building technology i 1. types of metals 1.01 aluminum 1.02 iron 1.03 steel 1.04 copper 1.05 tin...

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY I

1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead

2. METHODS OF JOINING METALS2.01 Soldering

2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets

3. METALS FOR CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT3.01 Steel Bars

3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths

4. STORAGE & CARE FOR METAL REINFORCEMENT

• is a soft, nonmagnetic silvery metal • characterized by its light weight (1/3 that of iron, brass

or copper)• low melting point• high thermal and electrical conductivity (surpassed

only by silver and copper)• moderately high coefficient of expansion

1.01 ALUMINUM

1. TYPES OF METALS

• readily combines with oxygen to form aluminum oxide, a transparent film that makes it corrosion resistant

• is readily attacked by alkalis, hydrochloric acid and other dilute acids.

• is subject to galvanic action and should therefore be electrically insulated from direct contact with metals other than zinc, cadmium, magnesium and nonmagnetic stainless steel.

• is easily worked: can be hot or cold rolled, extruded, forged, pressed, drawn, molded, stamped, bent and shaped.

• can be riveted, bolted, welded, brazed and soldered.

1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead


2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets


3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths


In architectural work practically all fabricated forms of aluminum are used: - rod - bar - extrusion - casting - sheet - strip, etc.

1.01 ALUMINUM

1. TYPES OF METALS1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead


2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets


3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths


Extrusion is the process of shaping material by forcing it to flow through a shaped opening in a die.

Extruded material emerges as an elongated piece with the same profile as the die opening.

1.01 ALUMINUM

1. TYPES OF METALS

However, these products are not fabricated from pure aluminum but in alloy combination with iron, silicon, copper, manganese, magnesium, zinc, chromium and nickel in small quantities to give strength and other desirable characteristics but often reduces its corrosion resistance.

1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead


2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets


3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths


“Alclad” is a term applied to certain aluminum products, refers to the protective coating (cladding) applied, primarily for corrosion resistance, to thin sheets of an alloy whose corrosion resistance has been decreased by the constituents added to give strength and other characteristics.

Cladding improves the appearance of the alloy. This thin, integral cladding usually consists of pure aluminum, magnesium silicide, or zinc alloys, with or without manganese.

1.01 ALUMINUM

1. TYPES OF METALS1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead


2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets


3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths


1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead


2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets


3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths


1.01 ALUMINUM

1. TYPES OF METALS

• ALUMINUM SHEET AND STRIP, used for roofing, flashing, gutter, etc

a. Types of Aluminum:

• ALUMINUM FOIL - rolled to a thickness of 0.005” (above 0.005” it is technically considered to be sheet), used mainly for thermal insulation and vapor barriers.

It may serve also as a surface finish material when laminated to various sheet and board materials. In this form it also supplies additional insulation value to the sheet or board.

1.01 ALUMINUM

1. TYPES OF METALS

• CORRUGATED ALUMINUM. This is rigidized sheet fabricated of special aluminum alloys specifically developed for this purpose. It usually consists of an aluminum alloy core of one type clad with another, highly corrosion-resistant aluminum roofing and siding


1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead


2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets


3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths


1.01 ALUMINUM

1. TYPES OF METALS


1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead


2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets


3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths


STRUCTURAL ALUMINUM.

When aluminum is used as a structural material, important factors, arising from its physical and chemical characteristics, are considered:- Aluminum can be extruded; therefore a structural shape can be produced economically to meet the specified structural design requirements. - Very corrosion resistant aluminum alloys are available; requiring no painting and the thickness of sections can be reduced since a safety margin is not necessary to cover loss of strength due to corrosion. - Aluminum is very lightweight material, hence aluminum girders and columns show increased efficiency with large bay spacing. However, because the modulus of elasticity of aluminum alloys is lower than steel, its means that buckling is a possibility and should always be checked.

1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead


2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets


3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths


ALUMINUM DOORS AND WINDOWS. These are generally fabricated from extrusions and rolled shapes.

1.01 ALUMINUM

1. TYPES OF METALS


1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead


2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets


3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths


ALUMINUM PANELS AND SANDWICH PANELS

are pre-fabricated units, generally manufactured:- using dimensions of modular and non-modular window-width for building exterior, and- in 600mm, 900mm, and 120mm widths for interior partitions and dividers.

Panels for the exterior of buildings primarily consist of :- an aluminum exterior facing which may be an aluminum casting- an extrusion or sheet material which has been pressed, stamped or formed into specially design shapes.

1.01 ALUMINUM

1. TYPES OF METALS


1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead


2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets


3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths


ALUMINUM PANELS AND SANDWICH PANELS

A sandwich panel comprises a system of construction called skin construction.

A cellular core of aluminum or other material has a skin of aluminum applied and bonded to both sides, thereby forming a unified whole in which all the components work as one.

Floor Panel Wall Panel

1.01 ALUMINUM

1. TYPES OF METALS


1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead


2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets


3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths


Ornamental aluminum. Many kinds of rods, bars, pipes, railings, fittings, and special shapes are manufactured as stock items for use in ornamental design of railings, grilles, screens, etc.

Aluminum Mesh and Wire Cloth are used for fencing, particularly chain link fencing and insect screening.

1.01 ALUMINUM

1. TYPES OF METALS


1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead


2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets


3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths


Mechanical finishes - obtained by grinding polishing, scratching, sandblasting, embossing, or other treatment of the surface to achieve a desired effect or to provide a base for other finishes.

Chemical finishes - based on chemical reactions with the aluminum surface to achieve one of the following results: (a) etching, cleaning, or polishing of the surface to remove any oxide film or surface irregularity and provide a design, a clean surface texture, or a polished effect; and (b) oxidizing the surface with aluminum or other metallic oxides that protect the surface or serve as a base for subsequent treatment, or both. Chemical finishes permit only limited colors that are not as satisfying as the color films obtained on electrolytically-applied (anodized) oxide films.

1.01 ALUMINUM

1. TYPES OF METALS

b. Types of Aluminum Finishes:

1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead


2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets


3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths


Electrolytic finishes Commonly referred to as anodized finishes, these finishes are based on the specific ability of aluminum to develop a protective coating of oxide on its surface.

The coating formed may be transparent or opaque. It is hard, yet when colored finishes are desired, it is porous enough to absorb dyes until the final treatment which seals the surface.

Of the colors used in anodic treatments, architectural gold has proven to be one of the most stable from the standpoint of fade resistance. Others are blue and, more recently, brown and black

1.01 ALUMINUM

1. TYPES OF METALS


1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead


2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets


3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths


Electroplating. Aluminum can be covered with a protective or decorative film or another metal, usually by electrodeposition. In the case of copper and nickel, the coating should be complete and unbroken; otherwise there will be galvanic action which is destructive to aluminum.

Porcelain or Vitreous Enamel. This finish forms a hard, resistant surface. It is available in a broad color range that creates a different feeling in that colors are glassy, whereas anodic color is metallic in nature.

Paint. Paint, lacquer and enamel can be applied as finishes to aluminum surfaces that have been prepared by a suitable chemical treatment finish. Lead base paints must not be used on aluminum.

1.01 ALUMINUM

1. TYPES OF METALS


1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead


2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets


3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths


Pure iron is

• and made more pliable or more workable by heating and slow cooling.

• At very low temperatures is very brittle• at red heat it is soft, and • at white heat it can be welded.

1.02 IRON

1. TYPES OF METALS

• tough, • malleable silvery-white

metal that is • soft and ductile as copper• it is easily magnetized• is the most magnetically

permeable of the metals• it oxidizes rapidly in air

and is readily attack by most acids.

• can be hardened by heating and sudden cooling

The commercial form in which iron is first prepared is crude or pig iron. This impure form which contains 3% to 4% carbon and varying amount of phosphorous, silicon, sulfur, and manganese, is the starting point from which all other kinds of iron and iron alloys (or steel) are produced.

The key to the various types of iron and steel is the carbon-iron relationship.

1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead


2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets


3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths


As pure iron passes through these temperature ranges, it undergoes changes in its structure and properties that are vitally important in the preparation of steel (an iron-carbonalloy).

1.02 IRON

1. TYPES OF METALS

Pig Iron

1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead


2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets


3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths


a. Cast Iron:

• is an iron-carbon alloy that contains more than 1.7% carbon

• is poured while molten into forms• it can be easily cast into any shape, but it is too

hard and brittle to be shaped by hammering, rolling, or pressing.

• Cast iron is used in the architectural field mainly for piping and fittings, ornamental ironwork, hardware, as the base metal for porcelain enameled plumbing fixtures, and for miscellaneous casting such as floor and wall brackets for railings, vents, circular stairs manhole covers, and gratings.

1.02 IRON

1. TYPES OF METALS

1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead


2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets


3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths


1.02 IRON

1. TYPES OF METALS

a. Cast Iron:

• The types of cast iron generally used are gray cast iron and malleable cast iron. Cast irons find their largest use in heavy machinery and industry because it has significant compressive strength and the ability to absorb energy and stop vibration.

1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead


2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets


3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths


1.02 IRON

1. TYPES OF METALS

b.Wrought Iron:

• is almost pure iron with less than 0.1% carbon, usually not more than 0.05%.

• contains 2.5%, of slag (iron silicate) in purely physical association, not alloyed.

• Wrought iron is soft, malleable, tough, fatigue-resistant, and resistant to progressive corrosion.

• It has good machinability and can be forged, bent, rolled, drawn, and spun. It can be welded by any of the commonly used procedures. Wrought iron is available in the form of pipes, plates, sheets, special shapes, and bars.

1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead


2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets


3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths


1.02 IRON

1. TYPES OF METALS

b.Wrought Iron:

• Wrought iron is now used in the architectural filed primarily in the form of genuine wrought iron pipe, chain, sheet, and ornamental ironwork. Wrought iron pipe is used extensively for plumbing, heating, and air conditioning where a corrosion-resistant, tough, durable material is required.

Because it is intrinsically related to classical architecture and requires high skilled craftsmanship, wrought ironwork today is used only in furniture, railing, fences, grilles, and small decorative objects.

1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead


2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets


3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths


• The word “steel” refers usually to plain carbon steels which is defined as alloys of iron and carbon which do not contain more than 2% carbon and which are made in malleable or ingot form.

• In the plain or straight carbon steels the iron is always in excess of 95%.

• phosphorus, sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen are present, the last three as impurities.

• Manganese, silicon, aluminum, copper and nickel may also be present either as residual impurities or as elements deliberately added in small quantities to control the properties of the steel.

• Carbon steel can be wrought, rolled, cast, and welded, but not extruded.

1.03 STEEL

1. TYPES OF METALS

1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead


2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets


3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths


a. Wrought Carbon Steels:

Structural steel. This is a medium carbon steel with its carbon content controlled to give both the strength and ductility necessary for its use.

Structural steel is available in angles, channels, I-beams, H columns, T shapes, Z shapes, plates, round pipe columns, sheet piling, open web joists, and light steel framing shapes.

1.03 STEEL

1. TYPES OF METALS

1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead


2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets


3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths



Reinforcement of concrete . Usually deformed bars of varying grades and diameters.

1.03 STEEL

1. TYPES OF METALS

1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead


2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets


3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths


Sheet and strip. Steel sheet is made from low carbon steels generally containing about 0.15% carbon and not exceeding 0.25% carbon. Strip by definition is sheet material that is 12” or less wide. It is used in fabricated form as decking galvanized sheet, expanded metal, panels and sandwich panels, and as a base metal for porcelain enamel

1.03 STEEL

1. TYPES OF METALS


1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead


2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets


3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths


Corrugated steel. This is rigidized sheet fabricated from low-carbon cold or hot-rolled steel sheets which are either galvanized or covered with some type of bituminous coating. If galvanized, corrugated steel is silvery in color and has a glittering frosted surface. It is generally available in 18, 20, 22. 24, and 26 gauge sheet and strip.

Steel Mesh and Wire Cloth. They are used for concrete reinforcement, lath for plaster, stucco, and cement, fencing, insect screens.

Steel Windows and Doors.

Hardware such as nails, screws, rivets, etc

1.03 STEEL

1. TYPES OF METALS


1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead


2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets


3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths


• steels to which manganese, silicon, aluminum, titanium, and molybdenum have been added insufficient quantity to produce properties unobtainable in carbon steels in cast, rolled or heat-treated form.

• The alloying elements are added to increase the following properties:

1.03 STEEL

1. TYPES OF METALS

b.Alloy Steels:

strength hardness ease and depth of

hardenability performance at high or

low temperatures electromagnetic

properties wear resistance electrical conductivity or

resistivity.

electrical conductivity or resistivity.

In structural applications only the properties of

strength expansion resistance to corrosion ductility, and workability are of interest to the

architect.

1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead


2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets


3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths


High-strength low-alloy steels are a group of trade name steels with improved mechanical properties and resistance to atmospheric corrosion, They are being increasingly used as reinforcing for pre-stressed concrete, high strength bolts, special structural steels and cables for elevators, etc.

1.03 STEEL

1. TYPES OF METALS

b.Alloy Steels:

1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead


2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets


3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths


Stainless steels generally used in architecture are highly alloyed steels that contain more than 10% chromium. They are characterized by their resistance to heat, oxidation and corrosion. They are used where corrosion resistance, durability, and minimum of maintenance is necessary principally for exterior and interior wall finishes, doors, windows, trims, railings, signs and letters, appliances, etc.

1.03 STEEL

1. TYPES OF METALS

b.Alloy Steels:

1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead


2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets


3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths


• is ductile, malleable, nonmagnetic metal with a characteristic bright, reddish brown color.

• has the highest electrical and thermal conductivity of any substances except silver.

• Copper useful alloys have enough strength for minor structural work

• easily worked.

• It is attacked by alkalis and many of the common acids.

1.04 COPPER

1. TYPES OF METALS

1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead


2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets


3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths


• It is highly resistant to corrosion by air and salt water.

• On exposure it soon reacts to form a surface layer of an insoluble green slat which retards further corrosion; this green color on copper is known as its patina.

1.04 COPPER

1. TYPES OF METALS

1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead


2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets


3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths


• Copper can be cast, drawn, extruded, hot and cold worked, spun, hammered, punched, welded, brazed, and soldered.

• The galvanic action of copper must be considered when copper is used in architecture. When in contact with many of the common construction materials and in the presence of an electrolyte; it will corrode these materials near the area of contact.

1.04 COPPER

1. TYPES OF METALS

1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead


2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets


3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths


• As copper is one of the best electrical conductors, it finds tremendous used in the entire electrical field, from very fine wires to bus bars.

1.04 COPPER

1. TYPES OF METALS

• The copper itself, being cathode, will not corrode. Therefore a careful check should be made of the methods of attachment, support and securing into place.

• Copper sheet and strip is used for roofing and flashing.

1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead


2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets


3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths


• is a soft, ductile, malleable, bluish-white metal.

• Because it is normally covered with a thin film of stannic oxide, it resists corrosion by air, moisture, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide (which usually tarnishes and corrodes other metals).

• will take a highly reflective polish

1.05 TIN

1. TYPES OF METALS

1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead


2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets


3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths


• The main use of the tin is in metallic form of either pure tin or tin-containing alloys for protective coatings on stronger metals.

• Architectural uses of tin include bronzes, brasses, terneplate, mirrors, gilding, solders, hardware and fusible alloys.

1.05 TIN

1. TYPES OF METALS

1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead


2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets


3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths


• is medium hard, bluish-white metal

• is characterized by brittleness and low strength.

• is readily attacked by acids and alkalis.

• It is resistant to corrosion by water. On exposure to air, a film of zinc carbonate or oxide forms which protects zinc from further oxidation.

1.06 ZINC

1. TYPES OF METALS

• The most important uses of zinc are as protective coatings (galvanizing) on iron and steelas die-casting metal, and as an alloying element in brasses.

1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead


2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets


3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths


1.06 ZINC

1. TYPES OF METALS

• Galvanizing is the process whereby a protective coat of zinc is applied to steel and iron to steel them against corrosion. The advantage of coating them with zinc is that, should the iron or steel become exposed through wear, aging or discontinuities, galvanic reaction between the coating and the base metal causes the zinc to corrode and form compounds which cover and continue to protect the iron and steel for as long as any zinc remains.

1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead


2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets


3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths


• The most common galvanized material used in architecture is galvanized iron (steel) sheet and strip.

• available flat or corrugated with the surface plain or refinished with other surface materials.

1.06 ZINC

1. TYPES OF METALS

• Galvanized sheets become defaced and discolored when subjected to dampness and extremes of temperature.

• If the sheets are piled flat in the open or tightly bundled in a warehouse, the zinc coating can also be damaged by the consequent absence of oxygen and carbon dioxide between two sheets. This absence prevents the formation of a protective film of zinc carbonate; instead zinc hydroxide forms and destroys the galvanizing.

1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead


2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets


3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths


• fundamentally an alloy of copper and zinc with small quantities of other elements sometimes added to give the special qualities.

• The copper-zinc proportions may vary from 95% copper and 5% to 55% copper and 45% zinc.

• As a class, brass alloys are less hard and strong than steels (iron-base alloys) but are superior in workability and resistance to corrosion.

1.07 BRASS

1. TYPES OF METALS

1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead


2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets


3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths


• All brasses react with other metals. When brass is used in direct contact with any other metal, a careful check should be made of its position on the galvanic series.

• Brass should not come into direct contact with iron, steel or stainless, aluminum, zinc or magnesium if there is an electrolyte present or the possibility of one forming at the point of contact.

1.07 BRASS

1. TYPES OF METALS

1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead


2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets


3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths


• In architecture, brasses are used for doors, windows, door and window frames, and for ornamental metalwork such as railings, trims, grilles, etc.

• They are also used extensively for finish hardware, plating of hardware, and other miscellaneous accessories such as screws, nuts and bolts, anchors, etc.

1.07 BRASS

1. TYPES OF METALS

1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead


2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets


3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths


• True bronze is an alloy of copper and tin which varies only slightly from 90% copper and 10% tin composition.

• This bronze is a rich golden-brown metal

• originally worked by forging and particularly suited for casting since it is corrosion resistant,

• dense and hard enough to take an impression of a mold of any delicacy whatever.

1.08 BRONZE

1. TYPES OF METALS

1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead


2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets


3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths


• The term “bronze” however, is no longer used in this limited sense. In commercial practice the terms “brass” and “bronze” may be used without much regard for their original meanings.

• The term “bronze” now usually has a prefix and indicates alloys of copper with silicon, manganese, aluminum, and other elements with or without zinc, e.g. silicon bronze.

• A few brasses are known as bronzes because they the characteristic bronze color.

1.08 BRONZE

1. TYPES OF METALS

1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead


2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets


3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths


• Of the three types of so-called bronzes in architectural work, only one is true bronze. This is the statuary bronze, which consist usually of 97% copper, 2% tin and 1% zinc.

• As for the others, architectural bronze is really a leaded brass, and commercial bronze is one of the more commonly used brasses (90% copper and 10% zinc).

• The architectural uses of

bronze are confined to statuary plaques, medallions and other ornamentation, and miscellaneous rough and finish hardware.

1.08 BRONZE

1. TYPES OF METALS

1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead


2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets


3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths


1.09 CHROMIUM

1. TYPES OF METALS

Chromium is a steel-white metal which takes a brilliant polish and is harder than cobalt or nickel. It is nonmagnetic at ordinary temperatures but becomes magnetic at 13F. It does not tarnish in air, resists oxidizing agents, is soluble in acids and strong alkalis.The principal use of chromium is an alloying ingredient in ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy. Chromium plating is one of the most commonly encountered usage of this material in architecture. It gives a thin, hard, bright, wear resistant surface which sheds water when highly polished. The metals that can be plated with chromium include aluminum, copper, iron, magnesium, nickel, titanium, zinc and their alloys. The chromium is electro deposited as a thin layer of pure metal.

1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead


2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets


3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths


1.10 NICKEL

1. TYPES OF METALS

When alloyed with other metals, nickel imparts its qualities of strength, hardness, toughness, ductility, corrosion resistance, and strength at high temperatures to the resulting material. The major use of nickel therefore is in alloys. Another important use of nickel is as protective or decorative coating for other metals. It can be applied to the following base metals and their alloys: aluminum, brass, copper, iron, magnesium, steel, tin, and zinc.

Nickel is an inert silvery metal that is resistant to strong alkalis and to most acids. It resembles iron in strength and toughness and copper in its resistance to oxidation and corrosion. Nickel takes a high polish and can be hot and cold rolled forged, bent, extruded, spun, punched and drawn.

1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead


2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets


3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths


1.11 LEAD

1. TYPES OF METALS

Lead is a blue-gray, soft, very heavy metal (the heaviest of the common metals). It is extremely workable, has a good corrosion resistance, is easily recovered from scrap materials, and is and is relatively impenetrable to radiation. The corrosion resistance of lead arises from the fact that metallic lead does not react with many compounds or solutions, and with certain others it forms compounds which act as protective coatings against further corrosion.

1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead


2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets


3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths


1.11 LEAD

1. TYPES OF METALS

Lead is available (1) extruded in the forms of pipe, rod, wire, ribbon, etc. (2) rolled into sheet, foil, strip, (3) cast.

There are several grades of lea metal which corroding lead, chemical lead and common desilverized lead are of interest to the architect.

Corroding lead is used for fine white lead paints, red lead, litharge (see PAINT).

Chemical lead and common desilverized are used for sheet, pipe, powdered lead, ribbon lead and alloys.

Lead also finds many uses in rough hardware items such as expansion shields for securing bolts, screws, and other accessories in masonry, washers, lead-headed nails,etc.

1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead


2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets


3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths


2.01 SOLDERING

2. METHODS OF JOINING METALS

Soldering is a method to join metals, to make electrical connections, to seal joints hermetically them in with another, lower melting metal or alloy called the solder. Since the temperatures used are comparatively low, there is no alloying action between the solder and the metals being joined, which are usually stronger than the solder itself. Soldered joints have very little tensile, shear or impact strength; therefore this method should not be used where a strong joint is required.Solders are mostly alloys of tin and lead in various proportions with small percentages of other elements added to give special characteristics. They can be divided into the following major types: tin-lead, tin-lead-antimony, silver-lead. Tin-lead solder of the 50% tin, 50% lead variety is the most commonly used general purpose of solder. Some tin-lead are used for coating the metals before soldering. This is known as pre-tinning.

1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead


2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets


3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths


2.01 SOLDERING


a. Metal Bath Dip Solder:

Metal bath dip soldering is defined as a metal-joining process where the workpieces to be joined are immersed in a pot of molten solder. Because of the relatively low melting temperature of the solder (between 350 and 600 degrees F), only adhesion between the solder and the workpieces results. A flux or metal cleaner is used to prepare the workpiece for bonding with the solder. Typically, dip soldering is an automated process used extensively in the electronics assembly industry.

1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead


2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets


3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths


2.01 SOLDERING


b. Soldering Iron:

In this method the iron piece is preheated and applied to the joint along with the solder and the flux (the flux is a substance used in soldering to clean the surfaces of the metals to be joined and to aid fluidity); the heat from the iron forms the soldered joint.

c. Torch:

The parts to be soldered are heated by the torch flame and then the solder and flux are applied. This method is limited to metals which can be heated without altering their characteristics.

1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead


2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets


3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths


2.01 SOLDERING


d. Sweat Method:

The heating of the metals to be joined causes the solder to run into the joint. This is the method used for joining copper tubing and fittings.

Fluxes for soldering are generally of three types:

Corrosive fluxes are known as acid type and salt type fluxes and include chlorides of zinc, ammonium, calcium, magnesium, aluminum and other metal. Care should always be taken with the corrosive fluxes. The residue must be quickly removed, as it is not only corrosive to the metal being jointed, bit it is also electrically conductive as a rule and therefore cannot be used for most electrical work.

1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead


2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets


3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths


2.01 SOLDERING


d. Sweat Method:

Fluxes:

Neutral fluxes are mild in type and are used for easily soldered metals such as copper, brass, lead, and tin plate. Stearic acid is a typical neutral flux.

Noncorrosive fluxes leaves residues which are noncorrosive and nonconductive and therefore need not removed. Rosin is the principal flux of this type. Noncorrosive fluxes are weak their fluxing action and their use is limited to the easily soldered base metals.

1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead


2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets


3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths


2.01 SOLDERING


d. Sweat Method:

1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead


2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets


3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths


2.02 BRAZING


Brazing is a type of soldering in which the operating temperatures are higher (but lower than in welding) and in which stronger and higher-melting alloys are used to fill the joints, which consequently are stronger than ordinary soldered joints. The bond is obtained by allying between the brazing material and the surface of the joined metals.

1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead


2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets


3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths


2.02 BRAZING


Brazing is generally used where the shape and position of the joint or the composition of the metal or metals are not adaptable to welding. In brazing the type of metal to be joined, the brazing material, and their color are equally important because galvanic action, strength of the joint, matching of colors play a significant part in the finished product.

Brazing materials fall into six major types:

aluminum-silicon copper-phosphorous Silver copper, and copper-zinc,

magnesium, and heat-resistant alloys.

Each type is particularly suited to a certain group of metals. The brazing materials are prepared by melting and mixing together the metallic ingredients to fixed and controlled proportions.

1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead


2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets


3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths


2.03 WELDING


Welding is the process by which two metals are so joined that there is an actual union of the interatomic bonds. This may be brought about by close contact, heating, pressure, adding molten metal, or combinations of these methods. The resulting are as strong or stronger than the metals joined.

1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead


2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets


3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths


2.03 WELDING


Welding may be divided into two general types:

pressure welding in which pressure and heat make the weld; and

fusion welding, in which the heat and added metal make the weld. In fusion welding the methods of heating are gas flame and electric arc.

1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead


2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets


3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths


2.03 WELDING


Two types of fusion welding:

• The gas flame now generally used is acetylene mixed with oxygen. It will deliver about 5500˚F of heat which is sufficient to melt the welding rod and the surrounding metal and then fuse them together.

• In electric-arc method, when the welding rod (or electrode) is brought near the joint of the metals to be welded, an electric arc is to be formed which melts and fuses the metal and the welding rod.

1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead


2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets


3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths


2.04 RIVETS


Rivets are devices used to join or fasten the metals. The rivet, a metal cylinder or rod which has a head at one end, is inserted through holes in the materials being joined, and then the protruding end is flattened to tie the two pieces of material together.

1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead


2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets


3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths


3.01 STEEL BARS

3. METALS FOR CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT

Reinforcement for concrete construction is mostly in the form of steel bars and rods of round or square cross section. The bars may be plain or deformed (with lugs or projections for better bonding to the concrete). They are called billet-steel bars or rail-steel bars.

Billet-steel bars are made by the open hearth furnace by the acid Bessemer furnace and meet fixed chemical compositions. They are rolled from billets directly reduced from ingots and come in three grades: structural, intermediate, and hard. For architectural purposes the intermediate grade is the most generally used. Rail-steel bars are rolled from standard T-rails and come only in one grade. Steel bars vary in size from ¼” to 1-1/4” and in lengths of 20 or 30 feet.

1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead


2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets


3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths


3.02 WIRE FABRIC


Wire fabric made of cold-drawn steel wire is widely used for the reinforcement of concrete slabs and floors, as well as for stuccoed work.

1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead


2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets


3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths


3.02 WIRE FABRIC


a. Welded Wire Fabric:

Welded-wire mesh, also called welded-wire fabric, used to reinforce concrete slabs used in light construction., consists of a series wires welded together to form a grid pattern. It comes in various sizes and spacings andgauges, e.g. 4” x 4” – 6/6, 6” x 6” –8/8, etc. The first pair of numbers refer to the spacing of the wires: the second pair refers to the gauge of the longitudinal and transverse wires respectively. Thus, for example, a 6”x 6” – 10/10 mesh (read it six six –ten ten) will be both No. 10 gauge wires spaced 6” apart bothways (the smaller the gauge number the heavier the wire). Welded wire fabric is available in rolls 5 or 6 ft. wide, 150, 200, and 300 ft. long.

1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead


2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets


3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths


3.02 WIRE FABRIC


b. Triangle-mesh Wire Fabric:

is built up of either single or stranded longitudinal wires with cross wires or bond-wires running diagonally across the fabric. The longitudinal wires are spaced at 4” on centers and the cross wires 4” or 8” apart.

1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead


2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets


3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths


3.03 EXPANDED MESH


This is manufactured from solid steel sheets. To form the expanded mesh, the sheet is first cut or pierced in staggered slots or patterns; then the sheet is held by the two sides parallel to the slots and stretched by pressure until the desired openings or forms are obtained. Sheets may also be stamped, perforated or deformed into an open mesh. The forms into which sheet can be shaped include diamond, crimp, herringbone and Z-rib, to name only a few. Expanded mesh is therefore free from mechanical and welded joints., e.g. STEELCRETE.

1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead


2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets


3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths


3.04 LATHS


In addition to the various meshes mentioned above, permanent centering or self-centering laths are produced in many forms. These laths are furnished either in flat or segmental sheets, pressed into a series of solid ribs, between which the metal is stamped, perforated or deformed into an open mesh-work. These laths are furnished painted or galvanized, and in open-hearth mild steel or in special copper-bearing or alloy steels, e.g. “RIBPLEX”, “HYRIB”.

1. TYPES OF METALS

1.01 Aluminum

1.02 Iron

1.03 Steel

1.04 Copper

1.05 Tin

1.06 Zinc

1.07 Brass

1.08 Bronze

1.09 Chromium

1.10 Nickel

1.11 Lead


2.02 Brazing

2.03 Welding

2.04 Rivets


3.02 Wire Fabric

3.03 Expanded Mesh

3.04 Laths



Metal reinforcement shall be stored in racks above the ground and away from moisture and vegetation. If a large quantity of reinforcement is stored at the site for an extended period, it is well to build shed over the storage racks.

A bright-red rust, such as forms in a few days on reinforcement exposed to rain, is not in any way detrimental. Actual rust scales, however, may indicate a reduction in the effective cross section of the bar.

Deep scaling should be considered a sufficient reason for condemning the use of reinforce unless it is first cleaned of mill and rust scale and used as the equivalent of a smaller size. All reinforcement should be kept free from oil which will tend to reduce the bond between concrete and steel.

building technology i 1. types of metals 1.01 aluminum 1.02 iron 1.03 steel 1.04 copper 1.05 tin...

Documents

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