building science 2 - project 2: integration with

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING AND DESIGN (SABD)BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONS) ARCHITECTURE

BUILDINGBUILDINGBUILDINGBUILDING SCIENCESCIENCESCIENCESCIENCE 2222 (ARC(ARC(ARC(ARC 3413)3413)3413)3413)

PROJECTPROJECTPROJECTPROJECT 2:2:2:2: INTEGRATIONINTEGRATIONINTEGRATIONINTEGRATIONWITHWITHWITHWITH DESIGNDESIGNDESIGNDESIGN STUDIOSTUDIOSTUDIOSTUDIO 5555(BRICKFIELDS(BRICKFIELDS(BRICKFIELDS(BRICKFIELDS COMMUNITYCOMMUNITYCOMMUNITYCOMMUNITY LIBRARY)LIBRARY)LIBRARY)LIBRARY)

FINAL REPORTAND CALCULATIONS

NAME:NAME:NAME:NAME: NGNGNGNGWEIWEIWEIWEI YINGYINGYINGYINGSTUDENTSTUDENTSTUDENTSTUDENT ID:ID:ID:ID: 0316366031636603163660316366TUTOR:TUTOR:TUTOR:TUTOR: MR.MR.MR.MR. SANJEHSANJEHSANJEHSANJEH

TABLETABLETABLETABLE OFOFOFOF CONTENTCONTENTCONTENTCONTENT

CONTENTCONTENTCONTENTCONTENT PAGEPAGEPAGEPAGE

1.01.01.01.0 LIGHTINGLIGHTINGLIGHTINGLIGHTING

1.1 Daylighting 1 - 21.2 Artificial Lighting 3 - 81.3 PSALI 9 - 12

2.02.02.02.0 ACOUSTICACOUSTICACOUSTICACOUSTIC

2.1 Sound Pressure Level (SPL) 13 - 162.2 Reverberation Time (RT) 17 - 202.3 Sound Reduction Index (SRI) 21 - 24

REFERENCEREFERENCEREFERENCEREFERENCE 25

1

1.1.1.1. LIGHTINGLIGHTINGLIGHTINGLIGHTING

1.11.11.11.1 DaylightingDaylightingDaylightingDaylighting

Space:Space:Space:Space: InternalInternalInternalInternal CourtyardCourtyardCourtyardCourtyard

AccordingAccordingAccordingAccording totototo MS1525,MS1525,MS1525,MS1525, DaylightDaylightDaylightDaylight FactorFactorFactorFactor distributiondistributiondistributiondistribution asasasas belowbelowbelowbelow

Daylight Factor (%) Distribution

>6 Very bright with thermal and glareproblem

3 - 6 Bright

1 - 3 Average

0 - 1 Dark

The selected Internal Courtyard is located at first floor, placed directly underneath askylight on the roof. Thus, exposing the courtyard to full coverage of sunlight duringthe daytime.

Daylight factor (DF) Calculation

Formula: DF = (Ei / Eo) x 100%

Floor Area (m 2 ) 71.72

Area of facade exposed to sunlight (m 2 ) 37.35

Area exposed to Skylight (m 2 ) 71.72

2

Daylight Factor (%) [(37.35 + 71.72) ÷ 71.72] x 100%

= 152.07 x 0.1

= 15.2 %

The selected internal courtyard has a daylight factor of 15.2%. Based on therequirements of MS1525, this reading space is too bright and has even distribution ofnatural daylighting as it exceeds the 6% factor. To reduce the thermal and glareproblem, double facade system is proposed for the facade design of the library. Thedouble skin starts from the first floor and ends at the third floor of the building, withfixed panels and automatic adjustable louvers on its second skin, it is able to reducethe amount of sunlight from penetrating into the space. The inner facade glazinguses low-e laminated glass. The courtyard is also placed at the first floor of thebuilding, with 15m of height away from the skylight. Trees are also planted in thecourtyard to provide shading and reading spaces for the visitors.

3

1.21.21.21.2 ArtificialArtificialArtificialArtificial LightingLightingLightingLighting

Space:Space:Space:Space: MultipurposeMultipurposeMultipurposeMultipurpose HallHallHallHall

The selected multipurpose hall is located at the third floor. Sufficient and evendistribution of lighting is needed to create a warm ambiance and to light up the hallfor various exhibition activities.

AccordingAccordingAccordingAccording totototo MS1525,MS1525,MS1525,MS1525, thethethethe minimumminimumminimumminimum lightinglightinglightinglighting levellevellevellevel requiredrequiredrequiredrequired forforforfor aaaa multipurposemultipurposemultipurposemultipurposehallhallhallhall isisisis 300300300300 luxluxluxlux.

TypeTypeTypeType ofofofof LuminaireLuminaireLuminaireLuminaire usedusedusedused

Type of fixture Circular LED Downlight

Product brand & code The Asteriod Dimmable LED Downlight

Luminous Flux (lm) 3000

Color Rendering Index (CRI) 90

4

Color Temperature (K) 3200k warm white

Wattage (per head) 18 Watt

Voltage 240 V

Features This fitting uses 3200k warm white LEDs for a smoothwarm light output and is complemented by the frostedglass front that softens the light output.

LumenLumenLumenLumen MethodMethodMethodMethod CalculationCalculationCalculationCalculation

Dimension of room Length (L) = 8m

Width (W) = 12.1m

Height of the ceiling = 4.4m

Total floor Area / A 96.8 2m

Height of luminaire (m) 4.4

Work level (m) 0.8

Mounting Height / H (hm) 3.6

Lumen of lighting fixtures/ F (lux)

3000

Standard illuminationrequired according toMS1525

300

Reflectance Value Ceiling: 0.7 Wall: 0.5 Floor: 0.2

Room Index / RI (K)

K = [mhML

LxM)( +

]

K =)6.3)(1.120.8(

1.120.8+x

=63.728.96

= 1.34

Utilization Factor / UF 0.51

Maintenance factor / MF 0.8

Lumen Calculation

N = [FxUFxMF

ExA ]

N =)8.0)(51.0)(3000(

)8.96)(300(

= 24 bulbs

Spacing to height ratio(SHR) SHR =

6.31 x

246.98

5

SHR =Hm1 x

NA = 0.563

SHR =6.3S = 0.563

S = 2.027

Fittings Layout Fittings required along 8m wall

= 8 ÷ 2.027 = 3.9

= 4 rows

Fittings required along 12.1m wall

= 12.1 ÷ 2.027 = 5.9

= 6 rows

There are 24 light fittings to illuminate the Multipurpose hall to achieve minimumreading of 300 lux that is required by the MS1525.

6

Space:Space:Space:Space: ICTICTICTICT RoomRoomRoomRoom

The selected ICT Room is located at first floor. Online databases and variouscomputer and technological facilities are provided to the community.

AccordingAccordingAccordingAccording totototo MS1525,MS1525,MS1525,MS1525, thethethethe minimumminimumminimumminimum lightinglightinglightinglighting levellevellevellevel requiredrequiredrequiredrequired forforforfor aaaa computercomputercomputercomputerroomroomroomroom isisisis 500500500500 lux.lux.lux.lux.


Type of fixture Florescent Batten Light

Product brand & code Philips



Color Temperature (K) 3000


Voltage 230 V

7

Features Wide beam light distribution with frostedcovering diffuser to ensures visualcomfort


Dimension of room Length (L) = 8m

Width (W) = 7.68m




Work level (m) 1.2



3800


500


Room Index / RI (K)

K = [mhML

LxM)( +

]

K =)2.3)(6.78(

6.78+x

=92.498.60

= 1.22



Lumen Calculation

N = [FxUFxMF

ExA ]

N =)8.0)(54.0)(3800(

)44.61)(500(

= 18.71

= 19 bulbs

Spacing to height ratio(SHR) SHR =

2.31 x

1944.61

= 0.562

8

SHR =Hm1 x

NA SHR =

2.3S = 0.562

S = 1.8

Fittings Layout Fittings required along 8m wall

= 8 ÷ 1.8 = 4.44

= 5 rows


= 7.68 ÷ 1.8 = 4.27

= 4.27

= 4 rows

There are 20 light fittings in the ICT room to achieve uniform lighting and also therequired 500 lux of a computer room. Minimum of 19 lightings are calculated and the20th light is added to create uniform lighting of the space.

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1.31.31.31.3 PSALIPSALIPSALIPSALI ---- PermanentPermanentPermanentPermanent SupplementarySupplementarySupplementarySupplementary ArtificialArtificialArtificialArtificial LightingLightingLightingLighting ofofofof InteriorsInteriorsInteriorsInteriors

Space:Space:Space:Space: QuietQuietQuietQuiet ReadingReadingReadingReading AreaAreaAreaArea

The selected space is located at the top most floor, third floor of the library. Thespace has a front facade that is exposed to daylight as well as huge skylightscovering the both sides of the space, bringing diffused daylight into the space. Thereading area required artificial lighting in the middle of the space to achieve uniformlighting.

AccordingAccordingAccordingAccording totototo MS1525,MS1525,MS1525,MS1525, thethethethe minimumminimumminimumminimum lightinglightinglightinglighting levellevellevellevel requiredrequiredrequiredrequired forforforfor aaaa readingreadingreadingreading roomroomroomroomisisisis 300300300300 lux.lux.lux.lux.


Type of fixture Surface Mounted LED Light in Batten

\

10

Product brand & code Philips LED 52



Color Temperature (K) 4000


Voltage 230 V

Features Surface mounted with built in reflecters


Dimension of room Length (L) = 10.74m

Width (W) = 14.1m




Work level (m) 1.2



4250


300


Room Index / RI (K)

K = [mhML

LxM)( +

]

K =)2.3)(1.1474.10(

)1.14)(74.10(+

=49.7943.151

= 1.91



Lumen Calculation N =)8.0)(51.0)(4250(

)43.151)(300(

11

N = [FxUFxMF

ExA ] = 26.2

= 26 bulbs

Spacing to height ratio(SHR)

SHR =Hm1 x

NA

SHR =2.31 x

2643.151

= 0.754

SHR =2.3S = 0.754

S = 2.413

Fittings Layout Fittings required along 10.74m wall

= 10.74 ÷ 2.413

= 4.45

= 5 rows


= 14.1 ÷ 2.413

= 5.84

= 6 rows

There are 30 light fittings at the reading space of the library. There are controlled by5 switches, SW5, SW4 and SW1 can be turned off during the day due to sufficient

12

daylighting from the facade and the skylights above. SW2 and SW3 have to beturned on during the day to achieve the 300 lux requirement of MS1525 and alsouniform lighting of the space.

13

2.2.2.2. ACOUSTICACOUSTICACOUSTICACOUSTIC

2.12.12.12.1 SoundSoundSoundSound PressurePressurePressurePressure Level,Level,Level,Level, SPLSPLSPLSPL

Space:Space:Space:Space: LibraryLibraryLibraryLibrary LobbyLobbyLobbyLobby

PeakPeakPeakPeak HourHourHourHour (((( JalanJalanJalanJalan TunTunTunTun AbdulAbdulAbdulAbdul Samad)Samad)Samad)Samad)

HighestHighestHighestHighest Reading:Reading:Reading:Reading: 85858585 dBdBdBdB

LowestLowestLowestLowest Reading:Reading:Reading:Reading: 70dB70dB70dB70dB

Where = sound power (intensity) (Watts)

= reference power (1 x Watts)

HighestHighestHighestHighest Reading:Reading:Reading:Reading:

85 = 10log10 ( 1I / 0I )

Antilog 8.5 = [ 1I / (1.0 x1210− )]

1 x 5.810 = [ 1I / (1.0 x1210− )]

1I = 3.16 x 410−

LowestLowestLowestLowest Reading:Reading:Reading:Reading:

70 = 10log10 ( 1I / 0I )

Antilog 70 = [ 1I / (1.0 x1210− )]

1 x 710 = [ 1I / (1.0 x1210− )]

1I = 1.0 x 510−

14

TotalTotalTotalTotal intensities:intensities:intensities:intensities:

Total intensities, I

=(3.16 x 410− ) +(1.0 x 510− )

= 3.26 x 410−

CombinedCombinedCombinedCombined SPL:SPL:SPL:SPL:

10log10 ( 1I / 0I )

= 10 10log (3.26 x 410− / 0I )

= 10 10log (3.26 x 410− / 1.0 x 1210− )

= 85dB

The sound pressure for lobby is 52dB. The combine SPL reading of 85dB of JalanAbdul Samad is too high for lobby space.

The design solution proposed to address to this issue to create buffering publicspaces facing the front of Jalan Abdul Samad, such as cafe and bookstore.Moreover, the facade of the ground floor lobby space is flanked with thick concretewall without openings, except for the entrance door to block out the external noisefrom entering the lobby.

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Space:Space:Space:Space: CafeCafeCafeCafe

NoiseNoiseNoiseNoise source:source:source:source:MorningMorningMorningMorning marketmarketmarketmarket rrrreading:eading:eading:eading: 88880000 dBdBdBdB

NormalNormalNormalNormal conversationconversationconversationconversation andandandand dining:dining:dining:dining: 60dB60dB60dB60dB

Where = sound power (intensity) (Watts)

= reference power (1 x Watts)

HighestHighestHighestHighest Reading:Reading:Reading:Reading:

80 = 10log10 ( 1I / 0I )

Antilog 8 = [ 1I / (1.0 x1210− )]

1 x 810 = [ 1I / (1.0 x1210− )]

1I = 1.0 x 410−

LowestLowestLowestLowest Reading:Reading:Reading:Reading:

60 = 10log10 ( 1I / 0I )

Antilog 60 = [ 1I / (1.0 x1210− )]

1 x 610 = [ 1I / (1.0 x1210− )]

1I = 1.0 x 610−

16

TotalTotalTotalTotal intensities:intensities:intensities:intensities:

Total intensities, I

=(1.0 x 410− ) +(1.0 x 610− )

= 1.1 x 410−

CombinedCombinedCombinedCombined SPL:SPL:SPL:SPL:

10log10 ( 1I / 0I )

= 10 10log (1.1 x 410− / 0I )

= 10 10log (1.1 x 410− / 1.0 x 1210− )

= 80dB

The sound pressure for cafe is within 50 to 68dB. The combine SPL reading of 80dBis too high for cafe space.

The design solution proposed to address to this issue to create an outdoor cafesitting area that acts as the buffering zone between the morning market and indoorcafe. The outdoor sitting area is also planted with tree that absorb the noise comingfrom the market.

17

2.22.22.22.2 ReverberationReverberationReverberationReverberation TimeTimeTimeTime (RT)(RT)(RT)(RT)

Space:Space:Space:Space: MultipurposeMultipurposeMultipurposeMultipurpose HallHallHallHall

Total floor area ( 2m ) 97

Volume ( 3m ) 485

Occupancy (pax) 80

MaterialMaterialMaterialMaterial AbsorptionAbsorptionAbsorptionAbsorption CoefficientCoefficientCoefficientCoefficient atatatat 2000Hz2000Hz2000Hz2000Hz

BuildingElements

Materials Area ( 2m ) AbsorptionCoefficient(2000Hz)

Area xAbsorptionCoefficient

Wall Glazing 40.00 0.02 0.8

Brick infill, plastered 161.10 0.02 3.22

Floor Concrete Slab 97.00 0.01 0.97

Timber floor finish 97.00 0.06 5.82

Ceiling Plasterboard 97.00 0.04 3.88

Occupants 80.00 0.51 40.8

Total Absorption, A = 55.49

18

RT

= 0.16 V/A

= 0.16 (485 / 55.49)

=1.39s

The reverberation time for Multipurpose Hall in 2000 Hz of absorption coefficient is1.39s. According to the standard of reverberation time, the standard comfort ofgeneral use hall is within the range the range of 1 to 1.8s. Hence, the reverberationtime of multipurpose hall is within the range of comfort reverberation time.

19

Space:Space:Space:Space: CafeCafeCafeCafe

Total floor area ( 2m ) 58.18

Volume ( 3m ) 290.88

Occupancy (pax) 32

MaterialMaterialMaterialMaterial AbsorptionAbsorptionAbsorptionAbsorption CoefficientCoefficientCoefficientCoefficient atatatat 2000Hz2000Hz2000Hz2000Hz

BuildingElements




Concrete wall,plastered

78 0.01 0.78



Ceiling Plasterboard 58.18 0.04 2.33

Occupants 32 0.51 16.32

Furniture(unit)

Timber 30 0.06 1.8


20

RT

= 0.16 V/A

= 0.16 (290.88 / 26.84)

= 1.73s

The reverberation time for Cafe in 2000Hz of absorption coefficient is 1.73s.According to the standard of reverberation time, the standard comfort of general usehall is within the range the range of 1 to 1.3s. Hence, the reverberation time of cafeis not within the standard range of comfort reverberation time.

The proposed solution for reducing the RT of the cafe is to apply acoustic ceiling tiles.

MaterialMaterialMaterialMaterial absorptionabsorptionabsorptionabsorption coefficientcoefficientcoefficientcoefficient atatatat 2000Hz2000Hz2000Hz2000Hz withwithwithwith acousticacousticacousticacoustic ceilingceilingceilingceiling tiles.tiles.tiles.tiles.

BuildingElements




Concrete wall,plastered

78 0.01 0.78



Ceiling Acoustic tiles 29.09 0.88 25.6

Plasterboard 29.09 0.04 1.16

Occupants 32 0.51 16.32

Furniture(unit)

Timber 30 0.06 1.8


RT

= 0.16 V/A

= 0.16 (290.88 / 51.27)

= 1s

The reverberation time for cafe in 2000Hz of absorption coefficient has reduced to 1s,which is within the standard range of 1 to 1.3s. Hence, the reverberation time of cafeis within the standard comfort reverberation time.

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2.32.32.32.3 SoundSoundSoundSound TransmissionTransmissionTransmissionTransmission LossLossLossLoss

Space:Space:Space:Space: LobbyLobbyLobbyLobby andandandand JalanJalanJalanJalan SultanSultanSultanSultan AbdulAbdulAbdulAbdul SamadSamadSamadSamad

TheTheTheThe soundsoundsoundsound pressurepressurepressurepressure levellevellevellevel ofofofof lobbylobbylobbylobby spacespacespacespace isisisis 52dB52dB52dB52dB accordingaccordingaccordingaccording totototo thethethethe AmericanAmericanAmericanAmericanNationalNationalNationalNational StandardStandardStandardStandard InstituteInstituteInstituteInstitute (ANSI).(ANSI).(ANSI).(ANSI).

Components

Material Area ( 2m ) SoundReductionIndex (SRI)

TransmissionCoefficient

Area x Tcn

Wall Concrete 115 46dB 3.98 x 510− 4.6 x 310−

Door TemperedGlass

19.5 35dB 3.16 x 410− 6.2 x 310−

ConcreteConcreteConcreteConcrete WallWallWallWall

Using SRI = 10 10log 1/T

46 = 10 10log 1/T

1/T = (10^4.6)

T = 1/ (10^4.6)

= 2.5 x 510−

TemperedTemperedTemperedTempered GlassGlassGlassGlass


35 = 10 10log 1/T

1/T = (10^3.5)

T = 1/ (10^3.5)

= 3.16 X 410−

22

T av = [(115 x 2.5 x510− ) + (19.5 x 3.16 X 410− )/ 134.5]

= (0.002875 + 0.006162) / 134.5

= 6.72 x 10 5−

Overall SRI = 10 10log 1/T

= 10 10log 1/ (6.72 x 10 5− )

= 42 dB

85dB - 42dB = 43dB

The overall transmission loss from Jalan Sultan Abdul Samad to the lobby is 43dB.The calculated sound pressure level at Jalan Sultan Abdul Samad is 85dB, thesound that is transmitted through the concrete wall into the lobby is 43dB. Accordingto the Noise criteria environment perception, 43dB is at the category of a normalspeech conversation noise. Furthermore, it is lower than the standard SPL of lobbyspace according to MS1525 which is 52dB. Therefore, it is an ideal value for lobbyspace as external noise does not penetrate into the library spaces and disrupt theactivities within the lobby.

23

Space:Space:Space:Space: KitchenKitchenKitchenKitchen andandandand CafeCafeCafeCafe

TheTheTheThe soundsoundsoundsound pressurepressurepressurepressure levellevellevellevel ofofofof cafecafecafecafe isisisis 59dB59dB59dB59dB accordingaccordingaccordingaccording totototo thethethethe AmericanAmericanAmericanAmerican NationalNationalNationalNationalStandardStandardStandardStandard InstituteInstituteInstituteInstitute (ANSI).(ANSI).(ANSI).(ANSI).

Components

Material Area ( 2m ) SoundReductionIndex (SRI)

TransmissionCoefficient

Area x Tcn

Wall Concrete 18.7 46dB 3.98 x 510− 7.44 x 10 4−

Door Timber 4.5 22dB 6.31x 10 3− 2.84 x 10 4−

ConcreteConcreteConcreteConcrete WallWallWallWall


46 = 10 10log 1/T

1/T = (10^4.6)

T = 1/ (10^4.6)

= 2.5 x 510−

TimberTimberTimberTimber DoorDoorDoorDoor


22 = 10 10log 1/T

24

1/T = (10^2.2)

T = 1/ (10^2.2)

= 6.3 x 10 3−

T av = [(18.7 x 2.5 x510− ) + (4.5 x 6.3 x 10 3− )/ 23.2]

= (0.0004675 + 0.02845) / 23.2

= 1.24 x 103−

Overall SRI = 10 10log 1/T

= 10 10log 1/ (1.24 x 103−

)

= 29dB

80dB - 29dB = 51dB

The overall transmission loss from Kitchen to the Cafe is 51dB. The estimated soundpressure level in the kitchen is 80dB, the sound that is transmitted through theconcrete wall into the cafe is 51dB. It is lower than the standard SPL of cafeaccording to MS1525 which is 59dB. Therefore, it is an ideal value for cafe space asthe activities noise coming from the kitchen is prevented from penetrating the cafespace and people are able to dine and carry on conservations over their mealwithout unpleasant noise from disrupting their chatter.

25

ReferenceReferenceReferenceReference

Absorption coefficient building material finishes RT60 alpha coefficient acoustic

absorption floor seating wall ceiling miscellaneous materials - sengpielaudio

Sengpiel Berlin. (n.d.). Retrieved November 26, 2015, from

http://www.sengpielaudio.com/calculator-RT60Coeff.htm

ACE Lamps Lighting - Asteroid Dimmable Warm White 3200k 18Watts LED

Downlight. (n.d.). Retrieved December 6, 2015, from http://www.led-

downlights.co.uk/shop/asteroid-dimmable-warm-white-3200k-18-watt-led-downlight/

Ir Izdihar, A. (n.d.). UBBL 2012 Amendments on EE Bylaw 38A and MS1525: 2014.

Retrieved December 6, 2015, from

http://www.eria.org/events/6.%20UBBL%202012%20Amendments%20on%20EE%2

0and%20MS1525%20-%20Ir%20Ahmad%20Izdihar.pdf

building science 2 - project 2: integration with

Documents

floor area

area of facade

floor of thebuilding

therequirements of ms1525

facade design

selected internal courtyard

double facade system

ei eo x