business research methadology

7/27/2019 business research methadology

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1. INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW

Agriculture is the production of food, feed, fiber and other goods by systematic growing and harvesting

plants..The real meaning of agriculture is when people farm and garden food or crops.

Agriculture is the source of food for entire population of the country. It provides raw material for a number of

industrial units. Agriculture field represents the main source of employment in the country. Agriculture is a

major source of foreign exchange earnings. It is a source of revenues for federal and provincial government

Punj means five and aab means water, so Punjab means the land of five rivers Jehulm, Ravi, Chenab, Beas, and

Satluj. Punjab is well known for its agricultural activities and plantations. Its soil is very fertile and perfect forcropping. A variety of crops is cultivated here. The major crops are wheat, rice, cotton and sugarcane. Punjab is

the largest producer of wheat in Pakistan.

The biggest problem in agriculture sector of Punjab is the shortage of water. The major area of fertile land isowned by feudal. It is difficult to manage such a huge area so only that part is cultivated which is easy to

manage, the rest is left ignored. There is a lot of barrel land in Punjab and no steps are taken for its fertility.

High production cost and less profit. Lack of new technology and fertilizers.

Now and here numbered of voices are counting water shortage in Pakistan. According to World Bank (WB) and

Asian Development bank (ADB), Pakistan is one of the most water stressed country in the world. They

alarmed Pakistan that in the coming five years there will be acute water shortage due to lack of water

availability for irrigation, industry and human consumption. WB report states that water supply in Pakistan hasfallen from 5,000 cubic meters per capita to 1,000 cubic meters in 2010 and it is expected that it will reduce

further to 800 cubic meters per capita by 2020. There are various reasons of this shortage some are natural and

many are man made. Reasons like increase in population and climate change are natural but in developedcountries people designed effective policies to tackle with climate changes and adopt adjacent measures to

overcome their needs. However unfortunately we have no such policy makers, although we have goodtechnicians in various agricultural universities but our governments prefer to fight with one another over watershortages despite designing and adopting new technologies of saving water.

Nowadays Pakistan is facing floods both from north (Hunza and Kashmir) and from south (Sindh coastal areas)this whole water will be flowed in the sea and water from northern floods will be loosed a lot by seepage in way

before joining dams and canals. In the last days I go through a report by IFAD, the report was on spat irrigation

in coastal areas for improvement of livelihoods. According to this report Pakistans coastal areas have great

capacity for spate irrigation and in the whole world Pakistan has largest number of areas under spate irrigationwhich is (640,000 to 1,280,000) hectors. Nevertheless our corrupt and lazy government does not get benefit of

this opportunity. Various research institutes also propose advance irrigation system to overcome water shortages

which include sprinkle irrigation. This system mostly adopted in Saudi Arab where water availability is aboutzero. Whereas in Pakistan we have enough water till yet but if we do not adopt proper measures then definitely

we will follow great loss and hunger in coming years.

In Pakistan main source of water is canal irrigation system including two major dams Mangla dam and Terbella

Dam. River Indus is the life line for Pakistans agriculture, nearly 450,000sqm. It is the largest river of SouthAsia having length of 1800 miles or 2900Km. Sewage water could be used for production of crops like

vegetables, fodder, oil palms, coconut etc by recycling. Therefore we can say that none of water is useless, the

only thing required is to adopt new ways of cropping and water management.


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.

We can feel that there is enough water to fulfill our requirements but the need is to use it properly through

advance technologies and by repairing the systems frequently. Our government blames India to spoil the

agreement did in 1959 over the distribution and use of Indus water. No doubt India has spoiled the agreementbut Pakistan should be accountable towards use of its own water. Moreover Pakistan shouts very late over

Indians activities. They start constructing dams and tunnels in the beginning of this century. Now at this stage

India is able to support themselves technically whereas Pakistan could not, due to it failure in incoming and

outgoing water records display. Our provinces are quarreling over distributions and provision of water. Whereasdistribution of country in provinces does not mean that everyone has its own territory to deal with, and he/she is

not responsible for others. Our leaders of all provinces should understand that their consensus over distributionof all sorts of resources is in favor of whole country. Nevertheless unfortunately each province just wants to

give loss to his brother province.

To resolve water issue it is important to solve political battle over distribution of water among provinces. On the

other hand water should be saving from all sorts of losses through effective and costless mechanical techniques

There are many solutions available on Internet, research institutes should give solutions to all such problemsthrough advance study of water saving technologies and government should effectively follow these without

considering personal selfishness. Rainwater and flood water should store in time before it flows to sea.

Available water resources should be evaluating and utilize effectively. Irrigation system should be repaired toimprove and develop according to current needs also policies should be developed for judicious and effective

use of irrigation water. In addition it should be evaluated frequently that what are the water requirements of

various crops as changing weather effect the requirement of crops with the passage of time. In addition farmersshould be well educated through seminars at local level by government, NGOs and research institutes about

modern agricultural techniques along with analyzing, existing indigenous knowledge about cropping to reduce

ill practices and enhance significant and effective practices did by farmers. Participation by farmers should be

enhanced in policy making about water using, implementation of taxes and subsidies, about price fixing andabout import-export rules and regulations. There should be effective coordination and understanding among

farmers, water associations, government department and NGOs. Farmers should be put at center while

discussing and solving agricultural issues. If Pakistan succeeded to overcome internal water problems then it

could become strong enough to solve external water problems i.e. problem of Indus water treaty with India. Weknow very well that any influential personality could make its voice high and strong enough to listen and accept

by others. Therefore Pakistan should develop itself like such a personality whose voice become influentialinternationally. For this they have to overcome internal problems immediately.

2. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

How we can increase the production of food and crops to meet the demands of increasing population?

How the shortage of water can be solved?

Role of banks in agriculture?

How government can promote agriculture in Punjab?


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3.1 METHODOLOGY

This chapter deals with the methodological strategy under which the research has been carried out.

The study of the direction and impl ication of empir ical r esearch or of the sui tabil ity of the techniques

employed on it is call ed methodology.(The oxford dictionary 2nd edition).

All the steps taken from the beginning to the end of the research work are technically known

as methodology or research procedure. Following are the steps that have been adopted in

conducting this research.S

3.2 SAMPLE

A total of 200 samples were selectedfrom the farmers of enriched agricultural cities of Punjab

3.3 METHOD OF SAMPLING

The technique used for sampling is simple random sampling and we collect the data from the farmers of

enriched agricultural cities of Punjab such as: Hasilpur, Vehari, Chistian, Chichawatni, Kassowal, Khairpur

Mian channu, Iqbal nagar.

3.4 Technique of Collection of Data:

We went to the farmers on our own behalf and narrate the questionnaire into Urdu and Punjabi as the

questionnaire was developed in English.


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3.5 Questionnaire:

The questionnaire used in our survey was in English. First we ask the personal data of the farmers such as name addres

and age. Question format was closed questions with yes/no. it consist 25 closed ended questions and 3-4 open ended

questions. Our main target was those farmers who were having the problems regarding their crops and agriculture.

4. RESULTS:

The data which we have collected from the farmers 53 of them were illiterate 46 of them were middle pass and

36 farmers have qualification level of metric 46 were middle, 24 were bachelor and only 11 farmers have done

the masters

The cultivation land of 111 farmers were 5-25 acres and land of 40 farmers are 26-45 acres and only 18 farmershave the cultivate land spread over 46-65 acres, where as 18 farmers have land more than 85 acres

102 farmers have cultivated wheat crops last time, 47 cultivated rice where as 22 farmers cultivated crops of

sugar cane and only 7 have mentioned other crops

104 farmers have beard the cost for the cultivation of the last crop was less than 20,000. 67 farmers beard the

cost from 20,000 to 30,000 where as only 10 farmers beard the cost of 41,000 to 50,000

Only 6 farmers have earned nothing from the last cultivated land, where as 18 farmers have earned 1000 to

5000. The 31 farmers have earned 6000 to 10000 from the last cultivated land where as 85 farmers earned

16000 to 20000 rupees from the last cultivated land

Near about 50 farmers are facing the problems of shortage the water and diseases and 14 farmers are facing

inflation in the market

The main sources of water of 65% of farmers is canal and 16% farmers are using the tube well water

The 19 farmers are provided with less then 20 minutes of canal water for one acre in a weak and 85 farmers are

provided with 31 to 40 minutes of canal water for 1 acre in a weak which is not sufficient for the farmers

The 163 farmers use the tube well water where as 37 have no concern with tube well and 167 farmers told us

that tube well water is to much expressive to use 164 farmers told us that government did not give them subsidy

on electricity use in tube well where as 36 farmers agree that government give them subsidy on electricity used

in tube well

Most of the farmers also told us that they are not having loans on easy conditions from banks. Most of the

farmers are not getting fertilizers and pesticides on control rate from market

In the end farmers suggest us that the govt. should give subsidy on electricity and improve irrigation department


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ADDRESS

Frequency Percent Valid Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid chichawatni 19 9.5 9.5 9.5

chistian 21 10.5 10.5 20.0

hasilpur 48 24.0 24.0 44.0

Iqbal nagar 22 11.0 11.0 55.0

kassowal 26 13.0 13.0 68.0

khairpur 7 3.5 3.5 71.5

mian channu 14 7.0 7.0 78.5

sahiwal 20 10.0 10.0 88.5

vihari 23 11.5 11.5 100.0

Total 200 100.0 100.0


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QULIFICATION


Cumulative

Percent

Valid ILLITRATE 53 26.5 26.5 26.5

MIDDLE 46 23.0 23.0 49.5

METRIC 35 17.5 17.5 67.0

INTER 31 15.5 15.5 82.5

BACHOLERS 24 12.0 12.0 94.5

MASTERS 11 5.5 5.5 100.0

Total 200 100.0 100.0


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How much land do you have under cultivation in acres?


Cumulative

Percent

Valid 5-25 111 55.5 55.5 55.5

26-45 40 20.0 20.0 75.5

46-65 18 9.0 9.0 84.5

66-85 13 6.5 6.5 91.0

ABOVE 85 18 9.0 9.0 100.0

Total 200 100.0 100.0


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Which crop you cultivated last time?


Cumulative

Percent

Valid WHEAT 102 51.0 51.0 51.0

COTTON 47 23.5 23.5 74.5

RICE 22 11.0 11.0 85.5

SUGAR CANE 22 11.0 11.0 96.5

OTHERS 7 3.5 3.5 100.0

Total 200 100.0 100.0


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Cost you bear for the cultivation of that crop per acre?


Cumulative

Percent

Valid


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How much you earn per acre from that crop?


Cumulative

Percent

Valid NOTHING 6 3.0 3.0 3.0

1000-5000 18 9.0 9.0 12.0

6000-10000 31 15.5 15.5 27.5

11000-15000 60 30.0 30.0 57.5

16000-20000 85 42.5 42.5 100.0

Total 200 100.0 100.0


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What problem you face in agriculture?


Cumulative

Percent

Valid SHOTRAGE OF WATER 50 25.0 25.0 25.0

DISEASES 50 25.0 25.0 50.0

UNAVLABLITY OF LOANS 14 7.0 7.0 57.0

INFLATION 23 11.5 11.5 68.5

ALL OF ABOVE 63 31.5 31.5 100.0

Total 200 100.0 100.0


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What is the main source of water in your area?


Cumulative

Percent

Valid CANNEL 131 65.5 65.5 65.5

TUBE WELL 32 16.0 16.0 81.5

SEWRAGE WATER 11 5.5 5.5 87.0

ALL OF ABOVE 26 13.0 13.0 100.0

Total 200 100.0 100.0


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How much minutes you are given cannel water for one acre in a weak?


Cumulative

Percent

Valid


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Is it sufficient for you?


Cumulative

Percent

Valid YES 61 30.5 30.5 30.5

NO 139 69.5 69.5 100.0

Total 200 100.0 100.0


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Is tube well water is expensive?


Cumulative

Percent

Valid YES 167 83.5 83.5 83.5

NO 33 16.5 16.5 100.0

Total 200 100.0 100.0


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Tube well water in your area?


Cumulative

Percent

Valid NORMAL 106 53.0 53.0 53.0

SOLTISH 73 36.5 36.5 89.5

ACIDIC 21 10.5 10.5 100.0

Total 200 100.0 100.0


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Did government give you subsidy on electricity used in tube wells?


Cumulative

Percent

Valid YES 36 18.0 18.0 18.0

NO 164 82.0 82.0 100.0

Total 200 100.0 100.0


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Did you get fertilizers and pesticides on control rate from market?


Cumulative

Percent

Valid YES 65 32.5 32.5 32.5

NO 135 67.5 67.5 100.0

Total 200 100.0 100.0


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Did you ever get loan for cultivation of crop?


Cumulative

Percent

Valid YES 123 61.5 61.5 61.5

NO 77 38.5 38.5 100.0

Total 200 100.0 100.0


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Did banks give you loans in easy conditions?


Cumulative

Percent

Valid YES 78 39.0 39.0 39.0

NO 122 61.0 61.0 100.0

Total 200 100.0 100.0


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Did you get a handsome return of your crop from market?


Cumulative

Percent

Valid YES 113 56.5 56.5 56.5

NO 87 43.5 43.5 100.0

Total 200 100.0 100.0


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Did government arrange any work shop in your area to guide you about

agriculture?


Cumulative

Percent

Valid YES 59 29.5 29.5 29.5

NO 141 70.5 70.5 100.0

Total 200 100.0 100.0


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how many times survey officer comes to your fields per year?


Cumulative

Percent

Valid 2 31 15.5 15.5 15.5

4 38 19.0 19.0 34.5

6 16 8.0 8.0 42.5

8 6 3.0 3.0 45.5

NEVER 109 54.5 54.5 100.0

Total 200 100.0 100.0


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CONCLUSION

From the above mentioned study we conclude that agriculture of Punjab is facing a lot of problems such as:

water irrigation, lack of government subsidies. Farmers are also problem in having fertilizers and pesticides on

control rate. They are not getting loans on easy conditions from banks. The market for farmers are raising

inflation due to which they can not make much profits. Government is not seriously taking notice for

constructing dams.

If Pakistan succeeded to overcome internal water problems then it could become strong

enough to solve external water problems i.e. problem of Indus water treaty with India.

Due to all these problems agriculture of Punjab facing downfall day by day it is strongly needed that govt.

should play a vital role in the development of agriculture in Punjab.

APPENDIX 11


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1- Name

2- Address

3- Age

a. 20-30b. 31-40

c. 41-50

d. Above 50

4- Gender

a. Male

b. female

5- Qualification

a. Illiterate

b. Middle

c. Metricd. Inter

e. Bachelors

f. Masters

6- How much land do you have under cultivation in acres?

a. 5-25

b. 26-45

c. 46-65

d. 66-85

e. Above 85

7- Which crop you cultivated last time?

a. Wheat

b. Cottonc. Rice

d. Sugar cane

e. Others

8- Cost you bear for the cultivation of that crop per acre?

a.


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c. 31,000-40,000

d. 41,000-50,000

9- How much you earn per acre from that crop?

a. Nothing

b. 1,000-5,000

c. 6,000-10,000

d. 11,000-15,000

e. 16,000-20,00010-What problem you face in agriculture?

a. Shortage of water

b. Diseases

c. Unavailability of loans

d. Inflation

e. All of above

11-What is the main source of water in your area?

a. Cannel

b. Tube well

c. Sewage water

d. All of above

12-How much minutes you are given cannel water for one acre in a weak?a.


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c. Acidic

17- Did government give you subsidy on electricity used in tube wells?

a. Yes

b. No

18- Which disease you think most harmful for your crop?

a. White fly

b. Rust diseases of wheat

c. Smut of sugar caned. Blight of rice

e. Mites

f. Others

19- How you protect your crop from diseases?

a. Pesticides

b. Diseases free seeds

c. Insect nets

d. All of above

20- Did you get fertilizers and pesticides on control rate from market?

a. Yes

b. No

21- Did you ever get loan for cultivation of crop?

a. Yes

b. No

22- If yes then from which financial institute?

a. Zarai tarakiati bank

b. The agriculture development bank of Pakistanc. Others.............

23- Did banks give you loans in easy conditions?

a. Yes

b. No

24-Did you get a handsome return of your crop from market?

a. Yes

b. No

25- Did government arrange any work shop in your area to guide you about agriculture?

a. Yes

b. No

26- Is there any survey officer in your area?

a. Yes

b. No

27- If yes then how many times he/she comes to your fields per year?

a. 2


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b. 4

c. 6

d. 8

e. Never

28- What are your suggestions to improve agriculture?

If you want any information about the problems of agriculture then contact the following e-mail address.

E-mail: [email protected]

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