building penetration loss measurements at900 mhz, 11.4 ......ntia report 94-306 building penetration...

NTIA Report 94-306

Building Penetration LossMeasurements at 900 MHz,

11.4 GHz, and 28.8 GHz

K.C. AllenN. DeMinco

J.R. HoffmanY. Lo

P,. B. Papazian

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCERonald H. Brown, Secretary

Larry Irving, Assistant Secretaryfor Communications and Information

May 1994

CONTENTS

FIGURES . . .. .

TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1. INTRODUCTION..... . . . .

2. DESCRIPTION OF THE EXPERIMENT .•.

2.1 Instrumentation And Calibration

2.2 Measurement sites .

PAGE

iv

ix

· . 1

· . 1

· 2

· 2

· • 5

3 . MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE • • 7

3.1 Radio Building ...

3.2 Private Residence

3.3 storeroom with Metal Siding

4. DATA COLLECTION AND PROCESSING.

4.1 Data Collection .....

4.2 Data Processing

5. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

6. CONCLUSIONS . . .. .

APPENDIX A: PENETRATION LOSS PLOTS FOR ALL MEASUREMENT PATHS

· 7

10

10

13

13

13

14

33

A.1 Radio Building Penetration Loss

A.2 Private Residence Penetration Loss.

A.3 Storeroom Penetration Loss .....

iii

. . . . A-1

A-39

A-43

FIGURESPAGE

Figure 1. ITS millimeter-wave measurement van (receiver) . 3

Figure 2. Remote source cart (transmitter)

Figure 3. Wing 4 of the Radio Building with ITSmillimeter-wave measurement van .

• 3

· 6

Figure 4. West side of Wing 4 of the Radio Building · . . . . · 6

Figure 5. Private residence . . . . . . . . · · 8

Figure 6. Storeroom with metal siding . . . · · 8

Figure 7. Floor plan of Wing 4 of the Radio Buildingwith measurement paths of the transmitters . . . . · 9

Figure 8. Floor plan of single level wood-frame house 11

Figure 9. Floor plan of building with metal siding (storeroom) 12

Figure 10. Raw data, free-space correction factor, andpenetration attenuation versus distance for atypical 900-MHz measurement in the RadioBuilding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Figure 11. Raw data, free-space correction factor, andpenetration attenuation versus distance for atypical 11.4-GHz measurement in the RadioBuilding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Figure 12. Raw data, free-space correction factor, andpenetration attenuation versus distance for atypical 28.4-GHz measurement in the RadioBuilding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Figure 13. Penetration loss versus distance at threefrequencies for a typical run in the RadioBuilding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16

17

18

Figure 14. Penetration loss versus distance at threefrequencies for a typical run in the storeroombuilding with metal siding . . . . . . . . 19

Figure 15. Penetration loss versus distance at threefrequencies for a typical run in the privateresidence . . . . . . . . . .. ....

Figure 16. Cumulative distribution for all data in theRadio Building . .. .

iv

20

25

FIGURES (Cont'd)

PAGEFigure 17. Cumulative distribution for all data in Radio

Building with just one wall between thetransmitter and receiver . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Figure 18. Cumulative distribution for all data in RadioBuilding with two or three walls between thetransmitter and receiver . . . . . . . • . . . 27

Figure 19. Cumulative distribution for all data in RadioBuilding with three or more walls between thetransmitter and receiver . . . . . . . . . .

Figure 20. Cumulative distribution for all data in theprivate residence . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Figure 21. Cumulative distribution for all data in theprivate residence with one wall between thetransmitter and receiver . . . . . . . . . .

Figure 22. Cumulative distribution for all data in theprivate residence with two walls between thetransmitter and receiver . . . . . . . . . .

Figure 23. Cumulative distribution for all data in thestoreroom building with metal siding . . . .

28

29

30

31

32

Figure A-1. Penetration loss for Radio Building path RB1D .. A-1

Figure A-2. Penetration loss for Radio Building path RB1E .. A-2

Figure A-3. Penetration loss for Radio Building path RB2B .. A-3

Figure A-4. Penetration loss for Radio Building path RB2C .. A-4

Figure A-5. Penetration loss for Radio Building path RB3B .. A-5



Figure A-S. Penetration loss for Radio Building path RB4D .. A-8

Figure A-9. Penetration loss for Radio Building path RB5A .. A-9

Figure A-10. Penetration loss for Radio Buildingpath RB5B . .. .

Figure A-11. Penetration loss for Radio Buildingpath RB6A . . . . . . . . . . . . .

v

A-10

A-11

FIGURES (Cont'd)

Figure A-12. Penetration 1055 for Radio Buildingpath RB6B · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · A-12

Figure A-13. Penetration 1055 for Radio Buildingpath RB7A · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · A-13






Figure A-19. Penetration 1055 for Radio Buildingpath RB10A · · · · · · · · · · · · · A-19

Figure A-20. Penetration 1055 for Radio Buildingpath RB10B · · · · · · · · · · · · · A-20

Figure A-2l. Penetration 1055 for Radio Buildingpath RBllA · · · · · · · · · · · · · A-2l

Figure A-22. Penetration 1055 for Radio Buildingpath RBllB · · · · · · · · · · · · · A-22







vi

FIGURES (Cont'd)

Figure A-29. Penetration loss for Radio Buildingpath RB15A · · · · · · · · · · · · · A-29

Figure A-30. Penetration loss for Radio Buildingpath RB15B · · · · · · · · · · · · · A-30









Figure A-39. Penetration loss for private residencepath HLIB · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · A-39

Figure A-40. Penetration loss for private residencepath HLIC · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · A-40

Figure A-41. Penetration loss for private residencepath HL2A · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · A-41

Figure A-42. Penetration loss for private residencepath HL2B · · · · · · · · · · · · A-42

Figure A-43. Penetration loss for storeroom path SRRIA A-43

Figure A-44. Penetration loss for storeroom path SRRIB A-44

Figure A-4!5. Penetration loss for storeroom path SRR2A A-45

Figure A-46. Penetration loss for storeroom path SRR2B A-46

vii

FIGURES (Cont'd)

Figure A-47. Penetration loss for storeroom path SRR3A A-47












viii

TABLES

Table 1. Mean and Standard Deviation For Radio BuildingPenetration Loss Path Data . . . • • . • . • .

Table 2. Mean and Standard Deviation For PrivateResidence Penetration Loss Path Data • . •

Table 3. Mean and Standard Deviation For StoreroomPenetration Loss Path Data • •. • • . • •

Table 4. Mean and Standard Deviation for BuildingPenetration Loss for a ,Variety of Combinationsof Data Paths . . . . . . . • . . • . . . . .

ix

PAGE

21

22

22

23

BUILDING PENETRATION LOSS MEASUREMENTSAT 900 MHZ, 11.4 GHZ, AND 28.8 GHZ

K. C. Allen, N. DeMinco, J. R. Hoffman, Y. Lo,and P. B. Papazian*

The feasibility of using radio frequencies in the superhigh frequency (SHF) band (3-30 GHz) for PersonalCommunications Services (PCS) in buildings depends on themUltipath within the structure and the amount ofattenuation experienced by the electromagnetic wavespassing through the structures. This study measuredthese effects to obtain a quantitative estimate of theattenuation magnitude. This magnitude can then be usedfor link margin analysis to determine if personalcommunications at SHF is practical.

keywords: building attenuation, measurements, PCS, penetrationattenuation, personal communications

1. INTRODUCTION

This report describes the results of a measurement program. Theobjective was to determine if frequencies in the super highfrequency (SHF) band (3-30 GHz) can be used for PersonalCommunications Services (PCS) between the outside and inside ofbuildings in a manner like that currently used for cellulartelephone at 900 MHz. The crowding of the radio frequency spectrumat 900 MHz makes it probable that PCS will be required to operateat the higher frequency bands. PCS is a class oftelecommunications services that includes a wide range ofcapabilities, such as telephony, data transfer, paging, voice mail,and electronic messaging. PCS will provide portability andpersonalized telephone service to users. Many small cells similarto the cells used in cellular phone systems can be used to providelow-cost communication services through pocket-size, low-power,portable telephones to individuals wherever they may be in theservice area.

The Institute for Telecommunication Sciences (ITS) has been activein the development of computer models and measurements to assesssystem losses in typical PCS operational environments for theproposed frequency bands. Models are being developed for urbanoutdoor microcells and within-building environments. The buildingpenetration measurements described in this report will provide someinsight into the degree of attenuation experienced by PCS signalswhen penetrating three typical structures.

*The authors are with the Institute for Telecommunication Sciences,National Telecommunications and Information Administration, u.S.Department of Commerce, Boulder, Colorado 80303-3328

The experimental results in this report have been obtained to helpdetermine the excess path loss associated with reception insidebuildings and its dependence on location within the building andthe building type. The data contained herein will also help toquantify the spatial variation of signal due to severe mUltipath.

The constructive and destructive interference at SHF frequenciesare expected to vary over a much smaller spatial separation thanwould occur at lower frequencies and hence provide a means ofobtaining space diversity reception over a short distancecomparable to the size of the personal communicator set. Over anarrow bandwidth, this should minimize signal fading variations dueto mUltipath and provide good communication performance for such asystem.

This report describes the results of signal strength measurementsmade inside three types of buildings at three separate frequencies.The three frequencies used in the measurement were: 900 MHz, 11.4GHz, and 28.8 GHz. The three types of buildings used for theexperiment were: the ITS Wing 4 of the Department of Commerce RadioBuilding in Boulder, CO, (concrete construction with steelreinforcement), a private residence (wood-frame house with brickveneer), and the storeroom between Wings 3 and 5 of the RadioBuilding (a building with metal siding).

2. DESCRIPTION OF THE EXPERIMENT

This section describes the instrumentation, calibration, andmeasurement sites used for the penetration measurements.

2.1 Instrumentation And Calibration

The measurement system included three transmitters mounted on acart that could be moved inside buildings, and the ITS millimeterwave van located outside the building for reception of the signals.The van is shown in Figure 1 and the transmitter cart is shown inFigure 2. The transmitter cart consisted of three separatecalibrated signal generators connected to three separate antennas.The antennas on the cart were omnidirectional in the az imuthalplane to simulate the radiation coverage typical of the smallantenna that would be used for a PCS handheld unit. The receivingantennas on the van consisted of two medium-gain horn antennas with17 dBi at 11. 4 GHz and 16 dBi at 28.8 GHz both with verticalpolarization, and a vertically-polarized omnidirectional antenna at900 MHz. ,The beamwidths in azimuth and elevation of the 11.4-GHzhorn were both 22 degrees, and the beamwidths for the 28.8-GHz hornwere both 25 degrees. The horn antennas provided adequate angularcoverage for receiving most of the mUltipath signals radiated fromthe transmitters inside the buildings under test, but favored thedirect path and mUltipath signals arriving within their beamwidths.

2

Figure 1. ITS millimeter-wave measurement van (receiver).

Figure 2. Remote source cart (transmitter).

3

This was not the case for the omnidirectional antennas. Theomnidirectional antenna used at 900 MHz provided near equalresponse to the direct signal and all mUltipath signals arriving atthe receiver, and therefore the destructive interference phenomenonwas more likely to produce signal cancellation with deeper nullsthan that attained at the higher frequencies with the hornantennas. The omnidirectional antenna vectorially adds all of themUltipath return signals from all directions.

The outputs from the receiver antennas at 11.4 and 28.8 GHz werefirst converted down in frequency and then passed through separatelogarithmic amplifiers. The output of each of the logarithmicamplifiers was a DC voltage proportional to the logarithm of the RFinput power. This DC voltage was then sampled using an analog-todigital (A/D) converter and the samples were stored in data filesby a data acquisition program on the computer. The noise figure ofthe receiver system for the 11.4- and 28. 8-GHz measurement wasapproximately 7 dB.

The output signal from the 900-MHz receiver antenna was applieddirectly to the spectrum analyzer input. The amplitude of thesignal at 900-MHz was measured by the spectrum analyzer and sent tothe data logging computer via the IEEE 488 BUS. The spectrumanalyzer had a noise figure of approximately 20 dB at 900 MHz.

The system was calibrated to power levels relative to free spacefor each of the three frequency bands at a distance of 25.6 movera grass-covered field at the end of Wing 4 of the Radio Building.

The measured free-space signal level at 25.6 m was used tonormalize the signal level at each data point during the dataprocessing to determine the actual free-space signal level at eachdistance. The free-space signal level was determined by averagingthe signal received over a 2-min data collection interval at the25.6-m receiver-to-transmitter distance. This free-space signallevel was corrected for the actual distance and then subtractedfrom the measured signal level at each data point to determine thepenetration loss for a signal propagating between the interior andthe exterior of the building.

The received signal for all configurations consists of a directwave and at least one wave reflected from the ground or some otherobstruction. The vector addition of the direct and single ormultiple reflected waves results in both constructive anddestructive interference as a function of receiver-to-transmitterdistance, antenna heights, and the radio frequency. The geometryfor all sets of data provided a measurement of the excessattenuation experienced by the electromagnetic waves passingthrough the building structures for any situation that would beencountered for personal communications.

4

The signals at all three frequencies were sampled at sufficentintervals (1 sample/s) to characterize the data'even though theywere not sampled every half wavelength at the two upper frequencies(11.4 and 28.8 GHz). The linear distance between nulls and peaksfor the sampled waveform created by constructive and destructiveinterference does not repeat every hal f wavelength. It is afunction of the signal frequency, distance between the transmitterand receiver, transmitter antenna height, and receiver antennaheight. If the receiver or transmitter moves horizontally, as wasthe case in the measurements performed here, the distance betweentwo consecutive minima or maxima is given by

where D is the distance between two successive minima or maxima inmeters, L is the wavelength in meters, R is the distance betweenthe receiver and the transmitter in meters, H1 is the transmitterantenna height in meters, and H2 is the receiver antenna height inmeters.

This distance was calculated for each of the three frequenciesusing the parameters that would result in the smallest distancebetween minima or maxima. The shortest distance R used during themeasurements was 15 m. The transmitter height H1 was 1 m. Thereceiver height H2 was 3 m. The resulting distances D betweenminima or maxima for 900 MHz, 11.4 GHz, and 28.8 GHz were 12.50,0.99, and 0.40 m, respectively. Referring to any of the Figures inthe Appendix (A-l through A-58), the data were sampled at leastevery 0.2 m, so there are at least two samples for each periOdicvariation of the signal as the transmitter cart was moved along allof the measurement paths. The formula above is for the periodicityof the minima and maxima variation for only the direct andreflected waves. Waves from higher order mUltipath signals wouldtend to fill in these nulls, so the case considered here is theworst-case mUltipath condition. The sampling of the data istherefore adequate to describe the signal fluctuation and hencecompute the building attenuation.

2.2 Measurement sites

Radio Building:

The Department of Commerce Radio Building in Boulder, CO is aconcrete structure with steel reinforcement throughout. Wing 4 ofthe Radio Building is shown in Figure 3, with the ITS measurementvan located at the end for the first sequence of measurements.There is a large amount of metal within the building for electricalconduit and structural support. The external walls of the buildingare concrete with re-bar reinforcement. The interior walls aremostly of cinder block with additional partitions with wood studsand gypsum dry wall. The metal-frame windows in each of the

5

Figure 3. Wing 4 of the Radio Building with ITS millimeter-wavemeasurement van.

Figure 4. West side of wing 4 of the Radio Building.

6

offices cover approximately 6 m2• Figure 4 is a view of the west

side of Wing 4 showing these windows. All offices in Wing 4 havethese windows, and as a result the building may be relativelytransparent to the electromagnetic energy from the signal sourceswhen the van was positioned on the side of the building. Theoffice doors are of wood construction with approximately 2.3 m2 ofarea. The rooms are filled with conventional metal officefurniture including desks, file cabinets, tables, and chairs.

Private Residence:

The building shown in Figure 5 is a standard wood-frame house withbrick veneer on the outside. The gypsum wallboard did not have ametallic foil on one side. The insulation has a paper vaporbarrier. The furniture inside this structure is predominantly ofwood and non-metallic construction typical of a private residence.The shrubb4ary and trees outside did not obstruct the line-of-sightbetween the transmitter and receiver. Window area on the streetside of the house was approximately 4 m2 per room. There were twomajor paths traversed during the measurement. One interior wallseparated the two paths. The rear path had the exterior wall plusan interior wall between the receiver and transmitter. The frontpath had just one exterior wall between the receiver and thetransmitter.

storeroom Building with Metal Siding:

The building shown in Figure 6 is a metal frame structure withmetal siding. There are a few windows, with approximately 1 m2 ofarea each. The storeroom loading dock door and all entrance doorsare made of steel. The storeroom has metal shelves along the widthof the building with wide aisles between them. This structure isexpected to present a large attenuation to the electromagneticwaves passing through it.

3. MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE

This section describes the measurement procedure used for each ofthe three sites.

3.1 Radio Building

For the first set of Radio Building measurements, the signal wasradiated from the ~art antennas inside the building and received bythe van antennas located 17.1 m from the loading dock end of Wing4, in the driveway. Figure 7 contains a floor plan of Wing 4 ofthe Radio Building with the paths traversed during the measurementsindicated by arrows.

7

Figure 5. Private residence.

Figure 6. storeroom with metal siding.

8

tRADIO BLDG.

WING 4Receiver at side

RB10RB12 RB14

===

... RB9 RB7~B13~ I RB1- ftB 11 ~~ ..

RM3467 RM3453 RM3447 RM3443 RB1

........ A ~,... ,~ ~

IRB4

~RB2

~I

RB17 ~B18 RB3

~,.-- RB19 - -

f-- RB5If-- - rr- RB16

r- I L-

- -I Il-

1.0

Receiver at end

......-- North

--~

Figure 7. Floor plan of Wing 4 of the Radio Building withmeasurement paths of the transmitters.

The points of the arrows indicate the endpoints of each of thepaths traversed during the measurements and the arrows indicate thedirection of the path. The cart was moved down the main hallwayand into offices and labs on both sides of the hallway along pathswith measured distances. The receiving van was stationary duringall of these measurements.

For the second set of Radio Building measurements, the signal wasradiated from the cart antennas inside the building and received atthe van antennas located outside the West side of the building onthe sidewalk between Wing 4 and Wing 6 of the Radio Building.Figure 7 also contains the measurement paths for the new positionof the van at the West side of the Radio Building. The van and thecart were located opposite each other along the length of thebuilding wing. For a portion of the measurements, the cart wasmoved into some of the offices and labs on both sides of thehallway. The position of the van along the length of either wingwas such that it was directly opposite of the cart. This alignmentwas easily performed by viewing the van through the windows of theclosest office.

3.2 Private Residence

For this building, the van was located in the street appproximately19.5 m from the closest outside wall. The cart was moved throughseveral rooms along a straight line parallel to the street and datawere recorded with the van stationary. The distance to the cartfrom the van was also determined for each data measurement group.The floor plan of the house was convenient for making two such runsand covering most of the length of the house. Figure 8 containsthe floor plan with paths traversed during the measurementsindicated by arrows. The arrows indicate the direction of thepaths traversed during the measurements. The first path passedthrough the kitchen area and family room in the rear half of thehouse. The second path passed through the front half of the housethrough the dining room and living room.

3.3 storeroom with Metal siding

For this building structure, the van was located in the parkinglot of the Department of Commerce Radio Building between Wings 3and 5, adjacent to the storeroom and approximately 17.1 m from thedoor. Figure 9 contains the floor plan of the storeroom with themeasurement paths indicated by arrows. The points of the arrowsindicate the endpoints of the paths traversed. The source cart wasmoved up and down all of the aisles inside the storeroom to providea matrix of data with the variation of electromagnetic energy atthree frequencies in two coordinates.

10

........

WOOD FRAME HOUSEWITH BRICK VENEER

~: North

I ~

[JII/\.

D L -ODD ............. [

HL1 ~ _0 0

[~~ Il---f I I I / ,r

o I "I I 0 l

'\ HL2

O~A?' ........- I

I D1 01 I

~Hecelver

Figure 8. Floor plan of single level wood-frame house.

SRR?SRR6SRR5SRR4SRR3SRR2

SRR8

SRR1

LOADINGAREA

WITHr"\1t\.1~ I I I I

OFFICE

OFFICE I I I • I?922SISI'J • IXXXXX?1 • REGISTERToward Receiver

~

DOORS I r SHELVES I lr7~ I ~ I I I DOORI i

OFFICE

II

I 111111 1111[1 1 I OFFICE~ IIt\) SHELVES 't' North..I • • • lO000OOI • KXXXXXl • b<XXXXXI • I'X'X)(')()()(] • I I

SHELVES

METALDOOR

I I ~ I ~ I ~ I ~ I ~ I ~ I IOFFICE

Figure 9. Floor plan of storeroom with metal siding.

4. DATA COLLECTION AND PROCESSING

This section describes the data collection and processing of thedata taken for the penetration measurements.

4.1 Data Collection

The data collection for all sites consisted of recording receivedsignal level at each frequency at a rate of one sample per secondfor the period of time it took the cart to traverse the desiredpath length for each particular room or hallway. The cart wasmoving at a speed of approximately 0.5 mise All receivers andtransmitters at the three frequencies were operatingsimultaneously. The antennas were oriented in a line and the cartwas positioned so that all antennas had a clear field of view ofthe van in a manner such that none of the antennas were blockingeach other. For the Radio Building Stockroom, the signal level wasrecorded as the cart was moved along tw'o paths within the room.One was parallel to the line-of-sight path between the van and thecart and the other was perpendicular to this line-of-sight path.For the private residence (the wood-frame house), the cart movedalong only one path perpendicular to the line-of-site between thevan and the cart for the measurement. Measurements of all cart/vandistances at each sample site were obtained so that the distance tothe van could be determined and the free-space signal level couldbe calculated at that particular distance. This free-space signallevel was then subtracted from the measured data to determine thebuilding penetration loss.

The data were stored in separate files for each of the paths ineach room. For example, there were a number of files recorded foreach of two orthogonal paths within an office. The data wererecorded in separate files for each of three frequencies. A startand stop time was also part of the data. A description of what thedata are and how the data were taken is also correlated with thefile name. The files can be treated separately or combined in anynumber of meaningful combinations. This could include: hallwaydata only, office data only, data taken moving through all thestations along the length of the hallway, or the total of all datataken in a particular building type. The files are listedseparately and can be combined to look at effects covering certainsituations. During analysis, the data can be separated byfunctional experiment or combined together.

4.2 Data Processing

The data taken during the collection path runs for any of thebuilding structures were processed to remove the free-space lossfrom the measurements. This was done by putting coordinates on thelayout of each structure to locate all positions on the path in an

13

x-y coordinate system with reference to the van location. Theradial distance from the van could then be determined for eachparticular data point from the geometry. The free-space signallevel for each particular data point is then corrected for freespace loss by using the measured free-space calibration signallevel at a reference distance and adding the value necessary tocorrect to the radial distance between the van and the particulardata point. This value in decibels is 20*10g(R/Ro), where Ro isthe reference distance at which the free-space calibration wastaken, and R is the actual radial distance of the particular datapoint under consideration. The measured signal level at theparticular data point is then subtracted from the free-space signallevel to obtain the attenuation through the structure.

Figures 10, 11, and 12 are examples of this process for each of thethree frequencies: 900 MHz, 11.4 GHz, and 28.8 GHz. Each figuredemonstrates what has been done to the data files. The raw data,free-space correction factor, and final penetration attenuation areshown in each figure. The position on the horizontal axis is thedistance in meters traversed along the path.

The penetration attenuation for all paths in the three buildingstructures at the three frequencies was then plotted for analyticalpurposes. The data were also examined statistically. This isdiscussed in the next section.

5. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

The attenuation versus distance traversed for all three frequencieswas also plotted for each of the path runs made in all threebuilding structures. Figures 13, 14, and 15 show selected runs forthis penetration loss comparison. Figure 13 is a typical run forone of the paths taken in the Radio Building. Figure 14 is atypical run for one of the paths taken in the storeroom buildingwith metal siding. Figure 15 is a typical run for the privateresidence (single-level wood-frame house with brick veneer). Thecomplete set of attenuation plots for all paths is contained in theAppendix A. The paths in Figures 10 through 15, as well as thosefigures in Appendix A, are keyed by an alphanumeric codecorresponding to those given in the floor-plan Figures 7, 8, and 9to identify the runs. These plots provide a direct comparison ofthe penetration attenuation for the three frequ'encies in each ofthe three building structures.

statistical analyses of the separate paths, as well as combinationsof these paths, were performed to better characterize the data.The mean and standard deviation of the mean are summarized in Table1 for the Radio Building, Table 2 for the private residence, andTable 3 for the storeroom. Table 4 contains the results forselected combinations of paths for each of the three buildingstructures. The codes for the paths listed in the first column of

14

..... ,;.......... . : ; .

30 40 50 60 70 80 90

POSITION(m)

--+-RAVV DATA-CALIBRATION··~··ATTENUATION

20

900 MHzRBLD.1D

10

: : :..~ ··J;.i'·· .•. "" ..1I1e ii'-I~' ~.., .. ... ': ":'~'.' .. ~ ~ '~i . ....• . .....~~~.•: ., ~ ..: ..... , .

: IVj,·: I :,. I id~ ~!i'''.~~ ~/ilI ~I :~jI...... , ··I'Hl1 ······~r·~·Iril'·'~}ilf2···i~···;~·r~~,

. ~. . i" 1 . --.-... , ~i.;. ...~ . .. . ~... ~J. ..: . .. ';J.' .-. . .1 !.. ·,·1:· .fk: : . : :. Ii: i

i : ~ j..................... : ~...... . -_ ~ .

10

0

-10

-20---..CD -30"0-...-w -40:::>..J

~ -50

-60

-70

-80

-900

Figure 10. Raw data, free-space correction factor, and penetrationattenuation versus distance for a typical gOO-MHzmeasurement in the Radio Building.

15

o .----------------~----,

-40

-10

-20-..(()

""0 -30...........w:::>....J

~

-50

-60

~ ~: ; .

11.4 GHzRBLD.1D

-70a 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

POSITION(m)

~RAW DATA-CALIBRATION·····ATTENUATION

Figure 11. Raw data, free-space correction factor, and penetrationattenuation versus distance for a typical 11.4-GHzmeasurement in the Radio Building.

16

...............................................................

•• .;........ ....•••••• •..••••... . ...•. ,........... • ••••••.....•J'.

30 40 50 60 70 80 90

POSITION(m)

~RAW DATA-CALIBRATION··..··ATTENUATION

20

28.8 GHzRBLD.1D

10

: : : : : : :

t- , ,., ..: "......... :. ; s,~,.~••:f1'l; .'<$.' .

I~C!'J~l'i,'1'

10

0

-10

---- -20co'"0---w -30:::::>...J

~ -40

-50

-60

-70a

Figure 12. Raw data, free-space corection factor, and penetrationattenuation versus distance for a typical 28.4 GHzmeasurement in the Radio Building.

17

-en"'0-.....Zo-~::JZW

~

-10

o

10

20

30

40

50

.................... i.. ,_ ~ . _ .

......, 'T' ·k····f: '*~

I J!lM i~ !tl.. 1/' 14&rf"'.::! t.M•if i! 0 ~...,

.................... .;. ~ .

··················~················· .. ···t··· .· .· .· .

60o 10 20 30 40 50 60

POSITION(m)

70 80 90

RB1DATTENUATION

--900 MHz·····11.4 GHZ....Et .... 28.8 GHz

Figure 13. Penetration loss versus distance at three frequenciesfor a typical run in the Radio Building.

18

·················l······ ····r····························· ".."".~""".".""." "!""".,," ." ""-:""""."",, .

0\i

5

10

15

20

25

30

-.co"'C"'-!'

Zo-~::::>zw

~

1816146 8 10 12

POSITION(m)

42

35 ~ ·····t································ ~ j ······t·· , , .

40o

SRR38ATTENUATION

--+-900 MHz... 0 .... 11.4 GHZ'-0··28.8 GHz

Figure 14. Penetration loss versus distance at three frequenciesfor a typical run in the storeroom bUllding with metalsiding.

19

-10

-5

141210

..•...............••..• ..~

.... _..... ........•.•.•.•••.. .•...............•.......•

6 8

POSITION(m)

42

0....-en"'0"'--" 5z0-~ 10:::>zw 15t-~

20

25

30a

HL18ATTENUATION

--+-900 MHz... 0 .... 11.4 GHZ·-0··28.8 GHz

Figure 15. Penetration loss versus distance at three frequenciesfor a typical run in the private residence.

20

Table 1. Mean and Standard Deviation of attenuation (dB) for RadioBuilding Penetration Loss Path Data

900 MHz 11. 4 GHz 28.8 GHzpath mean stdev mean stdev mean stdev comments

RB1D 15.3 8.2 16.0 2.8 39.6 6.2 main hall,van at endRB1E 15.9 7.7 17.2 3.0 39.5 5.6 main hall,van at endRB2B 29.2 5.3 33.9 4.0 52.5 1.5 Rm3430lab,van at endRB2C 29.0 5.3 34.1 3.8 53.0 1.5 Rm3430lab,van at endRB3B 28.0 4.6 35.6 2.7 53.5 1.3 Rm3430lab,van at endRB3C 28.4 4.4 35.1 2.9 53.4 1.4 Rm3430lab,van at endRB4C 29.4 5.5 31.1 3.4 53.8 3.5 Rm3454lab,van at endRB4D 29.7 5.9 32.2 3.6 52.6 3.9 Rm3454lab,van at endRB5A 27.9 5.4 37.6 1.9 54.6 2.2 Rm3454lab,van at endRB5B 28.3 3.5 37.6 2.3 53.3 2.7 Rm3454lab,van at endRB6A 20.0 3.9 32.1 1.6 42.7 2.5 Rm34530fc,van at endRB6B 19.6 5.0 30.7 2.3 41.9 4.1 Rm34530fc,van at endRB7A 20.9 5.7 31. 3 1.2 42.1 3.5 Rm34530fc,van at endRB7B 21.2 5.0 31. 6 1.8 41.5 2.4 Rm34530fc,van at endRB8A 9.4 6.1 5.9 2.3 4.1 0.8 Rm3467ofc,van on sdwRB8B 8.7 6.6 5.7 2.5 3.9 0.8 Rm3467ofc,van on sdwRB9A 11.1 6.2 3.8 2.3 3.3 1.2 Rm3467ofc,van on sdwRB9B 10.0 5.9 3.1 1.3 3.2 1.1 Rm3467ofc,van on sdwRB10A 5.5 4.5 3.8 2.0 6.0 2.3 Rm34530fc,van on sdwRB10B 8.1 7.3 2.9 1.5 4.9 1.5 Rm34530fc,van on sdwRB11A 11.2 5.6 2.9 1.9 4.3 1.1 Rm34530fc,van on sdwRB11B 9.3 6.2 2.3 1.8 4.2 1.0 Rm34530fc,van on sdwRB12A 9.9 5.8 4.6 2.4 6.6 2.6 Rm3447ofc,van on sdwRB12B 9.6 6.5 4.7 3.6 6.5 2.8 Rm3447ofc,van on sdwRB13A 11. 3 5.3 4.3 2.1 5.0 1.4 Rm3447ofc,van on sdwRB13B 7.8 6.1 3.5 2.0 4.7 1.3 Rm3447ofc,van on sdwRB14A 7.3 5.0 3.0 1.9 6.4 2.0 Rm34430fc,van on sdwRB14B 8.4 4.5 3.1 2.0 6.2 1.3 Rm34430fc,van on sdwRB15A 11. 3 5.6 5.2 2.9 8.8 3.8 Rm34430fc,van on sdwRB15B 11. 0 6.4 5.2 3.3 7.4 3.5 Rm34430fc,van on sdwRB16A 17.7 4.9 18.9 3.6 26.8 4.0 Rm3454lab,van on sdwRB16B 17.4 5.2 17.4 2.8 26.1 3.2 Rm3454lab,van on sdwRB17A 20.4 6.5 16.2 2.5 21.9 3.1 Rm3454lab,van on sdwRB17B 19.2 4.8 16.3 2.5 21.3 3.4 Rm3454lab,van on sdwRB18A 21.3 7.5 31.3 3.0 43.3 4.1 Rm3430lab,van on sdwRB18B 21.1 6.6 30.7 2.2 43.1 3.2 Rm3430lab,van on sdwRB19A 16.3 5.0 29.8 1.9 41.7 2.9 Rm3430lab,van on sdwRB19B 15.4 4.9 30.5 2.4 41.8 2.1 Rm3430lab,van on sdw

21

Table 2. ·Mean and Standard Deviation of attenuation for PrivateResidence Penetration Loss Path Data

900 MHz 11.4 GHz 28.8 GHzpath mean stdev mean stdev mean stdev comments

HL1B 6.9 6.6 14.1 3.9 14.8 6.4 rear path, two wallsHL1C 6.3 6.5 13.3 4.0 14.1 6.6 rear path, two wallsHL2A 2.7 4.6 9.7 2.9 8.6 4.8 front path, one wallHL2B 3.6 6.1 9.8 3.9 8.6 4.4 front path, one wall

Table 3. Mean and Standard Deviation of attenuation for StoreroomPenetration Loss Path Data

900 MHz 11.4 GHz 28.8 GHzpath mean stdev mean stdev mean stdev comments

SRR1A 17.6 5.6 17.1 3.6 16.1 6.4 side aisle pathSRR1B 17.3 5.1 17.1 3.1 17.6 6.4 side aisle pathSRR2A 21.3 5.4 20.5 3.6 17.5 4.2 side aisle pathSRR2B 21.6 6.0 20.8 3.5 17.6 4.8 side aisle pathSRR3A 23.7 5.6 16.5 5.7 16.9 4.6 side aisle pathSRR3B 24.3 5.9 16.6 5.6 17.8 4.5 side aisle pathSRR4A 25.1 5.3 17.0 5.4 18.4 4.2 side aisle pathSRR4B 24.8 5.0 16.4 5.5 17.7 4.8 side aisle pathSRR5A 27.7 5.7 17.7 5.2 19.5 4.4 side aisle pathSRR5B 26.6 4.4 17.1 5.3 19.5 4.4 side aisle pathSRR6A 26.1 6.6 17.4 6.7 20.1 2.9 side aisle pathSRR6B 27.4 5.8 17.5 5.9 20.1 3.1 side aisle pathSRR7A 24.9 5.6 17.2 5.5 18.7 3.6 side aisle pathSRR7B 25.8 6.5 16.5 6.2 18.6 3.3 side aisle pathSRR8A 21.7 6.1 4.3 2.7 13.2 2.7 main aisle pathSRR8B 22.5 6.7 4.3 2.7 13.0 4.4 main aisle path

22

Table 4. Mean and Standard Deviation of attenuation for BuildingPenetration Loss for a Variety of Combinations of DataPaths

900 MHz 11. 4 GHz 28.8 GHz Filemean stdev mean stdev mean stdev

All Data In Radio 17.7 9.3 19.8 11. 5 34.1 17.4 ALLRBBuilding Combined

All Data In Radio 9.4 6.1 4.1 2.6 5.6 2.7 RBOFF2Building with OnlyOne Wall BetweenXMTR And RCVR

All Data In Radio 18.9 6.4 26.0 7.0 36.2 9.5 RBLAB2Building with 2 Or3 Walls BetweenXMTR And RCVR

All Data In Radio 28.8 5.1 34.4 3.8 53.3 2.4 RBLAB1Building With MoreThan 3 WallsBetween XMTR AndRCVR

All Data In Private 5.4 6.4 12.3 4.3 12.4 6.6 ALLHLResidence Combined

All Data In Private 3.2 5.4 9.7 3.5 8.6 4.6 HLFRNTResidence WithOne Wall BetweenXMTR And RCVR

All Data In Private 6.6 6.6 13.7 4.0 14.5 6.6 HLREARResidence withTwo Walls BetweenXMTR And RCVR

All Data In 24.3 6.3 15.0 7.1 17.5 4.8 ALLSRRStockroom Combined

23

each of these tables are also used to identify the paths in Figures7, 8, and 9. Two runs are shown for each path. The letter suffixon the end of the path name separately identifies each of thesepath runs.

Cumulative distribution functions of certain files or combinationsof files representing certain communications scenarios wereperformed to look at the statistics of the particular situation.

An example of one practical situation would be an evaluation ofcommunications capability from anywhere in an office building(Radio Building) for a fixed external base station (represented bythe van). This would require combining all of the separate filestaken in that building. Figure 16 is a cumulative distributionfunction for all the data in the Radio Building. Analyzing alldata files would allow determination of the link margin necessaryfor designing Personal Communication Systems using these higherfrequencies. Figure 16 shows the cumulative distribution functionfor all of the Radio Building data at the three frequencies. Thisfigure indicates that less than 0.1 % of the data points will havepenetration attenuation of more than 47 dB at 900 MHz, 41 dB at11.4 GHz, and 58 dB at 28.8 GHz.

Figure 16 is a composite of a large amount of data repesenting manydiverse conditions. Some measurement points on certain data pathshad one wall present between the transmitter and the receiver, butother data contains paths with more than three walls between thetransmitter and the receiver. Figure 17 contains data paths whereonly one wall separates the transmitter and receiver in the RadioBuilding. This wall had a lot of window area. The meanattenuation is much smaller (less than 10 dB). The attenuation wasmore than 28 dB at 900 MHz, 13 dB at 11.4 GHz, and 16 dB at 28.8GHz less than 0.1 % of the time. Figure 18 contains data pathswith two or three walls between the transmitter and the receiver.The mean attenuation can be as great as 39 dB. Figure 19 containspath data where more than three walls are involved and the meanattenuation can be as high as 53 dB.

Table 4 contains the mean attenuation and its standard deviationfor all of these cases. All of these separate cases for the RadioBuilding indicate an increasing penetration attenuation at allfrequencies as the number of wall penetrations increases in thebuilding structure. This behavior was noted in the data taken forthe private residence (wood-frame structure with brick veneer).Figure 20 is the cumulative distribution function of the combineddata for all of the paths in the private residence. Figure 21 isthe cumulative distribution function for the condition of one wallseparation between the transmitter and receiver (front hallwaytraverse). Figure 22 is for the case of two wall separations (rearhallway traverse). Figure 23 is for the case of one wallseparation in the storeroom. Data was not collected for the caseof more than one wall separation for the storeroom.

24

1

CUM. DIST. CURVEALLRB

........... , : ~.. ... ;

>I--...J-(l)

«(l)

o0::c..

0.1

0.01

-900 MHz······11.4 GHz"","""28.8 GHz

j ......................•.

0.001-10 o 10 20 30 40 50 60

ATTENUATION (dB)

Figure 16. CumulativeBuilding.

distribution

25

for all data in the Radio

CUM. DIST. CURVERBOFF2

1

605010 20 30 40

ATTENUATION (dB)

o

~ i i; 1 ~ ;: .::: : : .

11]1:11...........................} ~·~ .. ·.. ·i·········· ····+·······.. ·· .. ····· ..······f·················· ; , , : , .

::::::::::::::::::::::::::L::::::::::::::::::::::::::fF:I:::::::::::::::F::::::::::::::::":::::T::::::::: - 900 MHz .............................i i.. .t a i i .

1 ~ • ~ ~ 1....................................................................:; ; :........... 11 4 GH: : I::: Z~ ~i§ ~ ~ •••••••...........................: : : -;- -;- .1 1 ! ; 1 ;: : .. "',c.: : 28 8 GH: :.::: Z···························t·····························t'····i······t···········t····················· ······r·········· 11111111111 •

~ ; i i 1 1; ; .; 1 1. . , :' .

0.1

0.01

0.001-10

r:-'-aJ~aJo0:::0.

Figure 17. Cumulative distribution for all data in the RadioBuilding with just one wall between the transmitterand receiver.

26

r:--l-co«roor.r::0..

1

0.1

0.01

CUM. DIST. CURVERBLAB2

-/II-'~"='::"~~~::~':~:::::::::::::::;;:::'~;'J~I

;TT;\T\;<,

~:::::::::::::::::::::::::~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::t::::::::::::::::::::::::::::+::::::::::::::::··::·:::::::t::::::\::::::::::::::::::::j:::::::::::::::\::::::::::1:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

-fllr\!'j\!_ t i ! J ,\ ) \1 .

: . : : \: \=:i900MH;L:!\IJ\

······11.4 GHZ::I-Y['tl""""'" 28.8 GHz I \ I I \

0.001-10 o 10 20 30 40 50 60

ATTENUATION (dB)

Figure 18. Cumulative distribution for all data in Radio Buildingwith two or three walls between the transmitter andreceiver.

27

CUM. DIST. CURVERBLAB1

605010 20 30 40

ATTENUATION (dB)

o

_ ~... .. _ ~ _, ,__ , ~... . 'l'''''., , ..: _ , _, : ,_ '.~'.~,_,;: ............................~ :~:::: ~ ':........ ;-;. . ~ .. .. ...

:j!i[ir'····\~ir\_ ; ··;······ .. ··········.. ········t················ .. ··········t····

......... ( .

. ..... ~.

.......... (.

... (.

: : :. \.. ::::::::::::::::.::::.. :.~.:. :::.::.::::.:::.. :.: .:::: ~:::.:.::::::::::: ::::.:::.:. t:.:: :::::::::::::::::::::::: !:.::::::::.:.:.::::::::::.::: ~ i::: :::::.::::.::::::; ::::::::I::::::.

- 900 MHz ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::1::':::.:::::::::::::::::::::1.\::::::.. ::'::::::::::':"1.:.:: ..::::.:::'::::\::::::

:,::,::,:~~:~ ~~~ ••••••••••••·•••••••••••••••1•••••••••••••·••••••••••••• r.\ •••••••••········i ..·••••••••••••••••• \.··.

1

0.1

0.01

0.001-10

>J---J-co«coo0::a.

Figure 19. Cumulative distribution for all data in Radio Buildingwith three or more walls between the transmitter andreceiver.

28

CUM. DIST. CURVEALLHL

1

>I--l-co~cooa::0.

0.1..•.•.••.•..•.. ~ ........•...•.••..

0.01

605040302010

ATTENUATION (dB)

a0.001

-10

Figure 20. Cumulative distribution for all data in the privateresidence.

29

CUM. DIST. CURVEHLFRNT

1

6050

...............:.::::..1:::::.:::::::::.:::::::.:....

10 20 30 40

ATTENUATION (dB)

. .

: :

o

...........................; : .

0.1

0.01

0.001-10

>I---'-D:l«OJoccc.

Figure 21. Cumulative distribution for all data in the privateresidence with one wall between the transmitter andreceiver.

30

CUM. DIST. CURVEHLREAR

60

... ~ .

50

....·1·

10 20 30 40

ATTENUATION (dB)

a

~:I:::~?';:~';~f~~,,,\[J ~~~~~~..........................j ; \ \ ..1 1 .

. : \ l : ,"","",28.8 GHz.. :::::::::::::::::::::::::[::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ::~::::::::::::: ::::::\:::\~::::::::::::::::::::::t: ::::::::::::.",:::-: """'!-~ - - - --,.-----!

_ ~ ~ ···· .. ··~·T·· .. ~· ..· ······ ·~· .. ·· .. ········ .. ··.. ............................, ) \ ..: '::;, : ( .•••• , •••••••••••••••••••••• ~ •••• _••••••••• • t •• ••••••••••• ~ •••••• ,. •••••• ••••••• • •••,;••••••• .'; ••••••••••••••• , •••1 , ~.

-rrt\J". : .:': .

......................... ) ·,····························1\·········\············I····························,: : : \ :: :

.........................~ ~ j ~ ~.'~ j j. ..! .

:::::::::::::::::::::::::::~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::I::::I::.:::::::::l::::::I::::::::::::::::::::::::::::r.:·······::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ............................ ~ ~ i.......... : i i. ..···························f·······················.. ····f· .. ·· .. ·····················f·····!············· ······f····························j· .

···· .. ·· ..· ·..· ··r ·.. · ·.. ~· ·· ·.. ~·· .. ··j· ····· (' · · ······i ·· .. ··· ·:: :::· ••• 1::.··: ••••.••• ·· •••• ·•· .•• :· ..

................... : ~ ·······f······i············· ·····f······················. ~ i'

_................... ..! ! L ! ~................ . ( ( .ji~

1

0.1

0.01

0.001-10

Figure 22. Cumulative distribution for all data in the privateresidence with two walls between the transmitter andreceiver.

31

CUM. DIST. CURVEALLSRR

60504010 20 30

ATTENUATION (dB)

o

1

:?':·:':""::~'~:'~~~i~r~,,-:::~·.··.\···..··.· ··········,......··· .... ···· ......·..·i .... ··· ...... ·· .... · .... ·· ·,··· .. ·· .. ·........ ·..·1

: ! \ \-:I~\"..\..:..i;)·..... ·· ....····· ..·.. ·· ,····· · · ·.. i · ·...... ·· 1

- ················1····························1········ ; , ~············::::L::.::\\.\" · ·.. ·1.. ··· .. ·· ·· I.. ·.... ..........1-J[1\\:\\: , ,................. ..I

_ , ··,····························1·······\\· \\. :. :, : ; ~ ~ ;

_ ~ ···~·····························:············I··-~·· ; \:.::::::::::::::::::::::t::::. :::: I

_·····=900 ····M·I--I~-\\ll\\.··· .. ··· , ,,;. ; : \'---,; I .. · · ·· .. ,······11.4 GHz\\I'\\ , ,

"""''''' 28.8 GHz\\!' \I I i ~ i i

0.1

0.01

0.001-10

>~

....J-OJ«OJoa:0..

Figure 23. Cumulative distribution for all data in the storeroombuilding with metal siding.

32

The maximum attenuation that will be present less than a certainpercentage of time can be read off these figures. This number canbe used for the link margin at different link reliabilities. Table4 has the mean attenuation and its standard deviation for all threedata combinations. The means at all frequencies are greater forthe two-wall case.

Figure 23 shows the cumulative distribution function for all of thedata collected in the storeroom (meta.l structure with metalsiding) . The mean attenuation and its standard deviation arelisted in Table 4. The attenuation is hi9hest (greater than 49 dBless than 0.1 % of the time) at 900 MHz, because of the shieldingeffect of the metal siding on the building and the small windows(with respect to a wavelength at 900 MHz). The attenuation at 11.4and 28.8 GHz was greater than 27 and 29 dB respectively less than0.1 % of the time.

6.0 CONCLUSIONS

The penetration attenuation for the Radio Building and the privateresidence tend to increase with frequency. The penetrationattenuation for the storeroom decreases with increasing frequency.

The separate cases for the Radio Building and private residencealso indicate a progressively increasing amount of penetrationattenuation at all frequencies as the number of wall penetrationsincrease in the building structure.

The electromagnetic energy at 11.4 and 28,,8 GHz can couple into thestoreroom building more effectively than that energy at 900 MHz.The shielding effectiveness (ratio in dB of the power outside thestructure to the power inside the structure) of the structure isless at the two higher frequencies and allows more energy to couplethrough the walls. The shielding ef'fectiveness of a metalstructure is dependent on the size of the openings in the outershell of the structure. These may be windows, doors, heatingand/or air conditioning penetrations, holes, etc. When the size ofthe opening in the structure is greater than or comparable to awavelength, then the opening in the structure provides a strongcoupling path for electromagnetic energy 1to flow into or out of thestructure. This reduces the penetrat:ion attenuation of thestructure.

The penetration attenuation values derived from the measurementsconducted in this study can be used determine the feasibility ofpersonal communications. The cumulative distribution functions ofthe penetration attenuation can provide information on what linkmargins are necessary. for different communication probabilities orreliabilities. The penetration attenuation provides a quantitativemargin for link calculations to use in analyzing and designingpersonal communication systems.

33

APPENDIX: ATTENUATION PLOTS FOR ALL MEASUREMENT PATHS

-10

....-co"0......-Zo-~:::>zw

~

o

10

20

30

40

50 ...... : ..:. .~ ~

60o 10 20 30 40 50 60

POSITION(m)

70 80 90

RB1DATTENUATION

--900 MHz··..··11.4 GHZ....D .... 28.8 GHz

Figure A-I. Penetration loss for Radio Building path RBID.

A-I

-10

-co"'C'-"'"

Zo-~::::>zw

~

o

10

20

30

40

50

·················IIUI..........·· ........:...~Il-At~

t. n.!~..,; !!,tl!!

1 !,I'·'f.........t.~,... 1

7l I"·a r ;!

~~: ~ t········t······· : .

.................. ; - .

60o 10 20 30 40 50 60

POSITION(m)

70 80 90

RB1EATTENUATION

--900 MHz·····11.4 GHZ·,,'It"" 28.8GHz

Figure A-2. Penetration loss for Radio Building path RBIE.

A-2

6 8 10 12 14 16

POSITION(m)

42

.. ......................., , ........................•......................•...... ···············r·························,····· .

·····················t························r························r························r························i·························j·············· j .

. . .

: : :

t-···············,·························,·······o··· _ .;-0 , : : ········ .. ·····1

15

20

25.......-(D

30\J----Z0 35-J-<:::> 40zw

~ 45

50

55

600

RB28ATTENUATION

-+-900 MHz~11.4 GHZ-0-28.8 GHz

Figure A-3. Penetration loss for Radio Building path RB2B.

A-3

20

25

30....-co-0.....-

35z0-J-

40<:::>zw 45

~50

55

60a 2 4 6 8 10

POSITION(m)

12 14

RB2CATTENUATION

-+-900 MHz-0-11.4 GHZ-Q-28.8 GHz

Figure A-4. Penetration loss for Radio Building path RB2C.

A-4

1210468

POSITION(m)

2

...............................................~ , (

........ ................... . t " " ~ " ~ .

. ." .

. .••.••........•......•.. _ ..... :........•...........•... ·········~·································t···········

: ~

15

20

25--.co-c 30"""""'"z0 35-~::> 40zUJ

~ 45

50

55

60a

RB3BATTENUATION

~900 MHz-0-11.4 GHZ-{]-28.8 GHz


A-5

1210468

POSITION(m)

2

........................, 1·· .. ··········.. ·································_·· .

: :. .

15

20

25--..co

30'U-.....Z0 35-f-«::> 40zw

~ 45

50

55

600

RB3CATTENUATION

-+-900 MHz-<>-11.4 GHZ--0-28.8 GHz


A-6

.......... ···i ·.·· .. ·· ···~···················.. .

55 .

60 L...L...L...~...J......J...L...l-L...L....L-I--L....L....j""".J...J...J....L....J.....L-L...J...l....I'-L-l-.J,...L..J....L...I...L...l....J.....l,..J.....L.-L.-L...L....J.....L-l...J.....J..,J

a 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

POSITION(m)

20

25

30,-....co"0-....-

35z0-~ 40::JZUJ 45

~50

RB4CATTENUATION

--+-900 MHz-0-11.4 GHZ-0-28.8 GHz


A-7

20

25

30...........(Q"0"--'" 35z0-r-

40<C::JZw 45

~50

55 : , .

60 ~L.....l..J...L..L..J...L...L...L...i....L...L....I-.L...L...J-L..I-L-L.....r....-L...L...L...J......&.....L-l-..l....I....l..L...J...I-J,..J...J....L....L...L...L.....L...L-L-.L....L...I

o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

POSITION(m)

RB4DATTENUATION

-+-900 MHz-0-11.4 GHZ-0--28.8 GHz

Figure A-8. Penetration loss for Radio Building path RB4D.

A-8

25

30-al"'0Z 35 t--·····················;························K'····· <..,/, ;, .. ··11

Q-~ 40 "--"""":""::>zUJ 45

~

762 3 4 5

POSITION(m)

.......).................. . ~......... ..

1

50

55

60 L......I.-.J--'--l.-I..-L......J......L....~~.....J,.......J....L-J,....~~......l.-.L-....L-J,.....J..,.."J,...,~~....I.,--I

a

RB5AATTENUATION

~900 MHz--0-11.4 GHZ-0-28.8 GHz

Figure A-9. Penetration loss for Radio Building path RB5A.

A-9

15

20

25--OJ30"'0-......

Z0 35-t-<:::> 40zw

~ 45

50

55

60a 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

POSITION(m)

RB58ATTENUATION

-+--900 MHz--0-11.4 GHZ-0--28.8 GHz

Figure A-IO. Penetration loss for Radio Building path RB5B.

A-IO

20 t- : ~ \ : ~ : : .,. t-.... ; I

m 25 t- · ,..· ·: i · -\J-· .. j- ! : \

"0.....-Zo 30 J-- i.jJ ; / \. , " , ; ·, , 1

~:::>z 35 J-- , ~ ; ;.................,.. ; ; ···0""'.. ·: ···1

UJ

~ 40 J--... : .; ; ; :........... f

45

50 L-I-.J...~~....L....l-l.~~~-l......l-..J......L-I--L.....L.....l..l.....L.....l-..L....L....L.....I-I.....l..~..L...I.....J....L..J

o 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5

POSITION(m)

RB6AATTENUATION

-+-900 MHz-0-11.4 GHZ--0-28.8 GHz

Figure A-II. Penetration loss for Radio Building path RB6A.

A-II

15 I- ,......................./ \ .., ! ( :...... F·· ..! .. ··O'

20OJ"'0Z 25o-~ 30 ~ ..""" (, /- , ,.\ ,...... .-/-- '\: : ;.-,..............; ;.... I

:::>zw 35

~40

45

50 L-J""".j""...L.....l....l....L......I.............,.-'--'--I.~--'--'--" .............................."""'"'--'-..................................L......I.................."""""'"'--'-...........

o 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5

POSITION(m)

RB68ATTENUATION

-+-900 MHz--0-1.1.4 GHZ--0-28.8 GHz


A-12

3.53

. .

~ 1 ~........ ~ .

1 1.5 2 2.5

POSITION(m)

. .~-···r·····························f·················· : : ·········i························

0.5

~ ~................... ,_ ~ - - ~ 'f +....... . : .

10

15

20.....-CD"0 25...........z0 30-J-<:') 35zw

~ 40

45

50

55a

RB7AATTENUATION

~900 MHz-0-11.4 GHZ--0-28.8 GHz


A-13

10

15

20....-co"'C-- 25z0-f-

30«::JZw 35

~40

45

........................., , ~..;.................... .··············/-·:T,lH .. i·················1

3.531 1.5 2 2.5

POSITION(m)

0.5

5OL.......L...J.....J.....l.......L-J....J.......l-....L.....J-~.....J.....l.......L-J....J.......l-....L.....J-~.....J.....l....J.....J.....J.......l-~~

a

RB78ATTENUATION

~900 MHz--0-11.4 GHZ--0--28.8 GHz


A-14

Or-----------.--------.---------,

5

25 t- , , , \ 1- .. ·, · ·.. ·; ·······,.. · 1

-(D"0 10-.....zo-~ 15 :1 ; ; ·················;·······I····················J······· ~ ; ·················1

::>ZUJ

~ 20

3.531 1.5 2 2.5

POSITION(m)

0.530 1-L-.l~--'--'-....I.....l....J.-J..-iL....J.-J.......I....J..~..J-.....l...-L.....J-..l.....J.-.L.~.J.....J.-L.-J-..L....J.-.L....I-.I

a

RB8AATTENUATION

-+-900 MHz-0-11.4 GHZ-0-28.8 GHz


A-15

5

25 1- , ~ ,.. ·····1 I·············:·······························:······· ·.. i······················.. ···1

--..

fg 10--zo-~ 15 , : ,····························:···1···················· 1- ...••.....•.................; ·······,····························1

::>zLU~ 20 I- j ••••••••••••••••••.•••.••••. j j.. j.:................. . ·······i················ ·····1

~

3.531 1.5 2 2.5

POSITION(m)

0.530 L...I....I--L......l.....L-L.~..L..-L....J"-J-.I..--L-l...~~'---l.....-I.--L.-.L....J.....L.....l......l....."-J-.I..--L.-.L......I.....l

o

RB88ATTENUATION

-+-900 MHz-0-11.4 GHZ-{}--28.8 GHz

Figure A-16 Penetration loss for Radio Building path RBBB.

A-16

, ., + ~ "' ····:f···························.................................................. / , , \

5

20 1- , )1. , ,............... I ·: :.. · · t , .. ·, ·1

-(D-a....-Z 10o~:::>~ 15

~

3.531 1.5 2 2.5

POSITION(m)

0.5

25 L.-.L......I~......L....-L....l......I-~L.....J-.L......I--l-....J-.J-.a......L.-~......l--I-~~~~ ..........

a

RB9AATTENUATION

-+-900 MHz-0-11.4 GHZ--0-28.8 GHz


A-17

Or------...--~-----.,..-----,--....-------,

............ .. t ··· ·.. ·, .. · \

20 1- \ , , ; ~

5-....CD"0-..z 10o~::>

~ 15

~

3.531 1.5 2 2.5

POSITION(m)

0.525 ~--'--L~....L.....L....L......J...-L...-L.-L...J.--l..~...L.-J..-L......I.-J,,~~...L......L....~...J.,.....I.,.....I.-.I

o

RB98ATTENUATION

-+-900 MHz--0-11.4 GHZ-{}-28.8 GHz


A-18

3.531 1.5 2 2.5

POSITION(m)

0.5

........................., , ·······1··························+···················

......................... j ; I t .

-2 r----;-----,.------.----=---~---.,..-----.

14 '--'--Io--L..-l.....I..-o.L-.J-",I""...L....J.-l,.............I-.L....L....L......jL..-.L.-J.......l--l-....L.-l-..l-J.....~....J.....L.....I-.L.....a...-J

a

0

2............CD1J-..,.....

4z0-I-

6<:::>zw 8

~10

12

RB10AATTENUATION

~900 MHz-0-11.4 GHZ-iJ-28.8 GHz

Figure A-19. Penetration loss for Radio Building path RBIOA.

A-19

3.531 1.5 2 2.5

POSITION(m)

0.5

~ I.........................i ) ; ~ : i .

, I ' Ii:

. .: . : '" ....... ........., , _ j .

........................i ; j i ··········:·····························i············· .. , . ii':-';-,

-10

-5

0...-co"'C.........

5z0-~ 10::lZw 15

~20

25

300

RB10BATTENUATION

~900 MHz·-0··11.4 GHZ...0·..·28.8 GHz

Figure A-20. Penetration loss for Radio Building path RBIOB.

A-20

3.531 1.5 2 2.5

POSITION(m)

0.5

_~J>- ..•.•.•.•••••••• •• t .

........... ············;·····························1······· :····························t···· _ .

•••••••••••••••••••••••1" ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ······················1 _ ·····t····························!"" .

'··'r'I··········· ·····'1·····················;-,

.........................! ~.. . ~....... ··t····················· . ~ .

: : i 1

,j'T"

························r··························· , ··T···························~······················· .

0

2

4

---.. 6CD"0

8-.....z0

10-~::J 12zUJ

14~ 16

18

20

22a

RB11AATTENUATION

-+-900 MHz-0-11.4 GHZ-0-28.8 GHz

Figure A-21. Penetration loss for Radio Building path RBIIA.

A-21

o

....-en~ 10zo~ 15::>zw~ 20

ni·..o. : ... : \ ~ R:r: "00_. : : \ '~rn ....~ 0.

.<l.... /! ~l~·_O'A: O...-d"·;'\ p' :\ / \ :

5 ··.••.....·.·.·.·~::"'-C-J'!q,iD·.~ ••.);lJ]···~<········i·\~:··~-~"~:<J~~f························· .· .· .: :~ ~

: :......................... j ...........................•.; ; .......................••.•; :..........•.............•.... (.....................•.......

! ! ! I !25 ·························i·····························i············.. ····· .. ········i············.. ··· ( ··T····························j······················ .

I : : : : :: :

3.531 1.5 2 2.5

POSITION(m)

0.530 L-l....~...&...-L-...L.....l.......L..-L.-....L..-L.-....L..-L.-....L..-L.-....L..-L.-.....l.....I..~-'--I......,/""",,--I--I.--I--I. ..................L--I~

o

RB11BATTENUATION

-+-900 MHz·-0··11.4 GHZ...0 .... 28.8 GHz

Figure A-22. Penetration loss for Radio Building path RBIIB.

A-22

Or-----..,..---,...--~---...,.--..,.....--.....,.----,

3.510.5

5 J- ........................•; y.

20 ;. ··························r···························.-:-- : j .

iii ·

1.5 2 2.5 3

POSITION(m)

RB12A -+-900 MHzATTENUATION -0-11.4 GHZ

~28.8 GHz

25 L.-L..-J'--L......L......l...-L......l.......I.-..&.....I.....I'--L......L...........~~~"""""--'--'--'--""'--"--...............--.I..oo.I-..........

o

---..al"0-z 10 .~ ! ·············t········································· : .

~.

~ ~ j :


A-23

9"~

·····t···················· ( .. .

............ i· --, ~ ~ j .

~ ~

j""j· .· .· .· .: :· .· .

............ .. ,!, - ~ ~ ·····t··· . :... . - {. . -_.

25

o

5

.....-

~ 10-..,...

zo-~ 15:::>zw~ 20

30o 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

POSITION(m)

3 3.5

RB12BATTENUATION

-+-900 MHz'-0··11.4 GHZ·..[].... 28.8 GHz


A-24

10 .

5 .~

20 I-··················· .. ·!············v············~····· ~ \ :."/ , ~ ······1

.......-co-0'-""Zo-!;(::>m 15 1- ,.........•

~

3.531 1.5 2 2.5

POSITION(m)

0.5

25 ~~~.L-..L......L~~~--I.--I-~~--'--L-......L.......l"""--'--l--'--L---'--'--l

o

RB13AATTENUATION

-+-900 MHz-<>-11.4 GHZ--0-28.8 GHz


A-25

2QH"'" , ,

............al-0-.....z 10o-~

<:::>m 15

~

·························1 .•••...•••.••••••••••••••• ) ••••.••

3.531 1.5 2 2.5

POSITION(m)

0.525 ~L....J....J---L..i......L......J.-L....l.......L-J.....J.-L....l-L.....L.-J......L......1......L.-l-..L.....L-.J.-..L..-.L-L-.L.-J...-1-I-L........l.....

a

R8138ATTENUATION

-+-900 MHz·-0··11.4 GHZ,,·[]·,,·28.8 GHz

Figure A-26. Penetration loss for Radio Building RB13B.

A-26

3.531 1.5 2 2.5

POSITION(m)

0.5

0,..----,..----,.------,----..,..--"..----....,...---.,

2

4

en 6:Q. 8z t- ;..................•......; ,

o~ 10::::> 12 t- ,... . \,. !+ ! , ····1 1····:·····························1

ZW 14 t- : ++ , ,.............. \ I c················ ············:1

~ 16 t- j.... ········1 t············· ,... , y , ··········'·1

18 .-·······················:··························I~· ; ·~··························7···························;··t

20 t- ; : ;...................~ ·····················;····················;·A

22 L.-L--l~.....l-..L.....J..-.I.-~~--'---I-...l.--l--~.......I...-l. .............~oI--'--'.......I...-l................Io-.I

o

RB14AATTENUATION

-+-900 MHz-<r-11.4 GHZ-D-28.8 GHz


A-27

o ··tL~·······

i L.;t"-q D: D

c····

........._.......... .,....... . ~ ... ',........... . : .

Or-----..,.----,------,---....,------.,..---.....,....----,P.

p·-o..·O b--o.~'" . 'h..().-oa' . 't{ : '0 • V'

5

10

15

---.co"'0-Zo-~:::>zw

~20···············-1· ! ,

25o 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

POSITION(m)

3 3.5

R8148ATTENUATION

~900 MHz'-0··11.4 GHZ...0· ..·28.8 GHz


A-28

10 . ·······I·········;·u •.......;........•

5 \ : ~

20 1-......, ; \ f··········,····················'1·· ···················r·················r·······l1·······~ ~............. I

...........(D'U...........Zo-~::>ffi 15

~

25 L..J,...J,...~......l-L..L.....L...J....L...J....L...,L.J......J....J..~-L.-J-J,.~,..l"..I",.I.........l-I...I-.L~~"""-I-I-.I...l-l

a 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

POSITION(m)

RB15AATTENUATION

~900 MHz--0-11.4 GHZ--0-28.8 GHz


A-29

tJO'~\j

P

j j....... ~ ······i········ .

o\ '~n f '\).__0. ,R. 0-</1 .'\ .' ~y ; ; .... 'd. ;-.. ;., ~ :t \ ,.: : I: :

o ~!\; : 0 b····! c

''D\/,~q'dJi\iir ·~t~tii:O: ! j

:n: .. , ..q I .

:Coil o-d' 0:)-, i :··············o'.······?··············· .'.T····~i·······:~··

5

10

15

20

.-co'"0-.....-Zo-~::::>zw

~

25 f;'····················;····················;···············)1· )....

30a 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

POSITION(m)

RB15BATTENUATION

~900 MHz·-0··11.4 GHZ'''0.... 28.8 GHz

Figure A-30. Penetration loss for Radio Building path RBI5B.

A-30

5.------,-----,...----,...-----,.---,..---~--.,

10 J-·············· .. ·, .. · .. ·t!, ·..·, .. ·l ··· .. · ·,·· , y · ·.., ·· ·; ·· ..·1

EO 15"'0'-""

Zo 20-~::>z 25UJ

~ 30

35 J- , , , ; .;. ;\ .

762 3 4 5

POSITION(m)

140 ~~...I-.L..~L..-l-.L--'--'-~~--..L--L............~~~-"'-I-~.......

o

RB16AATTENUATION

-+-900 MHz--0-11.4 GHZ-0-28.8 GHz


A-31

5

:0:,.~;

I'····················o····t··t·····················

,. ~. ,:o

\ ....~d \

···········~..•·:J····tdoOg·nti i~.···.····:· .o ,,: ". '0tId

..............., : i c .

..........2 ..Jr.: ····························7····················,"1,.! :••, .• l,

9"0i t

............... .~ .f.. ~ ., I. i

iii

.......~,J..... ! ..

b

t;J , .: q ti

10

15 ~

20

25

30

-rn:Q.zo-~=>zw

~

35a 1 2 3 4

POSITION(m)

5 6 7

R8168ATTENUATION

~900 MHz'-0··11.4 GHZ...0 .... 28.8 GHz


A-32

14124 6 8 10

POSITION(m)

2

~~~~~~~~~"~~~~~~~~~~"" .~~~~~~~""

....................... ; ; ···j·····;······11

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~., .

::T'·

10

15

20.....-m"0 25-z0 30-I-<:::> 35zw

~ 40

45

50

55a

RB17AATTENUATION

~900 MHz-0-11.4 GHZ-0-28.8 GHz


A-33

10

...................................... ( \ .

Qio '....I \ :w

i "' P. 0;.. j9.!/ ~ !. , ,.i

'j

g .······1 ...........•••.... ~ J ••••.•••••.••••••••

: ! D;1~:: :

: . \ fi \.,.... ,..........: ....!:;..~.\ ..~ & i .....tl: ...t~.... .......-

/ : \ c[J : g d

v

15

-co"'0............z 200-f-«::>z 25w

~30

35a 1 2 3 4 567

POSITION(m)

8 9 10

R8178ATTENUATION

--+-900 MHz·-0··11.4 GHZ...0 .... 28.8 GHz


A-34

5

10

15

m2Q"'0....-z 25o-~ 30:::>

m 35

~ 40

45

50

............................~~~...................: .0. 1 ,0. i

/J. 0 .': \ ~ fJ P' 0 ~ 0 P-yj '. :,. ······~o·o····r·······o1·····p~·~~(t···~8'~············ ~.~ ..\{ ~< ,~ ~

: ~ i' : ~ \ ..0-0: 'I ~ 0. ~. . ',. .... -•.........••.............................................. ··~··················o··· , ., , .

55a 2 4 6

POSITION(m)

8 10

RB18AATTENUATION

->-900 MHz·-0··11.4 GHZ,..[].... 28.8 GHz


A-35

14124 6 8 10

POSITION(m)

2

........................_ _ .

............... 'i' ~ ·+ · ·· ·..·..·· · ··1··· · · .. t· 1..· · · ..

Q : '\ Q~ ~ :~ On. n: .,\ : 9 '\ !~ '< '0; ~r ~ ,., ~ : ~

.... j...°Oq..ROOI · +..b'\../ od· %~ ..\·~ f :Jr,; +... .. ..i 0: ~ : 0 j ~o Ott: p.0oO:qi",+<>(lg+~,}oo

.......~ .

.............. T' ~ : I · · ·.. ·I · · l..tt..· ·

55a

5

10

15....-

20cou-z 250-~ 30::::>z 35w

~ 40

45

50

RB18BATTENUATION

-+-900 MHz,o(),·11.4 GHZ·..[].... 28.8 GHz


A-36

5

10

15

- 20ec"0~

z 250-~

30<t::Jz 35LU

~ 40

45

50

55a 2 468

POSITION(m)

10 12

RB19AATTENUATION

~900 MHz-0-11.4 GHZ-G-28.8 GHz

Figure A-37. Penetration loss for Radio Buildlng path RB19A.

A-37

5

10

15-.....

20m-0............z 250-I-

30~::>z 35w

~ 40

45

50 . . . . . . . . . • • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . .... , , , j .

55 L......l-..L......!-....I......1.-..J.......l......J.-..J,.......L.......l.--'--'-......l-J.~~--J.-..J'--l..-'--l..-~.L....-J-..I-..I

a 2 4 6 8 10 12

POSITION(m)

RB19BATTENUATION

-+-900 MGz-0-11.4 GHZ-0-28.8 GHz


A-38

141210

················t····························~········....

R6~'" .;" Ii.. ·; ; 1.. ; 1

I~ i\Jf H \ 6<00: . 0':. (:I! J..: .: ; crL .!i.! '{; :: ',--00 I ~.l m": 0::> ;.;' i i!i .0

... ~ .. ·bo..~·H 1 iii .': -0 ~ !nfi I

: r !'7!'~ ~ .:1:1 coo': ... ~.. . .

6 8

POSITION(m)

4230

a

-10

-5

0......-..co"'0-.,...

5z0-l- )

« 10 ..:1 ..."

::>zw 15I-

~ 0:20 ....•..:..

0

25 ......................

HL18ATTENUATION

~900 MHz... 0 .... 11.4 GHZ'-0··28.8 GHz

Figure A-39. Penetration loss for private residence path HLIB.

A-39

···················1··············· -- ..J .••.•••••••••••••• ..) ••••••••.•••••••..

············r····························f············ .

-10

-5

0....-co-0- 5z0-I-

10<C:::>ZUJ 15

~20

25

30a 2 4 6 8

POSITION(m)

10 12 14

HL1CATTENUATION

~900 MHz...0····11.4 GHZ·-0··28.8 GHz

Figure A-40. Penetration loss for private residence path HLIC.

A-40

876345

POSITION(m)

2

···.··.··········· ..· t l.

...._.............•........ _....... . .

...: ; : , ····················1·····

1

1-····················,·1· ·········n···················.;········-{

-10

-5

0............a:l-c.....-

5z0-I-

10«::JZw 15

~20

25

30a

HL2AATTENUATION

~900 MHz...0·· .. 11.4 GHZ·-[]··28.8 GHz

Figure A-41. Penetration loss for private residence path HL2A.

A-41

~__..I:lI::I' ,

! \ i ~. , ~ ~ _ _ .

'c\q fFI~a °

lqD'Yj?'~q,,=: .. ' g:i:.O:' ,'.:1:1: •• !,:

Cd t i :!i :

.....~:

C

"j" ~ ,... .: .

OJo

..ptb...., .:'.

Q kf., ,. ,:.• 1· ::t···········"aj··, O·i:....·0

-10

-5

0............0)"'0--- 5z0-.-

10«::JZw 15

~20

25

30a 1 2 345

POSITION(m)

6 7 8

HL28ATTENUATION

~900 MHz...0····11.4 GHZ'-0··28.8 GHz

Figure A-42. Penetration loss for private residence path HL2B.

A-42

o

10

20

25

30

35

......................... : :.... . _ .

· .· .· .· .· .· ........ ·1··· . ..}. .. _ >.. . :......... . .. .. '..... ~.

40a 1 2 3 4 5

POSITION(m)

6 7

SRR1AATTENUATION

-+-900 MHz...0·· .. 11.4 GHZ·-1]··28.8 GHz

Figure A-43. Penetration loss for storeroom path SRRIA.

A-43

o

7

.0

653 4

POSITION(m)

2

. ....... ~ ..............•.....•..•... ~ .....••...•.................~

1

5

10

20 ;

................... !;1L. ..' ,~

.' "r:J , ;T • :

Ij1 ; ~ n ~it ; ~\ '\ i ;

f..\·I·········)·l\·········/···\···· L...................... .. ·························t···························! .," ,D. E:I :

15 f,~" · 'J\:?~\ ..0 i0··0' :

25

30o

......-al"'0-....Zo-~:::>zw

~

SRR18ATTENUATION

~900 MHz...0··.. 11.4 GHZ'-0··28.8 GHz

Figure A-44. Penetration loss for storeroom path SRRIB.

A-44

10

15

~

CD:s.2Ozo-~ 25::::>zw

~ 30

35

.... ) - : .

......... \ ) , : .

· .~ ~: :· .: :· .................. , .

40o 1 2 3 4

POSITION(m)

5 6 7

SRR2AATTENUATION

-+-900 MHz...0·..·11.4 GHZ'-0··28.8 GHz

Figure A-45. Penetration loss for storeroom path SRR2A.

A-45

.........) ( '!'. . :................. .: :· .· .· .· .· .· .: :· .· .: :: :: :

....................... ! ; ) : .

..... . ~ 'f·····················

765

~• :[1, : .. : ,

3 4

POSITION(m)

21

\ .c, - ,a- ~

15

10

20

25

35

30

40o

......-m'"0--Zo-~:::>zw

~

SRR28ATTENUATION

-+-900 MHz...0·..·11.4 GHZ'-0··28.8 GHz

Figure A-46. Penetration loss for storeroom path SRR2B.

A-46

.....•• ,_ ..•.... (. -. . -.- ••..••..;.••..... -••...•• -.. ..~ '..... . ·1'" .• - .•

6 8 10 12 14 16 18

POSITION(m)

42

: :....... ··i·· ; ,. . , , .

............ : _ ~................... / 1 . "/ [ .

; ;. .: :

,.....----,----,---.,......----,--.,......---..,...---------,0

5

10---.co-c-..,...

15z0-~

20«::>zUJ 25

~30

35

40a

SRR3AATTENUATION

~900 MHz...0····11.4 GHZ'-0··28.8 GHz


A-47

25

20

o

5

10....-al'"0

Z 15o-~:::>zUJ

~30

35

~ ~

I I..... ,............. . ~ :.

·y':····················H····················· .

......... , ( j : 1f

t-··················:·········-II·····':············· ········:·········~··········:······················i···············11······':·····················:1 ,···········:···················1· .· .· .: :

40o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

POSITION(m)

SRR38ATTENUATION

~900 MHz...0··.. 11.4 GHZ'-0··28.8 GHz


A-48

.... ················i· ····t··········............ .. . ·········T· . ...~ ,.30

0

5 ... -...... ! .....

10---..CD""0.......... 15z0-f-

20c(:::>zLU 25 ..................

~

35

40a 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

POSITION(m)

SRR4AATTENUATION

~900 MHz...0 .... 11.4 GHZ'-0··28.8 GHz


A-49

25

20

............. ··i···,"········ -.. -.........................; .

. ..............~ _ j.... . ··1'···········"1;.········ ...~ i······················

5················,··

10

30

-CD"0Z 15o-f-«::>zw

~

6 8 10 12 14 16 18

POSITION(m)

4240 L..l....L...L...L...L..L....I..-ULl....L...L...J......J.-L..L....L....L...I.....L....I...II...l...L...&......I-~..........""...I....L-.&.....l....L............"....I....L-.&.....l....L......L..oJ...I

o

35

SRR48ATTENUATION

-+-900 MHz...0 .... 11.4 GHZ·-0··28.8 GHz


A-50

25

20

............- Of·················· ~ .. .

.... ··········~······················r :....... . ) .

· .· .: :· .

6 8 10 12 14 16 18

POSITION(m)

42

30

5

40a

o

10

35

-al"'C

Z 15o-~::>zw

~

SRR5AATTENUATION

~900 MHz...0··.. 11.4 GHZ·-a··28.8 GHz


A-51

876345

POSITION(m)

21

9·· ···,··[·· -,- ,.. ···1····· ..· ~....... ... ~ .

·······::-·····1···

.................. ,..... . . ,. . ; ;..

...................... ~ .; .

5

o

10.....-OJ"'0- 15z0-I-

20«:::>zw 25

~30

35

40a

SRR58ATTENUATION

-+-900 MHz...0·..·11.4 GHZ'-0··28.8 GHz


A-52

o 0 c.

\/ bb",o

5 ·\"·········f············ .............! .....................•........: .

1210468

POSITION(m)

2

..............................~ ...... ..... .... : .. .... . ~ .: :

......................................... ················1·· ··············,································1······ ····1··········· .

10

15

20

25

40a

30

35

...-a:l"0---Zo-~:::>zw

~

SRR6AATTENUATION

-+-900 MHz...0····11.4 GHZ·-0··28.8 GHz


A-53

a

5000

........... ,1··· ... ...................................................; , .

1210468

POSITION(m)

2

.......... ···············1································1·····........................; , .

.......................... i j ;...............•............................................

1 :

6 :

·······~~·········································t····························t··························f· "j" ".... .

:\rV~it~tdQ:···~~o ~ ftbc: ~: 0 0: 8 ~ ~ I'Ll.~·Q a

• I : ::" '., o~. :,.~., •• ; ~iI:i ala .. .. :': 100 !

......... i ·····....·\·i·.I\,,6<a,,······..··~:··~:·~....·....~···t ..• .... ··Q·..9··~ ..·9·..·····,,····i··.. ····n···~·r······n.l • 1\ :v u... ('. t 110j ~. : '" ~em"7D \, Ii' h .~. \ no ~ £:I , ~•.~. ! ,oj 00 >,,1.,'\}'. d.'· . , ~ . . .. . \J\J......: , • D : I •• :" If:" ....;.: "'id'"..... ,. .&I..... • .,. vf \; ",! LI ~... \ j tt: f ~......................... jll. . ···············ltJ ., .

40o

35

10-co1J.....-

15z,0-I-

20~,zUJ 25

~30

SRR68ATTENUATION

-+-900 MHz...0 ..··11.4 GHZ·-0··28.8 GHz


A-54

0

5

10CO':Q..

15z0-~

20<:::>zw 25

~30 .................. ·········1······························-;--············· : : j .

~ ~ ::

······························t·······················..... ..~ .35

40a 2 468

POSITION(m)

10 12

SRR7AATTENUATION

-+-900 MHz...0 .... 11.4 GHZ·0[1··28.8 GHz


A-55

···························1·························· ··,·······················f····· , , .

. ...............~ ~............................. . :

0

5

10..........m'U-....

15z0-t-

20«:,)

zw 25'f:«

30

35

400 2 468

POSITION(m)

10 12

SRR78ATTENUATION

.~900 MHz...0····11.4 GHZ'-0··28.8 GHz


A-56

18166 8 10 12 14

POSITION(m)

42

. ..................( ~ ·i············· .. ·····i ···t·..···· ..

:90%1 9 1 1 0 ~o do 9¢if dQ 8:0 Q ~~o',9 i d\ 9fP\ 9°\

i I; : , : : : : : .Eii 1:1 't:~ i~ ~ ~! ~~ i a I ~"ttl] ;, !ili I]

,. .~ i "D~ 1;1I ! n 'J!'II'" i!" HIil' !w:. I . • ,!"" II a : "!'Il' __at" ~.: 'I,,; I.............................. :~t ""/".......... JV6l~·~\"~~~··t"·t-·~t6··r····tn~···~·················: 'J : r;J 1" r'S!..!t : '1:1: :: D : V ""IiI 1:1 : i.: :

. i 1 0: ! D j 1........................... ','" r ········· ·:····················r········ ·····

,.- , j

0

5

10..--....(1}"0-.....

15z0-I-

20<:::::>zUJ 25

~30

35

400

SRR8AATTENUATION

~900 MHz...0 .... 11.4 GHZ'-0··28.8 GHz

Figure A-57, Penetration loss for storeroom path SRR8A,

A-57

. . ............................! , .. ................... ~.................... .~.. .....

! : i q 0 q:) : ~Obi~ 0 10 :~ 9 6q P 9' 0 Q 00. r:. ; ~ '<T ; '(5: :: 6{ •

:~},~1:~g6r~:IO~:6lJl~~V~~0).. ~!.1..' ~ Ii' 'it.' ftS.' ~ ~ ~ .' ~ ~

v : 1:1"': I, .:' -:g" a: : t!... :; ~i !tlli' Di . i ~ 1;1 Db 1 9 ~ 'iI i!r n ~t1 ',' . : • .....;..&,1 I:J , : ,. ;" '1 ;D'jiI 'II'" ~

............ i········ .... ·..~··~~··f··i ·····1Il¥\··T··-i-cftP\·······~··~W·D·~··~~····IiJ············ ...: : :.. i· I •• : • -r·s TC'ii: • c: : :'! ;. J.! !!: I nit'" .. j • f: : : -. ill.,. If : t-.-.r•• ;:.! u: . n: : : ., . 1:1= T !.:I I : • r, . :' : "Q' : •. :

....... ·······.·.t ...••••.....•.:•••..••••...••••.•.•••.••••••1..•. jX •• ··•.••• '.•••.•..•••.•.i....••...•••••••••••••••••

........ ········r···················t . .... 1 i

30

0

5

10-..co"0""'-'" 15z0-~ 20:::>zw 25

~

35

40o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

POSITION(m)

16 18

SRR88ATTENUATION

-+-900 MHz...0··.. 11.4 GHZ·-0··28.8 GHz


A-58

FORM NTIA-29 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE(4-80) NAT"L. TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND INFORMATION ADMINISTRATION

BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA SHEET

1. PUBLICATION NO. 2. Gov't Accession No. 3. Recipient's Accession No.

94-306

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. Publication Date

Building Penetration and Loss Measurements at May 1994

900 MHz, 11. 4 GHz, and 28.8 GHz. 6. Performing Organization Code

NTIA/ITS7. AUTHOR(S) 9. Project/Task/Work Unit No.

8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS ..

National Telecommunications and Information AdministratiohInstitute for Telecommunication Sciences 10. Contract/Grant No.

325 BroadwayBoulder CO. 80101

11. Sponsoring Organization Name and Address 12. Type of Report and Period Covered

National Telecommunications & Information AdministrationInstitute for Telecommunication Sciences325 Broadway 13.

Boulder, CO. 80303-332814. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

15. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant bibliography or literaturesurvey, mention it here.)

The feasibility of using radio frequencies in the super high frequency (SHF) band (3-30 GHz)for Personal Communications Services (PCS) in buildings depends on the multipath within thestructure and the amount ofattenuation experienced by the electromagnetic waves passing throughthe structures. This study measured these effects to obtain a quantitative estimate of theattenuation magnitude. This magnitude can then be used £or link margin analysis to determineif personal communications at SHF is practical.

16. Key Words (Alphabetical order, separated by semicolons)

Building attenuation; Measurements; Penetration attenuation; Personal communications; PCS.

17. AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 18. Security Class. (This report) 20. Number of pages

iii UNLIMITED.101

19. Security Class. (This page) 21. Price:

0 FOR OFFICIAL DISTRIBUTION.

*u.s. GOVER~MENT PRINTING OFFICE:1994-573-013/00013

building penetration loss measurements at900 mhz, 11.4 ......ntia report 94-306 building penetration...

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