Building Material and Construction

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Vikas® Publishing House Pvt Ltd

S S BhavikattiEmeritus Professor, BUBCET Hubli

Formerly professor and Dean, NITK Surathkal,SDMCET Dharwad and Principal, RYMEC Bellary

Building Material and Construction

(As per III semester Diploma in Civil Engineering syllabus of West Bengal State Council of Technical Education)

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Published in 2014ISBN: 978-93-259-8102-7Vikas® is the registered trademark of Vikas Publishing House Pvt LtdCopyright © Author

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Information contained in this book has been published by VIKAS® Publishing House Pvt Ltd and has been obtained by its Authors from sources believed to be reliable and are correct to the best of their knowledge. However, the Publisher and its Authors shall in no event be liable for any errors, omissions or damages arising out of use of this information and specifically disclaim any implied warranties or merchantability or fitness for any particular use. Disputes if any are subject to Delhi Jurisdiction only.

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The employer or any other person in contact with civil engineer expects the engineer to suggest in selecting suitable building materials and supervise building construction. Hence building technology is an important subject in civil engineering. This subject is taught to civil engineering students in the early semester of their academic career. It is hoped that students will develop interest in buildng activities in their environs and pay attentions to local materials being used and construction practices.

The author published a book on Building Materials and another on Building Construction, both published by Vikas Publishing House. This book is intended specially for students of Diploma Engineering of West Bengal for their course on Building Construction. It is felt that in the limited time available in the semester students should be provided with readily available material for their course and on this basic they take interest in the construction activity around their place and enhance their knowledge. The subject matter is presented in simple and lucid Manner. The text is amply supported by figures and tables.

The author wishes to thank Vikas Publishing House for interest in publishing this book and the neat work carried out by its staff.

Suggestions for improvements will be highly appreciated.S S Bhavikatti

Hubli

Preface

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Building Material and Construction

Name of the Course: Diploma in Civil Engineering

UNIT 1 BUILDING COMPONENTS AND MATERIALS

1.1 Building components and types of structureBuilding components & their function, Substructure – foundation, plinth, Superstructure – walls, sill, lintel, doors & windows, floor, roof, parapet, beams, columns; Types of structures – load bearing structures, framed Structures, composite structures.

1.2 Masonry materialsBuilding stones – classification of rocks (physical, chemical), requirement of good building stone, dressing of stones, quarrying of stones, artificial or cast Stones.Bricks – conventional bricks, standard bricks, composition of clay brick, strength of bricks, proportions of burnt clay bricks, testing of bricks, special bricks (fire clay brick, refractory brick, hollow blocks, fly ash bricks).Mortars – classifications, lime mortar, cement mortar, composite mortar, special mortars, functions of mortar, proportions, properties of mortar and tests for mortar.Timber & Timber based material – Use of timber, characteristics of good timber, defects intimber, plywood, particle board, veneer, sun mica, artificial timber, rubber wood.Miscellaneous materials – Glass, plastic, fibers, aluminum, steel, galvanized iron, asphalt bitumen etc, micro silica, pvc, cpvc, ppf, waterproofing and termite proofing materials, admixtures in concrete, bonding agents, epoxy resins, polishing materials etc.

UNIT 2 CONSTRUCTION OF SUBSTRUCTURE

2.1 Job layoutSite clearance, preparing job layout, layout for load bearing structure and framed structure by center line, precautions while marking layout on ground.

2.2 EarthworkExcavation for foundation, Shoring and strutting, earthwork for embankment, material for plinth filling, tools and plants used for earthwork.

Syllabus

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viii Syllabus

2.3 FoundationTypes of foundation – open foundations, shallow foundation, stepped foundation, isolated and combined column footing, raft foundation, deep foundation and pile foundation; Pumping method of dewatering, cofferdams, bearing capacity of foundation soil, under reamed pile foundation.

UNIT 3 CONSTRUCTION OF SUPERSTRUCTURE

3.1 Stone masonryTerms used in stone masonry – facing, backing, hearting, through stone, Corner stone, uncoursed rubble masonry, coursed rubble masonry, point to be observed in construction of stone masonry, mortars for stone masonry, tools and plants used for stone masonry, col-grout masonry.

3.2 Brick masonryCommon terms used in brick masonry, requirements of good brickwork, bonds in brick masonry (English, flemish, stretcher and header bonds, junction of wall – main wall to main wall and main wall to partition wall only), brick laying, line level and plumb of brickwork, striking and raking of Joints, lead and lift, precautions in brick masonry, tools and plants used in brick masonry, pointing, comparison between brick and stone masonry. Hollow concrete block Masonry, composite masonry, Cavity wall – purpose and construction.

3.3 Doors and windowsDoors – components and construction of panelled doors, battened doors, flush doors, collapsible doors, rolling shutters, revolving doors, glazed doors, sizes of door, PVC door.Windows – component and construction of fully panelled, partly panelled and glazed, glazed wooden, steel, aluminum windows, sliding windows, louvered window, ventilators, cement grills, protective treatment for doors and windows, fixtures and fastenings for doors and window, sill, lintel and weather shed – functions, types and construction.

3.4 Vertical communicationMeans of vertical communication – stair case, elevator, ramp, requirement of good staircase, types of staircase, fabricated stair.

3.5 Scaffolding and shoringPurpose, types of scaffolding, process of erection and dismantling; purpose and types of shoring, underpinning, safety precautions.

UNIT 4 BUILDING FINISHES

4.1 Floors and roofsFloor finishes – shahabad, kota, marble, granite, kadappa, ceramic tiles, vitrified, mosaic tiles, chequered tiles, glazed tiles, pavement blocks, concrete floors, tremix floor, skirting and dado, terrazzo flooring, IPS flooring; Process of laying – process of laying and construction, finishing and polishing of floors.

4.2 Roofing materialsAC sheets, G.I sheets, plastic sheets, fibre sheets, mangalore tiles etc. Steel trusses. Timber trusses, R.c.c. slab.

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Syllabus ix

4.3 Water Proofing TreatmentIntroduction, material required for water proofing and its specification, Water proofing of water closet and bath room, procedure & Cross section, Terrace and basement water proofing, Precautions to be taken while water proofing.

4.4 Termite ProofingIntroduction, general principles of termite proofing, Methods of termite proofing, Material used in termite proofing treatment.

4.5 Damp ProofingSources of dampness & its effects, Material used for damp proofing, Methods of damp – proofing. Damp proofing treatment, in building such as basement, floors, walls.

UNIT 5 WALL FINISHES

5.1 PlasteringNecessity of plastering, single coat plaster double coat plaster, neeru finishing and pop, special plasters stucco plaster, Plaster board and wall claddings. Precaution to be taken while, Plastering. Defects in plaster.

5.2 PointingNecessity, types and procedure of pointing.

5.3 PaintingNecessity, surface preparation, method of application, selecting suitable painting material, white wash and colour wash.

UNIT 6 BUILDING MAINTENANCE

6.1 CracksCauses and types of cracks, identification and repair of cracks, guniting and grouting, use of epoxy and crack fills, remedial measures.

6.2 SettlementCauses and remedial measures; Plinth protection – necessity and materials used.

6.3 DemolitionNecessity, method of demolition – hand demolition, machine demolition, Controlled blasting demolition, precautions during demolition.

6.4 Rebaring techniquesNecessity and equipment for rebaring techniques building.

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Preface vSyllabus vii

UNIT 1 BUILDING COMPONENTS AND MATERIALS 1Chapter 1 Building Components and Type of Structures 31.1 Building Components 31.2 Classification of Building According to Method of Load Transfer 7

Questions 8

Chapter 2 Stones as Masonry Material 92.1 Classification of Rocks 92.2 Quarrying 112.3 Dressing 142.4 Artificial or Cast Stones 15

Questions 16

Chapter 3 Bricks 173.1 Composition of Clay Bricks 173.2 Harmful Ingradients in Clay 183.3 Properties of Good Building Bricks 183.4 Testing of Bricks 183.5 Special Bricks 20

Questions 21

Chapter 4 Mortars 234.1 Cement Mortar 234.2 Lime Mortar 254.3 Mud Mortar 264.4 Special Mortars 274.5 Functions of Mortars 274.6 Tests on Mortars 274.7 Requirements of Good Mortar 28

Questions 29

Chapter 5 Timber and Timber Based Materials 315.1 Uses of Timber 315.2 Characteristics of Good Timber 32

Contents

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xii Contents

5.3 Defects in Timber 325.4 Timber Based Materials 355.5 Laminates/Sunmica 375.6 Artificial Timber 385.7 Rubber Wood 38

Questions 38

Chapter 6 Miscellaneous Materials 39

6.1 Glass 396.2 Plastics 416.3 Fibres (US: Giber) 436.4 Aluminium 436.5 Steel 446.6 Galvanized Iron 476.7 Bitumen, Asphalt and Tar 476.8 Micro Silica 506.9 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) 50

6.10 Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC) 516.11 Water Proofing Materials 516.12 Termite Proofing Materials 526.13 Admixtures in Concrete 526.14 Bonding Agents 546.15 Epoxy Resins 556.16 Polishing Materials 55

Questions 56

UNIT 2 CONSTRUCTION OF SUB-STRUCTURE 57Chapter 7 Job Layout 597.1 Site Clearance 597.2 Preparing Job Layout 59

Questions 60

Chapter 8 Earth Work for Foundations 618.1 Excavation for Foundation 618.2 Shoring and Strutting 628.3 Precautions to be Taken in Deep Trenching 648.4 Earthwork for Embankment 648.5 Materials for Plinth Filling 648.6 Tools and Plants Used for Earth Work 65

Questions 69

Chapter 9 Foundation 719.1 Type of Foundations 719.2 Pumping Method of Dewatering 839.3 Cofferams 879.4 Under Reamed Pile Foundation 899.5 Bearing Capacity of Foundation Soil 90

Questions 95

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Contents xiii

UNIT 3 CONSTRUCTION OF SUPER-STRUCTURE 97Chapter 10 Stone Masonry 9910.1 Terms Used in Stone Masonry 9910.2 Types of Stone Masonry 10010.3 Mortars for Stone Masonry 10310.4 Tools for Stone Masonry 10410.5 Points to be Observed in Construction of Stone Masonry 10710.6 Cplgroot Masonry 108

Questions 108

Chapter 11 Brick Masonry 10911.1 Common Terms Used in Brick Masonry 10911.2 Requirements of Good Brickwork 11211.3 Bonds in Brick Masonry 11211.4 Junctions in Walls 11711.5 Brick Laying 12111.6 Tools for Brickworks 12211.7 Precautions in Brick Masonry Works 12211.8 Comparison Between Brick Masonry and Stone Masonry 12311.9 Striking and Raking of Joints 124

11.10 Hollo Concrete Block Masonry 12411.11 Composite Masonry 12511.12 Cavity Walls 130

Questions 133

Chapter 12 Doors, Windows and Ventilators 13512.1 Location of Doors, Windows and Ventilators 13512.2 Materials for Door, Windows and Ventilators 13612.3 Terminology 13612.4 Size of Doors 13712.5 Size of Timber 13812.6 Types of Doors 13812.7 Sizes of Windows 14512.8 Size of Timber for Windows 14612.9 Types of Windows 146

12.10 Ventilators 14912.11 Fixtures and Fasteners for Doors and Windows 15012.12 Sill, Lintel and Weater Shed 151

Questions 154

Chapter 13 Vertical Communication 15513.1 Stairs 15513.2 Types of Stairs 15613.3 Requirements of a Good Stair 16213.4 Ramps 16313.5 Escalators 16313.6 Lifts 163

Questions 164

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xiv Contents

Chapter 14 Scaffolding and Shoring 16514.1 Scaffolding 16514.2 Shoring 16814.3 Underlinning 17114.4 Safety Precations 173

Questions 173

UNIT 4 BUILDING FINISHES 175Chapter 15 Floors and Flooring 17715.1 Types of Floor Finishes 17715.2 Mud and Muram Flooring 17715.3 Natural Stone Flooring 17815.4 Clay/Ceramic Tile Flooring 17815.5 Cement or Cement Based Flooring 17815.6 Miscellaneous Flooring 180

Questions 182

Chapter 16 Roofs 18316.1 Classification of Roofs 18316.2 Flat Roofs 18316.3 Pitched Roofs 18416.4 Roof Coverings for Pitched Roofs 191

Questions 193

Chapter 17 Water Proofing Treatment 19517.1 Materials for Water Proofing 19517.2 Water Proofing Water Closets and Bath Rooms 19517.3 Methods of Water Proofing Basement 19617.4 Water Proofing of Terrace 19817.5 Water Proofing of Sloped Concrete Roofs 19917.6 Precautions to be Taken While Water Proofing 199

Questions 200

Chapter 18 Termite Proofing 20118.1 Types of Termites 20118.2 Termite Proofing Materials 20118.3 General Principles of Termite Proofing 20118.4 Preconstruction Treatment 20218.5 Post Construction Treatment 20218.6 Structural Barriers 203

Questions 203

Chapter 19 Damp Proofing 20519.1 Sources of Dampness 20519.2 Effect of Dampness 20619.3 Materials for Damp Proofing 20619.4 Principles of Damp-Proofing 20619.5 Methods of Damp Proofing 206

Questions 208

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Building Material And Construction

Publisher : SChand Publications ISBN : 9789325981027 Author : S S Bhavikatti

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