By: Adriana Ramirez By: Adriana Ramirez

Paras OadParas Oad

Yvonne HernandezYvonne Hernandez

INFORMATION ABOUT THE BRIANINFORMATION ABOUT THE BRIAN The brain is the control center for movement,

sleep, hunger, thirst, and virtually every other activity that people need to survive.

The brain is a pinkish-gray mass that is composed of about 10 billion nerve cells. The nerve cells are linked to each other and together and are responsible for the control of all mental functions.

The brain is divided into three major parts, the hindbrain (including the cerebellum and the brain stem), the midbrain, and the forebrain (including the diencephalons and the cerebrum).

FUNCTIONS OF THE BRAINFUNCTIONS OF THE BRAIN The cerebellum is the hind part of the The cerebellum is the hind part of the

brain. It is made up of gray, brain. It is made up of gray, unmyelinated cells on the exterior unmyelinated cells on the exterior and white, myelinated cells in the and white, myelinated cells in the interior. The cerebellum controls interior. The cerebellum controls muscular movements and, along with muscular movements and, along with the midbrain, monitors posture. It is the midbrain, monitors posture. It is necessary to the control of movement necessary to the control of movement of the human body in space. of the human body in space.

The cerebrum occupies the most The cerebrum occupies the most portion of the skull. It is by the largest portion of the skull. It is by the largest part of the brain. It makes up about part of the brain. It makes up about 85% of the brain's weight. The 85% of the brain's weight. The cerebrum is split vertically into left and cerebrum is split vertically into left and right hemispheres. It is the thinking right hemispheres. It is the thinking part of the brain. It helps you part of the brain. It helps you remember things.remember things.

QICK FACTS ABOUT THE QICK FACTS ABOUT THE BRAINBRAIN

Your brain uses 20% of your body's energy, Your brain uses 20% of your body's energy, but it makes up only 2% of your body's but it makes up only 2% of your body's weight.weight.

Average number of neurons in the brain = Average number of neurons in the brain = 100 billion.100 billion.

Your brain generates 25 watts of power while Your brain generates 25 watts of power while you're awake---enough to illuminate a light you're awake---enough to illuminate a light bulb.bulb.

The hypothalamus, occupying The hypothalamus, occupying the rest of the diencephalons, the rest of the diencephalons, controls the heartbeat, the body controls the heartbeat, the body temperature, and the fluid temperature, and the fluid balance.balance.

The medulla oblongata The medulla The medulla oblongata The medulla oblongata is an enlarged continuation of oblongata is an enlarged continuation of the spinal cord extending up into the the spinal cord extending up into the "pons" (a large bulge under the brain "pons" (a large bulge under the brain stem). controlling reflex activities such stem). controlling reflex activities such as coughing, gagging, swallowing and as coughing, gagging, swallowing and vomiting.vomiting.

INTERNEURONINTERNEURON

That acts as a link between sensory neurons That acts as a link between sensory neurons and motor neurons. which is entirely in the and motor neurons. which is entirely in the central nervous system (i.e. the brain and central nervous system (i.e. the brain and spinal cord). it is the basic building block of spinal cord). it is the basic building block of the brain.  It guides memory, personality, the brain.  It guides memory, personality, learning, deciding, and any other thoughts learning, deciding, and any other thoughts that our brains can come up with.that our brains can come up with.

AxonAxon- extension from the cell that carries nerve impulses from the cell body to other neurons

Gray matterGray matter areas of the brain that areas of the brain that are dominated by cell bodies are dominated by cell bodies and have no myelin covering (in and have no myelin covering (in contrast to white matter). contrast to white matter). Contains relationship with Contains relationship with neurons that relay information neurons that relay information between the spiral cord and between the spiral cord and spinal nerve. spinal nerve.

White matterWhite matter the shiny layer the shiny layer underneath the cortex that underneath the cortex that consists of nerve fibers (axons) consists of nerve fibers (axons) with white myelin sheaths (in with white myelin sheaths (in contrast to gray matter). contrast to gray matter).

A large mass of gray A large mass of gray matter deeply inside the matter deeply inside the

forebrain at the top forebrain at the top portion of the portion of the

diencephalon. It relays diencephalon. It relays information from senses information from senses

to appropriate parts of the to appropriate parts of the cerebrum.cerebrum.

DendriteDendrite Carries impulses from neighboring cells.Carries impulses from neighboring cells. Nerve impulse- an electrical signal that travels Nerve impulse- an electrical signal that travels

along a neuron. Information is carried through the along a neuron. Information is carried through the nervous system in the nerve impulses.nervous system in the nerve impulses.

Nerve-Bundle of nerve fibers that ferries nerve Nerve-Bundle of nerve fibers that ferries nerve impulses between the central nervous system and impulses between the central nervous system and all parts of the body.all parts of the body.

Stimulant- a drug that temporarily quickens some Stimulant- a drug that temporarily quickens some vital process in the brain.vital process in the brain.

Nervous System Nervous System

Parts of the brainParts of the brain

•Brainstem

•Cerebellum

•Frontal Lobe

•Occipital Lobe

•Parietal Lobe

•Temporal Lobe

Brain Parts and their functionBrain Parts and their function Nervous systemNervous system: set of nerves, ganglions and nervous centers that receive : set of nerves, ganglions and nervous centers that receive

sensory signal. Commands and coordinates vital functions.sensory signal. Commands and coordinates vital functions.Brachial plexusBrachial plexus: network of nerves of the arm.: network of nerves of the arm.Intercostal nerveIntercostal nerve: cord conducting nerve impulses between the ribs.: cord conducting nerve impulses between the ribs.Radial nerveRadial nerve: cord conducting nerve impulses in the area of the radius.: cord conducting nerve impulses in the area of the radius.Median nerveMedian nerve: main cord conducting nerve impulses in the upper limb.: main cord conducting nerve impulses in the upper limb.Ulnar nerveUlnar nerve: cord conducting nerve impulses in the area of the elbow.: cord conducting nerve impulses in the area of the elbow.Lumbar plexusLumbar plexus: network of nerves of the lower back.: network of nerves of the lower back.Sciatic nerveSciatic nerve: cord conducting nerve impulses in the area of the thigh and : cord conducting nerve impulses in the area of the thigh and lower leg.lower leg.Common peroneal nerveCommon peroneal nerve: cord conducting nerve impulses along the : cord conducting nerve impulses along the inside of the lower leg.inside of the lower leg.Superficial peroneal nerveSuperficial peroneal nerve: cord conducting nerve impulses of the : cord conducting nerve impulses of the muscles and skin of the leg.muscles and skin of the leg.Digital nerveDigital nerve: cord conducting nerve impulses of the fingers.: cord conducting nerve impulses of the fingers.Sacral plexusSacral plexus: network of nerves of the sacrum.: network of nerves of the sacrum.Spinal cordSpinal cord: substance belonging to the nervous system, found in the : substance belonging to the nervous system, found in the holes of the vertebrae.holes of the vertebrae.CerebellumCerebellum: nervous centre situated under the brain.: nervous centre situated under the brain.CerebrumCerebrum: seat of the mental capacities.: seat of the mental capacities.

SynapseSynapse

The junction between The junction between two neurons (axon-to-two neurons (axon-to-dendrite) or between a dendrite) or between a neuron and a muscle neuron and a muscle "nerve impulses cross "nerve impulses cross a synapse through the a synapse through the action of action of neurotransmitters" neurotransmitters"

Synapse are tiny gaps Synapse are tiny gaps where the where the communication takes communication takes place in the brain.place in the brain.

DiseaseDisease

Tumors- Tumors affect the brain and slow down its functionTumors- Tumors affect the brain and slow down its function Cerebral palsy- caused by developmental defect or damage to the Cerebral palsy- caused by developmental defect or damage to the

brain at birthbrain at birth Multiple sclerosis- disease that affects the brain by making it Multiple sclerosis- disease that affects the brain by making it

weaker. People ‘s muscles lose coordinationweaker. People ‘s muscles lose coordination A virus is the poliomyelitis (which causes polio) it may attack the A virus is the poliomyelitis (which causes polio) it may attack the

brain and spinal cord. You can take a shot and prevent from brain and spinal cord. You can take a shot and prevent from getting poliogetting polio

Neuralgia- Sharp, severe paroxysmal pain extending along a Neuralgia- Sharp, severe paroxysmal pain extending along a nerve or group of nerves nerve or group of nerves

Spina Bifida- defect in which the spinal column is imperfectly Spina Bifida- defect in which the spinal column is imperfectly closed so that part of the meninges or spinal cord protrudes closed so that part of the meninges or spinal cord protrudes

Meningitis- Inflammation of the meninges of the brain and the Meningitis- Inflammation of the meninges of the brain and the spinal cord spinal cord

Huntingtons disease- loss of certain brain cells Huntingtons disease- loss of certain brain cells

Marijuana and the nervous systemMarijuana and the nervous system

Marijuana affects the nervous system with a lot of thingsMarijuana affects the nervous system with a lot of things relaxation relaxation reduced coordination reduced coordination reduced blood pressure reduced blood pressure sleepiness sleepiness disruption in attention disruption in attention an altered sense of time and space...a good reason not to drive or an altered sense of time and space...a good reason not to drive or

operate machinery while under the influence operate machinery while under the influence In high doses, marijuana can cause: In high doses, marijuana can cause: hallucinations hallucinations delusions delusions impaired memory impaired memory disorientation.disorientation.

Nervous System vocabularyNervous System vocabulary Central nervous system- main part of the human body which has the Central nervous system- main part of the human body which has the

spinal cord and the brainspinal cord and the brain Peripheral nervous system- nerves outside the central nervous systemPeripheral nervous system- nerves outside the central nervous system Somatic nervous system- motor neurons to central nervous systemSomatic nervous system- motor neurons to central nervous system Autonomic nervous system- regulates involuntary action like the heart, Autonomic nervous system- regulates involuntary action like the heart,

intestine and glandsintestine and glands Neuron- impulse-conducting cells that constitute the brain, spinal Neuron- impulse-conducting cells that constitute the brain, spinal

column, and nervescolumn, and nerves Sensory neuron- transmits nerve impulses from a sense organ towards Sensory neuron- transmits nerve impulses from a sense organ towards

the central nervous system the central nervous system Motor neuron- conveys impulses from the central nervous system to a Motor neuron- conveys impulses from the central nervous system to a

muscle, gland, or other tissuemuscle, gland, or other tissue Synapse- junction across which a nerve impulse passes from an axon Synapse- junction across which a nerve impulse passes from an axon

terminal to a neuron, muscle cell, or gland cell terminal to a neuron, muscle cell, or gland cell

Reflex ResponseReflex Response

A A somatic reflex somatic reflex arcarc is one in which is one in which there is the simplest there is the simplest possible possible arrangement of arrangement of elements to permit a elements to permit a response to stimuli, response to stimuli, and in which the final and in which the final element in the chain element in the chain is skeletal muscle is skeletal muscle

Reflex ResponseReflex Response