bus emission measurements matti kytö, kimmo erkkilä & nils-olof nylund 1.12.2009
TRANSCRIPT
Bus emission measurements
Matti Kytö, Kimmo Erkkilä & Nils-Olof Nylund
1.12.2009
VTT TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE OF FINLAND
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Chassis Dynamometer for Heavy-Duty Vehicles
Max. power: 300 kW (range 54 -110 km/h)Max. traction: 20,000 N (range 0 -54km/h)Inertia simulation: 2500 – 60,000 kgRoller diameter: 2500 mmMax. boggie load: 20,000 kgFast IGBT control enables transient operationTexel V6 data acquisition systemDriver’s aid with different dynamic driving cycles
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Braunschweig
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 500 1000 1500Aika s
Ajo
no
pe
us
km
/h
Emission testing using truthful dynamic bus cycles
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Critical emission components
• For urban air quality:• particulates• oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and specifically nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
• new diesel technology: increased share of NO2 in exhaust• stoichiometric natural gas: close-to-zero direct NO2
• For global warming:• carbon dioxide (CO2)• methane (CH4)
• Noise:• gas buses emit less noise than diesel buses
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NOx and PM emissions over the Braunschweig city bus -cycle
0
3
6
9
12
15
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
PM g/km
NO
x g
/km
Diesel Euro 2 averageDiesel Euro 3 averageDiesel Euro 4Diesel Euro 5Diesel EEVCNG Euro3 averageCNG EEVLight weightEuro 3 calibrationEuro limits (by factor 1.8)
Euro 1
Euro 2
Euro 3ESC ETC
Euro 4
EEV Euro 5
Euro 6 (proposal)
Summary of all buses
Best CNG buses
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Newest city buses
NOx and PM emissions over the Braunschweig city bus -cycle
0
2
4
6
8
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12
PM g/km
NO
x g
/km
Diesel Euro 5
Diesel EEV
CNG EEV
Euro 3 calibration
Euro limits (by factor 1.8)
Euro 4
EEV Euro 5
Euro 6 (proposal)
Euro 3
Diesel Euro 5 & EEV
SCR
Diesel EEV
EGR + POC
Diesel EEV
SCR + CRT
Diesel EEV
SCR
Notice: Tighter scaling for EEV-results
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NOx and PM emissions over the Braunschweig city bus -cycle
0
2
4
6
8
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12
PM g/km
NO
x g
/km
Diesel Euro 5
Diesel EEV
CNG EEV
Euro 3 calibration
Euro limits (by factor 1.8)
Euro 4
EEV Euro 5
Euro 6 (proposal)
Euro 3EEV CNG
Lean-mix (malfunction?)
CNG
Stoich. & lean mix
EEV CNG
Lean-burn
Newest city buses
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Maakaasu= natural gas
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LIFETIME (800 000 km) EMISSION AND ENERGY COSTSDirective 2009/33/EC
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
Diesel Euro II Diesel EEV Biogas EEV
Lif
etim
e co
sts
(€)
PM
NOx
NMHC
CO2
Energy