bulk handling manual

ASEAN PORTS ASSOCIATION

BEST PRACTICES MANUAL ONBULK HANDLING

June 2005Prepared by the Permanent Secretariat of the ASEAN Ports Association

ASEAN PORTS ASSOCIATION

BEST PRACTICES MANUAL ONBULK HANDLING

The information contained in this document is solely for the use of the ASEAN Ports Association (APA) for the purpose for which it was prepared. The APA Permanent Secretariat takes no responsibility for inaccurate or incomplete information that may have been submitted to it. The facts published indicate the result of inquiries conducted and no warranty as to their accuracy is given by the APA Permanent Secretariat.

Best Practices Manual on Bulk Handling Page i

Published by the Permanent Secretariat of the ASEAN Ports Association, Philippine Ports Authority, Marsman Building, South Harbor, Port Area, Manila, Philippines

© 2005 APA Permanent Secretariat

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FOREWORD

This reference material, one in a series of APA port practices manuals, is the fruition of the collaborative efforts of the 25th APA Main Meeting held in 1999 in Bali, Indonesia. It is APA’s intent to draft a manual that would provide yardsticks on efficiency and productivity, particularly in bulk handling operations, as they are adopted and applied in APA member-ports.

Responses indicated on the customized survey questionnaire, which underwent several amendments to address identified survey lapses, served as groundwork in the preparation of the manual. A total of 57 respondent ports/terminals from the seven APA member-countries, namely: Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam, took pains in providing the needed data inputs. The survey focused on bulk handling arrangements between the port operator and the port user for handling liquid and dry bulk, bulk handling equipment and facilities provided by the port operator and by the port user, planned bulk handling equipment and facilities, liquid and dry bulk cargo volumes handled in the port (in 2003), types and characteristics of bulk vessels calling at the port (in 2003), documentation requirements for bulk handling by cargo owner and shipping company, training of port workers in handling bulk cargo, qualifications and skills requirements for port workers for handling dangerous liquid and dry bulk cargo, duties and responsibilities of port workers handling bulk cargo, port handling rates and other port charges for bulk cargo levied on cargo owner and shipping line, standard procedure for handling bulk cargo (documented or undocumented), port operational standards for handling bulk cargo, sanctions and penalties, and assessment of efficiency in bulk handling operations.

At hindsight, the survey returns did not yield any definitive standards or “hard and fast” rules on the “how-to” of quality port management and/or service delivery, taking into mind a singular ASEAN perspective. It is to be emphasized that the benchmarks of efficiency and productivity are the result of the interplay of resources and capabilities peculiar to a given locale and influenced by idiosyncrasies of the stakeholders concerned.

In view of the foregoing, it was, thus, decided and agreed upon during the 28 th

APA Main Meeting, held in 2002 in Singapore, for the APA Permanent Secretariat to just proceed for the time being with the compilation, analysis and presentation of the canvassed results as captured through the latest survey instrument. The Permanent Secretariat, however, committed to come up with a more refined and comprehensive manual, which may provide a general reference for a wide range of users/readers, especially those affiliated with the maritime industry.

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The benefit this manual can offer could only be something relative, depending on the objectives of the user. Further improvements can be incorporated into this text to gradually and eventually fully satisfy the port information needs of APA member-ports. For the moment, this manual can serve as a starting point of an undertaking which is expected to be a continuing process to document the best and the exemplary in ASEAN bulk handling practices.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This report which was prepared by the Permanent Secretariat of the ASEAN Ports Association would like to acknowledge all those who contributed in making this manual possible from the following respondent organizations:

BRUNEI DARUSSALAM

1. Ports Department2. Heidelberger Zement Sdn.

INDONESIA

1. IPC I - Indonesia2. IPC II – Indonesia3. IPC III – Indonesia4. Port of Tanjung Perak5. Palembang Port6. Panjang7. Teluk Bayur8. Jambi9. Pontianak10. Tanjung Priok

MALAYSIA

1. Johor2. Johore Port Berhad (JPB)3. Bintulu Port Sdn.4. Kuching Port5. Northport6. Miri Port7. Penang8. Rajang9. Sabah – Liquid Bulk10. Sabah – Dry Bulk11. Westport12. Sapangar Bay13. Kuantan Port Con. SDN

PHILIPPINES

1. Manila International Container TerminalBest Practices Manual on Bulk Handling Page v

2. SMC – Malt3. Batangas4. Tacloban5. Iloilo Commercial Port Complex6. Cagayan de Oro7. Davao8. Butuan9. Masao10. Nasipit11. Hema Port, Mariveles12. SMC, Bataan Malt Terminal13. Currimao14. General Santos15. Legazpi16. Mariveles Terminal17. Masbate18. Foremost Milling Corp. – NH19. NH – Taiwan Cement Corporation20. South Harbor21. Limay22. Planters Products, Inc. (Limay)23. Surigao24. Tabaco25. Zamboanga – PHIDCO26. Philippine Mining Service Corp.

SINGAPORE

1. Jurong

THAILAND

1. Laem Chabang Port A4

VIETNAM

1. Danang Port2. Saigon3. PHU MY4. Haiphong

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND …………………………………….. 1

II. DEFINITION OF BEST PRACTICE ……………………………………. 2

III.BEST PRACTICES ……………………………………………………….. 3

1. Entity Responsible For Bulk Cargo Handling Operations……… 32. Port Equipment And Facilities For Bulk Handling……..………..33. Bulk Handling Equipment/Facilities Planned For Acquisition......54. Types Of Bulk Commodities……………………………………… 65. Types And Characteristics Of Bulk Vessels……………………… 96. Documentation Of Bulk Handling Operations…………….…… 137. Training On Bulk Handling For Port Workers …………..…….. 158. Duties And Responsibilities Of Portworkers…………………….. 189. Bulk Cargo Handling Rates ………………………………….…. 2110. Other Rates Charged On Bulk Cargo…………………………. 2411. Standard Procedures For Processing Bulk Cargo…………….. 2712. Written Guidelines……………………………………………….. 2913. Port Operations Standards For Bulk Handling……………….. 2914. Sanctions And Penalties Pertaining To Bulk Handling………… 3115. Assessment Of Factors/Conditions Affecting Bulk Handling…. 3216. Dedicated Berths For Bulk Cargo……………………………….. 33

IV. APPENDICES

A. Questionnaire On Bulk HandlingB. Results Of Questionnaires On Bulk Handling Operations

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ABBREVIATIONS / ACRONYMS

1. APA - ASEAN Ports Association2. ASEAN - Association of Southeast Asian Nations3. ATI - Asian Terminals, Incorporated4. BOC - Bureau of Customs5. CBA - Collective Bargaining Agreement6. CPO - Crude Palm Oil7. DWT - Deadweight Tonnage8. EDI - Electronic Data Interchange9. GRT - Gross Registered Tonnage10. GT - Gross Tonnage11. HP - Horse Power12. ID - Identification13. KPH - Kilometer per Hour14. LOA - Length Over-all15. MARINA - Maritime Industry Authority16. MICT - Manila International Container Terminal17. MT - Metric Ton18. NGH - Net Gang Hour19. NRT - Net Registered Tonnage20. PCG - Philippine Coast Guard21. PPA - Philippine Ports Authority22. PSA - Port of Singapore Authority23. PUNNS - Port Users’ Needs and Satisfaction Survey24. PVOER - Port Vessel Operations Evaluation Report25. VOC - Vessel Operations Commitment

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DEFINITION OF TERMS

1. Port Authority - the port management body that is vested by the State with the authority to oversee the ports within a specified area of jurisdiction.

3. Port Contractor - any government or private entity, individual or company that is granted by the State or Port Authority, as the case may be, with the permit or license to provide services in a port, usually related to infrastructure development.

4. Port Operator - any government or private entity, individual or company that is granted by the State or Port Authority, as the case may be, with the permit or license to operate the port and provide other related services.

5. Port Owner - any government or private entity, individual or company that has the legal entitlement or proprietorship of the port.

6. Terminal Operator - any government or private entity, individual or company that is granted by the State or Port Authority, as the case may be, with the permit or license to operate the terminal in a port and provide other related services.

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BEST PRACTICES MANUAL ONPORT OPERATIONS

I. INTRODUCTION

Background

In its 25th Main Meeting held on December 1-3, 1999 in Bali, Indonesia, the ASEAN Ports Association (APA) identified a number of projects designed to establish standards of efficiency and productivity in member-ports. One such project was intended to come up with a manual on best practices on Bulk Handling designed to provide benchmarks for productivity on liquid and dry bulk cargo handling operations.

A draft survey questionnaire was prepared in early 2000 to generate the information necessary for the preparation of the manual. After undergoing several revisions/amendments, the finalized form of the questionnaire was disseminated to ports of APA member-countries in February 2001. The accomplished forms were processed by the APA Permanent Secretariat in May of the same year.

The survey did not yield sufficient data needed for the manual. Among the major problems encountered in the analysis of the responses were dissimilarities in the units of measurement being used by member ports, incomplete or unrelated responses, and unanswered questions.

The results of the February 2001 Survey were presented and discussed in the 22nd APA Technical Committee Meeting held in Cebu City, Philippines on January 22-24, 2002. Further amendments were made on the questionnaire to address the identified deficiencies. The revised questionnaire (Annex A) was subsequently re-distributed to concerned member-ports in February 2002. The questionnaire focused on bulk handling arrangements between the port operator and the port user for handling liquid and dry bulk, bulk handling equipment and facilities provided by the port operator and by the port user, planned bulk handling equipment and facilities, liquid and dry bulk cargo volumes handled in the port (in 2003), types and characteristics of bulk vessels calling at the port (in 2003), documentation requirements for bulk handling by cargo owner and shipping company, training of port workers in handling bulk cargo, qualifications and skills requirements for port workers for handling dangerous liquid and dry bulk cargo, duties and responsibilities of port workers handling bulk cargo, port handling rates and other port charges for bulk cargo levied on cargo owner and shipping line, standard procedure for handling bulk cargo (documented or undocumented), port operational standards for handling bulk cargo, sanctions and penalties, and assessment of efficiency in bulk handling operations.

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Fifty-eight ports/terminals from the following seven APA member-countries responded to the January 2002 survey questionnaire:

1. Brunei Darussalam – 22. Indonesia – 103. Malaysia – 134. Philippines – 265. Singapore – 16. Thailand – 27. Vietnam - 4

---Total 58

As with the results of previous surveys, the following problems were encountered:

1. Deviation from the uniform units of measurement for productivity standards, cargo volume, capacity and rates specified in the questionnaire;

2. Unclear or incomplete responses;3. Unanswered questions;4. Use of acronyms;5. Names of the same port documents differed from port to port;6. Poor response in submission of relevant reference materials on policies,

guidelines and flowcharts as requested in the questionnaire to substantiate the information/data entered in the survey forms.

7. Submitted reference materials were prepared in the language of the country of the respondent.

II. DEFINITION OF BEST PRACTICE

The term “Best Practice” is derived from various phrases now being used to refer generally to processes, procedures and measures designed to improve performance, in this case, in port operations. There are no generally accepted criteria by which to judge which is and which is not best practice.

In addition, best practices could be applied only to cases where similar sets of operating conditions and characteristics prevail. Hence, the same operating standard would have meaning only in one kind of operating environment and would be totally meaningless in another.

Best practice also depends on one’s viewpoint. A port user such as a shipping line, a shipper or a consignee would have more stringent measures of performance compared to, say, a cargo handling operator who must deal with


various constraints such as physical limitations in the port, equipment limitations, labor laws and policies, port authority regulations, institutional and other concerns as well as meeting his own profit targets. The major respondent categories pre-identified in the Survey are as follows: port authority, terminal operator, port operator, port contractor, port owner/operator and port owner. Hence, these shall constitute the main perspective for assessing best practices in the ASEAN ports.

One perspective that would be an important subject for a separate study that may be integrated in this manual on best practices is that of the port users (shipping lines, shippers, consignees). A move in this direction was the Port Users’ Needs and Satisfaction Survey (PUNSS) conducted by the Philippine Ports Authority (PPA) in 2001. The Phase II of PUNSS which was completed in July 2004 expanded the coverage to include terminals not included in Phase I. An APA-wide diagnostic survey should yield results that would be informative and provide some blueprint for documenting best practices in the ASEAN region.

III. BEST PRACTICES

1. Entity Responsible For Bulk Cargo Handling Operations

The survey indicated a variety of responses regarding the entity responsible for liquid and dry bulk cargo handling which includes the port authority, port operator, private port owner/operator, port operator that must register before loading/unloading, private terminal operator, private cargo handling operator, private company, private contractor, private contractor engaged by ships, cargo owner, shipper, consignee, port user, private supplier/carrier, oil company, private stevedores, port workers, installation operator (liquid bulk) and bulk handlers. The common denominator appears to be the liberal participation of the private sector in bulk handling services and facilities as allowed by the government or by the port authority.

2. Port Equipment And Facilities For Bulk Handling

1) Supplied By Port

Bulk handling equipment and facilities provided by the port vary from port to port depending on the types of bulk commodity being handled. Bulk cargo, liquid or dry, by its nature dictates the use of mechanized equipment and specialized facilities which appears to be the general practice. The survey yielded information on the following equipment and facilities which ports provided in various combinations:


Bagging MachinesBarge, Mobile BerthsBerth (multi-purpose for dry bulkBobcatsBooster PumpsBucket ElevatorsBulk TerminalBulldozersCement unloadersClamshell grab bucketsConveyorConveyor, beltConveyor, cementConveyor, cerealConveyor, chainConveyor, fertilizerConveyor, pipeCrane, gantryCrane, jibCrane, latticeCrane, level-luffingCrane, mobileCrane, quayDedicated BerthForkliftsHopper scaleHoppersHoppers, GrabHosesHoses, manifoldHover (belt conveyors)Jetty, oil

Loading PointsMinidozerOpen Storage AreasPayloadersPipePipelinesPneumatic LoadersPneumatic receiving systemPump for molassesPumping MachinesReservoir for bulk liquidsSheds (for bulk cargo)Sheds, TransitSilosSilos, concreteStitching MachinesSuction MachineTank FarmTanksTanks, Asphalt Tanks, CPO Tanks, Receiving Tanks, Shore Tanks, StorageTrailersTrucks, DumpUnloadersWarehousesWeighing ScalesWharf for dry bulkWharf for liquid bulkWharf, multi-purpose

2) Supplied By Port User

Bulk handling equipment and facilities are also provided by the port user depending on the specific bulk commodity being handled and depending on what is already available at the port. Port users either provide all of the required equipment or in combination with those provided by the port. In a number of instances especially in the Philippines, the private port owner is also the port operator and the port user. Hence, certain responses were viewed in this light.


The following equipment and facilities are provided in various combinations (Equipment and facilities with asterisks are also provided by the port while equipment in italics was not indicated in the responses of those provided by the port and may have been provided only by the port user.)

BackhoeBagging Machines*Bagging ScaleBargeBerth*Bobcats*Buckets*Bulldozers*Cement unloaders*Clamshell grab buckets*Conveyor*Conveyor, cement*Conveyor, mobileConveyor, pneumaticCrane*Crane, crawlerCrane, gantryCrane, mobile*Crane, quay*Crane, shore*Dedicated Berth*Excavator*Forklifts*Hoppers*Hoses*Multi-purpose berth for dry bulk*

Payloaders*Pier, concretePier, conveyor-type for limestonePipelines*Pneumatic loaders/unloaders*Prime moversPump, hydraulicReach stackersScrap unloaderShelter storageShovelsSilo for cementSilo, cementSpreadersTank Farm*Tank, BitumenTank, skidTanks*Tanks, Storage*Trailers*Truck with mounted craneTrucks, Dump*Truck-tankersUnloaders, ship*Warehouses*

3. Bulk Handling Equipment and Facilities Planned For Acquisition

Based on their assessment of bulk operations in their respective ports, respondents were requested to indicate bulk handling equipment and facilities that they planned to acquire. It was deduced that acquisitions were planned based on present and future demand. In some cases, some machinery were planned just to beef up the existing the inventory. In other cases, entire terminals (e.g. oil jetties) are planned.


A summary of the information gathered is shown below:

BackhoeBagging machine, automaticBagging ScaleBagging shedBerth with shore craneBerth, dedicatedBobcatBucket, grabBuoys for mooringClamshellConveyorConveyor, portable systemCrane, bulkCrane, gantryCrane, quayCrane, shoreDischarger for dry bulkForklift

GeneratorHopperOil jetty (2 berths)Oil pump engineOil terminalPayloaderPump, boosterSiloStacker, headStorage areaStorage for bulk cargoStorage for bulk fertilizerTank for liquid cargoTruck-trailersUnloaderWarehouseWeighing scale

4. Types Of Bulk Commodities

Liquid Bulk:

Shown below is a summary of liquid bulk commodities handled by survey subjects that provided cargo data. Topping the list are LNG, Petroleum Products, Palm Oil and Edible and Non-edible Liquids, Crude Palm Oil and Chemicals. Each of commodities requires specialized handling equipment, storage facilities and transport machinery. It is unlikely that they would be handled in multi-purpose bulk terminals except for instance in the case of edible oils. What can be deduced as a common practice is that where there is sustained high volume in a particular bulk commodity, efficiencies can be achieved in using specialized vessels and specialized bulk terminals.


Liquid Bulk (in metric tons)LNG 17,202,607.00Petroleum Prods. 12,483,137.91Palm Oil 9,501,708.00Liquid-non edible 8,983,763.00Liquid-edible 4,005,120.00CPO (Crude Palm Oil) 1,922,815.00Chemical 1,217,909.00Soya Bean Oil 383,900.00Molasses 354,015.00LPG 300,000.00Others 220,600.00Ethanol 43,932.00Coconut Oil 43,560.00Asphalt 21,299.00Caustic soda 17,973.00Bitumen 12,391.00Sulfuric acid 8,800.00Not specified 3,368,133.00

Dry Bulk:

Shown below is a summary of dry bulk commodities handled by survey subjects that provided cargo data. Topping the list are Cement/Clinker/Limestone, Dry-non-edible, Fertilizer, Logs/Lumber, Dry-edible, Wheat, Sugar, Corn/Maize and Soy Beans. In constrast to liquid bulk, dry bulk commodities with homogeneous characteristics such as wheat and corn can be handled by a multi-use bulk facility such as a grain silo. Each commodity classification requires specialized handling equipment, storage facilities and transport machinery. As with liquid bulk, cost, handling and transport efficiencies can be derived from using specialized vessels and specialized bulk terminals where high-volumes are sustained on a long-term basis.


Dry Bulk (in metric tons)Cement/Clinker/Limestone 13,337,458.00Dry, non-edible 5,905,375.00Fertilizer 5,597,068.00Logs/timber 3,036,968.00Dry-edible 2,209,103.00Wheat 1,901,889.17Sugar 1,560,000.00Corn/Maize 1,189,248.00Soy Beans 1,187,969.00Soya Meal 865,161.88Clinker 634,968.00Grains & Fertilizer 631,619.00Palm kerner 611,856.00Clinker/Slug 600,000.00Others 538,700.00PKE 515,604.00Coal 499,912.00Urea 422,753.00Lubi based oil 387,500.00Gypsum 321,089.00Copper slag 283,500.00Scrap/Pig iron 263,000.00Malt 250,000.00Animal Feed 215,906.00Wood Chip 210,000.00Copra/Copra cake/meal 188,669.34Agri-Prods. 141,200.00Sand 114,028.00Industrial chemical 105,000.00Industrial Mineral 54,800.00Others 43,600.00Copra Expeller 27,665.37Coke 25,000.00Obsidian 20,732.00Sulfur 17,801.00Salt 5,235.00Soda/soda ash 3,000.00Sand & gravel 1,555.75Soya meal 1,200.00Not specified 7,071,137.00


5. Types And Characteristics Of Bulk Vessels

Liquid Bulk Vessels:

Data received from respondents on the types and characteristics of liquid bulk vessels were widely varied and some data are not consistent with those of liquid bulk ships. Nonetheless, the vessel particulars shown below are for all responses as processed. It could be deduced that some of these vessels are not really liquid bulk vessels but only carry liquid bulk commodities. In terms of DWT which for purposes of this analysis will be taken as a general measure of vessel size, it can be seen that liquid bulk vessels range from a small one of 300 DWT to a mammoth of 72,083 DWT. Averages would have limited value here. But the median size for a liquid bulk vessel plying the ASEAN sailing routes would be 5,000 DWT. (Note: There were 23 responses for DWT data.) The median is the 12th vessel.) For other vessel characteristics, the median for GRT is 4,007.00 (based on 30 responses), LOA, 100.00 meters (based on 32 responses) and Draft, 6.00 meters (based on 28 responses). This is, therefore, what appears to be the average liquid bulk vessel currently calling at ASEAN ports.

Maximum characteristics, based on the processed responses, for liquid bulk vessels would be as follows: DWT – 72,083; GRT – 80,346; LOA – 200 meters; and Draft – 13.00 meters. This would probably describe the large oil tankers calling at the large oil terminals of the ASEAN.


Liquid Bulk Vessels

GRT

250.00296.00498.00

1280.001444.001808.001851.002020.002390.002700.002705.003000.003220.003728.004007.004386.004500.004711.006000.006800.007753.009444.00

15000.0019355.0020000.0020000.0024000.0030000.0030000.0080346.00

NRT

50.001316.001500.001560.003700.00

15000.00

DWT

300.00441.00622.53

1801.002013.002600.002750.002889.004000.004780.005000.005000.005209.007582.00

10000.0012000.0018000.0020000.0020000.0034500.0035000.0035000.0072083.00

LOA

4.8036.0058.0067.3075.0077.0080.0080.0086.7890.0090.0092.00

100.00100.00100.00100.00105.00106.00108.00110.00113.00113.31114.00116.00125.00130.00150.00150.00150.00163.00165.00200.00


DRAFT

1.722.803.403.604.15

4.575.005.005.205.505.546.006.00

6.006.006.406.507.007.507.508.00

8.008.609.009.00

11.4011.7613.00


Dry Bulk Vessels:

As with liquid bulk vessels, data received from respondents on the types and characteristics of dry bulk vessels were widely varied and some data are not consistent with those of dry bulk ships. Nonetheless, the vessel particulars shown below are for all responses as processed. It could be deduced that some of these vessels are not really dry bulk vessels but only carry bulk commodities. In terms of DWT which for purposes of this analysis will be taken as a general measure of vessel size, it can be seen that dry bulk vessels range from a small one of 1,000 DWT to a mammoth of 65,000 DWT. As with liquid bulk vessels, averages would have limited value here. But the median size for a dry bulk vessel plying the ASEAN sailing routes would be 21,000 DWT. (Note: There were 30 responses for DWT data.) The median is the 15th vessel.) For other vessel characteristics, the median for GRT is 11,647.00 (based on 40 responses), LOA, 150.00 meters (based on 43 responses) and Draft, 9.00 meters (based on 39 responses). This is, therefore, what appears to be the average dry bulk vessel currently calling at ASEAN ports.

Maximum characteristics, based on the processed responses, for dry bulk vessels would be as follows: DWT – 65,000; GRT – 25,000; LOA – 225 meters; and Draft – 13.00 meters. This would probably describe the large bulk carriers bearing cement/clinker/limestone calling at the bulk terminals of the ASEAN.


Dry Bulk Vessels:

GRT

449.00616.00656.23

1250.001500.001801.004000.005990.006430.007433.007941.008000.00

10000.0010000.0010100.0010156.0010334.0010500.0011643.0011647.0012000.0013000.0014169.0015000.0019952.0022000.0022000.0023376.0025000.0025000.0025000.0025865.3025895.0027000.0027104.0030000.0030000.0035000.0040000.0063000.00

NRT

50.001600.004576.004692.007000.007800.00

12000.0013673.0020000.0025000.00

DWT

1000.001210.001580.002786.006000.006100.00

10000.0010000.0012274.0013711.6115000.0015000.0016000.0017000.0018527.9521000.0025000.0027815.0030000.0030000.0030000.0035000.0035000.0035000.0039000.0043598.0043700.0044000.00

45000.0065000.00

LOA

12.0040.2862.3267.3572.0078.0080.00

100.00110.00120.00120.00123.00124.62129.36140.00141.00148.00148.00150.00150.00150.00150.00151.00167.00175.00180.00180.00180.00180.00182.00182.00183.00184.00185.00185.84189.00190.00200.00

201.00215.00225.00225.00225.00

DRAFT

2.283.273.504.354.505.776.807.007.007.507.507.608.008.509.009.009.009.50

10.0010.0010.0010.0010.5010.5011.0011.0011.0011.0011.0011.0011.2011.5012.0013.00


6. Documentation Of Bulk Handling Operations

Documents Required From Cargo Owner and Shipping Line

A variety of documents, as shown in the long list below, was indicated by the respondents pertaining to the processing of bulk cargo and commodities most of which are being implemented in the conduct of general shipping and port operations. The common areas where documentation was required included the following:

a. Berthingb. Vessel Informationc. Cargo Recordingd. Cargo Movement (within and to/from the port)e. Billing for Chargesf. Customs Proceduresg. Dangerous Cargoh. Exportation/Importation

As with general port operations, appropriate documentation is useful for efficient operation providing information and data to effectively monitor, manage and administer the bulk terminal particularly where a substantial portion of the bulk traffic require specialized handling whether these are dangerous or non-dangerous cargo. In some responses, bulk handling operations have advanced with the use of automation, electronic and computerized systems, particularly when handling dangerous cargo. The consensus is that documentation is a critical function for bulk handling operations.

DOCUMENT REQUIRED CARGO OWNER

SHIPPING LINE

Agricultural Approval YesApplication For Berth Yes YesApplication of Bulk YesApplication For Direct Delivery YesBerthing Permit YesBill of Lading Yes YesBilling Yes YesBunkering Permit YesCargo Entry/Withdrawal Permit YesCargo Handling Contract YesCargo List – Export YesCargo Withdrawal Permit YesCommercial Invoice YesConvoy Note YesCrew List Yes


Customs Clearance Yes YesCustoms Declaration Form Yes YesCustoms Documentation YesCustoms Import/Export Licenses YesDaily Report YesDelivery Note YesDelivery Order Yes YesDelivery Order – Import YesDelivery Plan YesDelivery Receipt Yes YesDG Declaration Form Yes YesDraft Survey Report YesElectronic Delivery Order Yes YesElectronic Shipping Note YesETA Advice YesExport License YesExport Shipping Order YesImport Delivery Order YesImport Entry YesIntegrated Export Document YesIntegrated Import Document Yes YesIntegrated Import/Export Document

Yes

Integrated Shipping Document Yes YesInvoicing Advice YesLetter of Import/Export YesLorry Chit YesLorry Convoy Notice YesManifest Yes YesManifest, Cargo YesManifest, Coasting YesManifest, Inward YesManifest, Outward YesMiscellaneous Ship Voucher YesNotice of Advice Yes YesOutturn Statement/Certificate, Final

Yes Yes

Outward Booking Reference YesPacking/Hatch List Yes YesPermit To Discharge YesPermit To Transfer YesPermit To Unload Dangerous/Inflammable Cargo

Yes

Permits YesPort Charges Yes


Product Transfer Slip YesShip Advice Voucher YesShip Arrival Notice YesShip/Vessel Particulars Yes YesShipping Instruction Import/Export Documents

Yes

Shipping Note YesSplit Charge Agreement Yes YesStatement of Facts Yes YesStatistical Report YesStatistical Supplement YesStevedoring Contract YesStowage Plan YesSurveyor Report YesTax Declaration YesVessel Information Sheet YesUnloading Advice YesUsage Fee YesWharfage Clearance Certificate Yes YesZB Form Yes

7. Training On Bulk Handling For Port Workers

A variety of training courses and programs were also indicated by respondents mentioning which entity is conducting or responsible for the training whether by port, the port operator, private cargo handling operator or some other company or group. The common areas for skills development, whether on-the-job or formal sessions included the following:

a. Cargo Handlingb. Safetyc. Equipment Operationd. Specialized Programs for Handling of Dangerous Cargoe. Pollution Prevention and Controlf. Supervisory Skills

Generally, port personnel who would have direct contact with bulk cargo and require training can be divided into the following categories:

a. Stevedores/Deckhandsb. Equipment Operatorsc. Security Personnel


d. Technicianse. Foremen/Supervisors

Training On Liquid Bulk Handling:

Liquid bulk handling requires training in the handling, operation, maintenance and repair of pipelines, pipes, hoses, pumps, valves, switches, tanks and tankers as well as in the use of pollution prevention and control equipment, fire-fighting equipment and implementation of emergency procedures. These are then complemented with training in supervisory skills. The list below was consolidated from the various responses and indicates a general appreciation of the usefulness of training:

1) All-safe Cargo Handling2) Clerk Basic Training3) Contractor Basic Safety and Handling Procedures4) Crew Operator Special Training5) Dangerous Cargo6) Drivers Handling of Mobile Crane7) English Ability8) Equipment Operator Orientation/Training9) Executive Ship-To-Shore Safety Checklist10) Fire Prevention11) Foreman and Checker Cargo Handling12) Hose Fixer/Fixing13) IMO/MARPOL 73/7814) Oil Spillage Prevention15) Pipe Worker Training16) Port Workers Basic Safety and Handling Procedures17) Pump Operator – Handling of Crude Palm Oil18) Safe Cargo Handling for Foremen/Supervisors19) Safe Cargo Handling for Security Personnel20) Safe Cargo Handling for Technicians21) Safety Procedures22) Stevedore Fire-Fighting and Safety23) Stevedoring Pipe/Hose Fitting24) Supervisor Safety Awareness25) Surveyor-Surveying Workshop26) Tank Farm Pipeline and Task Safety Operation27) Tanker Operator28) Terminal Operator Handling of Dangerous Cargo29) Training in Cargo Handling for Port Labor30) Worker Quayside Pipeline Safety Operation31) Workers Emergency Response Procedures, Safety Rules and

Precautions


Training On Dry Bulk Handling:

Handling dry bulk cargo requires the same level and intensity of training as with liquid bulk handling. In this case, this involves the handling, operation, maintenance and repair of clamshells (grab buckets), forklifts, bobcats, payloaders, loaders/unloaders, winches, bagging machines, trimming machines, bulldozers, cranes, conveyor systems, silos, as well as in the use of pollution prevention and control equipment, fire-fighting equipment and implementation of emergency procedures. These are then complemented with training of supervisory skills.

1) All Safety. Team Building and First Aid2) Bagging Crew (Bag filling and stitching)3) Basic Port Operations Safety Training4) Cargo Handling for Stevedores5) Checkers Orientation6) Clamshell Operator Multi-skill Training7) Clerk (Clerical)-English Ability8) Crane Operator9) Crane Operator – Bulk Crane10) Deckhand and wheel loader11) Equipment Operator – Winch/Signalman Training and Defensive

Driving12) Equipment Operator (Forklifts, bulldozers, etc.)13) Equipment Operator for Unloader and Silo14) Foreman and Checker Cargo Handling15) Forklift Operator- Palletized Piling16) Gang Boss, Supervisory and Safety17) Maintenance Technician18) Operations Personnel Safety19) Operations Personnel Safety, Proper Handling of Bulk Materials

and Pollution Control20) Payloader Operator21) Port Worker Operation Work Procedure and Cargo Handling22) Safety Device Use23) Stevedore Operation/Hooking/Safety/Trimming24) Trimming Machine Operator25) Truck Loader- Truck Piling26) Winch Operator, Fire-fighting and SOLAS27) Winchman/Deckhand Handling Of Ship Crane28) Winchman/Bagger/Cargo Hold Workers Safety


Training On Dangerous Cargo Handling

Responses to questions regarding training in the handling of dangerous cargo largely overlap with other training programs for liquid and dry bulk handling with specific emphasis on dangerous cargo. The information submitted mention basic and general courses on dangerous cargo handling although in some instances courses are specific for oil pollution, oil spills and explosives. The list below is a consolidation of responses.

1) Basic Safety Course on Dangerous Cargo Handling Operations2) Dangerous Cargo Classification and Safety Measures3) Dangerous Cargo Handling4) Emergency Response on Accidents5) Fire Prevention6) Fire-fighting7) Forklift/Welding Operation and Maintenance8) IMO/MARPOL 73/789) International Safety Standards and Requirements10) Multi-Skill Training on Safety11) Pollution Control12) Port Safety13) Proper Handling and Storage of Bulk Materials14) Safety Measures for Explosives Handling15) Special Skills Berthing/Unmooring of Bulk Carriers and Ship-to-

Shore Cargo Handling (for Dangerous Liquid Bulk)16) Training on Handling Dry Bulk Cargo17) Training on Oil Spillage Protection18) Training Requirement – Competency in Ship-to-Shore Safety

Procedures19) Warehouse Management

8. Duties And Responsibilities Of Portworkers

Responses to the questions on the duties and responsibilities of each group or category of workers or entity handling bulk cargo ranged from the general to the specific, most of which were routine tasks that the port worker was trained to do, in any case. The information received and processed was consolidated as follows:


1) Arrastre(a) Handles cargo from hauler to vessel(b) Receives cargo

2) Bagger(a) Fills up sacks with bulk fertilizer and sews before piling into

trucks(b) Measures and seals bagged bulk cargo

3) Cargo Hold Worker – Gathers and piles bulk cargo using backhoe or bobcat for transfer through clamshell or unloader

4) Checker – Documents and records the cargo

5) Clamshell Operator – Transfers cargo to hoppers

6) Crane Operator – Operates bulk handler

7) Deckhand – Operates hydraulic grab

8) Equipment Operator(a) Operates crane, payloader, winch, forklift, mobile and other

handling equipment; discharges cargo(b) Ensures safe and efficient operation of machines

9) Foreman/Gang Boss/Supervisor/Gang Leader – (a) Supervises stevedoring operation(b) Supervises cargo handling(c) Arranges cargo handling(d) Monitors port workers(e) Leads group in performing tasks

10) Inspection Team – Conducts ship-to-shore safety inspection

11) Line Tender – Secures nozzles to marathon hose to the intake manifold

12) Maintenance Technician – Attends to breakdown of equipment; carries out maintenance

13) Mooring Gang – Performs berthing of tanker/vessel

14) Operations Clerk – Monitors pump progress, in charge of receipt/delivery at yard/warehouse/wharf


15) Operations Assistant(a) Operates unloader; stores cargo in silo(b) Tallies and documents

16) Operators – Operates crane and equipment on three shifts and attends to breakdown

17) Payloader Operator – Loads cargo to dump trucks

18) Pipeline Operator – Watches for leaks

19) Pump Operator (a) In charge of pipeline(b) akes charge of loading CPO from storage tank to vessel

20) Signalman – Assists winchman

21) Stevedore /Dockworker/Port Laborer(a) Handles cargo in hatch of vessels or on land side where labor is

needed(b) Handles cargo on vessel(c) In charge of ship stability; arranges cargo(d) Marshalls traffic; loads cargo; bags cargo; operates winch(e) Performs bagging and sewing operations(f) Pumps cargo from tank storage to ships(g) Unloads bulk fertilizer into hopper(h) Performs trimming of cargo on dump trucks(i) Connects pipe from loading point to manifold(j) Works on board vessel and on dock(k) Carries bagged sugar

22) Supervisor(a) Coordinates shifting(b) Ensure safe, smooth and efficient operation(c) Monitors and supervises operations/safety

23) Surveyor – Conducts sounding and cargo checking of quality and quantity

24) Tallyman(a) Accounts for the volume(b) Counts and records cargo

25) Technician(a) Aligns rubber hose; tightens bolts(b) Performs minor repair of equipment


26) Terminal Operator(a) Administers port(b) Supervises cargo handling

27) Trimmer – Implements stowage plan

28) Trimming Gang – Ensures cleanliness of hatch

29) Trimming Machine Driver – Trims cargo towards end of discharging

30) Warehouse Worker – Arranges cargo space

31) Wharf Assistant –Locks/unlocks valve

32) Wheel Loader – trims cargo hold

33) Winchman/Deckhand(a) Handles ship’s crane on board vessel(b) Transfers cargo from hold to hoppers

9. Bulk Cargo Handling Rates

Information on rates charged for the handling of bulk cargo was generally on a category basis except for a few specific commodities which required a category of their own such as asphalt, bunker, clinker/gypsum, fertilizer, grains, palm oil, petroleum and soya meal. The general impression is that unless a specific tariff was needed, the rate was prescribed for a catch-all classification. Another observation was that the rate base or unit of quantity was in most cases the ton or metric ton.

CARGO TYPE RATE (COUNTRY)All DG, liquid RM 3.00 (Malaysia – Northport)All non-DG, liquid RM 1.80 (Malaysia – Northport)All types, indirect Rp. 51,000-53,000 (Indonesia)All types, bulk, handling at buoy US$2.30/ton (Vietnam – Saigon)All types, bulk, ship-to-shed/yard US$2.00/ton (Vietnam – Saigon)All types, bulk, ship-to-truck/barge

US$2.00/ton (Vietnam – Saigon)

Arrastre Php 87.30/mt (Philippines – General Santos)Php 33.10/mt (Philippines – Tabaco)

Asphalt Rp. 26,850/ton (Indonesia - Panjang)


Rp. 985/ton/cu.m. (Indonesia - Pontianak)

Bunker RM 4.00 (Malaysia – Sabah)RM 1.05 (Malaysia – Sapangar Bay)

Clinker/Gypsum US$0.50/ton (Brunei)US$2.60/ton (Vietnam – Danang)

Dry – Truck Loading Rp. 7,418.50 (Indonesia – IPC III)RM 5-9.50 (Malaysia – Johor)

Dry Bulk Php 107.75/ton (Philippines – Davao)Php 74.08/mt (Philippines – Masbate)Php 38.12 shipside (Philippines – Foremost Milling Corp.)Php 172/mt (Philippines – Limay)RM 8.50/ton (Malaysia – Northport)$1.30 wharfage/$1.00 service for manual handling (Singapore – Jurong)$1.30 wharfage/$3.90 using unloader/$2.30 using conveyor (Singapore – Jurong)BHT 148/mt (Thailand – Laem Chabang)

Dry Cargo Rp. 33,410 (Indonesia – Tanjung Perak)Php 79.20 plus Php 24.40 for bagging (Philippines – Iloilo Commercial Port Complex)Php 69.70/mt (Philippines – Legazpi) RM 0.92/ton (Malaysia – Sapangar Bay)

Dry, edible RM 6-9.50 (Malaysia – Johor)Dry, not edible RM 9.50 (Malaysia – Johore Port)Fertilizer Rp. 6,433 (Indonesia – IPC I)

Rp. 10,968 (Indonesia – IPC III)Rp. 18,213 (Indonesia - Panjang)RM 1.00 (Malaysia – Bintulu)

Fertilizer/Coal US$2.60/ton (Vietnam – Danang)Grains Php 128.90 arrastre/stevedoring

(Philippines - Batangas)US$5.50/mt terminal handling (Philippines – Mariveles Terminal)


Liquid – Truck Loading Rp. 9,611 (Indonesia)Liquid (per ton) Rp. 501/ton (Indonesia – IPC I)

Rp. 14,125/ton (Indonesia – IPC III)Rp. 3,140/ton (Indonesia – Tanjung Perak)Php 59-64/mt (Philippines – (South Harbor)RM 6.00 (Malaysia – Sabah)RM 1.58 (Malaysia – Sapangar Bay)$1.30 wharfage/$1.00 service (Singapore – Jurong)BHT 45/mt (Thailand – Laem Chabang)

Liquid, edible RM 2.50 (Malaysia – Johor)RM 2.00 (Malaysia – Johore Port)

Liquid, non-edible RM 3-4 (Malaysia – Johor)Palm Kernel Oil (per ton) Rp. 10,900.ton (Indonesia – IPC I)Palm Oil (per ton) US$1.50/ton (Indonesia – IPC I)

Php 5.00/mt wharfage (Philippines – Butuan)RM 0.50 (Malaysia – Bintulu)RM 2.50-3.50 (Malaysia – Johore)RM 2.00 (Malaysia – Kuantan Port)

Petroleum, liquid RM 0.50/ton (Malaysia – Bintulu )RM 2.00 (Malaysia – Rajang)RM 2.50-3.50 (Malaysia – Johore)RM 2.50 (Malaysia – Kuantan Port)

Sand and Gravel Php 67.70/revenue ton arrastre (Philippines – Masao)

Silica Sand US$2.00/ton (Vietnam – Danang)Soya Meal Php 6.50/mt terminal handling

(Philippines – Mariveles Terminal)

Stevedoring Php 20.45/mt (Philippines – General Santos)Php 51.95/mt (Philippines – Tabaco)


10. Other Rates Charged On Bulk Cargo

The table below is a consolidation of individual responses regarding information on other rates charged for the handling of bulk cargo. It can be seen that payment by either cargo owner or by shipping line can vary from port to port. For instance, out of 7 responses regarding dockage fee, 6 reported that this was paid by the shipping line. In another instance, out of 23 responses regarding wharfage dues, 21 disclosed that this was paid by the cargo owner.

In general, based on the results of the survey, the following charges are paid by the cargo owner:

a. Bargingb. Customs dutiesc. Equipment rentald. Handling chargee. Permit to dischargef. Storageg. Trimming Chargeh. Use of port cranei. Wharfage

On the other hand, in general, the following charges are paid by the shipping line:

a. Ancillary services/permitsb. Berth occupancyc. Berth/anchoraged. Berthinge. Dockagef. Harbor duesg. Maintenance feeh. Mooring feei. Pilotagej. Port duesk. Port usage feel. Stevedoragem. Throughput chargen. Towageo. Tug assistancep. Vessel charge


OTHER CHARGES LEVIED FOR BULK HANDLINGRate/Charge Paid by Paid by

Ancillary services/permits Shipping lineBagging and sewing P55/tonBarging Cargo owner:Berth occupancy Shipping lineBerth/anchorage Shipping lineBerth/anchorage Shipping lineBerthing Shipping lineBerthing fee Shipping lineBerthing fees Shipping lineBerthing/anchorage Shipping lineBerthing/Unberthing $175-$300/vessel call

Cargo owner:

Customs duties Cargo owner:Dockage Shipping lineDockage Shipping lineDockage Shipping lineDockage Shipping lineDockage fee Shipping lineDockage fee Shipping lineDockage-$30.00 1st 100 Cargo owner:Eqpt. Rental Cargo owner:Extra labor Cargo owner:General charge Cargo owner:General charge Cargo owner:Handling charge Cargo owner:Harbor dues Shipping lineHarbor fees Shipping lineLight fee Shipping lineLOA & @$2.00>each m >100

Cargo owner:

Maintenance fee Shipping lineMooring fee Shipping lineMooring fees Shipping lineMooring/unmooring Shipping lineMooring/unmooring Shipping lineMooring/unmooring Shipping lineNo. Of days x 1.10 vat) Shipping linePalletizing chargePermit to discharge Cargo owner:Pier maintenance fee Shipping linePilotage Shipping linePilotage Shipping linePilotage Shipping linePilotage Shipping linePilotage fee Shipping linePilotage service Shipping linePilotage/dockage Shipping linePort dues Shipping linePort dues Shipping linePort dues Shipping linePort dues Shipping linePort dues Shipping line


Port dues Shipping linePort dues Shipping linePort dues Shipping linePort dues Shipping linePort dues Shipping linePort dues Shipping linePort dues/usage fee Shipping linePort indirect Cargo owner:Port usage fee Shipping lineR s & d Shipping lineRM2.00 (Local)RM2.50 (foreign)Rm2.0-shippingRm2.30-shippingSpace rental Cargo owner:Standby charge Cargo owner:Stevedorage Shipping lineStorage Cargo owner:Storage Cargo owner:Storage Cargo owner:Storage Cargo owner:Storage Cargo owner:Temporary vehicle pass Cargo owner:Throughput charge Shipping lineTowage Shipping lineTowage/pilotage Shipping lineTrimming charge Cargo owner:Trimming charge Cargo owner:Tug assistance Shipping lineTug boat Shipping lineTugboat services Shipping lineUS$0.03/GRT-shippingUS$0.6/ton-shippingUS$9.21-36.84/operationUsage Shipping lineUsage fee Shipping lineUsage fee Shipping lineUsage fee (GRT x 0.50 x Shipping lineUse of port crane Cargo owner:Vessel charge Shipping lineWharfage Cargo owner:Wharfage Cargo owner:Wharfage Cargo owner:Wharfage Cargo owner:Wharfage Cargo owner:Wharfage Cargo owner:Wharfage Cargo owner:Wharfage Cargo owner:Wharfage Cargo owner:Wharfage Cargo owner:Wharfage Cargo owner:Wharfage Cargo owner:Wharfage Cargo owner:Wharfage Cargo owner:


Wharfage Cargo owner:Wharfage Cargo owner:Wharfage Cargo owner:Wharfage Cargo owner:Wharfage Cargo owner:Wharfage Shipping lineWharfage Shipping lineWharfage (P5.0/m.t.) Cargo owner:Wharfage dues Cargo owner:

11. Standard Procedures For Processing Bulk Cargo

Descriptions of the standard procedures for the processing of bulk cargo submitted by the respondents are generally brief and telegraphic. What could be deduced is the following pattern:

a. Application for berthb. Clearances from the Customs agencyc. Payment of permitsd. Performance of actual bulk handlinge. Billingf. Payment of chargesg. Documentation at each step

For comparison, various descriptions are presented below as gathered from responses.

For Liquid Bulk (various practices):

a. In the case of CPO, the operator takes charge of pumping/loading CPO to vessel from the storage tank. After loading, the operator submits the loading report to the office which prepares the Product Transfer Slip to record the volume loaded.

b. Berth planning; Submission of documents; Hose connection; Sampling; Commencement; Completion; Calculation of productivity and Documentation.

c. Connection of the vessel to the pipelines by hoses and monitoring for leaks.

d. Operator connects the hose, pumps cargo from source to ship, and disconnects hose afterwards.

e. Berth application; Berth allocation; Discharging operation by cargo owner; Billing.


f. In another response, no laborers are used for liquid bulk handling. Vessel workers simply connect the pipe from the depot to vessel

For Dry Bulk (various practices):

a. Grab buckets are positioned and fitted to the vessel. Hoppers are positioned with spouts. Cargo is bagged and bags are stitched. In the case of palletized cargo, cargo is piled onto pallets which are stacked in sheds or stockpiling areas. In the case of fertilizers, stevedores unload from the vessel by ship’s crane onto hopper with baggers at the dockside to put into sacks, sewn and piled onto trucks.

b. Cargo on vessel is transferred to hoppers and the arrastre group places bags at mouth of the hoppers to catch cargo. Another group headed by a gang boss does the bagging and sewing.

c. Rubber pipe is aligned and attached to the vessel. Air is blown through the pipes from vessel transferring bulk cement from vessel to silo.

d. Pertinent documents like Bill of Lading and manifests are submitted. Cargo entry/withdrawal permit is filled up and wharfage is paid. The port authority then approves the workers schedule and cargo operation begins upon approval.

e. Cargo handler operates payloader, brings cargo to vessel, discharges cargo and trims/levels cargo.

f. Submission of manifest; Preparation of logistics and manpower requirements; Application for mooring of equipment to port (excavator).

g. Berth planning; Submission of documents including ISPS checklist; Discharging/loading.

h. Dump trucks roll on board the LCT or barge. Payloader operator loads cargo on dump trucks. Workers trim cargoes on board with dump trucks which are covered with tarpaulin. Dump trucks roll off the vessel.

i. For copra, cargo is loaded in buckets inside trucks, lifted by crane to the hatch of vessel.


j. Incoming cargo: Pneumatic ship unloading is used and transported through the pier intake mechanical conveyor. Bulk weighing and pre-cleaning are done and cargo is mechanically conveyed to silos or warehouse.

k. Outgoing cargo: Cargo is discharged from the silo/warehouse and mechanically conveyed to the scale.

l. Consignee submits the Notice Of Arrival and receives approved berth assignment. He then prepares safety equipment with gears for discharging. He then pays the wharfage dues.

12. Written Guidelines

On this item, five of the survey subjects responded that they had written guidelines or instructions prescribed for handling bulk cargo.

13. Port Operations Standards For Bulk Handling

Some respondents submitted complete information on the operations standards that they have adopted in their respective bulk terminals presumably based on the requirements of their clients. Samples are shown below.

(1) Liquid Bulk - Operations Standards

Liquid Bulk Handling Standards (Indonesia – IPC I)Labor Complement 4 Foreman/20 workersEquipment Complement 48 untis flexible hose

20 units fire extinguisher3 units fire brigade

Productivity 1.200T/S/H

Safety Devices50 gloves/50 helmets/50 mask

Liquid Bulk Handling Standards (Indonesia – Tanjung Perak)Labor Complement 1 foreman/1 checkerEquipment Complement PipeProductivity 100 T/HSafety Devices 1 helmet, 1 shoes

1 mask/person

(2) Dry Bulk - Operations Standards


Dry Bulk Handling Standards (Brunei – Heidelberger)Labor Complement 1 Superintendent

1 Supv./12 operatorsEquipment Complement 4-hydraulic grab

3-hoppersconveyor belts

Productivity 450T/HSafety Devices alarms & helmet

Dry Bulk Handling Standards (Indonesia – IPC I)Labor Complement 4 foreman/24 workerEquipment Complement 6 portable conveyor

2 fixed conveyor1 pneumatic conveyor

Productivity 800T/S/HSafety Devices 50 safety,50 helment

50 masks, 50 gloves8 fire extinguisher3 fire brigades

Dry Bulk Handling Standards (Indonesia – Tanjung Perak)Labor Complement 1 foreman,1checker,

1 tallymanEquipment Complement conveyor, grab

bagging machineProductivity 300 T/HSafety Devices 1-helmet, 1-shoes

Dry Bulk Handling Standards (Philippines – Iloilo Commercial Port Complex)

Labor Complement50 stevedores/100 baggers

Equipment Complement 4 hoppers1 unloader

Productivity125 mt-bulk wheat/50 mtfor bulk fertilizer

Safety Devicessafety shoes/boots & maskper worker


Dry Bulk Handling Standards (Philippines – Davao)

Labor Complement1 gang of arrastre & stevedoresr per hatch

Equipment Complement3 ship's crane, 3 forklift1 hopper/hatch1 clamshell/ship's crane

Productivity 1,000 m.t. per day

Safety Devices gloves/worker

Dry Bulk Handling Standards (Philippines – Planters Products, Inc.)

Labor Complementoperations personnel-13/shift,stevedores-15/shift

Equipment Complement 2-3 TCM 45 payloadersProductivity 4,000-6,000 mt/day

Safety Deviceshard hat, safety sheet, gloves,dusk mask, safety goggles,working clothes

Dry Bulk Handling Standards (Philippines – Limay)Labor Complement 20 personsEquipment Complement Unloader/Loader/PayloaderProductivity 4000-5000 mt/day

Safety Devicesgoggles, mask, gloves, hard hat

14. Sanctions And Penalties Pertaining To Bulk Handling

Various practices are implemented with regard to sanctions and penalties for violations or non-compliance with policies, rules and regulations governing bulk handling operations. The responses are summarized below:

a. Vessel is unberthed if productivity is low (taken to anchorage)b. Suspension of operationc. Reprimandd. Reprimand for first offensee. Reprimand to suspension


f. Permit to operate is revoked.g. Issuances on Port Rules and Regulation (PPA AO 13-77, PD

857)h. Payment of demurragei. Payment of demurrage and payment of full cargo losses that

exceed standardsj. Minimum of 3 months suspension from work of an erring

workerk. BPA Port By-laws 1981 Terms and Conditions of business 1993

(Bintulu Port Authority)l. Cargo handling operations are ordered stopped.m. Layoff, deductions from salary,etc.

15. Assessment Of Factors/Conditions Affecting Bulk Handling

As with responses requiring further elaboration and explanation, the information provided under this item was abbreviated and telegraphic. However, the following generally describes the concerns faced by the port, port user, cargo owner, shipping line and other stakeholders some of which are beyond human control:

1) Capability (inability) of cargo owner to arrange for land transport

2) Cargo volume (lack of)3) Cargo which hardened at the lower hold (damaged cargo)4) Condition of dry bulk cargo5) Coordination/cooperation (Poor)6) Discharging/loading sequence7) Equipment (poor condition, non-availability, pipeline leaks,

inadequate)8) Facilities (inadequate)9) Fortuituous events10) Geography11) Inefficiency of installation operator for loading and ship pumps

for discharging (liquid bulk)12) Labor (non-availability)13) Lack of back-up storage area14) Manpower (lack of)15) Market demand (poor)16) Mechanical breakdown17) Mode of transfer to vessel hold18) Non purpose built vessels and lack of supply of truck (dry

bulk)19) Non-availability of hauler20) Non-availability of stocks from source21) Non-specialized haulage equipment


22) Old and inefficient dry bulk equipment/facilities23) Pipeline leakage24) Port equipment breakdown25) Presence of squatters near the pipeline26) Readiness of cargo27) Seasons affecting ships and cargo handling operation28) Ship's gear29) Size of vessel30) Skill of labor31) System breakdown32) Transport (lack of)33) Transport agreement34) Transportation (cycle time port to warehouse)35) Type of cargo36) Type of vessel37) Unavailability of trucks/barge38) User's equipment39) Vessel/equipment40) Waiting for cargo41) Weather (inclement, monsoon, temperature)

16. Dedicated Berths For Bulk Cargo

Out of the 58 respondents, 12 reported having dedicated berths equipped with handling equipment for certain types of bulk commodity. These are listed below.

COUNTRY/PORT DEDICATED BERTH FOR BULK CARGO

Brunei – Heidelberger Jetty for discharging and one berth

Indonesia – IPC I Crude Palm Oil (CPO) - 350 m.; Cement - 250 m.; Fertilizer - 250 m.; Note: Include equipment and facilities.

Indonesia – Tanjung Perak NILAM Berth (for private company)

Malaysia – Bintulu Pipeline for liquid bulk; Conveyor for dry bulk

Malaysia – Kuantan Port Liquid BulkMalaysia – Northport Wharf 22-23 - Liquid bulk berth;

Wharf 24-25 - Dry bulk berthMalaysia – Rajang For fuel oil at Sq. Merah wharfMalaysia – Sapangar Bay For liquid bulk with dedicated oil

jetty at SapangarPhilippines – Currimao Pipeline for liquid bulk;

Conveyor for dry bulk


Philippines - Nasipit Imbedded pipeline at the south berth of the port which runs up to plant site some 300 meters away; Intake manifold at south berth

Singapore - Jurong 3 dedicated berths for cement; 2 dedicated berths for other cargo

Vietnam - Haiphong Dedicated berth for bulk handling located at main port


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