bureaucracy what is a bureaucracy?. homework read chapter 15 section 1, pp. 414-418
TRANSCRIPT
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BureaucracyWhat is a Bureaucracy?
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Homework
Read Chapter 15 section 1, pp. 414-418
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Questions to Think About
•What is a bureaucracy?•What are the major elements of the
federal bureaucracy?• How are groups within the federal
bureaucracy named?•What is the difference between a staff
agency and a line agency?
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ElementsMajor Elements of the Federal Bureaucracy:
a. The federal bureaucracy is all of the agencies, people, and procedures through which the Federal government operates. It is the means by which the government makes and administers public policy.
b. The Framer’s intended for administrative agencies to be created. Without an administration – the government’s many administrators and agencies – even the best policies would
amount to just so many words.
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Three features of Bureaucracies• Hierarchical authority. Bureaucracies are based on a
pyramid structure with a chain of command running from top to bottom.• Job specialization. Each bureaucrat, or person who works
for the organization, has certain defined duties and responsibilities.• Formalized rules. The bureaucracy does its work
according to a set of established regulations and procedures.
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Red Tape
• The term “red tape” comes from red ribbon used by British bureaucrats to hold their paperwork together.
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BureaucracyWhat is a Bureaucracy?
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Structure of a Bureaucracy
• Hierarchical authority
• Job Specialization
• Formalized Rules
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Three features of Bureaucracies• Hierarchical authority. Bureaucracies are based on a
pyramid structure with a chain of command running from top to bottom.
• Job specialization. Each bureaucrat, or person who works for the organization, has certain defined duties and responsibilities.
• Formalized rules. The bureaucracy does its work according to a set of established regulations and procedures.
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Hierarchy example
• A hierarchy simply lets you know who works for whom: who is the boss, and where you fit on the chain of command. This hierarchy is a simplified diagram of how a business chain of command works.
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Job Specialization• Simply means that every job is classified with specific knowledge
skills and abilities and filled by someone who knows how to do that job.
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Formalized Rules
• Rules have to be made clearly and concisely in order to make sense. Structures exist to ensure that rules are respected, enforced and understood.
Informal Rule example: holding the door for other people. In addition to men holding the door for women, it is expected that all people hold the door when the time is appropriate, including for an elderly person or someone who is carrying groceries or shopping bags.
Formal Rule Examples: Major League Baseball Rules; Major League Football Rules.
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What might be some benefits of a bureaucracy?
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Benefits
•1. Faster because people know their one specific job
•2. Power lines are clear (easy for decision making)
•3. Rules make it easier to replace a worker when one leaves
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The Federal Bureaucracy
• The President is the chief administrator of the Federal Government.• In order to enact and enforce policy, Congress
and the President have created an administration—the government’s many administrators and agencies.• The chief organizational feature of the
federal bureaucracy is its division into areas of specialization
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Yesterday, I asked “Where does the Power to set up agencies and departments come from?”
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Presidential (Executive) Power comes from: • Article 2 of the Constitution:• Clause 1:• The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of
the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States; he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices, and he shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offenses against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment.
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What is clear about this statement?
What is unclear?
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The Executive Office of the PresidentThe Executive Office of the President
a. Every officer, employee, and agency in the executive branch of the Federal
Government is legally subordinate to the President. They all exist to help the
President in the exercise of the executive power. The Executive Office of the President (several agencies staffed by the President’s Advisors) is the President’s right arm.
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Ideally:
Free of political accountability (non-partisan)– Still affected by Congressional budget and oversight• Ideal scenario: members apply specific rules of action to each case in a rational, nondiscretionary, predictable, and impersonal way
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GrowthGrowth of the Federal Bureaucracy• 1789 – 50 federal government employees• 2000 – 2.8 million (excluding military, subcontractors, and consultants who also work for federal government)• Growth mainly at state and local level since 1970– Federal government began devolving powers and services to state and local government• Total federal, state, local employees – roughly 21 million people
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Three features of Bureaucracies• Hierarchical authority. Bureaucracies are based on a
pyramid structure with a chain of command running from top to bottom.• Job specialization. Each bureaucrat, or person who works
for the organization, has certain defined duties and responsibilities.• Formalized rules. The bureaucracy does its work
according to a set of established regulations and procedures.
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Let’s use the handout!
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US Embassy Paris
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The Legislative Branch has fewest
• The Executive Branch has the most.
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http://www.fafsa.ed.gov/
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http://www.usa.gov/directory/federal/index.shtml
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•Department•Administration or Agency•Commission•Corporation or Authority
The Federal BureaucracyThe Name Game
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• Department• The term "department" is reserved for
agencies of cabinet rank
• Examples: Department of State, Department of the Interior
The Federal Bureaucracy The Name Game
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• Administration or Agency• The terms "administration" or "agency" are
used to refer to any governmental body or, more particularly, to a major unit headed by a single administrator of near-cabinet rank• The terms agency and administration are used
interchangeably• Examples: NASA; NARA
The Federal Bureaucracy The Name Game
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• Commission• The term "commission" is reserved for agencies
charged with the regulation of business activities• Commissions are headed by varying numbers of
top-ranking officers, or commissioners
• Example: Interstate Commerce Commission
The Federal BureaucracyThe Name Game
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•Corporation or Authority•The terms "corporation" and
"authority" are used for agencies that have a board and a manager and that is designed to conduct business-like activities•Example: National Railroad Passenger
Corporation (AMTRAK)
The Federal BureaucracyThe Name Game
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•While the above terms have precise definitions, they are not used consistently!• There is little uniformity in the use of
terms describing units within the executive branch and the lines are now blurred
The Federal BureaucracyThe Name Game
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Types of AgenciesSTAFF
• Staff Agencies• Staff agencies serve in a
support capacity. • They aid the chief
executive and other administrators by offering advice and other assistance in the management of the organization.
• Line agencies perform tasks for which the organization exists.• Congress and the
President give the line agencies goals to accomplish, and staff agencies help the line agencies accomplish them.
LINE
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The Federal Bureaucracy
• The administration consists of the officials and agencies of the executive branch that carry out public policies• These administrators impact public policy in the
following ways: Through delaying the implementation of policy dictated
either by the legislative or executive branches By writing rules and regulations; By enforcing such rules, regulations and laws Adjudicating conflicting interests
Major Elements of the Federal Bureaucracy
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Questions to Think About
•What is a bureaucracy?•What are the major elements of the
federal bureaucracy?• How are groups within the federal
bureaucracy named?•What is the difference between a staff
agency and a line agency?
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Vocabulary
• 1. Bureaucracy: a large complex structure that handles the everyday business of an administration• 2. Administration: the government’s many offices and
administrators• 3. Bureaucrat: a person who works in a bureaucracy• 4. Staff Agency: they aid the President by giving advice
and help• 5. Line Agency: actually perform the task for the
organization
• http://www.usa.gov/directory/federal/index.shtml
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Review• 1. All of the following are characteristics of bureaucracies
EXCEPT• (a) hierarchical authority.• (b) formalized rules.• (c) lack of formal organization.• (d) job specialization.
• 2. Staff agencies are created to • (a) act as congressional watchdogs on executive agencies.• (b) aid other agencies in completing their goals.• (c) serve as a check on the Supreme Court.• (d) fulfill a specific task or function.