by: affan malik physiology 1 case study. cardiac output: the amount of blood being pumped by the...
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Cardiac output = stroke volume X cardiac rate (ml/min) (ml/beat) (beats/min) At 70 beats/min and 80 ml/beat, this results in approximately 5.5 liters per minute Equation:TRANSCRIPT
By: Affan MalikPhysiology 1Case Study
Cardiac output:
The amount of blood being pumped by the heart, coming from the ventricles into the aorta per minute.
Cardiac output = stroke volume X cardiac rate
(ml/min) (ml/beat) (beats/min)
At 70 beats/min and 80 ml/beat, this results inapproximately 5.5 liters per minute
Equation:
Cardiac Output: Heart Rate X Stroke Volume
Regulation of cardiac rateRhythm is set by the SA node
Sympathetic nervesepinephrine and nonepinephrinestimulate opening of calcium and sodiumchannels; increase cardiac rate
Parasympathetic (vagus) nervesacetylcholine promotes opening of potassiumchannels; reduces cardiac rate
Exercise reduces vagus inhibition and increases sympathetic nerve activity
The cardiac control center in the medulla oblongata coordinates this activity
This in turn is regulated by higher brain activityand pressure in aorta and carotid arteries
Regulation of stroke volumeEnd-Diastolic Volume (blood left in ventricles
after diastole)increase in EDV increase in stroke volume
Total peripheral resistance to arterial blood flowstroke volume is temporarily inversely proportionalto this
Contractility:
Innervation from sympathetic nervesRaises calcium levels (positive inotropic effect)
Factors on Cardiac Output
1) Preload: 2) Afterload: 3) Contractility: 4) Heart Rate:
Factors on Cardiac Output
1) Preload:
Preload cardiac output
(Starling-Frank Mechanism)
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Factors on Cardiac Output
1) Preload:
Preload cardiac output
(Starling-Frank Mechanism)
Factors on Cardiac Output
1) Preload: 2) Afterload:
afterload CO
R
Factors on Cardiac Output
1) Preload: 2) Afterload: 3) Contractility:
contractility CO
Factors on Cardiac Output
1) Preload: 2) Afterload: 3) Contractility:4) Heart Rate:
Dual EffectsCO = Heart Rate x Stroke Volume
less in
less out
Factors on Cardiac Output
1) Preload: 2) Afterload: 3) Contractility:4) Heart Rate:
Dual Effects Heart Rate
Stoke Volume
CO = Heart Rate x Stroke Volume
Regulators of the Heart: Factors Influencing Stroke Volume Starlings Law – stretch Force of contraction Venous return:
Skeletal pumpingRespiratory pumping
Frank-Starling Law:
Intrinsic variation as EDV increases, so doesforce of contraction (increased stretch)
Increased peripheral resistance
Increased EDV
Increased stretch
Next causes the next contraction to be stronger
Regulators of the Heart: Factors Influencing Stroke Volume
Regulators of the Heart: Factors Influencing Stroke Volume
Some factors that regulate Cardiac Output:
Autonomic Nervous System Epinephrine and nonepinephrine Age Gender Physical Activity Body Temperature
Autonomic Nervous System: nerve impulses are sent to the medulla,
the autonomic nervous system is then activated and receptors will cause blood pressure changes.
Epinephrine and nonepinephrine:
These are released into the blood, it’s a stream when there is anxiety, stress or increased physical activity. These hormones promote the increased pumping of the heart and stroke volume, therefore increasing cardiac output.
Age: An infant has a higher heart rate than
adults, usually at 115 beats per minute. This slowly decreases and stabilizes to around 100 bpm as the person matures.
Gender: Females have a higher resting heart
rate than in male.
Physical fitness: A physically active person usually has a
resting heart rate at around 50 bpm.
Body temperature: Increase in temperature will also
increase your cardiac output. Which means that a person should be aware of the factors to avoid applying stress and pressure on the heart muscles.
Work Cited Page: http://www.provet.co.uk/equinecardiology/5a583af.htm http://homepages.uel.ac.uk/M.S.Meah/bs250page4blec2.htm http://74.125.47.132/search?
q=cache:ciY44JDIlv0J:www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/internet/anesthesiology-elective/cardiac/basicphys.cfm+cardiac+output+factors&cd=8&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=ca
http://www.healthmad.com/Health/Factors-Affecting-Cardiac-Output.310921