by ashley arents do a presentation for history class? ljhlhhljkh the search for civil rights
TRANSCRIPT
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By Ashley Arents
Do a Presentation for History class? ljhlhhljkh
THE SEARCH FOR CIVIL RIGHTS
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SOCIAL CONDITIONS BETWEEN 1865 AND 1929
• Harlem Renaissance (1919-1934)
• Great Migration (1916-1970)
• Segregation between blacks and whites
• Ku Klux Klan (1866-1870)
• Founded by confederate soldiers after Civil war.
• Anti-Black, Jew, Catholic, and Communist.
• Destroyed by president Grant in 1870 with Civil Rights Acts. Reemerged in 1915.
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• Literary, artistic, cultural, and intellectual movement that was also called the New Negro Movement.
• Started in Harlem, NY after WWI and ended around 1935.
• Raised significant issues about African Americans through the arts. Included Booker T Washington.
HARLEM RENAISSANCE
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THE GREAT MIGRATION (1916-1970)• This was a long-term movement of African Americans from the
South to the North.
• About 6-7 million African Americans took part in this ‘migration’
• Approximately 500,000 went to Chicago.
• Caused by a rise in lynching and racially-motivated murders that began after the Civil War ended.
• There were better opportunities in the North, including schooling for children and voting for African American men.
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ECONOMIC CONDITIONS BETWEEN 1865 AND 1929
• Difficult to get good jobs in the South
• …but they were able to rent their own land and farm.
• Called Sharecropping
• Former plantation owners would rent out their land to the African Americans
• Most farmers in the South were sharecroppers by 1880
• However, they did not make much money because of dropping prices
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LEGAL CONDITIONS BETWEEN 1965 AND 1929
• World War I involvement
• 14th Amendment: Minorities born in the USA get citizenship (1870)
• 15th Amendment: granted black men the right to vote (1870)
• Jim Crow Laws (1876-1968).
• Basically overruled the above amendments when they were enacted after Southern reconstruction ended (1876).
• Laws imposed on African Americans (Voting disfranchisements, public accommodations, living quarters, separate libraries, segregation, et cetera.
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• During WWI, even the armed forces were segregated, but many African Americans still volunteered to serve in the war.
• Many eagerly volunteered to help Allies’ cause
• 350,000 African Americans had served in the war by 1918
• 369th Infantry Regiment most distinguished unit. 171 members were awarded the Legion of Merit.
• 369th Infantry Regiment, the “Harlem Hellfighters”
AFRICAN AMERICANS IN WORLD WAR I
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PLESSY V FERGUSON (1896)• Upheld constitutionality of racial segregation• “Separate IS Equal”• June 7, 1892: Homer Plessy boarded whites-only train car.
He refused to leave so he was arrested. Lost his case in all courts.
• Upheld most of 1890 Louisiana State mandatory separation laws.
• Destroyed most of 1875 Civil Rights Laws• Overturned in 1954 Brown vs. Topeka Board of Ed.
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DUBOIS, WASHINGTON, AND GARVEY
• All sought civil rights, but in different ways
• Dubois took a more aggressive approach to achieve these goals.
• Talented Tenth, “The Crisis”
• Washington, although criticized by Dubois, took a calmer approach
• Tuskegee Institute, Atlanta Compromise
• Garvey was the most criticized of the three
• Back to Africa movement
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W.E.B. DUBOIS• Chief spokesman for the new 20th century black approach to
racism.
• Launched an open attack on “Atlanta Compromise”, accusing Booker T Washington of limiting aspirations of his race.
• Believed that the talented 10th of blacks should lead the way.
• Talented Tenth: Term coined by WEB Dubois in a persuasive essay by the same name.
• Refers to the leadership class of African Americans. The phrase is used in the essay to describe the likelihood of one in every ten African Americans becoming successful.
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W.E.B. DUBOIS CONT…• Niagara Movement (1905)
• Opposition to disenfranchisement and racial segregation
• National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People (NAACP)
• Had the position of Director of Publicity and Research
• Edited the monthly magazine “The Crisis”
• Opposed Marcus Garvey, calling him the “most dangerous enemy to the Negro race”
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BOOKER T. WASHINGTON• The chief spokesman for the commitment for blacks to receive a
good education in order to climb the ranks and become rich.
• Started the Tuskegee institute for blacks. Urged industrial skills over classical (art) education.
• Felt that blacks should forgo agitating for social and political rights, and should concentrate on self-improvement and preparation for equality.
• This is why WEB Dubois accused him of limiting the aspirations of African Americans
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BOOKER T WASHINGTON CONT…• Tuskegee Institute: Opened in 1881. People could go from
poverty to success through self-help and schooling.
• Atlanta Address of 1895 (Atlanta Compromise)
• Wrote several books about “rising from the ashes” of slavery. Up From Slavery (1901)
• Washington himself was born a slave
• Got a Master’s Degree from Harvard, Doctorate from Dartmouth college
• Fun Fact: In 1901, he was the first African American to ever be invited to visit the White House. Invited by President Theodore Roosevelt
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ATLANTA COMPROMISE• Compromise between African American leaders and Southern
white leaders in 1895
• Southern African Americans would work each week and obey the white political rule, and Southern whites agreed to let African Americans receive a basic education and due process law.
• The Compromise was largely penned by Booker T. Washington
• Criticized by W.E.B. Dubois
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• Created the Universal Negro Improvement Association and believed the only way for Black Americans to be equal was to have their own businesses, etc.
• Promoted Back to Africa program. The program made many African government officials dislike him.
• Back to Africa: (Revived in 1877) Seen as a solution to the rising African American population. Encouraged those of African descent to return to African homeland of ancestors.
MARCUS GARVEY
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MARCUS GARVEY CONT…• “Our union must know no clime, boundary, or nationality…let us
hold together under all climes and in every country”
• Garvey wanted to develop Liberia to make it more welcome to African Americans through the Back to Africa movement.
• Intended to build schools, universities, railroads…et cetera.
• Never actually worked and plan was abandoned in the 1920s.
• Garvey was often criticized for his tactics.
• W.E.B. Dubois stated: “Marcus Garvey is, without doubt, the most dangerous enemy of the Negro race in America and in the world. He is either a lunatic or a traitor”
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