building protection

7/26/2019 Building Protection

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Buildings have to be evaluated largely

on a case-by-case basis because

buildings vary in their tightness


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To achieve the specifc goals orbuilding protection rom a variety o

threats and to meet the requirements.

Selection o components requires anevaluation o many acility-specifcdetails to ensure saety and/orprotection.


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Strategies in Building Protection

1. Passive Protection

It reers to systems that do notinvolve detectors or sensors threatagents to inuence an operational

response.


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It utilies the ollo!ing"

To protect the structure rom

e#ternal actors.

$%er protection rom indoor

releases

&isual 'ecognition o Threats


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2. Active protection

It reers to protection that uses

detectors to recognie the presenceo threat agent. $nce detected( thetreat agent could then be identifed

and an operational responseinitiated to limit the threat.


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Levels of Protection

1. Low-Level Passive Protection

(LP-1

These are protection !ithout the

capability o actively sensing theenvironment or the presence othreat agents.


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2. !igh-Level Passive Protection(LP-2

It involves reducing the vulnerabilityto threat agents that are not part o

standard building protection system.


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". Low-Level Active Protection (LP-"

It is a )detect-to-threat* option that!ould allo! identifcation and

detection system.


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#. !igh-Level Active Protection(LP-#

It requires tiered level o detectionand responses and uses combinations

o lo! regret response option !ith ast(non-specifc detection systems.


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rotective $easures

ecurit% S%ste& ' Burglar Alar& o&ponents

ategories) Input ,evices"These are the sensors that !ill

activate the alarm !hen someonebreas into your home.


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hour Input ,evices"These are special types o sensors

that activate the alarm !hether it isturned on or o% 0 hours a day1. $utput ,evices"

These tell you and your neighbors

that the alarm has been activatedand scare o% intruders.


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2larm 3anel"The alarm panel is the

brains o the alarmsystem. This consists othe circuit board( po!ersupply and battery to

provide po!er( yourphone line connection(and then a metal bo# to

secure it all.


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4eypads"

These are used to

activate/deactivatethe alarm( determine!hat one hastripped the alarm(perormsprogramming anddiagnostics activities.


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*%pes of Sensors ' +nput ,evices

,oor Sensor. ,oor sensors !illtrigger the alarm !hen the door isopened.


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5indo! Sensor.

5indo! sensors

!ill trigger the alarm!hen the !indo! isopened. 6nlie door

sensors( thesesensors are visibleon the !indo!.


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7otion ,etector. 03assive Inraredsensors1

7otion detectors !ill trigger thealarm !hen they detect motion in theirarea o coverage. Some motion

detectors !ill detect small pets andset o% the alarm( !hile others aredesigned ignore pets up to 8 or

even 98 pounds.


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:lass Brea Sensor.

2 glass brea sensor

!ill trigger the alarm!hen it detects the noiseor vibration o glassbreaing. ,ropping a glassor loud noises cansometimes trip a glassbrea sensor and set o%

the alarm.


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5ater Sensor5ater sensors are

used to alert you or your

alarm monitoringcompany in case there is

a !ater lea. Some!ater sensors / alarmsystems are capable oturning o% the !ater!hen a lea is detected.


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Smoe Sensor

It alert you or youralarm monitoringcompany in casethere is detected

smoe or carbonmono#ide emission.


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Security cameras

These are great !ay

to provide security oryour home or !orplace.2s !ell as providing you!ith video ootage o

any events that mayhappen( they also act asa visible deterrent to

criminals.


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Sirens ' utput,evices

!orn'Siren. Thesiren maes the noise!hen the alarm is

activated. It isstronglyrecommended since it

!ill do the most to


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Stroe'/&ergenc%Light. Is another

!ay to alertneighbors that youralarm has been

activated. Strobelights can also beused inside the home

or the hearing


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2n emergency

light is a battery-baced lightingdevice thats!itches on

automatically!hen a buildinge#periences

a po!er outage.


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ther Alar&o&ponents 0e%padare used to

activate anddeactivate the alarm.2 eypad should belocated near theentrance/e#it o yourhome that you aremost liely to use so

you can activate the


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$ain Panel is the;brain; o the alarmsystem

The circuit boards areplaced in a loced

metal bo# that alsocontains a batterybacup.


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Alar& ire is to purchase a roll osolid conductor 25: alarm !ire0blac( red( green( < yello!1.


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'ule D. Interpretation)It is the policy o the State to ensure publicsaety( promote economic developmentthrough the prevention and suppression o

all inds( o destructive fres( and promotethe proessionaliation o the fre service asa proession. To!ards this end( the Stateshall enorce all la!s( rules and regulations

to ensure adherence to standard freprevention and saety measures( andpromote accountability in the fre protection

and prevention service.*


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2. $ccupant =oad The occupant load oresidential occupancies in number opersons or !hom e#its are to be provided

e#cept in detached single-and-t!o-amilyd!ellings shall be determined on the basiso one 0D1 person per eighteen and si#-tenths square meters 0D9.F m1 gross oorarea( or the ma#imum probable populationo any room or section under consideration(!hichever is greater.

S>ATI$? D8..D.

'>G6I'>7>?TS


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B. Aapacity o >#its Aapacity o means oegress shall be in accordance !ith SectionD8..C. paragraph )A* o this I''. Aapacityo 7eans o >gress

D. The egress capacity or approvedcomponents o means o egress shall bebased on the capacity actors sho!n in TableD.


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. The required capacity o a corridor shallbe the occupant load that utilies thecorridor or e#it access divided by the

required number o e#its to !hich thecorridor connects( but the corridor capacityshall be not less than the required capacityo the e#it to !hich the corridor leads.


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A. 7aintenance o >#its

D. ?o door in any means o egress

shall be loced against egress !henthe building is occupied.


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A. 7aintenance o >#its. ?o residential occupancy shall have itsmeans o egress pass through anynonresidential occupancy in the same building(

e#cept in buildings provided !ith approved(supervised sprinler system provided that themeans o egress shall not pass through a highhaard content area as determined by the

Aity/7unicipal @ire 7arshal having Hurisdictionand the means o egress shall be separated bya construction o not less than D hour.


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A. 7aintenance o >#its

. ?o guest room or guest suite shall bepermitted to be located above anonresidential occupancy e#cept !hen theguest room or guest suite and its e#its areseparated rom the nonresidentialoccupancy by construction having a fre

resistance rating o not less than D hour or!hen the nonresidential occupancy isprotected throughout by approved(supervised sprinler system.


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2. :eneral This Section covers

detached single and t!o amilyd!ellings as specifed in SectionD8..D.D o this I''. 5here theoccupancy is so limited( the onlyrequirements applicable are those inthis Section.

S>ATI$? D8..D.F SI?:=> 2?, T5$ @27I=J,5>==I?:S


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B. 7eans o >scape'equirements

D. ?umber( Type and 2ccess to 7eans o >scape

a. In any d!elling o more than t!o 01 rooms(

every room used or sleeping( living or diningpurposes shall have at least t!o 01 means oescape at least one 0D1 o !hich shall be a dooror stair!ay providing a means o unobstructedtravel to the outside o the building at street or

ground level. ?o room or space shall be occupiedor living or sleeping purposes !hich is accessibleonly by a ladder( olding stairs or through a trapdoor.


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B. 7eans o >scape 'equirements

b. >very sleeping room shall have at least one 0D1outside !indo!. Such !indo! could be opened romthe inside( !ithout the use o tools( eys or special

e%ort or no!ledge to provide a clear opening onot less than fve hundred si#ty millimeters 0CF8mm1 in !idth and eight hundred millimeters 0988mm1 in height. The bottom o the opening shall be

not more than one hundred t!enty t!o centimeters0D cm1 above the oor( e#cept i the room hast!o 01 doors providing separate !ays o escape orhas a door leading directly outside o the building.


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B. 7eans o >scape 'equirementsc. ?o required path o travel to the outsiderom any room shall be through anotherroom or apartment not under the immediate

control o the occupant o the frst room orhis amily( not through a bathroom or otherspace subHect to locing.

d. ?o e#it access rom sleeping rooms tooutside shall be less than ninety centimeters08 cm1 !ide.


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. ,oors

a. ?o doors in the path o travel providing meanso escape shall be less than seventy centimeters

0K8 cm1 o clear !idth.b. >very closet door latch shall be such that

children can open the door rom inside the closet.

c. >very bathroom door loc shall be designed to

permit the opening o the loced door rom theoutside in an emergency.


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. Stairs The !idth( risers( and treads o every stair

shall comply at least !ith the minimumrequirements or stairs( as described in SectionD8..C. o this I''.


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ATI$? D8..C. ST2I'S

2. :eneral D. Stairs used as a component in the means o

egress shall conorm to the general

requirements o Section D8..C. o this I'' andto the special requirements o this Section. . 2ll stair!ays designated as a means oegress shall be continuous rom the uppermost

oor level do!n to ground oor.


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ATI$? D8..C. ST2I'S

B. ,imensional AriteriaD. Standard stairs shall meet the ollo!ing

criteria"

a. ?e! stairs shall be in accordance !ithTable and . b. >#isting stairs shall be permitted to

remain in use( provided that they meet the

requirements or e#isting stairs sho!n inTable .


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c. 2pproved e#isting stairs shall be permitted tobe rebuilt in accordance !ith the ollo!ing"

i. ,imensional criteria o Table .

ii. $ther stair requirements o Section D8..C.

o this I''.

ATI$? D8..C. ST2I'S


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d. The requirements or ne! and e#isting stairsshall not apply to stairs located in industrialequipment access areas e#cept as other!iseprovided in ,ivision DC o this Ahapter.

. 7inimum ?e! Stair 5idtha. 5here the total occupant load o all storeys

served by the stair is e!er than C8( the minimum!idth clear o all obstructions( e#cept proHections

not more than one hundred ourteen millimeters0DD mm1 at or belo! handrail height on each side(

shall be nine hundred fteen millimeters 0DCmm1.


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b. 5here stairs serve occupant loadse#ceeding that permitted by para B 0a1 othis Section( the minimum !idth clear o all

obstructions( e#cept proHections not morethan one hundred ourteen millimeters 0DDmm1 at or belo! handrail height on eachside( shall be in accordance !ith Table and

the requirements o para B 0c1( 0d1( and 0e1o this Section.


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c. The total cumulative occupant load assigned to aparticular stair shall be that stairLs prorated share othe total occupant load( as stipulated in 0d1 and 0e1(calculated in proportion to the stair !idth.

d. @or do!n!ard egress travel( stair !idth shall bebased on the total number o occupants rom storeysabove the level !here the !idth is measured.

e. @or up!ard egress travel( stair !idth shall bebased on the total number o occupants rom storeysbelo! the level !here the !idth is measured.


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A. Interior @inish Interior fnish o occupiedspaces o ne! buildings shall be Alass 2( Bor A as defned in Section D8..F. o this

I'' and in e#isting buildings the interiorfnish shall be Alass 2( B( A or ,.


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Interior fnish materials shall be grouped in theollo!ing classes( in accordance !ith their amespreads rating.

a. Alass 2 Interior @inish @lame Spread 8.C.Include any material classifed at C or less onthe test scale described in paragraph 01 hereo.2ny element thereo !hen so tested shall not

continue to propagate freM

b. Alass B Interior @inish @lame Spread F-KC.Includes any material classifed at more than Cbut not more than KC on the test scale

described in paragraph 01 hereoM


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c. Alass A Interior @inis @lame Spread KF-88.Includes any material classifed at more than KC butnot more than 88 on the test scale described inparagraph 01 hereoM

d. Alass , Interior @inish @lame Spread 8D -C88.Includes any material classifed at more than 88but not more than C88 on the test scale describedin paragraph 01 hereo( and

e. Alass > Interior @inish @lame Spread over C88.Includes any material classifed at over C88 on thetest scale described in paragraph 01 belo!.


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,. Building Service >quipment ?o heatingequipment such as stove or combustionheater shall be so located as to bloc escape

in case o fre arising rom malunctioning othe stove or heater.


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ire Protection

Sprinler open

automatically attemperature DCdegree @ahrenheit toDF8 degree @ahrenheitand emit a series o fne!ater sprays.


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ire Protection

5et 3ipe reers to piping installations!herein both the mains and the

distribution pipes are constantly flled!ith !ater.


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,ry 3ipe reers to the pipinginstallations !here there is no !aterstanding in the distribution pipe(

e#cept during the occurrence o fre.This is generally confned to unheatedbuildings.


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/arth3ua4e Protection/arth3ua4e $easure&ent

7agnitude N numerical quantities that

measure the po!er o an earthquae.

Intensity N an indication o anearthquaeLs apparent severity at a

specifc location.


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5esponse of Buildings

Stresses are introduced to buildings

and other structures !hen subHected toorces rom earthquae vibrationbecause o the inertia o the structure.

Building codes permit under

earthquae loading a one-thirdincreases in allo!able design stressesand allo!able soil bearing pressures.


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Structural ,esign

Bo6 S%ste&

This design usually utilies concrete rooand oor diaphragms that distributeearthquae orces to cross or end !alls

0no!n as shear !alls1( constructed oreinorced concrete or masonry( orbraced steel.


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Structural ,esignBraced ra&e

The braced rame design concept taes

advantage o the ductile nature o steel.7embers are essentially subHected only toa#ial stress. Because o this high energyabsorption ability( lo!er lateral design

orces are required by the codes orbraced rame than or bo# systembuildings.


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Structural ,esign

,uctile $o&ent-5esisting Spacera&e

is a steel or reinorced concreterame!or in !hich horiontal orcesapplied to it are carried do!n to thebuilding oundations via a system ointerconnected vertical and horiontalliterally supported members.


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Lightning Protection=ightning protection system is composed o three maincomponents"

D.'ods or O2ir TerminalsO - The small(vertical protrusions designed to act asthe OterminalO or a lightning discharge.'ods can be ound in di%erent shapes(

sies and designs.


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. Aonductor Aables - Eeavy cables thatcarry lightning current rom the rods to theground. Aables are run along the tops and

around the edges o roos( then do!n oneor more corners o a building to theground rod0s1.


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. :round 'ods - =ong( thic(heavy rods buried deep into

the earth around aprotected structure. Theconductor cables areconnected to these rods tocomplete a sae path or alightning discharge around astructure.


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5hat does =ightning System can doP

,onOt attract lightning ,onOt and cannot dissipate or prevent

lightning by OdrainingO a storm o itscharge 7ost donOt o%er surge protection or

sensitive electronics ,o o%er fre protection and structural

damage protection by preventing a hot(e#plosive lightning channel rom passingthrough building materials


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5ind and Typhoon 3rotection

D. 6ses durable materials


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. -side slope roos


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5ind andTyphoon3rotection

. Stilts


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. Tempered glass !ith protective sticer


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C. Storm shutters


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F. Sae( elevated location

K. 'evise building standards


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Types o @lood 3rotection

Per&anent Protection consists oeatures !hich become an actual

part o the building or adHacentproperty such as briced-up !indo!sor dies.


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lood doors may be hinged orsuspended above openings bypulleys. @lood doors maybe

constructed o aluminum( steel or!ood.

indowscan be flled !ith

materials similar to !all. 5here airlylo! ood levels are e#pected( it maybe suQcient to bloc up only thelo!er portions o !indo!s.


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+nterior Protection

Sump pump areas

Interior protective !alls Sealing o slabs and !alls


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ontingent Protection consists oportable types o temporary

protection !hich are planned !ell inadvance o the actual emergency. Itincludes ood shields !hich areplaced over !indo!s( and covers or

ground-level openings.


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/&ergenc% Protection iscomprised o measures taen ater

ood !arnings are issued and it isound that the permanent orcontingent measures are lacing orinsuQcient. It usually entails using

available materials and manpo!eron a )best e%ort* basis to do!hatever is possible.


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/&ergenc% Protection iscomprised o measures taen ater

ood !arnings are issued and it isound that the permanent orcontingent measures are lacing orinsuQcient. It usually entails using

available materials and manpo!eron a )best e%ort* basis to do!hatever is possible.


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/&ergenc% lood Protection

Sandbagging

3rotection o Aontents


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2ction 2ter @lood

Site >ngineeringRD. I the site chosen is not a )dry land*area( the possibility o constructingdrainage( culverts( dams( !ater reservoirs

and storage areas( and controlled run-o%sshould be researched.


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R. 2 primary method o e%ective siteengineering is to establish grades above thee#pected ma#imum ood level

R. The easibility o constructing oodbarriers and gates should be e#plored not

Hust as an independent proHect but through

consultation !ith the 6.S. 2rmy Aorps o>ngineers and ederal and localgovernments.


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R. The possibility o e#cavating ne!diversion canals or dredging e#isting canalsshould be e#plored.

RC. The establishment o minimum oorgrades to elevate damageable oors aboveproHected ood height depends a great deal

on the type o occupancy at the variousoor levels.


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RF. Thought should be given to the use oood potential areas or improvements!hich are not subHect to high damage and!here the type o occupancy could beclassed as mobile.

RK. ,ecorative and ornamental precast

concrete ood curbs can be installed !hich!ill not detract rom the out!ardappearance o a structure.


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2ction 2ter @loodStructural ,esign

RD. The architect and engineer need to

produce a oundation !hich !ill berelatively una%ected by !ater or !ater o!.

R. In many cases( utilities must be placed

in the ground to avoid unsightly overhead orsurace po!er lines.


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Structural ,esign

R. 2ll underground utilities !hich involverun-o% !ater or se!erage should be

equipped !ith bac pressure( chec( orclapper valves to eliminate !ater bac-upinto the structure area.


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Structural ,esign

R. The importance o slab and oundationdesign cannot be underestimated. 'elie o

this pressure can be accomplished byinstalling sump pumps and sub drainsconnected to e%ective drainage systems

RC. Installation o a sump system isrecommended even though it may only taecare o ordinary seepage.


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Structural ,esign

RF. 3edestal construction is recommendedor equipment o machinery !hich must be

located in building areas belo! theprescribed minimum grade.

RK. 3lans or the evacuation o contents

!hich may be located in the ood potentialarea a critical ingredient o any ood-proofng e%ort.


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aterproo7ng S%ste&

There are three components o any systemdesigned to eep !ater out. These are( rom thebottom up"

,rains to move !ater a!ay rom thebottom o the oundation

5all treatment to prevent moisture rommoving through the !all and to route!ater do!n to the drains

:round surace treatment adHacent to thebuilding to direct surace !ater a!ay

building protection

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