Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society No.35 January 1901 pp29-421

A List of the Butterflies of Mt. Penrissen, Sarawak, with Notes on the Species.2

By R. SHELFORD.3

The species here noted were obtained in May 1899, at elevations varying from 2,800 to 4,200 feet4, and though I have no doubt that collecting at different times of the year would reveal the presence of a few more species, the present list may be regarded as fairly complete. Butterflies on Penrissen were not nearly so numerous as they are at all times of the year on the mountains near Kuching, Mts. Matang and Santubong; the very rank and dense jungle of Penrissen and the total absence of cleared spaces such as occur on the two latter mountains no doubt account for this comparative scarcity; at the same time it should be noted that the collection now described, contains several species which have never, in spite of the most careful and frequent collecting, been recorded from Matang and Santubong, and these species give quite a distinctive character to the collection. The insect fauna of a mountain possesses all the characteristics of an insular fauna consisting of

(1) widely ranging low-country species (comparable with the continental species of an insular fauna).

(2) species closely allied to, perhaps merely varieties of the above, but constant in their differences and mountain habitats.

(3) widely ranging mountain species of common occurrence on most mountains, of very rare occurrence in low-country, (comparable with insular species occasionally found on the continental areas). [[ p30 ]]

(4) purely local mountain forms. It is especially these last that give the distinctive character or — if I may be allowed the expression — the touch of local colour to a collection formed on any given mountain. The table of species of butterflies captured on Mts. Matang, Santubong and Penrissen given at the end of this paper will best illustrate the above-stated facts. I have prepared a similar table of the Longicorn beetles of the three mountains, which is equally suggestive. *

* Novitates Zoologicae Vol. VI. No. 2 (1899) contains an interesting paper of the birds of the Galapagos Islands by Rothschild and, Hartert the distribution of the species there recorded is closely parallel by the distribution of the insects of Bornean Mountains.

Fam. Nymphalidiae,

Sub. fam. Danainae,

(1) Hestia lynceus5 (Drury6).

Both the typical form and the melanic variety which has been separated by Moore as a distinct species, reinwardti, were common at all elevations.

(2) Ideopsis daas (Boisd.7)

(3) Danais (Bahora) asposia (Fab.8)

(4) Danais (Parautica) borneensis (Jenner Weir9).

This species was described as belonging to the sub-genus Chittira, but seeing that the male has androconia on the lower median and submedian veins, it must fall into the sub-genus Parantica.

The species was very conmon and easily caught, as it generally flew with the slow flaunting flight so characteristic of the members of this “protected" sub-family. Also recorded by Dr. Hanitsch from Kina Balu.

(5) Danais (Caduga) larissa (Feld.10)

Fairly common at all elevations. The Sarawak Museum collection contains also one example captured near Kuching.

(6) Euploea (Trepsichrois) mulciber (Cram.11)

(7) Euploea (Danisepa) lowei (Butl.12) [[ p 31 ]]

The males of this species are abundant throughout the whole of Borneo, whilst the females are extremely rare, on the other hand the females of E: rhadamanthus (Fab.), the continental topomorph of this species, are plentiful enough both in the Malay Peninsula and in Singapore. the reason of the relative differences in the number of the sexes in two such closely allied species is a problem not easy of solution, as, perhaps bearing indirectly on this problem it should be noted that ♀ lowei and ♀ rhadamanthus differ markedly from each other than do the ♂ ♂ .

(8) Euploea (Tronga) crameri (Lucas13).

Sub. fam. Satyrinae.

(9) Mycalesis (Satoa) maianeas (Hew.14)

The only species of this large genus that was seen.

Sub. fam. Elymniinae.

(10) Elymnias lais (Cram.)

The male mimics the Danaid. D. larissa (Feld) the female mimics Euploea mulciber (Cr..15)

(11) Elymnias?16 sp. nov.

This species, whose nearest ally is E, lutescens (Butl.), is apparently new to science and will shortly be described in a forthcoming memoir on some mimetic insects from Borneo: it is a mimic of Euploea crameri (Luc.) The Oriental mimetic Elymniines mimic their Danaiinae models on the upperside only, the underside is "protectively" coloured and mottled, so that when at rest they are not easily seen; they furnish in fact an example of a double means of protection. (1) by mimicking distasteful butterflies (2) by simulating dead leaves. The first means of protection comes into play only when the insect is flying. The second only when the insect is at rest Those species which mimic the distasteful Pieridae do so on both the upper and under surfaces of the wings and thus have only the one means of protection. [[ p 32 ]]

Sub fam. Amathusiinae.

(12) Thaumantis odana (Godt17).

This handsome species was not uncommon up to an elevation of 3500 feet. It had an annoying habit of settling amongst the creepers of a very thorny rattan and it was no easy matter to procure a specimen.

Sub. fam. Nymphalinae.

(13) Cupha erymanthis (Drury).

(14) Atella sinha (Kollar18).

(15) Atella alcippe (Cram).

(16) Terinos clarissa (Boisd). Occurred round our hut (3,500 ft.)

(17) Cynthia deione (Erich19). A very common species of the low country,

(18) Cirrochroa orissa (Feld).

(19) Limenitis procris (Cram). A common low-country species.

(20) Athyma abiasa (Moore20).

(21) Symphoedra dirtea (Fab).

(22) Euthalia ambalika (Moore).

(23) Euthalia Whiteheadi21 (Grose Smith22). Also abundant on Matang.

(24) Symbrenthia hypatia, var. hippoccrene (Staud23).

(25) Cyrestis nivea (Zinken-Sommer24).

(20) Cyrestis? semi-nigra (Grose Smith).

The description of this species previously recorded only from Kina Balu is somewhat sparse, but I am nearly sure that my identification is correct, at any rate it would be unwise to describe the Penrissen specimens as a new species without a comparison with Mr. Grose Smith's types. The nearest ally of the species is C. irmae Forbes

[[ p 33 ]](27) Chersonesia rahria (Horsf 25and Moore).

Fam. Lemoniidae.

Sub fam. Nemeobiinae,

(28) Zemeros albipunctata (Butl.)

Fam. Lycaenidae.

(29) Neopithecops zalmora (Butl.)

One example with a white discal patch on the upperside of the forewing. Specimens, corresponding to the wet and dry season forms of this species in India, occur in Borneo, but occur quite independently of the season. A so-called wet season form may be captured in the S. W. monsoon and vice versâ; the same is also true of the Satyrid Melanitis ismene (Cram.); of this species the Sarawak Museum possess a long series of the typical form and another of the form leda (L.) captured in nearly every month of the year, and all within a radius of two miles of Kuching. The difference between the wet and dry seasons is not nearly so well-marked in Borneo as in India, and I imagine that the colouring of butterflies exhibiting seasonal changes is determined by the state of the weaker during the early stages of the life history, so that a wet August (for example) would produce the wet-season form, a dry August the dry-season form; in Borneo, at least, these forms should rather be called weather-varieties, occuring as they do, independently of the seasons.

(30) Cyaniris placidula (Druce26). Previously recorded, from Kina Balu.

(31) Cyaniris selma (Druce).

Upperside-forewing, pale blue with a white discal patch and with broad black costal and outer margins. The cell is closed with a small black stigma. Hindwing, greyish blue, the cell is closed with a stigma. A marginal series of fuscous spots. Underside, exactly as in male. [[ p 34 ]]

(32) Cyaniris strophis (Druce),

(33) Cyaniris planta (Druce).

This species leads up to .C. haraldus (Fab.) placed by some authors in a separate genus — Lycoenopsis.

(34) Nacaduba sp ?

A couple of females only were taken, and though I am strongly of opinion that they

will constitute a new species. I defer a description until I can procure a male. The colouration and markings are much the same as in N. aluta (Druce.) but there is no basalband on the underside of the forewing as in that species.

(35) Arhopala similis (Druce).

This is the variety a of A. agesiase (Hew.)

(36) Tajuria isaeus (Hew.)

(37) Biduanda sp ? (Nov.27)

I am pretty confident that this species of which one female example was taken, will prove to be new, but I must defer a description of it until I can obtain access to larger collections and more recent literature. The species appears to be related on the one hand to Biduanda thesmia (Hew.), on the other to Biduanda lavitsoni (Druce.), judging at least by the pattern of the wings on the underside. If ever the phylogeny of the Lycanidae comes to be traced, the wing patterns on the underside must carefully be taken into consideration; from a study of these, extending over three years, I have come to the conclusion that the more highly organised the butterfly, the more the underside wing-pattern tends to disappear from the discs of the wings and concentrate at the margins and at the anal angle of the hind-wing, in some cases disappearing even from these areas, as for example in Bornean examples of Loxura atymmus. A reason for this concentration of wing-pattern may perhaps be sought in the following considerations : — the typical Lycaenid wing-pattern on [[ p 35 ]]the underside is that presented by such genera as Nacaduba. Lampides, Cyaniris, Catachrysops, consisting of catenulated bands or bands and spots crossing the discs of the wings in a more or less definite manner, at the anal angle of the hindwing is almost invariably present a conspicuous eye-spot; this eye-spot is supposed (and there is evidence to justify the supposition) to direct the attacks of enemies such as birds or lizards to a non-vital part of the body, the eye-spot being highly conspicuous when the butterfly is at rest (the bright patches of colour at the tips of the forewings of soberly coloured butterflies of other families is supposed to serve the same purpose; cf. also the Orange Tip of Europe). Now if the pattern disappears from the discs of the wings, this eye-spot, which by the way may degenerate into a mere patch or streak of bright colour, becomes still more conspicuous and consequently of greater value to the butterfly, whilst the risk of the main body of the wings proving a source of attraction to enemies is now much lessened, seeing that they are unornamented : in Loxura atymmus the absence of eye-spot is compensated for by the long tails into which the hind wings are drawn out. The axiom then with which this short dessertation commenced that the more highly organised the Lycaenid the more the underside wing-pattern concentrates outwardly, seems to follow naturally on the more general axiom, that the more highly organised the animal, the more diverse and complete are its methods of defence. The species under notice is of interest as affording a glimpse of the manner in which the diffuse wing-pattern of Biduanda thesmia (Hew.) may become outwardly concentrated as in B. hewitsoni (Druce).

Fam Pieridae,

Sub, fam. Pierinae,

(38) Delias eumolpe (Grose Smith).

♀ upperside Black. Forewing with a large white oblique spot closing the cell and extending somewhat above and below it; Hindwing with a large discal area whitish dusted with ochreous and black scales. Underside, Forewing, black, [[ p 36 ]]cell-spot as above. A marginal row of spots, the upper yellow and the larger, the lower white, the last being bifid. Hindwing as in male but the discal yellow area much reduced. Expanse 88mm.

This sex is described here for the first time. The species which was originally described from Kina Balu is not mentioned by Dr. Butler in his recent revision of the genus Delias (Ann. Mag. N. H 16. vol. 20., Aug. 1897).

(39) Delias Singhapura (Wall.28)

(40) Delias cathara (Grose Smith). Exactly mimicked by a Chalcosiid moth, Mimeuploea pieroides29 Wlk30.

(41) Delias parthenia Staud. Previously recorded from Kina Balu.

(42) Terias hecabe (L.31) Common everywhere.

(43) Catophaga (Hyposcritia) plana (Butl.)

(44) Catophaga (Tachyris) cardena (Hew.)

(45) Huphina hespera (Butl.) This form has recently been separated from H. lea (Doubl.32)

Sub. fam. Papilioninae.

(46) Troides brookianus 33 (Wall.)

(47) Troides helena cerberus (Feld.)

(48) Papilio demolion (Cr.)

(49) Papilio nephelus saturnus (Gir.34)

(50) Papilio paradoxus telesides (Feld.)

(51) Papilio arpina carnatus (Rothschild35 and Ford).

Fam. Hesperidae.

(52) Tagiades waterstradti (Elwes36).

(53) Telicota bambusae (Moore).

(54) Notocrypta feisthamelii (Boisd.)

(55) Parnara moolata (Moore).

(56) Hasora chabrona (Plötz37).

[[ p 37 ]]

Table of Species of Butterflies Occurring on Mounts Matang, Santubong and Penrissen38. [+ Merinjak39 + Serembu40 + Bau41]

Shelford's names Matang Santubong Penrissen Merinjak Serembu Bau Revised names and newer records

[Fam.]Nymphalidae

[sub.fam.]Danainae

Hestia lynceus, Drury *** *** *** *** *** *** Idea lynceus

Tirumala septentrionis, Butl. ***

Parantica crowleyi, Jenner-Weir

***

Caduga larissa, Feld. *** [Parantica luzonensis]

*** P. agleoides

******

Danais aspasia, Fab.P. aspasia

*** ******

Ideopsis daos, Boisd.I. gaura [daos]

*** I. vulgaris

Adigama scudderi, Butl. *** *** Euploea camaralzeman

[scudderi]Penoa menetriesii, Feld. *** *** [E. algea menetriesii]

Trepsichrois mulciber. Cr. *** *** *** *** ******

E. Claudius mulciber, Cr.Euploea mulciber

Danisepa low[e]i, Butl. *** *** [E. radamanthus lowei]

Salpinx leucostictos, Gm. *** *** [E. leucostrictos]

Isamia aegyptus, Butl. *** [E. aegyptus]

[sub.fam.]Satyrirae

Satoa maianeas, Hew. *** [Mycalesis maianeas]

*** Mycalesis

*** M. anapita

*** M. horsfieldi

*** M. mineus

*** M. mnasicles

*** M. orseis

Neorina lowi[i], D. & H. 42 *** ***

Ypthima pandocus, Moore *** *** ****** *** Y. sp.

*** Y.fasciata

Amnosia baluana, Fruhst *** *** Callenya lenya baluana

******

Erites E. argentina

Shelford's names Matang Santubong Penrissen Merinjak Serembu Bau Revised names and newer records

*** E.elegans

*** Melanitis zitenius, Herbst.

*** “ leda

*** Coelites euptychioides

*** Lethe mekarna

*** Orsotriaena medus

*** Ragadia makuta

*** *** Xanthotaenia busiris

[sub.fam.]Elymiinae

Elymnias aroa sp. n. ***

E. lais, Cr. *** *** ***

*** E.hypermnestra

*** E. nesaea

*** E. panthera

Amathusiinae [Morphinae]

*** Thaumantis noreddin

Thaumantis odana, Godt. *** ***

T. aliris, Westw. *** *** *** *** Thauria aliris

Clerome stomphax, Westw. *** ***

Xanthotaenia busiris, Westw. *** ***

*** Amnosia baluana, Fruhst.[A.decora b.]

*** Zeuxidia amethystus, Butl.

*** Z. aurelia

*** *** Z. doubledayi, Westw.

*** Amathuxidia amythaon

*** Discophora necho

*** D. s[a/o]ndaica

*** Faunis canens

*** F.gracilis

*** F. kirata

*** F. stomphax

*** F. sp.

[sub.fam.]Nymphalinae

Euripus halitherses, D. & H. ***

Cupha erymanthis, Drury *** *** ***

*** C.e.lotis, Sulz.

Atella alcippe, Cr. *** ***

A. sinha, Kollar. ***

Terinos clarissa, Boisd. *** *** *** *** ***

Shelford's names Matang Santubong Penrissen Merinjak Serembu Bau Revised names and newer records

*** T. atlita

Cynthia deione, Erichs *** ***

Neptis dindinga, Butl. ***

N. miah, Moore ***

N. anjana, Moore ***

*** N. spp

*** N. adunora

*** N. duryodana

*** N. hylas

*** N. leucoporos

*** N. nata

*** N. omeroda

Cirrochroa malaya, Feld. ***

C. orissa, Fab. ***

*** Cirrochroa satellita

Stibochiona persephone, Staud,

***

Pandita sinope, Moore *** *** ***

Limenitis daraxa. D. &. H. ***

L. procris, Cr. *** *** *** Moduza procris

Euthalia vacillaria, Butl. ***

E. ambalika, Moore *** ***

E. ? magnolia, Stand. ***

E. lavernalis, de N. ***

E. merta, Moore ***

E. garuda, Moore ***

E. adonia, Cr. ***

E. whiteheadi, G. Smith *** ***

*** E.dunya

*** E. godarti

*** E.iapis

*** E.monina

Tanaecia ellida, Stand. ***

T. valmikis, Feld. *** ***

T. lutala, Moore ***

*** T. aruna

*** T. clathrata

*** T. flora

*** T. munda

*** T. pelea

*** Athyma asura

*** A. kanwa

Athyma abiasa, Moore *** *** *** ***

A. euloca, sp. n. ***

Shelford's names Matang Santubong Penrissen Merinjak Serembu Bau Revised names and newer records

A. nefte, Cr. *** ***

A.n. nivifera, Butl.

A. amhara, Druce ***

*** A. pravara

Symphaedra dirtea, Fab. ***

Symbrenthia hypatia var. hippocrene, Stand

*** *** ***

*** S. hippoclus

*** S. lilaea

Cyrestis seminigra, G. Smith ***

C. rahria, Moora *** ***

Eulepis jalysus, Feld. ***

Charaxeas distanti, Honr. *** [Charaxes distanti]

*** C. bernardus

*** C. hormodius

*** Prothoe franckii

*** *** *** Cethosia hypsea, Doubl.

*** *** Hypolimnas anomala, Wall.

*** H. bolina

*** Parthenos sijlvia borneenis, Stand.

*** Dicchoragia nesimachus mannus, Fruhst.

*** Adolias canescens, Butl.

*** Kallima inachis buxtoni, Moore

*** Amniosa decora

*** Ariadne ariadne

*** Chersonesia intermedia

*** C. rahria

*** Cynitia cicytina

*** Dolechallia bisaltide

*** D. polynice

*** Dophla evelina

*** Junonia atlites

*** J. hedonia

*** J. iphita

*** J. orithya

*** Lasippa tiga

*** Lexias dirtea

*** L. pardalis

*** Maduza procris

*** Pantoporia aurelia

*** P. lilaea

*** Atella alcippe

Shelford's names Matang Santubong Penrissen Merinjak Serembu Bau Revised names and newer records

*** Phalanta alcippe

*** Rhinopalpa polynice

*** Stibochiona schoenbergi

******

Cynthia erotaVindula erota

[Fam.]Lemoniidae

Zemeros albipunctata, Butl. ***

Z. emesioides, Feld. *** ***

*** Z.e.eso Frust.

Dodona elvira, Staud. ***

D. deodata, Hew. ***

Abisara kausambi, Feld. ***

A. savitri, Feld. ***

*** Abisara saturata

? Laxita orphna, Boisd.

*** Paralaxita damajanti

*** P. nivevillei

*** P. telesia

*** Taxila haquinus

[Fam.]Lycaenidae

Paragerydus pyxus de, N. ***

P. contestus sp. n. ***

Allotinus subviolaceus, Feld. ***

*** Allotinus leogoran

*** A. (Paragerydus) corbeti

Logania staudingeri, Druce ***

Cyaniriodes libna, Hew. ***

Simiskina pharyge, Hew. ***

Neopithecops zalmora, Butl. *** *** *** ***

Cyaniris puspa, Horsf. *** ***

C. placida, Moore *** ***

C. placidula, Druce *** ***

C. ? transpectus, Moore ***

C. lugra, Diuee *** ***

C. selma, Druce ***

C. strophis, Druce ***

C. plauta, Druce ***

C. haraldus, Feld. ***

Lycenaesthes lycaenina, Feld. ***

L. emolus, Godt. ***

Luthrodes mindora, Feld. ***

*** Nacaduba berenice

Shelford's names Matang Santubong Penrissen Merinjak Serembu Bau Revised names and newer records

*** N. normani

Nacaduba pavana, Horsf. *** ***

N. sp. ***

N. hermus, Feld. ***

N. ardates, Moore *** ***

N. atratus, Horsf. *** ***

N. beroe, Feld. ***

N. ? ancyra, Feld. ***

Lampides coruscans, Moore *** ***

*** L.celeno, Cr.

*** L.zebra, Druce

Castalius ethion, D. & H. ***

Iraota rochana, Horsf. *** ***

I. nila, Dist *** ***

Arhopala centaurus, Fab. ***

A. borneensis. Druce ***

A. fulgida, Hew. *** ***

A. similis, Druce ***

A. capeta, Hew. ***

*** Arhopala aedias

*** A. apidanus

*** A. democritus

*** A. denta

*** A. epimuta

*** A. eumolphus

*** A. evansi

*** A. fulla intaca

*** A. inornata

*** A. major

*** A. moorei

*** A. selta

*** A. trogon

*** A. vihara

Curetis malayica, Feld. ***

*** Curetis tagalica

*** C. sp.

Dacalana vidura, Horsf. *** *** ***

Pratapa lucidus, Druce ***

P. devana, Druce *** ***

P. calculis, Druce *** ***

Aphnaeus lohita, Horsf. ***

Tajuria mantra, Feld. ***

T. isaeus, Hew. ***

T. donatana de, N. *** ***

Shelford's names Matang Santubong Penrissen Merinjak Serembu Bau Revised names and newer records

T. travana, Hew. ***

Britomartis sp. ***

Purlisa giganteus, Dist. ***

Chliaria skapane, Druce ***

C. minima, Druce ***

Mantoides licinius, Druce ***

Neocheritra amrita var. theodora, Druce

***

Horaga corniculum, Druce ***

*** H.affinis, Druce

Semanga superba, Druce ***

Biduanda sp. ***

Drina maneia, Hew. ***

Lehera anna, Druce *** ***

Araotes lapithis, Moore ***

Deudorix epijarbas, Moore *** ***

D. staudingeri, Druce ***

D. strephanus, Druce *** ***

D. diara, Swinh. ***

Rapala abnormis, Elwes *** ***

*** Rapala damona

*** R. elcia

*** R. pheretima

Bindahara phocides, Fab. *** ***

Virachola smilis Hew. *** ***

Liphyra crassolis Westw. ***

*** Megisba malaya, Horsf.

*** Lycaenopsis plauta, Druce

*** Everes argiades, Pall.

*** Sinthusa amata, Dist.

*** Anthene emolus

*** Caleta elna

*** Catochrysop strabo

*** Chilades pandava

*** Discolampa ethion

*** Drupadia theda

*** Eooxylides tharis

*** Euchrysops cnejus

*** Ionolyce helion

*** Iraota rochana

*** Jamides caerulens

*** J. puloensis

*** J. pura

*** J. virgulatus

Shelford's names Matang Santubong Penrissen Merinjak Serembu Bau Revised names and newer records

*** J. zebra

*** Loxura cassiopeia

*** Ritra aurea

*** Sithon nedymond

*** Thrix scopula

Fam. Papilionidae

Sub.fam. Pierinae

Delias metarete, Butl. *** *** ******

[Delias hyparete metarete]D. hypar[a/e]te

D. singhapura, Wall. *** *** ***

D. cathara, G. Smith *** [D. baracasa cathara]

D. parthenope, Wall. ***

D. parthenia, Staud. ***

D. hermione sp. n. ***

D. eumolpe, G. Smith ***

Prioneris vollenhovii, Wall. ***

P. Cornelia, Vollenh. ***

Terias nicobariensis, Feld. *** *** ***

******

***Terias hecabe, L.Eurema hecabe [T.h]

T. sari, Horaf. *** *** *** E. sari [T.s]

*** E. ada [T.a]

*** E. andersonii [T.a]

*** E. blanda [T.b.]

*** E. lacteola [T.l.]

*** E. niceville

*** E. sp.

Dercas gobrias, Hew. *** ***

Catophaga plana, Butl. *** *** *** *** *** *** Appias indra plana

C. distanti, Butl. ***

C. cardena, Hew. *** ***

Huphina hespera, Butl. *** *** ***

*** Cepora iudith

more

Sub.fam. Papilioninae

Troides brookianus. Wall. *** *** Trogonoptera brookiana

T. helena cerberus, Feld. *** *** *** Troides helena

T. amphrysus flavicollis, Druce ab. ruficollis

****** T.amphyrsus (or helena?)

Papilio demolion, Cr. *** ***

P. helenuspalawanicus, Staud, *** *** *** P.helenus palawanicus,

Shelford's names Matang Santubong Penrissen Merinjak Serembu Bau Revised names and newer records

Stand.

P. iswara, White *** ***

P. fuscus prexaspes, Feld. ... ***

P. slateri hewitsonii, Westw. ***

P. paradoxus telesicles, Feld. *** ***

P. caunus mendax, Rothsch. ***

P. arjuna carnatus, Rottisch. *** *** ***

P. nephelus saturnus, Guer. *** *** ***

*** *** P.aristocliae antiphus, Fab.

P. payeni brunei, Fruhst. ***

P. bathycles bathycloides, Honr.

***

P. macareus macaristeus, G. Smith.

***

*** P. demoleus

*** *** P. memnon

P. sarpedon L. *** *** Graphium sarpedon

P agamemnon L. *** *** *** G. agamemnon

*** G. doson

*** G. evemon

*** G. macareus

*** Atrophaneura hox

*** Chilasa paradoxa

*** Losaria neptunus

*** Pachliopta aristolochiae

*** Pathysa antiphates

Fam. Hesperidae.

Charmion ficulnea, Hew. *** *** Celaenorrhinus ficulnea

Odina hieroglyphica, Butl. ***

Tagiades waterstradti, Elwes. *** *** *** *** ***

*** Tagiades calligana

*** T. japitus

*** T. parra

Koruthaialos hector, Wats. ***

Gangara thyrsis, Fab. ***

Plastingia fruhstorferi, Mab. ***

Notocrypta feisthamelii, Boisd.

*** ***

*** Notocrypta clavata

Telicota augias L. *** ***

T. bambusae, Moore *** *** ***

T. palmarum, Moore ***

T. dara, Kellar ***

Shelford's names Matang Santubong Penrissen Merinjak Serembu Bau Revised names and newer records

Halpe zema, Hew. ... ***

*** Halpe clara

Parnara moolata, Moore *** ***

P. guttatus, Brem. & Grey ***

P. contigua, Mab. ***

Hasora chabrona, Plotz. *** *** ***

H. borneensis, Elwes ***

H. chuza, Hew. ***

Badanria exclamationis, Fab. ***

Rhopalocampta crawfurdi, Dist.

***

*** Acerbas duris

*** Ancistroides gemmifer

*** A.nigrita

*** Bibasis sena

*** Burara oedipodea

*** B.tuckeri

*** Eetion elia

*** Erionata thrax

*** Odontoptilum pygela

*** Plastingia naga

*** Pyroneura niasana

1 Reformatted, hyperlinked, annotated, and Serembu data added to table by Martin Laverty, August 2009, April 2010, June 2011; Merinjak data added March 2013.

2 'A trip to Mt.Penrissen, Sarawak' was in JSBRAS 33 (1900) pp 1-26 (pp10-21 is 'The Birds of Mt.Penrissen and neighbouring districts')

The 54 species listed here are a small proportion of the species listed in subsequent papers: 'A List of the Butterflies of Borneo... Part I', JSBRAS 40 (1904) pp 81-111 'A List of the Butterflies of Borneo... Part II', JSBRAS 45 (1906) pp 89-120

JC Moulton added 'A List of the Butterflies of Borneo.' in JSBRAS 60 (1911) pp 73-? and 'Notes on a portion of the late Mr.Shelford's list of Bornean Butterflies, Part I..' in JSBRAS 65 (1913) then 'A List of the Butterflies of Borneo... Part IV - Papilionidae', JSBRAS 67 (1914) pp 1-56

Another list can be found in the Sarawak Museum Journal Vol XVII,34-35 (1969) pp385-390: List of Butterflies caught around Kuching, Sarawak December 1968 by A.E.G.Best

3 R W C Shelford (1872-1912) was an entomologist. He was curator of the Sarawak Museum from 1897-1905, then worked at Oxford University where many of his specimens went.

4 The trip is described in a chapter, 'An Expedition to Penrisen', of Shelford's posthumous book 'A Naturalist in Borneo'. On setting up camp he says: “The bearers [he had 120 to set up camp] with the collecting gear, killing-bottles, spirit-jars, and so on had not yet made their appearance, so I was hard put to it to keep hold of the specimens that I caught and that were brought to me; my hat and pockets were soon full, and I was driven to tying insects secured by threads of fibre on to the buttons of my coat, until ... I presented the appearance of a Christmas-tree hung with living animals...Fortunately I had my butterfly-net with me, and managed to secure a specimen of a rare mountain butterfly, Cyrestis seminigra, that flitted across the clearing...”. A typical “afternoon was fully occupied in skinning the birds, in pinning the insects into collecting boxes, folding up butterflies in sheets of paper, pressing plants, and the other occupations of collecting naturalists.” In another chapter, 'Mimicry', he recalls: “On Mt.Penrisen in Sarawak, two of the commonest butterflies were Caduga larissa and Tirumala crowleyi, species belonging to the sub-family Danainae. These butterflies are black with streaks of green on both surfaces of all the wings. Like all the other members of the sub-family, these two species were conspicuous by their abundance and by their slow flaunting flight, and habit of settling in exposed situations, so they were quite as conspicuous when at rest as when on the wing. The Danainae are ... distasteful insects advertising their distasteful properties by the means noted above....One day I saw approaching me a butterfly which I took to be Caduga larissa, and it was not until it had passed me quite closely that I realised from its quicker flight and from a slightly different style of wing-marking that here was no Danaine, but a mimic – Elymnias lais....”

5 Now Idea lynceus6 Drury (1725-1804)7 Boisd. = Boisduval (1799-1879)8 Fab. = Fabricius (1745-1808) or Fabre (1823-1915)9 John Jenner Weir (1822-1894) civil servant and naturalist 10 Feld. = Felder, C (1814-1891) or R (1842-1871)11 Cram. = Cramer (1721-1776)12 Butl. = Butler (1844-1925)13 Lucas (1814-1899)14 Hew. = Hewitson (1806-1878)15 Cr. = Crotch (1842-1874) ?16 Elymnias aroa described in 'Observations on some Mimetic Insects and Spiders from Borneo and Singapore' PZS

(1902)17 Godt. = Godart (1775-1825)18 Kollar (1797-1860)19 Erich. = Erichson (1809-1848)20 Moore (1830-1907)21 Euthalia Whiteheadi, described and illustrated in 'Rhopalocera exotica' Vol IIIby H.Grose Smith (1902?)

22 Grose Smith = Henley Grose Smith [aka Henley.Grose Grose-Smith] (1833-1911)23 Staud. = Staudinger (1830-1900)24 Zinken-Sommer (1770-1856)

25 Horsf. = Horsfield (1773-1859)26 Druce (1846-1913) 27 Nov.= Novas ?28 Wall. = Wallace (1823-1913)29 Mimeuploea pieroides is reported

as Callamesia (Cyclosia) pieridoides in PZS (1902)

30 Wlk = Walckenaer (1771-1852) 31 L. = Linnaeus (1707-1778)32 Doubl. = Doubleday (1808-1875)33 Now Trogonoptera brookiana brookiana Wallace34 Gir. = Giraud (1808-1877) ?35 Rothschild (1868-1937)36 Elwes (1846-1922)37 Plötz (1814-1886)38 The table is not entirely consistent with the text in either records and nomenclature.

These three species are reported for all 6 sites Idea (Hestia) lynceus, (Drury) (Tree nymph) Euploea mulciber (Cr.)(Striped blue crow)

Appias indra (Catophaga) plana, Butl.

These four species are reported from 5 of the sitesYpthima pandocus, Moore (Common three-ring)Athyma abiasa, Moore (Sergeant)Tagiades waterstradti, Elwes.(Flat)Terinos clarissa, Boisd. (Assyrian)

The number of species in common is summarised in this table, with sites arranged by North to South location:

Santubong Matang Serembu Bau Penrissen Merinjak Santubong 74 41 9 11 18 8 Matang 124 12 14 21 7 Serembu 42 18 9 8 Bau 194 12 14 Penrissen 51 8 Merinjak 26

Differences in collection conditions and periods make any interpretation difficult but a crude standardisation of the number of species in common gives:

Santubong Matang Serembu Bau Penrissen Merinjak av. Santubong 100 33 29 8 48 42 32 Matang 100 23 6 33 22 23 Serembu 100 22 42 73 38 Bau 100 12 28 15 Penrissen 100 60 39 Merinjak 100 45

which suggests that Penrissen is most like Merinjak (60% in common; they're adjacent and similar), then Santubong, then to Serembu, then to Matang – all sandstone or igneous mountains – while the Bau limestone flats and hills are quite distinctive, presumably through the effects of both altitude and vegetation. However, the closest similarity, with 73% in common, is Merinjak to Serembu, perhaps reflecting a combination of height and adjacent cultivation giving a variety of habitats.

Overall, the average number of species in common for one site with all other suggests that Merinjak was the most

representative area for butterflies, closely followed by Penrissen and Serembu, then Santubong, with Matang and Bau the most restricted. Whether that is still the case is uncertain as Merinjak is now being logged (as seen on Google Earth's 2011 imagery), parts of Penrissen have been cleared for a golf course, and oil palm plantations are replacing the varying range of environments provided by the traditional cycle of shifting agriculture.

39 Merinjak data from JC Moulton's trip of 1914 (The Zoologist No.880, Oct,Nov 1914, pp.361-374, 414-431) [Annotated version]

40 Serembu data from JC Moulton's trip of 1912 (The Entomologist Vol XLV, August 1912 pp.213-217, 246-252) [Annotated version]

41 Bau data from Sarawak Bau Limestone Biodiversity project: Karim, C and Abang, F, Butterflies (Sarawak Museum Journal Vol LIX, April 2004, No 80/Special Issue 6, pp351-363)

42 D.&H. = Doubleday & Hewitson.

Neorina lowii was, perhaps, the first new species described (as Cylla lowii) from Sarawak, from a specimen collected by Hugh Low, in A List of Lepidoptera in the British Museum, Appendix p.3 and on p.361 and on Plate XVI (Satyridae) of The Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera, Vol II (1850-1852)