bull run shakes union confidence

Objectives:

o We will describe the

outcomes and effects of the

early battles of the Civil War.

• Pro_22:8 He that soweth iniquity

shall reap vanity: and the rod of

his anger shall fail.

Civil War

• Lincoln being elected as President begins the domino effect of Southern States seceding from the Union.

• Fort Sumter was the first battle of the Civil War.

• Ironically the only casualty was a horse.

Bull Run Shakes Union Confidence. • Civil War started slowly.

• Three months after the firing on Fort Sumter was the next battle.

• In July 1861, General Scott sent General Irvin McDowell and more than 30,000 Union troops to do battle with Confederate troops outside Washington.

• The two armies met at Bull Run, a creek near Manassas, Virginia.

Bull Run Shakes Union Confidence.

• The two armies met

at Bull Run, a creek

near Manassas,

Virginia.

• Civilian spectators

from Washington set

up picnics to see the

battle.


• In the first few hours, the Union Federal troops looked like they had the upper hand.

• But a failed charge where Thomas “Stonewell” Jackson of the Confederate forces held their ground led to chaos among the Federal forces and caused them along the civilian spectators to retreat back to Washington.

Bull Run Shakes Union Confidence. • “But now the most extraordinary spectacle I

have ever witnessed took place. I had been gazing at the numerous well-formed lines as they moved forward to the attack…. I looked, and what a change had taken place in an instant. Where those well-dressed, well-defined lines, with clear spaces between, had been steadily pressing forward, the whole field was a confused swarm of men, like bees, running away as fast as their legs could carry them, with all order and organization abandoned.” W.W. Blackford, Confederate Officer who fought in Bull Run. Source: Arthur L. White, Ellen G. White: The Progressive Years, 1862-1876, vol. 2, 36-37.


• “[General] Beauregard had their cannons loaded with chain shot, and was about to fire. He looked toward the advancing host, and cried out: `The Yanks are all retreating. Don't fire the guns.“ A Mr. Johnson interviewed by J.N. Loughborough who fought in the battle. Arthur L. White, Ellen G. White: The Progressive Years, 1862-1876, vol. 2, 38.

Bull Run Shakes Union Confidence. • “I had a view of the disastrous battle at

Manassas…. The dead and dying were on every side. Both the North and the South suffered severely. The Southern men felt the battle, and in a little while would have been driven back still further. The Northern men were rushing on, although their destruction was very great. Just then an angel descended and waved his hand backward. Instantly there was confusion in the ranks. It appeared to the Northern men that their troops were retreating, when it was not so in reality, and a precipitate retreat commenced.” Ellen White, Testimonies to the Church, vol. 1, 266.

Impact of Bull Run

• Despite their victory, Confederate troops were far too disorganized to press their advantage and pursue the retreating Yankees, who reached Washington by July 22.

• The First Battle of Bull Run (called First Manassas in the South) cost some 3,000 Union casualties, compared with 1,750 for the Confederates.

• Hopes for a quick Union victory was dashed.

• “I was shown that many do not realize

the extent of the evil that has come

upon us. They have flattered

themselves that the national difficulties

would soon be settled, and confusion

and war end; but all will be convinced

that there is more reality in the matter

than was anticipated. Men have looked

for the North to strike a blow and end

the controversy.” Ellen White, , “Slavery

and War,” Advent Review and Sabbath

Herald, 27 August 1861.

Impact of Bull Run

• On the Confederate side accusations between Jefferson Davis and his generals hurled on why the Rebel army could not pursue the retreating Federal troops.

• For the Union, Lincoln removed McDowell from command and replaced him with George B. McClellan, who would retrain and reorganize Union troops to a more disciplined force.

• When McClellan began to organize his army of the Potomac, General Ulysses S. Grant pursued the Mississippi Valley wing of the Anaconda Plan.

• In February 1862, he directed the attack and capture of two Confederate strongholds.

• Fort Henry on the Tennessee River and Fort Donelson on the Cumberland River.

• His bold action drove Confederate forces from western Kentucky and much of Tennessee, and boosted northern morale

• However in April, Grant fought a terrible battle in Southwest Tennessee in the Battle of Shiloh where two days of fighting killed or wounded 25,000 Union and Confederate soldiers.

• This horrified the whole nation

Naval Battles • Admiral David Farragut sailed

through the Gulf of Mexico and seized the vital southern port of New Orleans at the mouth of the Mississippi

• Farragut continued to sail up the Mississippi but stopped 50 miles from its objective in Vicksburg.

Naval Battles

• In 1862, the Monitor and the Virginia, both iron clad ships fought each other in battle.

• The battle was a stalemate but it signaled the shift from wooden ships to iron clad ships.

As you have just seen the initial blood shed of

the Civil War, do you think it was worth the

lives lost?

Objectives:

o We will analyze why Lincoln

decided to issue the

Emancipation Proclamation

and what it achieved.

o We will assess the different

roles that African Americans

played in the Civil War.

• Luk_4:18 The Spirit of the Lord is

upon me, because he hath

anointed me to preach the gospel

to the poor; he hath sent me to

heal the brokenhearted, to

preach deliverance to the

captives, and recovering of sight

to the blind, to set at liberty them

that are bruised,

Slow Progress

• McClellan and Lincoln clashed because McClellan was very cautious in his strategy.

• McClellan wanted to make a decisive drive towards the Confederate Capital of Richmond but wanted to wait until he felt the troops were ready.

• Lincoln also did not give all the troops McClellan requested because he felt that a large force was need to protect D.C.

Slow Progress • McClellan finally ceded to Lincoln’s

wishes and took his troops and sailed into Virginia.

• McClellan’s army engaged the Confederate forces defending Richmond commanded by General Robert E. Lee.

• Although McClellan had a larger army, Lee defeated him because of McClellan’s cautious style and retreated back to Washington in a series of battles called the Seven Days.

Slow Progress

• Lincoln replaced McClellan after his defeat but the move was a mistake.

• Larger Federal forces were crushed by Stonewell Jackson’s army in the Second Battle of Manassas.

• This energized the Rebel Army and McClellan was returned to his command.

Enslaved African Americans Seek Refuge • Pressure from both home and abroad

urged Lincoln to address the issue of slavery.

• Abolitionists such as Frederick Douglas and William Lloyd Garrison as well as the thousands who supported them were impatient with Lincoln’s policies.

• Slavery was unpopular in Europe.

• Antislavery sentiment was one of the main reasons why Great Britain was reluctant to aid the Confederacy.

ENSLAVED AFRICAN AMERICANS SEEK REFUGE

• Union officers had a dilemma to do with slaves they had under their control in territory they occupied.

• It was absurd to return them to their owners.

• General Benjamin Butler gathered hundreds of Black refugees into his camps and set them to do manual labor.

• He declared the fugitives under his protection to be contraband or captured war supplies.


• General John Fremont declared

enslaved people under his command

free.

• But Lincoln reversed it, fearing

retaliation from border states.


• Lincoln realized he could not avoid the slavery issue for long.

• He secretly began working on a plan for the emancipation of enslaved African Americans living in Confederate states.

• The Cabinet surprised but supportive, advised Lincoln to hold off on the announcement.

Antietam

• In early September 1862, General Lee brimming with confidence led his troops into Maryland, the border state where many favored the South.

• Lee hoped for a pro-confederate uprising.

• A victory on Union soil might also spur European recognition of the Confederacy.

• Lee invited Maryland to ally with the South but they did not respond with great interest.

Antietam

• General Robert E. Lee advanced into Maryland, with the thought of going on the offensive rather than fighting a defensive war, was worth the risk.

• However a lost copy of Lee’s battle plan came to a Union commander wrapped around some cigars at an abandoned rebel camp site.

• But General McClellan’s cautious defensive minded tactics wasted the advantages he had along with a army that was two to one greater than Lees.

Antietam

• On September 17, 1862, Generals Robert E. Lee and George McClellan faced off near Antietam creek in Sharpsburg, Maryland.

• In the first battle of the American Civil War to be fought on northern soil.

Antietam

• McClellan failed to crush Lee’s army but was able to halt Lee’s advance to Northern territory.

• Lee withdrew across the river on September 18, suffering 10,318 casualties (of 38,000 engaged) to McClellan’s 12,401 (of 75,000).

Antietam

• This tactical victory allowed Lincoln the cover to issue his emancipation proclamation.

• It was the single most bloodiest day in American history with over 22,000 casualties.

Antietam

• A series of graphic battlefield photographs of the dead, taken by Alexander Gardner.

• Gardner brought to the home front “the terrible earnestness of war.”

Emancipation at Last

• On September 22, 1862, Lincoln formally announced the Emancipation Proclamation.

• Issued as a military decree, it freed all enslaved people in states still in rebellion after January 1, 1863.

• It did not however apply to loyal border states or to places that were already under Union military control.

• Lincoln hoped the proclamation might convince some southern states to surrender before the January 1 deadline.


• Many Northerners responded to the Emancipation Proclamation with great excitement.

• Frederick Douglas praised it.

• William Lloyd Garrison thought it did not go far enough to free all slaves in the union.

• Many Republicans also agreed with Garrison.

• Democrats believed it was too drastic a step.


• Although the Emancipation Proclamation did not actually free a single slave, it was an important turning point in the war.

• For northerners, it redefined the war as being about slavery.

• For White Southerners, the call to free the slaves ended any desire for negotiated end to the war.

• Confederate leaders now felt they must fight to the end.


• For African Americans in the North,

the proclamation made them eager

to join the Union army and fight

against slavery.

• Even before Lincoln’s decree,

growing demands by African

Americans and a growing need for

soldiers on the frontlines led to the

Union to reconsider its ban on

African American soldiers.

Call To Arms

• Just two months before the proclamation, Congress had passed the Militia Act.

• Mandating that black soldiers be accepted into the military.

• “What could be more appropriate than that the slaves themselves should be the instruments used to punish the merciless tyrants who have so long ground them to the dust. Such is so far beginning to be the case, that even the swamps where the slaves have been wont to secrete themselves to avoid the lash of cruel masters, those same masters now seek, to hide from vengeance which they know they deserve, and which they fear will be meted out to them at the hands of their former outraged and oppressed slaves. An army of 50,000 blacks could march from one end of Rebeldom to the other almost without opposition the terror they would inspire making them invincible.” James White, ed., “Justice Awakening,” Advent Review and Sabbath Herald, 26 January 1864.

African Americans Join The Fight

• After the emancipation proclamation, the Union actively began recruiting African American soldiers.

• The abolitionist governor of Massachusetts enthusiastically supported the formation of the all black 54th Massachusetts Regiment.


• By war’s end, more than 180,000 African American volunteers had served in the Union military.

• The rebels considered drafting slaves and free blacks in 1863 and 1864, but most Southerners opposed the enlistment of African Americans.

• Even as they fought to end slavery in the Confederacy, the African-American soldiers of the 54th were fighting against another injustice as well.

• The U.S. Army paid black soldiers $10 a week; white soldiers got $3 more.

• To protest against this insult, the entire regiment–soldiers and officers alike–refused to accept their wages until black and white soldiers earned equal pay for equal work.

• This did not happen until the war was almost over.


• They were usually assigned menial tasks such as cooking, cleaning, or digging latrines.

• They often served the longest guard duty and were placed in exposed battle positions.

• If captured they would be instantly killed.

• For example: the Fort Pillow Tennessee incident where 100 African American troops were killed trying to surrender.


• The 54th Massachusetts was commanded by Robert Gould Shaw, a son of prominent abolitionist parents and dropped out of Harvard to fight in the war.

• The regiment was instrumental and performed admirably in a couple of skirmishes in South Carolina.

• On July 18, 1863, the 54th Massachusetts prepared to storm Fort Wagner, which guarded the Port of Charleston.

• At dusk, Shaw gathered 600 of his men on a narrow strip of sand just outside Wagner’s fortified walls and readied them for action.

• “I want you to prove yourselves,” he said.

• “The eyes of thousands will look on what you do tonight.”


• Although the 54th was unable to take the fort, they fought with bravery.

• Colonel Shaw was killed and buried with his troops.

• It was meant as a insult but it was seen with pride in the eyes of abolitionists.


• The 54th lost the battle at Fort Wagner, but they did a great deal of damage there.

• Confederate troops abandoned the fort soon afterward.

• For the next two years, the regiment participated in a series of successful siege operations in South Carolina, Georgia and Florida.

• The 54th Massachusetts returned to Boston in September 1865.


• One Solider, William Carney was the first African American to receive the Congressional Medal of Honor for retrieving the flag of the regiment.

• This proved that African American troops were gallant and brave and that they were more than capable to fight.

• They helped turn the tide of the war. Some 70,000 lost their lives.

Enslaved People Help the Union Cause: • White plantation owners often

abandoned plantations for the safety of southern cities.

• Leaving trusted slaves to manage the farm.

• Advancing Union forces often enlisted these African Americans to produce food for the northern troops.

• Some served as spies and scouts for the Union army because of their familiarity with the terrain.

Is there such a thing as just wars (wars that

are necessary and justified) and is the Civil

War an example of a war that is justified?

Please write a one paragraph response on the

blank pages in your packet.

Objectives:

o We will analyze how the war changed the economy and society in the North and the South.

o We will discuss how northern and southern soldiers experienced the war.

o We will explain the impact of the war on women.

• Pro_14:34 Righteousness

exalteth a nation: but sin is a

reproach to any people.

Life During the Civil War

o In the North, revenue to fund the war was based upon an income tax and the selling of government bonds.

o In 1863, the Union instituted a draft to meet the unending demand for fresh troops.

o Under this system a white man between the ages of 20 and 45 might be called for required military service.

o However a man could pay $300 to hire a replacement.


• Most who were drafted were either recent immigrants or those with low paying jobs.

• This led to draft riots in the North where poor whites who were drafted attacked African Americans and inflicted property damage to factories and war supplies.


• May 21, 1863 was when the Seventh-day Adventist Church formally organized.

• The Adventist church at this time leaned towards non-military service and lobbied the government for the right not to bear arms if they were indeed drafted.

Civil Liberties Suspended

• A faction calling themselves “Peace Democrats” opposed Lincoln’s conduct of the war and demanded an end to the fighting.

• Their opponents dubbed them Copperheads after a type of poisonous snake found in the south.

• Lincoln viewed any effort to undermine the war effort as a grave threat to the nation.

Civil Liberties Suspended

• He suspended the constitutional right of habeas corpus, which protects a person from being held in jail without being charged with a specific crime.

• Lincoln empowered the military to arrest people suspected of disloyalty to the Union, including some who had criticized the President and others who had participated in draft riots.

What do you think of the suspension of civil

liberties during the Civil War? Do you think our

personal liberties should be sacrificed for the

sake of feeling safe?

Life In The Wartime South

• In The South, a fierce blockade prevented cash crop goods from traveling out of the South and manufactured goods from coming in.

• Supplies and foods were of short supply and many even resorted to seizing Union supplies from fallen troops, especially shoes and boots.

Life In The Wartime South

• Although Britain remained officially neutral, British shipyards helped the Confederacy build blockade runners to try to break the blockade.

• Like the North, the Confederate government enacted conscription laws, seized private property to support of the war effort, and suspended habeas corpus.

Life of the Soldier

• Weapons innovations caused casualties to mount.

• Such as the canister, a projectile fired metal ball that spread a range of 400 yards that mowed down troops.

• Most frequent treatment was the amputation of limbs, sometimes without anesthesia.

• Poor drinking water and lack of sanitation led to a rapid spread of illness in the ranks.

• For every soldier killed in battle, two died of disease.

Life of the Soldier

• Prisoners of War were treated harshly.

• One of the most notorious was the Andersonville Camp in Georgia.

• By 1864, 33,000 Union prisoners had been crowded there.

• With their own troops starving, Confederates had little incentive to find food for Union prisoners.

• During the 15 months that Andersonville remained in operation more than 12,000 Union prisoners died of disease and malnutrition.

Life of the Soldier

• In the border states; families suffered from divided loyalties.

• With brothers or sons fighting on different sides.

• Soldiers might find themselves far from home but camped across the battlefield from the family.

• It was not uncommon for soldiers to exchange greetings with the “enemy” between engagements.

Women and the War

• Women distinguished themselves as nurses.

• One is Clara Barton.

• After collecting medical supplies in her Massachusetts community, she secured permission to travel with Union army ambulances and assist in distributing comforts for the sick and wounded of both sides.

Women and the War

o President Lincoln approved the

formation of the United States Sanitary

Commission, which authorized women

to oversee hospitals and sanitation in

military installations.

o This systematic program of federal

responsibility for public health would be

yet another effect of the civil war.

MUSIC • Music was used by both

the North and South to inspire the troops to fight on.

• Here are some examples of Civil War music.

What impact do you think music has on you

and todays society? Give examples where

music can inspire people.

Please write a one paragraph response on the

blank pages in your packet.

Objectives:

o We will examine how the Union gained by capturing Vicksburg.

o We will describe the importance of the Battle of Gettysburg.

o We will analyze how the Union pressed its military advantage after 1863.

• (Jas 5:4) Behold, the wages of

the laborers who mowed your

fields, which you kept back by

fraud, are crying out against you,

and the cries of the harvesters

have reached the ears of the Lord

of hosts.

Turning Points of the War: Union Victory at Vicksburg.

o After many attempts to take this vital city in Mississippi.

o General U.S. Grant devised a plan where:

o He marched his troops southward through Louisiana to a point south of Vicksburg.

o At the same time, he ordered a Calvary attack on rail lines in central Mississippi to draw Confederate attention away from the city.

Turning Points of the War:

o On April 30, some 20,000 of Grant’s men crossed the river and headed northeast to capture the Mississippi state capital at Jackson.

o After sacking that city, the Federals turned west toward Vicksburg, gaining control of the main rail line leading into the city and fortress.

o Vicksburg was completely cut off.


o On May 22 Grant placed Vicksburg under siege.

o A siege is a military tactic in which an army surrounds, bombards, and cuts off supplies to an enemy position in order to force its surrender.

o Finally on July 4, 1863 the Confederate commander concluded that his position was hopeless and ordered his forces to surrender.


• The Army of the Potomac met General Lee’s Army in Fredericksburg, Northern Virginia in December 1862 with the Union army having 120,000 troops to Lee’s 80,000.

• However Lee along with General Stonewall Jackson and General James Longstreet led their army to defeat the North inflicting heavy casualties.


• The Union also lost a

devastating battle in

Chancellorsville also in North

Virginia.

• But had the fortune of

Stonewall Jackson being

killed accidently by his own

men.


• Lee felt that the Union was

demoralized and in June 1863, he

decided to invade the North.

• It might be an opportunity to gain

international support and perhaps

force the end of the war.

• Lee’s army set off and crossed into

Union territory, eventually reaching

Pennsylvania.


• The Battle of Gettysburg, fought from July 1 to July 3, 1863, is considered the most important engagement of the American Civil War.

• After a great victory over Union forces at Chancellorsville, General Robert E. Lee marched his Army of Northern Virginia into Pennsylvania in late June 1863.


• On July 1, the advancing

Confederates clashed with

the Union’s Army of the

Potomac.

• Commanded by General

George G. Meade, at the

crossroads town of

Gettysburg.


• The battle climaxed when Southern General George Pickett led a uphill charge of 13,000 troops against Union positions.

• Almost two-thirds of Pickett’s men were killed.

• General Lee had to withdraw the Southern forces on July 4.

Impact of Gettysburg

• Though the cautious Meade would be criticized for not pursuing the enemy after Gettysburg, the battle was a crushing defeat for the Confederacy.

• Union casualties in the battle numbered 23,000, while the Confederates had lost some 28,000 men–more than a third of Lee’s army.


• The North rejoiced while the

South mourned, its hopes for

foreign recognition of the

Confederacy erased.

• Nearly 50,000 troops lay dead

and wounded.


• Demoralized by the defeat at Gettysburg, Lee offered his resignation to President Jefferson Davis, but was refused.

• Though the great Confederate general would go on to win other victories, the Battle of Gettysburg (combined with Ulysses S. Grant’s victory at Vicksburg, also on July 4) irrevocably turned the tide of the Civil War in the Union’s favor.


• In November 1863, Lincoln came to

Gettysburg battlefield to dedicate a

cemetery for the fallen soldiers.

• He gave the Gettysburg Address

describing the Civil War as a

struggle to fulfill the Declaration of

Independence to preserve a nation.


• With Lee’s force in retreat, and

with the Mississippi now in Union

control,

• Lincoln reassigned Grant to head

the entire Federal Army.


• Grant was different than the previous generals because he sought total victory and wanted to inflict more losses on the Confederates than their limited resources could withstand.

• He employed a strategy called total war which involves striking civilian as well as military targets.

• The purpose of total war is to weaken not just an enemy’s armies but also the economy that supports them and the overall will of the people to fight.

• His objective was Richmond.

The Suffering South • The Union’s total-war strategy was

also implemented by General William Tecumseh Sherman.

• In May 1864, he set out from the Tennessee-Georgia border with 60,000 troops on a 250-mile march to capture the port of Savannah, Georgia.

• During his “March to the Sea,”

• Sherman ordered his men to get supplies by looting along the way, then to destroy anything of potential value left behind.

The Suffering South

• 60-mile-wide swath through Georgia, Sherman’s army tore up railroad tracks, destroyed buildings, and vandalized hundreds of private homes.

• When Union forces closing in on Atlanta; Confederate troops abandoned the city.

• Sherman’s men occupied it on September 2 and forced the residents to leave.

• Once Atlanta was emptied, Union troops burned it to the ground.

Election of 1864

• Lincoln faced challenges to be reelected.

• He lost some support in his own party.

• Some Republicans criticized the president for having too much authority.

• Other charged that he was not committed fully to end slavery.

• Democrats nominated George McClellan the popular former Union Commander.

Election of 1864

• However Union victories boosted Lincoln’s popularity.

• Many Union soldiers loyal to Lincoln were allowed to go home and vote.

• Lincoln won 212 of 233 electoral votes although McClellan won 45 percent of the popular vote.

• Lincoln’s victory killed any Confederate hope that the North would cave in and negotiate a peace.

Debate Questions:

Was the lives lost at Gettysburg worth it?

What do you think of the Total War strategy

of Generals Grant and Sherman? Was it

needed or was it too brutal?

Objectives:

o We will analyze the final

events of the Civil War.

o We will explain why the

North won the war.

o We will assess the impact of

the Civil War on North and

South.

• (Rom 5:7) For scarcely for a

righteous man will one die: yet

peradventure for a good man

some would even dare to die.

The End is Near

• Grant continued his bloody drive towards Richmond.

• Petersburg some 20 miles south of Richmond stood in its way.

• He laid siege where two opposing lines stretched 30 miles around Petersburg.

• Fighting was fierce.

• Union troops suffered more than 40,000 casualties.

• The Confederates lost 28,000 men.

• But the Union had plenty of men in reserve.

The End is Near

• In February of 1865, a party of Confederates led by Vice President Alexander Stephens met with Lincoln to meet a feasible end of the war.

• But there was no agreement because Lincoln supported the thirteenth amendment to the Constitution that outlawed slavery and the South refused to accept a future without slavery.

The End is Near

• Many Northerners had a strong desire to punish the South harshly.

• Lincoln wanted to bring the Confederate states back to the Union.

• At the beginning of March in his second inaugural address, Lincoln declared his vision of a united and peaceful nation “with malice toward none.”

• And Americans should “do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace.”

The End is Near

• Several weeks later, the

rebels sought to make a

desperate attempt to break

the siege of Petersburg.

• They failed.

• Lee ordered a retreat,

Richmond was now

exposed and was set to

flames.

The End is Near

• Running low of supplies Lee finally accepted the inevitable and on April 9, 1865, at the town of Appomattox Court House, Virginia.

• Lee formally surrendered to Grant.

• The South still had some 170,000 troops under arms, and it took until June for other Confederate generals scattered around the South to complete similar surrenders.

The End is Near

• On April 14, Lincoln decided to relax, attending a new comedy Our American Cousin, at nearby Ford’s Theater.

• During the performance, actor and Confederate supporter John Wilkes Booth approached the president’s private box and shot him in the back of the head.

The End is Near

• Booth, after a massive

manhunt was shot and

killed.

• It was discovered that

Booth had been part of a

plot to kill not only Lincoln

but also the Vice President

and Secretary of State.

The End is Near

• The plotters had hoped to

cause chaos and panic in the

North thereby giving the

South time to regroup to

continue the war.

• Four of his accomplices were

later hanged.

The End is Near

• Lincoln’s tragic death had a deep political impact.

• His murder united his northern supporters and critics who now saw him as both a hero and symbol of freedom.

• Gone was the strong, skilled leader who had guided the nation through its greatest crisis.

Why The North Won:

• When the war started the South had superior military leadership, and a strong determination to defend its land.

• Northerners were less committed to the fight.

• North had greater technological prowess.

• Larger population

• More abundant resources

• The North developed new advantages particularly brilliant and fearless military leaders, such as Grant and Sherman, who were willing to do everything it took to win the war.

Why The North Won:

• The South used all their resources and unable to call up fresh troops and supplies.

• The South could not gain international support.

• North enjoyed the steady leadership of President Lincoln.

• At a time when the North was bitterly divided, Lincoln applied uncommon skill to keep the nation together.

Why The North Won:

• Lincoln’s decision for emancipation proclamation was a fateful step that changed the nature of the war.

• Lincoln’s determination and the determination of thousands of African Americans in the North and South sustained northern spirits.

Lasting Impact:

• More than 600,000 Americans were dead and hundreds of thousands were maimed.

• Ordinary citizens saw the carnage of war from the photographs of journalists such as Matthew Brady.

Lasting Impact On the Economy:

• After 1865, northern factories, banks and cities underwent sweeping industrialization, helping the United States emerge as a world power.

• Recovery in the South took longer as many of the factories and cities laid devastated.

• For many decades agriculture would remain the center of the Southern economy.

Lasting Impact On Society:

• Many Confederate troops returned to find their homes and farms destroyed.

• They walked aimlessly about trying to piece together their broken lives.

• African Americans in the South also had a new sense of hope but also disoriented and the promises of freedom was not fully delivered.

Effects on Government:

• The war cemented federal authority.

• The government had fought a war to assert that individual states did not have the power to break the national bond forged by the constitution.

• Increasingly, the Federal Government would come to play a larger role in America’s lives.

• More Americans would see themselves as citizens not just of a state but as citizens of a nation.

Objectives:

o We will explain why a plan was needed for Reconstruction of the South.

o We will compare the Reconstruction plans of Lincoln, Johnson, and Congress.

o We will discuss Johnson’s political difficulties and impeachment.

• Col_3:13 Forbearing one

another, and forgiving one

another, if any man have a

quarrel against any: even as

Christ forgave you, so also do ye.

CHAPTER 12 RECONSTRUCTION:

• During the era of reconstruction, the federal government struggled with:

• How to return the eleven southern states to the Union,

• Rebuild the South’s ruined economy

• And promote the rights of former slaves.

CHAPTER 12 RECONSTRUCTION:

• Lincoln sought a conciliatory

posture towards the South.

• He wanted the southern states

quickly reintegrated to the

Union.

• Mat_5:9 Blessed are the

peacemakers: for they shall be

called the children of God.

Radical Republicans:

• Insisted that the Confederates had committed crimes by enslaving African Americans and by entangling the nation in war.

• Advocated full citizenship including the right to vote for African Americans.

• Favored punishment and harsh terms for the South.

• And they supported Sherman’s plan to confiscate Confederate’s land and give farms to freedmen.

Andrew Johnson

• When Lincoln was assassinated, Andrew Johnson his Vice President became president.

• Like Lincoln, Johnson wanted to restore the political status of the southern states as quickly as possible.

• He offered pardons and the restorations of land to almost any Confederate who swore allegiance to the Union and the Constitution.

• Johnson was a Southerner who remained loyal to the Union.

Andrew Johnson

• That each state ratify the Thirteenth Amendment and draft a constitution that abolished slavery

• Johnson resented wealthy planters and required that they and other Confederate leaders write to him personally to apply for a pardon.

• He did not want African Americans to have the right to vote and thought the government was for the white man.

• Isa_55:7 Let the wicked forsake

his way, and the unrighteous man

his thoughts: and let him return

unto the LORD, and he will have

mercy upon him; and to our God,

for he will abundantly pardon.

Andrew Johnson

• Johnson had little sympathy for African

Americans.

• Johnson supported state’s rights, which

would allow the laws and customs of

the state to outweigh federal

regulations.

• States would be able to limit the

freedom of former slaves.

Andrew Johnson

• Southerners sought to maintain their way of life.

• When Southern States began to meet in state conventions, they limited the right to vote to white men.

• They instituted black codes that sought to limit the rights of African Americans and keep them from owning property.

• These codes sought to make African Americans landless workers, and if they did not have a job, would be arrested and sent to work as prison labor.

Andrew Johnson

• Johnson would battle with the Radical and Moderate Republicans in regards to his leniency to the South and the fostering of the black codes.

• Violence against African Americans in the South increased, and moderates and Radical Republicans blamed the rising tide of violence to Johnson.

• Congress did something unprecedented, with the required two-thirds majority, for the first time ever, it passed major legislation over a president’s veto.

• The Civil Rights Act of 1866 became law that created a federal guarantee of civil rights and superseded any state laws that limited them.

Radical Reconstruction Begins:

• With a coalition of radical and

moderate republicans, to protect

the freedmen’s rights from the

presidential vetoes, southern

state legislatures and federal

court decisions;

• Congress passed the fourteenth

amendment to the constitution.


• The Fourteenth Amendment guaranteed equality under the law for all citizens.

• Under the amendment, any state that refused to allow Black people to vote would risk losing the number of seats in the House of Representatives that were represented by its Black population.

• The measure also counteracted the President’s pardons by barring leading Confederate officials from holding federal or state offices.


o Congress again passed legislation over Johnson’s veto, with the ratification of the Military Reconstruction Act of 1867.

o The act divided 10 Southern States that yet to be readmitted into the union into five military districts governed by former Union generals.

o It stipulated that in order for a state to create their new state government, voters were to elect delegates to write a new constitution that guaranteed suffrage (right to vote) for African American men.

o Then once the state ratified the Fourteenth Amendment, it could reenter the Union.


• In 1867, there was a power struggle between Johnson and congress and he was impeached or charged with wrong doing when he tried to fire Secretary of War Stanton.

• A Two-thirds majority was needed from the Senate to remove him from office but it failed by only one vote.

• During his impeachment trial, Johnson promised to enforce the Reconstruction acts which he did.

Grant Wins:

• In 1868, Ulysses Grant was elected president.

• Although winning huge margin in the electoral vote and significant margin in the popular vote, his opponent Horatio Seymour a democrat from New York received the majority white vote.

• Republican leaders now had reason for securing a constitutional amendment that would guarantee Black suffrage throughout the nation.

More Amendments:

• In 1869, Congress passed the Fifteenth Amendment forbidding any state from denying suffrage on the grounds of race, color, or previous conditions of servitude.

• This applied to both Northern and Southern States.

• Both the 14th and 15th Amendments to the Constitution were ratified in 1870.

• But left loopholes such as imposing voting restrictions based on literacy or property qualifications.

What do you think would be the best way to heal the division between the North and

South after the Civil War?

If you were president what would you do with the South attempting to stop African Americans to have the right to vote and

committing violence against them?

Objectives: Chapter 12:2

o We will study how the Republicans gained control of southern state governments.

o We will discuss how freedmen adjusted to freedom and the South’s new economic system.

o We will summarize efforts to limit African Americans’ rights and the federal government’s response.

• That at that time ye were without Christ, being aliens from the commonwealth of Israel, and strangers from the covenants of promise, having no hope, and without God in the world: But now in Christ Jesus ye who sometimes were far off are made nigh by the blood of Christ. For he is our peace, who hath made both one, and hath broken down the middle wall of partition between us; Ephesians 2:12-14.

A Experiment

• By 1870, all of the former Confederate states had been admitted to the Union, and the state constitutions during the years of Radical Reconstruction were the most progressive in the region’s history.

• Following the abolition of slavery, Blacks won election to southern state governments and even to the U.S. Congress during this period.

A Experiment

o Among the other achievements of Reconstruction were:

o The South’s first state-funded public school systems.

o More equitable taxation legislation

o Laws against racial discrimination in public transportation and accommodations.

o And ambitious economic development programs.

Another Northern Invasion

• Reconstruction attracted ambitious Southerners who supported reconstruction whom the Southerners called “Scalawags.”

• They were white men who had been locked out of pre-civil war politics by their wealthier neighbors.

• The new Republican Party invited them in.


• The northerners came to seek to improve their economic or political situations, or to help make a better life for freedmen.

• Many Southern white people resented what they felt was the invasion of opportunists, come to make their fortunes from the South’s misfortune.

• Southerners labeled the newcomers “Carpetbaggers,” after the inexpensive carpet-cloth suitcases often carried by Northerners.


• For carpetbaggers, the

opportunities in the new South

were as abundant as those in the

western frontier: new land to be

bought, new careers to be shaped.

• Carpetbaggers were young.


• Since only a wealthy minority of

Southerners were literate, a Northerner

with even a basic education had a real

advantage.

• For African Americans, the South was the

only place to pursue a political career.

• Even though the Fifteenth Amendment

established suffrage nationally, no black

congressman was elected from the

North until the twentieth century.


• Also financial opportunists

brought corruption especially

from Railroad speculators.

• The Republican Party not only

advocated for African American

suffrage but also were for

industries that were pro

railroad.


o Railroads brought jobs to build the

railroad lines and also allowed for

the transportation of goods

creating new markets.

o Often there were railroad

speculators that failed to pay their

loans to Southern governments

that they promised, causing more

tension and blame towards the

Northern carpetbaggers.


• The Freedmen Bureau

established schools for freed

African Americans.

• By 1866, there were as

many as 150,000 African

American students; adult

and children gaining a basic

education.


• The Black church was important in reconstruction education.

• The church served as school sites, community centers, employment agencies, and political rallying points.

• By providing an arena for organizing, public speaking, and group planning, churches helped develop African American leaders.

• A considerable number of African American politicians began their career as ministers.


• Northern Churches including the Seventh-day Adventist Church and charitable organizations also sent teachers, books, and supplies to support independent schools.

• They also taught health and nutrition, and how to look for a job.


• “ Our churches in the North, as well as in the South, should do what they can to help support the school work for the colored children. The schools already established should be faithfully maintained. The establishment of new schools will require additional funds. Let all our brethren and sisters do their part wholeheartedly to place these schools on vantage ground.” Ellen White {9T 201.4}


• Edson White son of James and Ellen White was inspired by his mother’s counsel to reach African Americans in the South. This encouraged him to set up a mission to spread the Adventist message to colored people in the south of the United States. He set up mission schools for black people along the Mississippi River. The first school set up was on a boat called the Morning Star. This boat had a library, a chapel, a photography lab, a print shop, and accommodation for staff….. The mission built up to 50 schools, building an organisation called Southern Missionary Society. This became part of the Adventist Southern Union Conference.


• Oakwood Industrial School (later Oakwood College, 1943) was established in 1896.

• This institution began in response to the appeals of Ellen White to develop a training center in the South for Black leaders.

• General Conference leadership purchased a 360-acre farm (the property later included 1,000 acres) about five miles north of Huntsville, Alabama.

• It was named Oakwood because of its 65 oaks.


• Seventh-day Adventists are the most racially and ethnically diverse religious group in the United States, according to a report released Monday by the Pew Research Center, a respected non-partisan organization in Washington. “Thirty-seven percent of adults who identify as Seventh-day Adventists are white, while 32 percent are black, 15 percent are Hispanic, 8 percent are Asian, and another 8 percent are another race or mixed race,” Michael Lipka, a Pew editor who focuses on religion, wrote in the report

Challenges

• Public Schools grew slowly in the South, because Southerners opted for segregation, or separating the races.

• Operating two school system, one white and one black strained the southern economy.

• A few of the most radical white republicans pushed for integration, combining the schools but the idea was unpopular with most Republicans.

• The government under which Jesus lived was corrupt and oppressive; on every hand were crying abuses,--extortion, intolerance, and grinding cruelty. Yet the Saviour attempted no civil reforms. He attacked no national abuses, nor condemned the national enemies. He did not interfere with the authority or administration of those in power. He who was our example kept aloof from earthly governments. Not because He was indifferent to the woes of men, but because the remedy did not lie in merely human and external measures. To be efficient, the cure must reach men individually, and must regenerate the heart. {DA 509.3}

• Not by the decisions of courts or councils or legislative assemblies, not by the patronage of worldly great men, is the kingdom of Christ established, but by the implanting of Christ's nature in humanity through the work of the Holy Spirit. "As many as received Him, to them gave He power to become the sons of God, even to them that believe on His name: which were born, not of blood, nor of the will of the flesh, nor of the will of man, but of God." John 1:12, 13. Here is the only power that can work the uplifting of mankind. And the human agency for the accomplishment of this work is the teaching and practicing of the word of God. {DA 509.4}

Land Ownership

• In 1860, the wealthiest 5 percent of white southerners owned almost half the region’s land.

• 90 percent of Southern land was owned by only 50 percent of the people.

• This meant even before the war, large number of white citizens had little or no land.

Land Ownership

• After the war, millions of landless whites and African Americans competed for work as farm laborers on the land of others.

• General Sherman advocated that African Americans freed should get 40 acres and a mule.

• But this did not go anywhere.

• Even large land owners had no money to purchase supplies or pay workers.

Land Ownership: Three Models In the South

• Sharecropping:

• Embraced most of the South’s black and white poor, a landowner dictated the crop and provided the sharecropper with a place to live as well as seeds and tools in return for a “share” of the harvested crop.

• The landowners often bought these supplies on credit at very high interest from a supplier.

• The landlord passed on these costs to the sharecropper.


o One problem is that most landlords remembering the huge profits from prewar cotton, chose to invest in this crop again.

o Dishonest landowners could lie about the cost of supplies, devaluing the sharecropper’s harvest that now amounted to less than the season’s expenses.

o Thus causing sharecroppers to be reliant on the landowners and not achieving economic independence.


• Share-tenancy: More like sharecropping except the farmworker chose what crop he would plant and bought his own supplies.

• Then, he gave a share of the crop to the landowner.

• In this system, the farmworker had a bit more control over the cost of supplies.

• Therefore, he might be able to grow a variety of crops or use some of the land to grow food for his family.


• Tenet faming is the third option.

• The tenant paid cash rent to a landowner and then was free to choose and manage his own crop.

• And free to choose where he would live.

• This system was only viable for a farmer who had good money management skills.

How would you solve the problem of the

newly freed slaves in the South with many

not having money or work to support

themselves?

What model of landownership do you see

was the best in your opinion and explain

why.

Objectives:

o We will study why

Reconstruction ended.

o We will evaluate the

successes and failures of

reconstruction.

• Mat_7:26 And every one that

heareth these sayings of mine,

and doeth them not, shall be

likened unto a foolish man, which

built his house upon the sand:

Reconstruction Ends:

• After 1867, an increasing number of southern whites turned to violence in response to the revolutionary changes of Radical Reconstruction.

• The Ku Klux Klan and other white supremacist organizations targeted local Republican leaders, white and black, and other African Americans who challenged white authority.


• The KKK was essentially a gang that terrorized the new South seeking to return to the old ways.

• They maimed, killed or beat African American and Whites who supported them.

• They succeeded in intimidating many African Americans from voting.

Are there any symbols or flags that you find

offensive?

Do you think the Confederate flag is a

symbol of hate and should not be

displayed or should it be displayed

regardless how offensive it is?


• Though federal legislation passed during the administration of President Ulysses S. Grant in 1871 took aim at the Klan and others who attempted to interfere with black suffrage and other political rights.

• White supremacy gradually reasserted its hold on the South after the early 1870s as support for Reconstruction waned.

• Racism was still a potent force in both South and North, and Republicans became more conservative and less egalitarian as the decade continued.


• Ulysses S. Grant a popular war hero when he became president disappointed many with his administration rife with corruption and scandal.

• He gave high level advisory posts and positions to line his own pockets.


• In 1874–after an economic depression plunged much of the South into poverty–the Democratic Party won control of the House of Representatives for the first time since the Civil War.

• When Democrats waged a campaign of violence to take control of Mississippi in 1875,

• Grant refused to send federal troops, marking the end of federal support for Reconstruction-era state governments in the South.

Do you think the KKK is a terrorist

organization and that federal troops should

be sent in to stop them?

Do you think racists should be prosecuted

for what they write even though they did

not physically harm anybody?


• Also, in this year, Charles Sumner, the

leader of the Radical Republicans

died.

• A generation of white reformers who

were pro-abolition passed away.

• Without such leaders, northern racial

prejudice remained.

Supreme Court Decisions Impede Equality:

• Slaughterhouse v. Cases (1873): Court restricted the scope of the Fourteenth Amendment.

• It concluded that though a citizen had certain national rights, the federal government would have no control over how a state chose to define rights for the citizens who resided there.

Supreme Court Decisions Impede Equality:

• United States v. Cruikshank: Case where a white mob in Louisiana killed a large group of African Americans at a political rally.

• The court ruled that due process and equal protection clauses of the fourteenth amendment protected citizens only from the action of the states and not from the action of other citizens.


• By 1876, only Florida, Louisiana and South Carolina were still in Republican hands.

• In the contested presidential election that year, Republican candidate Rutherford B. Hayes reached a compromise with Democrats in Congress:

• In exchange for certification of his election, he acknowledged Democratic control of the entire South.

• The Compromise of 1876 marked the end of Reconstruction as a distinct period.

What Could Have Been?

• “Much might have been accomplished by the people of America if adequate efforts in behalf of the freedmen had been put forth by the Government and by the Christian churches immediately after the emancipation of the slaves. Money should have been used freely to care for and educate them at the time they were so greatly in need of help. But the Government, after a little effort, left the Negro to struggle, unaided, with his burden of difficulties. Some of the strong Christian churches began a good work, but sadly failed to reach more than a comparatively few; and the Seventh-day Adventist Church has failed to act its part. Some persevering efforts have been put forth by individuals and by societies to uplift the colored people, and a noble work has been done. But how few have had a part in this work which should have had the sympathy and help of all!” {9T 205.1}


• As it was when the Constitution

was formed, and much of during

the nineteenth century, America

again postponed the inevitable

and it was nearly a hundred years

later during the Civil Rights

Movement in the 1960s that

African Americans fought and

began to attain equal rights.

Impact of Reconstruction:

• Introducing of a tax supported school system.

• Infusion of federal money to modernize railroads and ports.

• The South expanded from one crop cotton to a range of agriculture and industrial products.

• Reconstruction failed to heal the bitterness between North and South or to provide lasting protection for freed people.

Impact of Reconstruction:

• It did raise African Americans’ expectations for their rise to citizenship.

• Republican Party became a party of big business.

• The South became overwhelmingly in its support of the Democratic Party.

• Voters and representatives in government opted for a balance of power between the State and Federal government at the expense of protecting freed people from the South.

What is true reconstruction?

• “Ye adulterers and adulteresses, know ye not that the friendship of the world is enmity with God? whosoever therefore will be a friend of the world is the enemy of God.” James 4:4

• (2Co 5:19) To wit, that God was in Christ, reconciling the world unto himself, not imputing their trespasses unto them; and hath committed unto us the word of reconciliation.

• (Col 1:20) And, having made peace through the blood of his cross, by him to reconcile all things unto himself; by him, I say, whether they be things in earth, or things in heaven.

What is true reconstruction?

• And I saw a new heaven and a new earth: for the first heaven and the first earth were passed away; and there was no more sea. And I John saw the holy city, new Jerusalem, coming down from God out of heaven, prepared as a bride adorned for her husband. And I heard a great voice out of heaven saying, Behold, the tabernacle of God is with men, and he will dwell with them, and they shall be his people, and God himself shall be with them, and be their God. And God shall wipe away all tears from their eyes; and there shall be no more death, neither sorrow, nor crying, neither shall there be any more pain: for the former things are passed away. Revelation 21:1-4

What do you think would help heal racial

tensions between Whites and Freed Slaves

in the South?

bull run shakes union confidence

Documents