Burn Shock and

ResuscitationPetra Warner, MD

1

Objectives Understand the different type of burn depth

Calculate the TBSA

Understand the Parkland formula and when to implement it

Understand Burn Pathophysiology

Understand the consequence of over- and under-

resuscitation.

Understand causes for increased fluid needs.

2

Key Highlights in Burn Shock and

Resuscitation

1830s—Duputryen and O’ Shaugnessy

recognize that burn injury is very similar to

cholera---leading to large volumes of fluid

loss that “result in dehydration, electrolyte

abnormalities and acidosis and that

treatment depends on IV repletion of salt

and water.”

3

1921- Rialto Theater fire:

Fire broke out backstage killing 8 and injuring 80

Dr. Underhill-Fluid blisters were studied and found

to be consistent with plasma fluid- therefore

concluded burn shock was the result of fluid shifts;

set stage for early fluid resuscitation

recommended use of salt and protein solution

monitoring hemoglobin to adjust therapy

Key Highlights in Burn

Resuscitation

4

5

The Cocoanut Grove Fire 1942 492 dead and many injured

Busboy lit a match that find a light bulb

Entrance limited to a rotating door and all side doors locked

At Boston City hospital Dr. Lund received more than 300 patients (132 treated) and Mass General Dr. Cope received 114 pts (39 treated)

Patients at both institutions received IV fluid resuscitation of equal parts of plasma and saline. Both noted that burns with inhalation injury required more fluid during resuscitation.

6

Advances from the Fire

Burn shock led to hypovolemia from burn fluid loss

but also large internal fluid shifts.

Cope’s Burn Budget Formula—non-weight based

fluid resuscitation with Lactated Ringer’s, 0.5

normal saline, colloid and glucose in water, with

continuation of all of these fluids during the

second 24 hours, except for the 0.5 normal saline.

Dr. Charles Lund and Dr. Newton Browder

published the renowned paper, “The estimation of

areas of burns,” in which they presented the “Lund

and Browder Chart” for estimation of TBSA.

7

Cross-section of the Skin

Parkland Formula or Baxter

formula 1968: based on animal studies, and later trials on 11 patients

with burns.

LR 4 mL/kg/% burn

1/2 volume during the first 8 hours and the remaining volume

over the next 16 hours,

urine output as a clinical guide.

plasma be administered at a rate of 0.3–0.5 mL/kg/% burn

during the fourth 8-hour period of the initial resuscitation,

crystalloid alone was not sufficient to correct the volume

deficit.

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Parkland Formula or Baxter

formula1979, 10 years follow-up:

Adequate fluid resuscitation in 70% of the patients

In conclusion he stated, “lactated Ringer’s is effective as the initial and only fluid replacement for burned patients in the first 24 hours “

plasma can be administered at any time post burn but is most effective if given between 24 and 30 hours.

Patients requiring more fluid include those with deep burns, inhalation injuries, electrical burns, and patients who received delayed resuscitation.

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Parkland Formula

First 24 hours: 4 ml LR/kg/% burn + basal fluids*

Rate of infusion: 50% in 1st 8 hrs

25% in 2nd 8 hrs

25% in 3rd 8 hrs

Second 24 hours: Basal + evaporative losses

Basal: 1500 ml / m2 / day

Evaporative: (25 + % burn) x m2 = ml/hr

Consider colloid: 0.5 ml FFP / kg / % burn

ABA Guidelines for Burn

Resuscitation Adults and children with burns greater than or equal to 20%

Resuscitation formula 2-4 ml/kg/%TBSA

Fluids titrated to maintain uop at 0.5-1 ml/kg/hr in adults and

1-1.5 ml/kg/hr in children

Maintenance fluids should be administered to children in

addition to their calculated fluid requirements

Increased volumes anticipated for full- thickness burns,

inhalation injury, electrical injuries, a delay in resuscitation

( additional causes not mention—missed trauma, drug

intoxication, cardiac dysfunction)

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Burn Shock Resuscitation

Res

usc

ita

tio

n V

olu

me.

(m

l/k

g/%

b/h

r)

4 8 12 16 20 24 28

Time Post-burn (hrs)

Mean Calculated Volume Requirements(4ml/kg/%burn)

Maintenance

ABA Guidelines for Burn

Resuscitation--Options Colloid may decrease overall fluid requirements

Oral resuscitation should be considered in awake alert

patients with moderate size burns—needs further study

Hypertonic saline should be reserved to providers

experienced in this approach.

High dose vitamin C may decrease fluid requirements—need

further study

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IV Replacement and

Maintenance 01-04-02

Fluids Lactated Ringers: Na 130 pH 6.5 lactate

Normosol : Na 140 pH 7.4 acetate

Normal Saline : Na 155 pH 5.5

Hypertonic Solution :

1 liter of LR or Normosol with 1 amp of Sodium Bicarbonate

Increases sodium to 180-190 –monitor Na levels

28

Pathophysiology Decrease in cellular transmembrane potential in injured and

noninjured tissue

Na-ATPase pump disrupted leading to electrolyte

abnormalities

Fluid shifts leading to hypovolemia and cellular edema

Worsened by capillary leak and inflammatory response

mediators

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Consequence of Fluid

Resuscitation Under resuscitation leads to hypo perfusion, acute renal

injury, and death

Over-resuscitation- worsening edema, compartment

syndromes, ARDS, and multiple organ failure.

Goal of proper resuscitation- prevention of burn shock

30

Monitoring of Resuscitation

Vital SignsBP, Pulse, Respiratory rate, Temperature

Urine outputHourly output, Sp. Gravity, Pigment

Invasive methodsCVP, PCWP, Cardiac Output

Laboratory testsElectrolytes & osmolalityHematocritAlbuminAcid-base balance

Clinical:

Pain out of proportion to injury, pain with passive movement, tense

swelling

Diminished pulses and sensation develop late in course of syndrome

May not be possible to access completely if altered mental status,

intoxicated, or LOC

Inhalation Injury

Responsible for 50% of all burn deaths

Doubles burn mortality

Present in 5-30% of all burn

admissions

Associated with increased fluid needs

Treatment of Inhalation Injury

Airway patency

prophylactic intubation preferred

bronchoscopy?

tracheostomy

100% Oxygen

half-life of CO-Hb is 30 min (4 hr on room air)

Ventilatory support as needed

No steroids or prophylactic antibiotics

41

Additional Patient Care Airway- consider elective intubation for patients receiving

large volumes of resuscitation

Elevate affected limbs

For circumferential burns, monitor for extremity compartment

syndrome

Monitor for intra-abdominal compartment pressures.

Check labs q 6 hours – should see decrease in

hemoconcentration, resolution of acidosis, correct electrolyte

abnormalities.

42

Parkland Formula Example:

70 kg male 40 % TBSA

Parkland Formula 4 x 70 kg x 40% = 11,200 ml

11,200 / 2 = 5,600 ml

First 8 hours= 700 ml/hr

Remaining 16 hrs= 350 ml/hr

Time LineDay 0 Day 1 Day

2

Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6

Na

K

Ca Nadir ing ing

Mg Nadir ing ing

Phos Nadir ing ing

WBC

Nadir Nadir ing ing

Plts Nadir Nadir ing ing

Complications of Burns

Septic

Invasive burn wound sepsis

Suppurative thrombophlebitis

Pneumonia

Gastrointestinal

Ileus

Curling’s ulcer

Electrical InjuryTrue (direct)

Entry and exit wounds

Damage to all deep tissues

Depth and extend usually underestimated

Arc Electric current leaps from conductor to skin

Temp of arc approx. 2500°C

Arcing of 1” per 20,000 volts

Flash Similar to thermal burns

Initial Management of

Electrical InjuriesAirway

Fluid replacement Fluid requirements may be underestimated

Maintain urine output above 1.0 ml/kg/hr

Follow EKG for transient arrhythmias

Wound Care Watch for vascular compromise

Early debridement in multiple stages

Bleeding precautions

Chemical Burns

Acid burnsEg. inorganic acidsCauses coagulation necrosis.Treatment: Remove clothing Copious irrigation with water if liquid (brush away if

powder)

Alkali BurnsEg. NaOH, lime, or ammoniaTreatment: same principles as for acidsBurns deeper due to fat saponification

Additional Burn Injuries

Additional Injuries

Additional Burn Injuries

Additional Burn Injuries

LA50 for Burn Injuries: 1940-2003

Percent TBSA Burn Associated with a 50% Mortality

Yea

r