building-integrated small wind energy - brett...

Building-Integrated Small

Wind Energy Spring 2009

EDSGN 100H

Shruthi Baskaran

Brett Davis

Justin Long

Matthew Steiner

1 Building-Integrated Small Wind Energy

Eaves Trough Wind Energy Generation System

(Building-Integrated Small Wind Energy Generation System)

Shruthi Baskaran

Brett Davis

Justin Long

Matthew Steiner

EDSGN – 100H

The Pennsylvania State University

May 2, 2009

http://personal.psu.edu/mrs5329/HomeProject.html

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The focus of this project is to design a building-integrated micro-wind energy generation

system. The system should be integrated architecturally, and must have aesthetic appeal, while

producing substantial amounts of wind-generated electricity. It must also have high returns on

initial investments and be easily implemented on both new and existing structures.

The customer needs were identified and twenty-five concepts were generated based on

the needs. These concepts were narrowed down to the final four that fulfilled the established

criteria most effectively. Then surveys were undertaken in a diverse sampling in order to select

the systems that were preferred over the others. The two concepts that performed the best in the

survey were chosen and integrated to form the final concept. The final concept involves the use

of eaves troughs on buildings as a method of integrating the system into the building. It also

includes the installation of cage style turbines within the troughs to utilize small wind in an

efficient manner without being aesthetically displeasing.

Figure 1 – Isometric view of the system


INTRODUCTION

Energy resource depletion and reliance on non-renewable sources of energy are rising

problems today. While alternative sources of energy have been identified, they are not utilized to

their full potential because of several limitations such as high initial installation costs, aesthetic

appeal and location. Wind energy is one of the alternative forms of energy that has the greatest

potential to replace the use of fossil fuels and other non-renewable sources of energy.

Wind energy is abundantly available, and it can be utilized in any environment. Small

wind, in particular, is suited for urban environments. The main limitations with the use of small

wind in urban environments relates to the loud noises it produces, the inability to discreetly

integrate it into building designs, and the presence of turbulent winds.

The problem was decomposed into various components. The key objectives were to make

a system that could produce a considerable amount of electricity in a cost-effective manner and

architecturally integrate well with the building at the same time. The actual problem

decomposition flow chart is shown in Appendix 1. The geographical target for the design of the

micro-wind energy system was established to be the Northeastern United States, since the

potential for harnessing wind-energy seemed to be at a maximum there based on the wind

resource maps. Also, the system was to be designed in such a way that it would be scalable and

could integrate well with most building types.

Once the problem decomposition was established, a Gantt chart was drawn in order to

evaluate the design process at each stage of development and implementation. The Gantt chart

underwent many variations over the period of the design process, and the critical path of the

project changed multiple times during this process. The final Gantt chart representing the critical

path is attached as Appendix 2.

RESEARCH

In order to develop an efficient turbine system to harness wind energy, many variables,

both qualitative and quantitative, are taken into consideration in the system. Designing for a

market primarily based in Northeastern United States allows for a more acute design strategy

than in a global marketplace. In order to design an architecturally integrated system, the system

must be fluent with the common architectures of the market.

Rotor Designs- Rotor designs are widely available in both vertically oriented and horizontally

oriented turbine styles. The project’s main goal was to find either a commercially

available rotor design to maximize the economic efficiency of the product, or design a

rotor with the same needs addressed.

Due to maximization of dynamic stability of the system, most rotor designs are three-

blade systems, which have been experimentally proven to have higher power output than

one, two, or four-blade systems (David A. Spera, 1994). The three-blade systems are


engineered to maximize the wind captured by tapering the blade, determined largely by

the orientation of the turbine’s axis and predicted air flows into the system.

According to small wind experts Cermak, Peterka, and Petersen, small wind rotor design

requires, “state-of-the-art control systems reduce operating costs and increase energy

capture.” Types of rotor blade designs range from extruded aluminum blades to wood

and wood-epoxy laminates, which Dr. David A Spera claims, are “readily available,

inexpensive, strong, and resistant to fatigue” (David A. Spera, 1994).

Applying the principles of small-wind turbine design and experimentation to an even

smaller scale into a micro-wind system for the project requires closer analysis of the

effects of each individual component of the system and its respective correlation with

market success and power generation as displayed in Table 1.

Table 1. Specifications for Typical Small-Scale HAWTs

Manufacturer: Bergey Wind-

Power Co.

Northern

Power Sys.

Wind Turbine

Industries

Micon Energy

Sys.

Carter Wind

Systems

Model: BWC 1500 North Wind

HR3

EESI-12.5/23 M 22 Carter 25

Rotor Diameter 3.1 m 5.0 m 7.0 m 9.8 m 9.9 m

Rated Power 1.5 kW 3 kW 12.5 kW 22 kW 25 kW

Rotor Location Upwind Upwind Upwind Upwind Downwind

No. of Blades 3 3 3 3 2

Blade Material Poly/Glass Wood/Epoxy Wood Poly/Glass Fiberglass

Pitch Control Flexural Tilt Rotor Variable Fixed Fixed

Braking Normal None Vert. Furling Mech. Disk Electromech. Mech. Disk

Overspeed Horiz. Furling Vert. Furling Aerodynamic Aerodynamic Aerodynamic

Gearbox (No. of

Stages)

None (0) None (0) Offset-hypoid Parallel-shaft

(2)

Round Helical

(1)

Generator Type Alternator Alternator Alternator Induction Induction

Speed 60-450 rpm < 300 rpm Variable 1,800 rpm 1,836 rpm

Voltage Options Options Variable 480 VAC 220-440 VAC

Yawing System Passive Passive Passive Active Passive

Tower Type Options Options Truss Shell Guyed Shell

Table 1 - Chart of component breakdown of small-wind energy systems by P. Gipe in Wind

Power for Home & Business.

Turbine Efficiency- Turbine efficiency is limited by a fluid flow law called Lanchester-Betz

Limit that mathematically proves the maximum efficiency of a turbine is approximately

60% of total wind energy converted into electricity. According to the Lanchester-Betz

Limit, the maximum power coefficient for horizontal axis wind turbines is 16/27 and can

only be approached when the wake rotation is low. The Lanchester-Betz Limit is also

overestimated as practice rotors are acted on by various drag forces and have a finite

number of blades (David A. Spera, 1994).


Figure 2- Mathematical flow chart of energy into wind energy system, and amount of energy

into useful power. This mathematical proof is derived from the Lanchester-Betz Limit.

(Corten, 2001)

Reliability- Factors affecting reliability and maintenance levels of a turbine system are

numerous. The more moving parts within a system, the more maintenance is required on

average. Apart from this, the system’s ability to handle high wind speeds also affects its

maintenance costs. Blades that use vertical furling systems tip the rotor in high wind

speeds to minimize damage to the system as a whole, while still generating power from

the wind, as displayed in Figure 3 (Pasqualetti, Righter, & Gipe, 2002).

Figure 3- Visual display of governors protecting the turbine’s blades in high wind system by

adjusting the pitch by spring loaded systems.

Photo Credit: Paul Gipe, Chelsea Green Publishing


Micro-siting and Wind Speed- Knowledge of an area’s wind power potential is important in the

development of a successful micro-wind system. Micro-siting is a powerful tool that

enables predictable energy production levels. Most issues within micro-siting derive from

terrains that wind parks are developed upon. However, designing for a cityscape provides

another set of problems. There are many variables in wind flow and turbulence when

considering the areas around buildings, and each area has unique qualities that impede or

conduct air flows. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory used micro-siting

technologies to produce a nationwide map of a useful wind power (Figure 4). Micro-

siting allows for a predictable wind resource that can be replicated within wind-tunnel

experimentation methods to experimentally produce field quality data for refining and

testing of turbines (Figure 5).

Figure 4- A United States - Wind Resource Map produced by the National Renewable Energy

Laboratory using micro-siting technologies and mapping software.


Figure 5– Experimental data of Cermak Peterka Petersen (CPP), Wind Engineering and Air

Quality Consultants, experimentally mirroring field turbulence and energy predictability of rotor

designs in monitored wind tunnel.

Micro-hydro Systems- In the development of a renewable-energy turbine, micro and pico-hydro

systems are used to generate hydro power without damming. These specific systems

generally use “run-of-river” techniques, which require no water storage in generation. To

use a hydro-wind hybrid system, design considerations must be made for average rainfall

using micro-siting tools such as Figure 6. The Northeastern United States has many

rain-heavy areas, accumulating approximately 35-50 inches of rain annually.

According to Small hydro power: technology and current status, “The best turbines can

have hydraulic efficiencies in the range 80 to over 90% (higher than most other prime

movers), although this will reduce with size. Micro-hydro systems tend to be in the range

60 to 80% efficient.” This higher efficiency of hydro-generation would add to the annual

power generation of the system, and could potentially harvest a significantly larger

energy level than wind alone.

Power harvested by the turbine via water is generally calculated using the equation:

P=η ρ g Q H, P=Mechanical Power (Watts), η = Hydraulic Efficiency of the Turbine

ρ = Density of the Water (kg/m3), g= Acceleration Due to Gravity (m/s

2), Q = Volumetric

Flo- Rate through Turbine (m3/s), and H=Pressure-Head of Water across Turbine (m).

(Paish, 2002)


Figure 6 – Annual Average Precipitation of the USA (Representation by Oregon State

University).

PRELIMINARY EXPERIMENTATION

Wind speeds were measured from the top of the six-storey East Parking Deck, Penn State

University Park. This was done in order to better understand the nature of wind surrounding

buildings.

Location Average Wind

Speed (mph)

Maximum wind speed

(mph)

Horizontal wind at the center of roof 3.1 8.4

Vertical wind on windward side of building 3.2 3.7

Vertical wind on the leeward side of the building 1.1 2.6

Table 2 – Wind speed data from East Parking Deck collected on 04/04/2009

Average wind speeds were collected over a span of ten minutes for each location. During

the experiment, there was a noted change in wind direction three times. The results of this

experiment showed that the wind conditions are very turbulent but some conclusions could be

drawn about where the stronger winds were. From the experimental data, it was concluded that


the stronger winds were more prevalent at the center of the building and vertically on the

windward side.

TARGET SPECIFICATIONS

The target specifications for the concept were established to reflect the needs of the

consumer. These needs were defined through research, and the engineering team’s input. The

metrics quantified these needs and a needs metrics matrix was drawn up (Appendix 3). The

needs metrics matrix establishes the relationship and highlights the interaction between the needs

and the metrics. The needs and their respective metrics are listed in Table 3 below.

Needs Metrics

Works at low wind speeds

Cut in speed <= 3 mph

Large range of operable speeds Rated wind speed >= 25 mph

Can be retrofitted onto existing structures Device is < 1 y3

Low initial cost Cost < $25 per unit

Green construction Uses 25% recycled materials

Quiet Sound at 1 y < 30 dB

Does not endanger wildlife Increases bird deaths by < 1%

Safe operation Causes < 1 injury per year

Long service life Service life > 20 years

Low maintenance Requires < 1 hour service per month

Withstand daily loads Withstands avg. wind speed +5%

Withstand rare extreme loads Withstands 50 year max gust +10%

Aesthetically pleasing Considered attractive by 90% of people

Integrates well into most building designs Considered well integrated by 90% of people

Efficiently captures wind energy Captures > 45% of wind energy

Economically beneficial Generates >= 100% of initial cost in profit per year

Table 3 – Needs Metrics Quantification

CONCEPT GENERATION

Initially, around fifty concepts were generated in a brainstorming session. These concepts

were refined using the six-three-five method and the six hats method and narrowed down to a list

of twenty-five concepts that seemed the most promising, based on the design team’s intuition.

The twenty-five concepts were then analyzed and further developed and can be seen in

Appendix 4.

CONCEPT SCREENING

The twenty-five concepts that were chosen from the list of concepts that were initially

generated were compared and evaluated using a coarse filter – the concept screening matrix. A

three point scoring scale was established and each of the twenty-five concepts was evaluated for

multiple criteria against a baseline concept. The concept screening matrix is displayed in

Appendix 5.


The criteria for evaluation were defined as follows:

Aesthetically pleasing – The design must be attractive.

Retrofit ability – The system should usable on existing structures.

Low initial cost – Cost of purchase and installation are moderately inexpensive.

Quiet – The design should not produce loud noises.

Does not endanger birds – The system should not be a threat to wildlife, specifically

birds.

Long Service Life – The system should be usable for many years before needing

replacement.

Low Maintenance – The system should not require much labor or costs to keep it in

working condition.

Withstand rare extreme loads – The system should be capable of handling rare loads that

are much greater than its usual production limits from large gusts of wind.

Integrates well into most building designs – The system should not look bolted on, and

must flow well with the existing architecture.

Has other benefits – The system should be usable for other purposes or be capable of

producing energy from non wind sources as well.

Economically beneficial – The predicted return on investment should be considerable.

Utilize small wind approach – The system should generate power using small wind.

The horizontal axis wind turbine was made the baseline of evaluation since it is most commonly

used presently in the industry and also because it scored averagely on most of the evaluation

criteria. This proved to be a valid baseline because it lead to a wide variety of scores for the other

concepts, both greater and lesser than the baseline score. From the scores of the concept

screening matrix, a list of fifteen concepts was selected for further evaluation.

CONCEPT SCORING

The concepts that were selected from the concept screening matrix were further evaluated

against each other using a concept scoring matrix. The criteria were weighted on a total scale of

100, and the concepts were scored on a scale of 5. The weights were determined on the basis of

the relative importance of the criteria towards fulfilling the established needs. Higher weights

were given to the criteria that addressed more important needs based on the parameters of the

problem at hand. The baseline for each criterion was established individually depending on the

concept that performed moderately well in that criterion. The concept scoring matrix can be

found in Appendix 6.

Once the concept scoring matrix was completed, the concepts that scored the highest

were identified. A few of these concepts were found to have similarities and aspects that worked

well together, and hence these concepts were combined. For instance, the cage style turbines and

the ducted turbines on the roof were combined together into a single concept. Also, both the

concepts of the bill board of turbines scored relatively the same and were combined to form one

concept.


The final four concepts that were chosen for continued development were as follows:

Ducted Cage Style Turbine

Turbines attached to HVAC systems

Billboard of Wind Turbines

Integrated Eaves Trough – Wind turbine System

PAIRWISE COMPARISON

A concept sheet was created for each of the four concepts with a pictorial depiction of the

system along with a short description of how the system worked. The concept sheets are attached

in Appendix 7. A survey was undertaken in the market, with a sampling size of fifty people in

varying age groups and intellectual backgrounds. The survey participants were asked to rank the

systems in terms of their perception of how it would integrate with a given building and its

overall functionality. The data was tabulated as a pairwise comparison chart as seen in Table

Cage HVAC Eaves Trough Billboard

Cage x 20 33 16

HVAC 29 x 30 25

Eaves Trough 18 19 x 15

Billboard 30 20 30 x

Total 77 59 93 56

Table 4 – Pair-wise Comparison Chart

The eaves trough and the ducted cage style turbines scored considerably better than the other

ideas. Since the two concepts were similar in some aspects, the best aspects of both the concepts

were combined to produce the final design concept.

FINAL CONCEPT DESCRIPTION

The final concept integrated the idea of a vertical axis cage style design with an eaves

trough design method that provides many benefits to the system. The eaves trough allows for

conversion of the mechanical energy of rain into electrical energy by pushing the blades of the

turbine, while also using the same system to compress and channel airflow in the turbine system

to reduce turbulence and improve steady electricity levels in the system.

The design architecturally integrates into a building to look like an eaves trough. This

allows for the system to work as an easy integration into new buildings, and also allows for

retrofit ability into older buildings. The minimal number of moving parts of the system, as well

as compressed non-turbulent flow of the system allows for lowered maintenance levels, and


longer functional lifetime when compared to other small-wind systems. Technical drawings of

the design are shown in Appendix 8.

The design was intended to be scalable and modular in nature, so as to encompass a

variety of building types. Multiple systems can be lined up in rows and stacked on top of each

other. Vertically stacked systems would experience compressed flow from the trough it is built

into, as well as from the trough above it. Stacking the systems vertically would also facilitate

multiple levels of micro-hydro generation by harvesting the change in potential energy between

heights, to provide continuous and sustained energy generation during rain storms. This is a key

component of the design since the instantaneous wind-generation can be inconsistent compared

to hydro-generation. This principle was applied to the eaves trough wind system to ensure higher

power generation without compromising on shelf life.

The system works on many building scales, which is a distinct advantage in comparison

to equipment in the market today. Also, the system has strong generation potential without

having complex systems of moving parts. This allows for low start-up costs while maintaining

low long-term costs that are generally associated with maintenance intensive machines.

PROTOTYPE AND EXPERIMENTATION

A full scale prototype of the final concept was created to assess performance. Before

building the prototype, preliminary experimentation was conducted on the generators to be used

in the prototype. The Jameco 238473 motor was spun using a variable speed drill and a

tachometer was used to monitor its angular speed. The voltage over an 11Ω resistor was then

measured using a multimeter. The result of this experiment can be seen in Figure 7.

Figure 7 – Prototype of eaves trough system (direct drive)


Figure 7 – Graph of potential vs. angular speed for JAMECO 238473 motor

The prototype in Figure 8 was then constructed. It was used in further

experimentation to estimate the power output of the turbine. A fan was used to produce a

consistent wind speed. The wind speed was measured at the turbine, and the voltage over an

11Ω resistor was measured at each wind speed. The results of this experiment can be seen in

Figure 9.

Figure 9 – Wind Speed vs. Voltage for prototype


RETURN ON INVESTMENT

Cost analysis was performed on the eaves trough system in order to calculate the return

on investment. The trough and brackets are made of an aluminum alloy and cost $188 per unit

using estimated manufacturing costs from Quality Aluminum Forges website. After

approximating the costs of the remaining components such as fiberglass turbines, motors and

fasteners, the final product cost is $2000-$2500 per unit. To help defer some of the installation

costs, the government offers 30% of the initial investment back to the purchaser in tax credits

(awea.org).

The information gathered from the prototype experimentation was then used to predict

the performance of the entire system. The prototype used in experimentation was a direct drive

system. The actual device would ideally use a gear box or higher output generators to increase

the voltage produced by the turbine. By using a gear box, it was estimated that approximately 2

volts could be produced over an 11Ω resistor by a single turbine. (Note that this is merely an

estimate and that no experiments were conducted to verify this approximation due to the

limitations of the prototype). Using conservative estimates of only receiving an hour of ideal

wind speeds a day, and approximating 400 individual turbines, this would be for a rather small

building; the system would produce $5.75 of electricity per year. This was estimated using 10.83

cents per kilowatt hour, which is the Energy Information Association’s average price of

electricity for Pennsylvania in 2009. Even with this being a conservative estimate of the amount

of electricity generated, it is obvious that the electricity generated by the system is not very

financially beneficial with a breakeven point in the hundreds of years. The greatest benefit of this

system would be to improve the company’s image by portraying it as a “green company.”


Bibliography Armsby, W. (2009, March 9). Stimulus may get small wind turbines spinning. Retrieved from

http://www.cnn.com/2009/TECH/03/09/small.wind.turbines/

Corten, G. P. (2001). Novel Views on the Extraction of Energy from Wind. Westerduinweg, NL: Energy

Centre of the Netherlands.

David A. Spera, P. (1994). Wind Turbine Technology: Fundamental Concepts of Wind Turbine

Engineering. New York: ASME Press.

Paish, O. (2002). Small hydro power:technology and current status. Chineham, Hampshire: Elseview

Science Ltd.

Pasqualetti, M. J., Righter, R. W., & Gipe, P. (2002). Wind Power in View: Energy Landscapes in a

Crowded World. New York: Academic Press.

Twidell, J. (1987). In A guide to small wind energy conversion systems (pp. 66-74). Cambridge, Great

Britain: Cambridge University Press.

Visser, K. D. (2008). Small Wind Turbines Research. Potsdam, NY: Clarkson University.

Quality Aluminum Forges Website http://www.qafinc.com/index.html

American Wind Energy Association Website http://www.awea.org


Appendix 1 – Problem Decomposition Flowchart

Generate

Electricity

Micro-hydro

Generation

Micro-wind

Generation

Compressed

Flow

Cut in Blades to

Predicted Wind

Directed Fluid

Flow

Trough System

to Remove H20

Design Building-

Integrated Small-Wind

Technology

Cost Effective

Appears

Integrated into

Building

Low Maintenance

Costs

Affordable Materials

Reliable Mechanical

System


Appendix 2 – Gantt Chart


Appendix 3 – Needs Metrics Matrix


Appendix 4 – Concept List

1. Horizontal Wind Turbine – The traditional horizontal axis turbine would be tacked onto

the roof of the building.

2. Vertical Wind Turbine – The typical vertical axis wind turbine would be anchored to


3. Vertical Wind Turbine on the side of the building – Again a vertical turbine is used,

this time mounted somewhere on the sides of the building.

4. Ducted Horizontal Turbine – Turbines would be mounted in ducts and ventilation

shafts drilled through the sides of the building.

5. Cage Style Turbines – These turbines look like waterwheels and are mounted in rows on


6. Giant Integrated Horizontal Turbine – Here the building would need a large hole

through its whole structure which would house a large turbine.

7. Building As a Turbine – The building would be converted from the ground up into a

large vertical axis turbine, which would spin at its base.

8. Rain Gutter Turbines – horizontal turbines would be mounted behind the guise of rain

gutters at the edges of the building’s roof.

9. Seashell Turbine – A large vertical axis turbine with seashell-like branches would be

added to the roof or sides of the building.

10. Conical Turbine – One or more cone-shaped turbines would be tacked to the roof or

sides of the building.

11. Turbine With Solar Panels – The usual horizontal axis turbine is used, but solar panels

are added to its blades, allowing it to generate power both from the sun’s rays and its own

spinning.

12. Ducted Roof Turbines – Horizontal shafts with turbines are added to the roof to collect

wind from cross-breezes.

13. Integrated Vertical Turbines – The building is renovated so it has alternating levels of

actual floor space and vertical axis turbines. Vertical axis turbines are, in effect, supports

for the floors above wherever they are integrated into the structure.

14. Convertible Foot Bridges – In buildings that consist of two towers with foot bridges in

between, surround the foot bridges with turbine rotors, which would run off the air

flowing between the towers.

15. Billboard of Vertical Axis Turbines – A billboard shaped frame is filled with slender

vertical axis turbines.

16. Billboard of Horizontal Axis Turbines – A billboard shaped frame is filled with small

horizontal axis turbines.

17. Cable of Turbines – A cable with turbines strung along its length is hung or stretched

across a gap.

18. Hanging Vertical Axis Turbines – Vertical axis turbines are hung from a cable

apparatus, which is then strung across the gaps between towers.

19. Light Fixture Turbines – External light fixtures on the building are fitted with small

turbines.

20. Revolving Door Turbines – Revolving doors are used to generate power from the day-

to-day traffic of people entering and leaving the building.


Appendix 4 – Concept List (Continued)

21. Integrated HVAC Turbines – Small turbines are integrated in the housing of the usual

roof-mounted heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems.

22. Conveyer Belt Turbine System – A conveyer belt-like system with flaps harnesses wind

over the building’s roof.

23. Turbines As Blades For Another Turbine – A horizontal axis wind turbine has blades

which are actually vertical axis turbines.

24. Branched Turbine – Vertical and horizontal axis turbines are interconnected and added

on top of each other to form a large branched system, in which certain sections would

spin when needed.

25. Exhibit as Modern Art – Consult an artist to endorse the design as modern art.


Appendix 5 – Concept Screening Matrix


Appendix 6 – Concept Scoring Matrix


Appendix 6 – Concept Scoring Matrix (Continued)


Appendix 7 – Concept Sheets

The Cage Style Turbine

These turbines can be mounted on any flat roof, and are equally compatible with both short and

tall building designs. It works much like a waterwheel, harnessing the flow of wind over the top

of the building. Each section works independently of the others so that depending on wind

conditions, either a few of the sections or all sections can be spinning at any given time. One can

use as many sections as they need to span the width of their particular building.


Appendix 7 (Continued)

INTEGRATED RAIN GUTTER – WIND TURBINE SYSTEM

This system basically makes use of existing rain gutter systems in buildings as a suitable medium

for the installation of wind turbines. Practically, the wind turbines will be located along the edges

of the rain gutters, and shall be able to catch small wind in order to utilize it for power

generation. Aesthetically, the wind turbines will integrate well with the building and not look out

of place.



Turbines Attached to HVAC System

The main idea of this design concept is to integrate a wind turbine into a system that is

usually on the roof of a building where one would predict the highest wind potentials would be

located. The HVAC systems on top of the building are designed to not be in plain sight, in most

cases, because of the lack of aesthetic values of the system. The design takes advantage of the

fact that most HVAC systems are hidden, and generally not of high aesthetic value. Attaching

either horizontal-axis wind turbines or vertical-axis wind turbines to this system, the aesthetics of

the building would not be compromised more that the original system, and the wind turbines

could augment power into the HVAC systems, which, on the large part, consume large

percentages of the buildings power in the winter and summer.

Drawbacks of this design would include HVAC systems that are not outside the building,

or are integrated aesthetically into the building and the turbines could compromise that value.

Other drawbacks include the turbulence of wind around the HVAC system, and the effect that

could have on the power generation of the turbines.

HVAC System



Small Wind Energy

Billboard Wind Turbine

This design is centered around the concept of a billboard.

A large frame will house a series of vertical axis wind

turbines. Each turbine is capable of spinning

independently in order to capture energy from even the

lightest breeze. An added benefit of this design is that

they can be utilized as advertising space. Simply designed

ads can be painted onto the blades of the turbines in a

pixilated manner. These ads could promote the use of

wind energy or simply be sold for general advertisements.

Front View

Top View of Single Turbine

USE SMALL WIND

HELP SAVE

ENERGY

Front with Advertisement


Appendix 8 CAD

Isometric Drawing of Final Concept

9.00

75.50

75.50

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R4.50

2.00

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C

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THE INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THISDRAWING IS THE SOLE PROPERTY OFTHE WIND WARRIORS. ANY REPRODUCTION IN PART OR AS A WHOLEWITHOUT THE WRITTEN PERMISSION OFTHE WIND WARRIORS IS PROHIBITED.

PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

NEXT ASSY USED ON

APPLICATION

DIMENSIONS ARE IN INCHESTOLERANCES:FRACTIONALANGULAR: MACH BEND TWO PLACE DECIMAL THREE PLACE DECIMAL

INTERPRET GEOMETRICTOLERANCING PER:

MATERIAL

FINISH

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CHECKED

ENG APPR.

MFG APPR.

Q.A.

COMMENTS:

DATENAME

Wind Warriors:Shruthi BaskaranBrett DavisJustin LongMatt Steiner

SIZE

BDWG. NO. REV

WEIGHT: SCALE: 1:15

UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED:

SHEET 1 OF 1

Full AssemblyDO NOT SCALE DRAWING

9.00

75.50

9.00

14.00

R4.50

14.00

75.50

D

C

B

AA

B

C

D

12345678

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

THE INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THISDRAWING IS THE SOLE PROPERTY OFTHE WIND WARRIORS. ANY REPRODUCTION IN PART OR AS A WHOLEWITHOUT THE WRITTEN PERMISSION OFTHE WIND WARRIORS IS PROHIBITED.

PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

NEXT ASSY USED ON

APPLICATION



MATERIAL

FINISH

DRAWN

CHECKED

ENG APPR.

MFG APPR.

Q.A.

COMMENTS:

DATENAME


SIZE

BDWG. NO. REV

WEIGHT: SCALE: 1:15


SHEET 1 OF 1

Half AssemblyDO NOT SCALE DRAWING

1.00

2.00

R1.00

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1.00.25

DO NOT SCALE DRAWING

BracketSHEET 1 OF 1


SCALE: 1:8 WEIGHT:

REVDWG. NO.

ASIZE


NAME DATE

COMMENTS:

Q.A.

MFG APPR.

ENG APPR.

CHECKED

DRAWN

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MATERIAL



APPLICATION

USED ONNEXT ASSY

PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIALTHE INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THISDRAWING IS THE SOLE PROPERTY OFTHE WIND WARRIORS. ANY REPRODUCTION IN PART OR AS A WHOLEWITHOUT THE WRITTEN PERMISSION OFTHE WIND WARRIORS IS PROHIBITED.

5 4 3 2 1

3.00 1.00

3.00

6.50

2.00

1.20


MotorSHEET 1 OF 1


SCALE: 1:4 WEIGHT:

REVDWG. NO.

ASIZE


NAME DATE

COMMENTS:

Q.A.

MFG APPR.

ENG APPR.

CHECKED

DRAWN

FINISH

MATERIAL



APPLICATION

USED ONNEXT ASSY


5 4 3 2 1

9.00

75.50

14.00.25

9.00

14.00

R4.50

1.00.50


TroughSHEET 1 OF 1


SCALE: 1:20 WEIGHT:

REVDWG. NO.

ASIZE


NAME DATE

COMMENTS:

Q.A.

MFG APPR.

ENG APPR.

CHECKED

DRAWN

FINISH

MATERIAL



APPLICATION

USED ONNEXT ASSY


5 4 3 2 1

120.00°6.25

R10.00

R6.50

2.00

12.00

1.00

.50

2.00

12.00

1.00


TurbineSHEET 1 OF 1


SCALE: 1:8 WEIGHT:

REVDWG. NO.

ASIZE


NAME DATE

COMMENTS:

Q.A.

MFG APPR.

ENG APPR.

CHECKED

DRAWN

FINISH

MATERIAL



APPLICATION

USED ONNEXT ASSY


5 4 3 2 1

10.00

2.00

R4.50

R2.50

2.00

8.001.00

2.00

7.00

.25

1.00

.50

10.002.00 .50

.50


Upper BracketSHEET 1 OF 1


SCALE: 1:8 WEIGHT:

REVDWG. NO.

ASIZE


NAME DATE

COMMENTS:

Q.A.

MFG APPR.

ENG APPR.

CHECKED

DRAWN

FINISH

MATERIAL



APPLICATION

USED ONNEXT ASSY


5 4 3 2 1

10.00

2.00R4.50

2.00

R2.50

.25

10.00

75.50


Upper TroughSHEET 1 OF 1


SCALE: 1:20 WEIGHT:

REVDWG. NO.

ASIZE


NAME DATE

COMMENTS:

Q.A.

MFG APPR.

ENG APPR.

CHECKED

DRAWN

FINISH

MATERIAL



APPLICATION

USED ONNEXT ASSY


5 4 3 2 1

building-integrated small wind energy - brett...

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