bus emission measurements matti kytö, kimmo erkkilä & nils-olof nylund 1.12.2009

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Bus emission measurements Matti Kytö, Kimmo Erkkilä & Nils- Olof Nylund 1.12.2009

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Page 1: Bus emission measurements Matti Kytö, Kimmo Erkkilä & Nils-Olof Nylund 1.12.2009

Bus emission measurements

Matti Kytö, Kimmo Erkkilä & Nils-Olof Nylund

1.12.2009

Page 2: Bus emission measurements Matti Kytö, Kimmo Erkkilä & Nils-Olof Nylund 1.12.2009

VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND

2

Chassis Dynamometer for Heavy-Duty Vehicles

Max. power: 300 kW (range 54 -110 km/h)Max. traction: 20,000 N (range 0 -54km/h)Inertia simulation: 2500 – 60,000 kgRoller diameter: 2500 mmMax. boggie load: 20,000 kgFast IGBT control enables transient operationTexel V6 data acquisition systemDriver’s aid with different dynamic driving cycles

Page 3: Bus emission measurements Matti Kytö, Kimmo Erkkilä & Nils-Olof Nylund 1.12.2009

VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND

3

Braunschweig

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 500 1000 1500Aika s

Ajo

no

pe

us

km

/h

Emission testing using truthful dynamic bus cycles

Page 4: Bus emission measurements Matti Kytö, Kimmo Erkkilä & Nils-Olof Nylund 1.12.2009

VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND

4

Critical emission components

• For urban air quality:• particulates• oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and specifically nitrogen dioxide (NO2)

• new diesel technology: increased share of NO2 in exhaust• stoichiometric natural gas: close-to-zero direct NO2

• For global warming:• carbon dioxide (CO2)• methane (CH4)

• Noise:• gas buses emit less noise than diesel buses

Page 5: Bus emission measurements Matti Kytö, Kimmo Erkkilä & Nils-Olof Nylund 1.12.2009

VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND

5

NOx and PM emissions over the Braunschweig city bus -cycle

0

3

6

9

12

15

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30

PM g/km

NO

x g

/km

Diesel Euro 2 averageDiesel Euro 3 averageDiesel Euro 4Diesel Euro 5Diesel EEVCNG Euro3 averageCNG EEVLight weightEuro 3 calibrationEuro limits (by factor 1.8)

Euro 1

Euro 2

Euro 3ESC ETC

Euro 4

EEV Euro 5

Euro 6 (proposal)

Summary of all buses

Best CNG buses

Page 6: Bus emission measurements Matti Kytö, Kimmo Erkkilä & Nils-Olof Nylund 1.12.2009

VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND

6

Newest city buses

NOx and PM emissions over the Braunschweig city bus -cycle

0

2

4

6

8

0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12

PM g/km

NO

x g

/km

Diesel Euro 5

Diesel EEV

CNG EEV

Euro 3 calibration

Euro limits (by factor 1.8)

Euro 4

EEV Euro 5

Euro 6 (proposal)

Euro 3

Diesel Euro 5 & EEV

SCR

Diesel EEV

EGR + POC

Diesel EEV

SCR + CRT

Diesel EEV

SCR

Notice: Tighter scaling for EEV-results

Page 7: Bus emission measurements Matti Kytö, Kimmo Erkkilä & Nils-Olof Nylund 1.12.2009

VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND

7

NOx and PM emissions over the Braunschweig city bus -cycle

0

2

4

6

8

0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12

PM g/km

NO

x g

/km

Diesel Euro 5

Diesel EEV

CNG EEV

Euro 3 calibration

Euro limits (by factor 1.8)

Euro 4

EEV Euro 5

Euro 6 (proposal)

Euro 3EEV CNG

Lean-mix (malfunction?)

CNG

Stoich. & lean mix

EEV CNG

Lean-burn

Newest city buses

Page 8: Bus emission measurements Matti Kytö, Kimmo Erkkilä & Nils-Olof Nylund 1.12.2009

VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND

8

Maakaasu= natural gas

Page 9: Bus emission measurements Matti Kytö, Kimmo Erkkilä & Nils-Olof Nylund 1.12.2009

VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND

9

LIFETIME (800 000 km) EMISSION AND ENERGY COSTSDirective 2009/33/EC

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

Diesel Euro II Diesel EEV Biogas EEV

Lif

etim

e co

sts

(€)

PM

NOx

NMHC

CO2

Energy