Building Spatial Data Infrastructure for Spatial Planning in African Cities: The

Lagos Experience

Samuel DekoloProf. Leke Oduwaye

Department of Urban and Regional PlanningUniversity of Lagos, Nigeria

Being a Presentation at the 3rd International Conference of Urban and Regional Planning (ICURP2014)“The Urban Agenda for Africa” Held at the University of Lagos, Nigeria. 13 th -15th October, 2014

Presentation Overview

The Planning Agency and Spatial Information

SDI and Spatial Planning

SDI Initiatives (Africa, National and Lagos)

Lessons from Lagos SDI Case Study Assessment

THE PLANNING AGENCY AND SPATIAL INFORMATION

The Planning Agency and Need for Spatial Information

Spatial information has become indispensable for

planning and management of cities.

The management and planning of urban space

requires spatially accurate and timely information

on land use and changing pattern.

Adequate monitoring provides the planners and

decision-makers with required information about

the current state of development and the nature of

changes that have occurred over time.

The Need for Spatial Information

Spatial Information is the most valuable and indispensable ingredient in the spatial planning decision making process

Faludi’s Cybernetic Model of the Local Planning Agency

The Planning Agency is just like the Human Mind; Information Input will Determine Output Response

Modified from Faludi, 1973

Information-driven Planning Theories and Frameworks

1960s= Systems Theory played a dominant role in the emergence of MIS in the 1960s and GIS in the 1990s

1980s= Functional and Communicative Rationality . The former puts information gathering and scientific analysis at the core of planning, while the latter emphasises an inclusive approach of information sharing by all stakeholders

2000s= e-planning is an extension of ICT applications in planning with a focus on the product (the plan) and the process (planning).

• If information gathering and sharing is crucial to decision making in spatial

planning, how can the planning agency achieve its aim?

SDI AND SPATIAL PLANNING

SDI Concept

Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) is an initiative intended to create an environment that enables a wide variety of users to access and retrieve complete consistent data sets in easy and secure way.

It is defined as the technology, policies, standards, and institutional arrangements necessary to acquire, process, store, distribute and improve the utilization of geospatial data from different sources and for a wide range of potential users.

SDI Components

PeoplePeople

Access Network

Policy

Standards

DataData

Dynamic

From Feeney et al, 2001

SDI Components

SDIFundamental Geospatial Datasets

Metadata

Clearinghouse

Access Infrastructur

e Human Resources

and Partnership

Policies

Standards

SDI in Spatial Planning ContextSpatial planning coordinates policies and investment across agencies to achieve a common objective for activity places, which may span from communities to supra-national spaces. SDI provides information linkage across organizations from local to global scales.

From Rajabifard 1999

Building SDI Blocks

Corporate SDI is the foundation and lowest level of SDI, which other blocks rest but most often neglected. This research examines the planning agency as a Corporate SDI Block (organization)

From Rajabifard 2000

SDI INITIATIVE IN AFRICA, NIGERIA AND LAGOS

African SDI Initiatives

EIS- AFRICA NetworkUN Eceonomic Commission for Africa Committee

on Information (CODI)Africover- East AfricaAfricaGIS Conferences/Workshops on SDISouth Africa National Spatial Information

Framework (NSIF).Ghana: National Framework for Geo-Spatial

Information Management (NAFGIM

Nigerian SDI Initiatives

National Geospatial Information Policy(2003)NGDI Committee/Sub-committees:

2 Members from NASRDA (Lead Agency)2 Members from University2 Members from Polytechnic/Monotechnic6 Members from 6 Geopolitical Zones (Nodal Agencies)4 Private Sector, Inter-governmental Agencies& NGO11 Members from Federal Ministries/Agencies

User Requirement Surveys, Provision of Fundamental DatasetsNational Workshops

NGDI Organizational Framework

Presidency

NGDICommittee

Servers/Intranet

Feedback

NGDI Council

NASRDA

StakeholdersGovernments (All Levels)Private SectorNGOs, CBOsAcademiaService ProvidersVendors/UsersPublic SectorsDefence/SecurityOthers

Mapping Organisations & Other NGDI Node Agencies

NGDISub-Committees

PolicyRules

StandardsLegislation

From Agbaje & Akinyede2005

SDI Initiatives in Lagos

Complete Digital Mapping/Geographic Information System (GIS) for the whole StateAerial photos at a scale of 1:4000 while digital maps at a scale of 1/500 for Lagos metropolis

and 1/1000 for rural areas Orthophotos for the whole state is at 1/2000 and

DTM. Electronic Data Management Systems (EDMS)LAGIS Project (Lagos Enterprise GIS)Lagos Navigation Systems (upcoming)Draft GI Policy for Lagos State

Lagos Enterprise GIS

Orthophoto Overlay Cadastral Map Layer

Lagos Enterprise GIS

Land Use and Acquisition Layers

Lagos Enterprise GIS

Administrative/Boundaries Layers

Lagos Enterprise GIS

Land Use Zones/Streets Layers

Lagos Enterprise GIS

Parcel/Cadastral Layers

CASE STUDY OF LAGOS SDI PLANNING AGENCIES

Research Methodology

The research adopted a survey approach, in which sets of questionnaire were administered in agencies and departments of the Lagos State Ministry of Physical Planning and Urban Development across the Local Government Areas of Lagos State.

The following are the agencies: Regional and Master Planning Department, Physical Planning Department, Development Matters, Urban Development, Lagos State Urban Renewal Agency, Lagos State Planning Information Centre, Urban Furniture Regulatory Unit, Lagos State Physical Planning Permit Authority and Lagos State Building Control Agency.

The New Towns Development Authority (NTDA) was also included in the survey.

The Organizational Structure of Ministry of Physical Planning and Urban Development

Agencies of the Lagos State Ministry of Physical Planning and Urban Development

SDI Thematic Areas and Response

The investigation covered the following: Awareness, use and usefulness of LAGIS website availability of ICT infrastructure,

availability of core SDI data data sharing and coordination, perceived barriers and benefits of ICT in urban planning.

The survey recorded 100% response from state level agencies, while response only 30% response was recorded at the local level agencies, however, respondent agencies were spread across 12 of the 20 Local Government Areas, which also represent 58% of the total land mass of the state. 54.5% of the respondents are in the professional cadres, while respondents in the technical and administrative cadres were 36.4% and 9.1% respectively.

Awareness, Use and Usefulness of the LAGIS Project

Access to Communication Networks

Communication Networks

Response %Mean

Access

Rank

Yes No

GSM100 0 1.00 1

Internet 63.6 36.4 0.64 2

Local Area Networks36.4 63.6 0.36 3

PABX22.7 77.3 0.23 4

Wide Area Networks22.7 77.3 0.23 4

Radio Communication13.6 86.4 0.14 6

VPN/CUG9.0 91.0 0.09 7

Available ICT Infrastructures

Access to Computer Hardware

Hardware in Use

Response %Mean

Use

Rank

Yes No

Laptops

95.0 5.0 0.95 1Printers

91.0 9.0 0.91 2Desktop PCs

82.0 18.0 0.82 3Scanners

77.0 23.0 0.77 4Palmtops/Tablets

23.0 77.0 0.23 4Plotters

14.0 86.0 0.14 6Digitizers

14.0 86.0 0.14 7

Available ICT Infrastructures

Access to Geospatial Software

Software in Use

Response %Mean

usage

Rank

Yes No

General Applications (Microsoft Office)

91.0 9.0 0.9 1AutoCAD

50.0 50.0 0.5 2Mapwindows

22.7 77.3 0.23 3ArcGIS

18.2 81.8 0.18 4WebGIS Applications

9.1 90.9 0.09 4Intergraph

9.1 90.9 0.09 6QGIS

4.5 95.5 0.05 7ILWIS

0 100 0 8

Available ICT Infrastructures

Fundamental Datasets

Fundamental Geospatial Datasets

Response %

Mean RankValid

Missing

Valid %

None0

Paper1

Digital2

Paper/Digital

4

Approved Private Layouts 20 2 35.0 45.0 15.0 5.0 0.90 1Aerial Photographs 21 1 57.1 14.3 14.3 14.3 0.86 2Digital Satellite Imageries 21 1 61.9 4.8 19.0 14.0 0.86 2Development Permit Register 21 1 42.9 42.9 4.8 9.5 0.81 4Government Residential Schemes 20 2

45.0 35.0 15.0 5.00.80

5Land Use Zoning 21 1 52.5 28.6 9.5 9.5 0.76 6Topographic Data 21 1 52.4 33.3 9.5 4.8 0.67 7Transportation 21 1 57.1 23.8 14.3 4.8 0.67 7Model City Plans 21 1 61.9 19.0 9.5 9.5 0.67 7Industrial Schemes 20 2 70.0 15.0 15.0 0.0 0.45 10Administrative Maps 21 1 76.2 14.2 4.8 4.8 0.38 11Land Cover/Vegetation 21 1 76.2 9.5 14.3 0.0 0.38 11Renewal/Regeneration Maps

20 275.0 20.0 5.0 0.0

0.3013

Hydrological Data 21 1 85.7 4.8 9.5 0.0 0.24 14Climate 21 1 85.7 4.8 9.5 0.0 0.24 14Cadastral/Land Tenure 21 1 85.7 9.5 4.8 0.0 0.19 16Health Data 21 1 85.7 9.5 4.8 0.0 0.19 16Demographic/Population 21 1 85.7 9.5 4.8 0.0 0.19 16 Wetland Maps 21 1 90.4 4.8 4.8 0.0 0.14 19Soil Maps 21 1 90.4 4.8 4.8 0.0 0.14 19Forestry 21 1 90.4 4.8 4.8 0.0 0.14 19Economic Data 21 1 90.4 4.8 4.8 0.0 0.14 19Geodetic Data 22 0 95.5 0.0 4.5 0.0 0.09 23Bathymetry Data 21 1 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 24

Common Challenges to SDI Development in Africa

Policy and Coordination Problems

Awareness and Ignorance

Socio-economic, Cultural and Political Diversity

Partnership and Collaboration Problems

Financial Issues

Lack of Political Will

Accountable and Transparency

Insufficiency Human and Technical Capacities

Way Forward for SDI Development in African Cities

There is an urgent need for of creating awareness on the SDI initiative.

SDI needs assessment for cities should be coordinated at City level.

Inter-institutional committee or organization should be formed at city levels in each country to develop a work plan, identify working groups and tasks, hold awareness workshops and build support, develop policy and laws.

Developing countries should develop and endorse policies promoting greater public access to geoinformation. Such policies should remove barriers to as well as promote access and sharing.

Metadata should be developed, maintained, standardized and published at local, national and regional levels as frequent as possible.

Formal City SDI programme must be launched in a systematic way, collaborating donor organization, international and local stakeholders.

Way Forward for SDI Development in African Cities

SDI initiatives should focus on customers’ interests and needs, i.e., State SDI should focus on city and corporate interest, while National SDI should focus on sub-national concerns.

GSDI should provide technical assistance to regional and national SDI. Since SDI is a relatively new concept, most developing countries will need assistance to capacity building.

Financial strategy should be developed. Sustainable finance is central to any successful SDI implementation; therefore, countries should make business cases that will attract investment from private, public sector and donor organizations.

Investment in the collection of core geospatial data should be expanded and made a priority like any other physical infrastructure national and regional budgets

Investment in technical and human capacity should be given priority.

Vertically and horizontal partnerships must be developed. Such must promote credibility, fairness, openness and consensus building.

Government leadership is essential to SDI development.

Thank You