpeiht. @n tm`s trlhsngrelt`gh `s suaaissnujjy
lam`ivib, tmih l hiw bivijgpeiht pltm aghs`stiht w`tm k`vih aghstrl`hts
alh surijy di wgrfib gut. Qmihzmih alh tmih aght`hui tg sit lh ixlepji
ngr Am`hls nurtmir bivijgpeiht `h tmi hiw irl.
Hgtis
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1. Rmi m`stgr`alj hleiElalg rinirs tg tmi pir`gb dingri Biaiedir 4?,
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=;
Rmi R`lhc`h Iaghge`a-Riamhgjgk`alj Bivijgpeiht Lril (RIBL), istld-
j`smib gnn`a`ljjy gh Biaiedir >,
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== Du jb`hk Ihk`his ngr Krgwtm lhb Agepit t`vihiss `h Am`hl
lhb tmi tm`rb siat`gh lhljyzis tmi rgji gn kgvirheiht. Rmi ngurtm siat`gh
gutj`his tmi nlvgrldji n`salj pgj`a`is `epjieihtib ngr tmi bivijgpeiht
lril, lhb tmi s`xtm siat`gh sueelr`zis tmi suaaissnuj ixpir`ihai gn
RIBLs bivijgpeiht lhb gpih`hk-up prgaiss. Rmi elcgr amljjihkis
nlaib dy tmi bivijgpeiht lril lri sueelr`zib `h tmi s`xtm siat`gh. Rmi
plpir tmih aghajubis w`tm jissghs jilrhib.
RIBLs Laagepj`smeihts
RIBL `s tmi jlrkist, tmi nlst-krgw`hk, lhb tmi egst prgn`tldji leghk tmi
9; stlti-jivij iaghge`a lhb tiamhgjgky bivijgpeiht lrils. Agvir`hk 2?squlri f`jgeitirs w`tm l ris`biht`lj pgpujlt`gh gn ; d`jj`gh, tlx `hagei gn TED mls prgv`bib hiw bivijgpeiht gppgrtuh`t`is
ngr RIBL.
Iaghge`a Krgwtm lhb Inn`a`ihayRIBL mls el`htl`hib gutstlhb`hk iaghge`a pirngrelhai s`hai `ts istld-
j`smeiht 42 yilrs lkg. @h , RIBLs krgss bgeist`a prgbuat (KB_)
wls ghjy TED 0.19 e`jj`gh. Ldgut 4? yilrs jltir, `h 4??;, RIBLs KB_
mlb rilamib TED 01.=; d`jj`gh lhb `h 4??= TED .9 d`jj`gh, el`h-
tl`h`hk lh lhhulj krgwtm rlti gn 4? piraiht. @ts krgss `hbustr`lj gutput
kriw rlp`bjy ls wijj3 tmlt huedir ngr wls TED 1=.;4 d`jj`gh
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ageplrib tg TED 119.?>; d`jj`gh `h 4??; lhb TED 1;1 d`jj`gh lt tmi
ihb gn 4??= (sii n`kuris 1.< lhb 1.4).
Gutput pir alp`tl wls TED 4??=
krgss bgeist a prgbuat krgss hbustr lj gutput
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m`kmir jldgr agsts lhb `hbustr`lj ristruatur`hk, RIBLs prgbuat`v`ty mls
riel`hib rijlt`vijy m`km, lt TED 400,4?? pir alp`tl `h 4??;.
Rrlbi KrgwtmQ`hai `ts istldj`smeiht, RIBL mls iepmls`zib ngri`kh trlbi. Rmi vgjuei
gn ixpgrt mls krgwh aght`hugusjy, tmrgukm m`kmir vljui-lbbib lhb egri
m`km-tiam prgbuats.
Nlst-krgw`hk ixpgrts. Rmi ixpgrt trlbi gn RIBL, `h`t`ltib `h ,
diklh w`tm cust s`x ixpgrt ihtirpr`sis, dut dy 4??; tmlt huedir mlbkrgwh tg ;=1, w`tm tmi vljui gn ixpgrts `harils`hk nrge YQ$4.?4 e`jj`gh
`h tg YQ$ 42.;4 4>.29
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piraihtlki gn n`hi n`h`sm`hk prgbuats wls ;4.; `h tmlt yilr. @h 2.>4 piraiht gn tmi
tgtlj ixpgrt vljui `h tmlt yilr. Q`hai 4???, egri tiamhgjgky-`htihs`vi
prgbuats mlvi diih lbbib, suam ls egd`ji pmghis, `htikrltib a`rau`ts,
sie`aghbuatgrs, j`-`gh dlttir`is, agjgr tijiv`s`ghs, b`k`tlj aleirls, lhb tmi
j`fi. @h 4??;, tmi vljui gn m`km-tiam ixpgrts wls YQ$
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Krgwtm gn Ngri`kh B`riat @hvisteihtNgri`kh b`riat `hvisteiht (NB@) mls pjlyib l arua`lj rgji `h tmi bivij-
gpeiht lhb aghstruat`gh gn RIBL. Rgbly, tmi vgjuei gn NB@ `h RIBL
aght`huis tg krgw lhb tg prgbuai dittir-qulj`ty `hvisteiht prgciats.
RIBL wls amljjihkib dy sjgw hvisteiht krgwtm h ts stlrt-up pir`gb.
Nrge 4??;
Ixpgrt vljui gn m`km-tiam
prgbuats (YQ$ e`jj`ghs) 4,122 1,119 1,2?9 0,?
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dut tmi s`tult`gh amlhkib `h ngri`kh-nuhbib ihtir-pr`sis tmlt mlb `harilsib tmi`r `hvisteiht `h RIBL, ngr l tgtlj `hvisteiht
gn YQ$.>; d`jj`gh.
@eprgv`hk qulj`ty gn ngri`kh-`hvistib prgciats. @h`t`ljjy, tmi `hvisteiht
prgciats `h RIBL wiri el`hjy jgw tiamhgjgky, w`tm l elx`eue `hb`v`b-
ulj `hvisteiht gn YQ$9 e`jj`gh. Q`hai 414 1,.??
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eujt`hlt`ghlj ageplh`is tmlt riprisiht tmi egst lbvlhaib tiamhgjgkywgrjbw`bi, suam ls Agal-Agjl, Mljj`durtgh, Mghiywijj, @DE, Fgblf
_gjyamrgei, _ips`, lhb Egtgrgjl.
Tlp`b Krgwtm gn M`km-Riam @hbustr`isRIBL mls diih ngaus`hk gh tmi bivijgpeiht gn m`km-tiam `hbustr`is lhb
mls elbi s`kh`n`alht prgkriss. Lt tmi dik`hh`hk stlki, RIBL pl`b spia`lj
lttiht`gh tg tmi bivijgpeiht gn m`km-tiam `hbustr`is lhb strihktmihib
tmi suppgrt`hk nla`j`t`is, `hajub`hk pgj`ay, muelh alp`tlj, lhb n`hlha`ljsirv`ais, tg arilti l nlvgrldji ihv`rgheiht. @h 4??2, tmi gutput gn m`km-
tiam prgbuats ixaiibib TED 4??1 =4
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gpt`alj, eiamlh`alj, lhb ijiatrgh`a `htikrlt`gh ajustir, w`tm Mghiywijj
lhb Eirj`h Kir`h6 tmi d`geib`a`hi ajustir, w`tm Hgvg Hgrb`sf lhb
Qe`tmfj`hi Diiamle6 tmi hiw eltir`lj ajustir, w`tm DDL lhb __K6 tmi
hiw ihirky ajustir, w`tm Ihirk`zir lhb Rghk Pii6 tmi elam`hiry ajustir
w`tm jilb`hk ageplh`is suam ls QI[, QEK, lhb Rgygtl6 lhb tmi ihv`rgh-
eihtlj prgtiat`gh ajustir, w`tm ^igj`l [ltir lhb ^istls (mttp3//www
.tibl.kgv.ah).
RIBL mls ariltib l nlvgrldji ihv`rgheiht ngr tiamhgjgky `hhgvlt`gh.Ls gn 4??;, tmiri wiri ,=?? squlri eitirs, 429 `haudltib ihtirpr`sis, 4; ihk`hiir`hk tiam-
hgjgky risilram aihtirs, 19 ihtirpr`si tiamhgjgky aihtirs, 29 risilram lhb
bivijgpeiht (T&B) aihtirs istldj`smib dy eujt`hlt`ghlj ageplh`is, lhb
; vihturi alp`tlj ageplh`is `h RIBL. Ageplh`is `h RIBL mlvi elbi
krilt prgkriss `h risilram`hk, bivijgp`hk, lhb trlhsngre`hk d`g-am`ps,
eiedrlhi tiamhgjgky, tmi ijiatr`a lutgegd`ji, stie aijjs, lhb hlhgeitir
tiamhgjgky. Ls gn 4??;, RIBL ihtirpr`sis mlvi gdtl`hib 4,94? pltihts,
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?.?9 piraiht, ?.
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gpt`ghs, priniriht`lj pgj`a`is, `hbustry altikgr`is, alp`tlj nuhb`hk, lhb
elhlkieiht systies.
Rmi Br`vi tgwlrb Gpih`hk up lhb TingreDingri Am`hl lbgptib tmi gpih`hk up-pgj`ay, `ts iaghgey sunnirib nrge
sjgw krgwtm gr iaghge`a stlkhlt`gh lhb nlaib amljjihkis gn alp`tlj
smgrtlkis, gut-gn-blti tiamhgjgky sf`jjs, ngri`kh ixamlhki ristr`at`ghs,
lhb iepjgyeiht prissuris. [`tm tmi hiw sa`ihai lhb tiamhgjgk`alj riv-
gjut`gh br`v`hk tmi wgrjb iaghgey lt l nlstir plai, Am`hl wls jlkk`hk
nlrtmir dim`hb `h iaghge`a ls wijj ls `h sa`iht`n`a lhb tiamhgjgk`alj
strihktm. @h tmi Rm`rb _jihlry Qiss`gh gn tmi
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Lduhblht jlhb. RIBL `s wist gn Dgml` Dly gh l slj`hi njuv`lj pjl`h, jlhb
tmlt usib tg di l dilam. @t mls lh lvirlki ijivlt`gh gn 4.9 eitirs, dut lntir
`t wls n`jjib w`tm ilrtm ngr bivijgpeiht, `ts ijivlt`gh `harilsib tg 1.9
eitirs. @t `s plrt gn tmi hig-altmlys`lh struaturlj systie. @ts sg`j `s sgnt,
lhb tmiri `s hg si`se`a nlujt ruhh`hk tmrgukm `t. Aurrihtjy, RIBL agvirs
2? squlri f`jgeitirs. @ts sgutmirh plrt, fhgwh ls tmi sgutmirh j`v`hk
zghi, `s ngr ris`biht`lj lplrteihts, kgvirheiht uh`ts, lhb n`hlha`lj sirv-
`ais, wm`ji tmi hgrtmirh plrt, fhgwh ls tmi `hbustr`lj zghi, `s ngr elhu-
nlatur`hk. Rmi j`v`hk zghi agvirs ldgut
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rgji `h pgrt tmrgukmput alpla`ty, stgrimgusi lril, pgrt nla`j`t`is, lhb
lutgelt`gh. @h tmi
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@epgrtlhai gn RIBL tg R`lhc`hs Iaghge`a BivijgpeihtRmi istldj`smeiht gn RIBL wls gn v`tlj `epgrtlhai tg R`lhc`hs iag-
hge`a bivijgpeiht dialusi `t mijpib prgegti tmi ixpgrt-gr`ihtib
iaghgey, `htrgbuai lbvlhaib tiamhgjgky nrge ldrglb, lhb ixpjgri hiw
plttirhs gn iaghge`a bivijgpeiht. RIBL rij`is gh R`lhc`h ngr l sup-
pgrt`vi ihv`rgheiht lhb `h riturh ngstirs tmi iaghge`a bivijgpeiht gn
tmi wmgji a`ty.
_rgegt`gh gn lh ixpgrt-gr`ihtib iaghgey. RIBL pjlais l m`km pr`gr-
`ty gh us`hk ngri`kh `hvisteiht lhb bivijgp`hk ixpgrt-gr`ihtib `hbus-
tr`is. L sir`is gn priniriht`lj pgj`a`is mls diih `epjieihtib `h RIBLtg lttrlat ngri`kh `hvisteiht, suam ls l jgwir `hagei tlx rlti gn
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Tij`lhai gh lhb sirv`ai tg tmi a`ty. RIBL rij`is gh tmi a`ty gn R`lhc`h,
wm`am prgv`bis tmi hurtur`hk ihv`rgheiht ngr RIBLs bivijgpeiht,
`hajub`hk `hnrlstruaturi, elhunlatur`hk `hbustr`is, lhb muelh alp`tlj. @h
riturh, RIBL prgv`bis arua`lj sirv`ais ngr tmi a`tys bivijgpeiht.
Kihirljjy spilf`hk, tmi lbvlhaib tiamhgjgky `htrgbuaib `h RIBL prg-
egtis tiamhgjgk`alj prgkriss lhb `hbustr`lj ristruatur`hk `h tmi iht`ri
a`ty. RIBL mls laaueujltib vljuldji ixpir`ihai `h jgalt`gh amg`ai, agh-
struat`gh pjlhh`hk, jlhb ut`j`zlt`gh lhb elhlkieiht, lhb euh`a`plj agh-
struat`gh, wm`am sit l kggb ixlepji ngr tmi a`ty lhb nuij hiw bivijgpeiht
`h R`lhc`h. RIBL `s bib`altib tg bivijgp`hk m`km-tiam `hbustry tmrgukm
tgp-gn-tmi-j`hi prgciats lhb tg sirv`hk ls tmi ihk`hi br`v`hk tmi tiamhgjgk-`alj prgkriss gn tmi a`ty. RIBL mijps tmi a`ty lttrlat l jlrki vgjuei gn ngr-
i`kh `hvisteiht, w`tm elhy ngri`kh-nuhbib ihtirpr`sis, el`hjy ixpgrt`hk
ageplh`is, `h lh inngrt tg ixplhb tmi a`tys ngri`kh trlbi.
Rmi Tgji gn Kgvirheiht `h tmi Aghstruat`gh gn RIBL
Rmi R`lhc`h euh`a`plj kgvirheiht lhb `ts lutmgr`zib grklh`zlt`ghtmi
RIBL Lbe`h`strlt`vi Agee`ss`ghmlvi pjlyib lh `epgrtlht rgji `htmi aghstruat`gh gn RIBL. Rgkitmir, tmiy mlvi aghbuatib jlhb ixpjg`tl-
t`gh lhb lbe`h`strlt`gh, ariltib lh ixaijjiht `hvisteiht ihv`rgheiht,
lhb lttrlatib guts`bi `hvisteihts dy vlr`gus eilhs.
Jlhb Ixpjg`tlt`gh lhb Lbe`h`strlt`ghRmi kgvirheiht gn RIBL `epjieihts `ts jlhb ixpjg`tlt`gh pgj`ay pr`-
elr`jy tmrgukm ngur plttirhs. Rmi n`rst plttirh `s aljjib `hbidtib
ixpjg`tlt`gh. @h RIBLs ilrjy yilrs, l hlt`ghlj bivijgpeiht jglh gnTED 1;? e`jj`gh wls gnnirib ngr `hbidtib jlhb ixpjg`tlt`gh, ihldj`hk
tmi du`jb`hk gn `hnrlstruaturi ngr l 1-squlri-f`jgeitir `hbustr`lj zghi
lhb l
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stlti-gwhib jlhb, agjjiat hk tlxis lhb amlrkis gh tmi usi gn stlti-gwhib
jlhb, supirv`s`hk tmi jlhb elr