by barbara oakley, phd - amazon s3 · by barbara oakley, phd. 104 105= 109. einstellung •imposter...

Introduction to week 4 –Renaissance learning and unlocking your potential

By Barbara Oakley, PhD

• Learn using metaphor and analogy• Work profitably with teammates• Perform well on tests

большо́й большо́гобольши́х большо́мубольши́м большу́ю

Illustration creditsBrick walls, ©Kevin Mendez, 2013

How to Become a Better Learner

Dr. Terrence Sejnowski

Exercise is the best gift you can give your brain!

But still very possible to learn a second language!

2014 Magic Eye, Inc.www.magiceye.com

Sue BarryProfessor of NeurobiologyMount Holyoke College

Relevant Readings

•Sue Barry, Fixing My Gaze, Basic Books, 2009.

•Magic Eye, Inc., Magic Eye: A New Bag of Tricks, Andrews McMeel Publishing, 1995.

•www.brainfacts.org

Image Credits

•Most of Molaison's two hippocampi were removed bilaterally, http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh27-2/IMAGES/Page191.gif; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Molaison#mediaviewer/File:Hippolobes.gif

•Sue Barry, photo by Rosalie Winard.

•Stereo staircase image courtesy Magic Eye, Inc. from the cover of Magic Eye: A New Bag of Tricks.

•The neurogenesis image courtesy Jamie Simon, Clair Clelland, and Fred H. Gage, Laboratory of Genetics, the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, https://salk.edu/print.php?id=press_details&press_id=367

•Zombie © Kevin Mendez, 2014.

•Prefrontal cortex, © Kevin Mendez, 2014.

4‐1: Create a lively visual metaphor or analogy


Allegory of Music, by Filippino Lippi

Deposition of a single copperAtom on a copper surface

cation

Paws = “paws”itive

anion = negative

onion

Illustration credits

• Ribbons of memory ©Barbara Oakley, 2014.• Syria, by the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Syria_‐_Location_Map_(2013)_‐_SYR_‐_UNOCHA.svg

• Allegory of Music by Filippino Lippi, (between 1475 and 1500), http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegory#mediaviewer/File:Filippino_Lippi_001.jpg

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_dynamics, Example of a molecular dynamics simulation in a simple system: deposition of a single Cu atom on a Cu (001) surface. Each circle illustrates the position of a single atom; note that the actual atomic interactions used in current simulations are more complex than those of 2‐dimensional hard spheres.

• Monkeys in a ring, from Berichte der Durstigen Chemischen Gesellschaft (1886), p. 3536; benzene ring, modified from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Benzene‐2D‐full.svg

• Water flow analogy for electrical current by Professor Richard Vawter, http://faculty.wwu.edu/vawter/PhysicsNet/Topics/DC‐Current/WaterFlowAnalog.html.

• Hyperbola 1/x http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_by_zero#mediaviewer/File:Hyperbola_one_over_x.svg. • Fortification, from the 1728 Cyclopaedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortification#mediaviewer/File:Table_of_Fortification,_Cyclopaedia,_Volume_1.jpg

• Linear Accelerator Used for External‐beam Radiation Therapy, National Cancer Institute, http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Therapy/radiation

• Clip art courtesy Microsoft Corporation

Relevant Readings

• Baddeley, Alan, Michael W. Eysenck, and Michael C. Anderson. Memory. NY: Psychology Press, 2009.

• Cat, Jordi. "On Understanding: Maxwell on the Methods of Illustration and Scientific Metaphor." Studies In History and Philosophy of Science Part B 32, no. 3 (2001): 395‐441.

• Derman, Emanuel. Models. Behaving. Badly. New York, NY: Free Press, 2011.• Foer, J. Moonwalking with Einstein. NY: Penguin, 2011.• Lützen, Jesper. Mechanistic Images in Geometric Form. NY: Oxford University Press, 2005.• Maguire, E.A., D.G. Gadian, I.S. Johnsrude, C.D. Good, J. Ashburner, R.S.J. Frackowiak, and C.D. Frith.

"Navigation‐Related Structural Change in the Hippocampi of Taxi Drivers." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97, no. 8 (2000): 4398‐403.

• Maguire, E.A., E.R. Valentine, J.M. Wilding, and N. Kapur. "Routes to Remembering: The Brains Behind Superior Memory." Nature Neuroscience 6, no. 1 (2003): 90‐95.

• Rocke, A.J. Image and Reality. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2010.• Solomon, Ines. "Analogical Transfer and 'Functional Fixedness' in the Science Classroom." Journal of

Educational Research 87, no. 6 (1994): 371‐77.

4‐2: No need for genius envy –the imposter syndrome


104 105 = 109

Einstellung

• Imposter syndrome


• Zombie baseball player, ©Kevin Mendez, 2014.• Garry Kasparov 1980 Malta, by GFHund,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry_Kasparov#mediaviewer/File:Garry_Kasparov_1980_Malta.jpg• Neural chunked ribbons, ©Barbara Oakley, 2014.• Neural pinball, ©Barbara Oakley, 2014.• Clip art courtesy Microsoft Corporation.

Relevant readings

• Amidzic, Ognjen, Hartmut J. Riehle, and Thomas Elbert. "Toward a Psychophysiology of Expertise." Journal of Psychophysiology 20, no. 4 (2006): 253‐58.• Beilock, Sian. Choke. NY: Free Press, 2010.• Bilalic, M., P. McLeod, and F. Gobet. "Inflexibility of Experts‐‐Reality or Myth? Quantifying the Einstellung Effect in Chess Masters." [In eng]. Cognitive Psychology 56, no. 2 (Mar

2008): 73‐102.• Bilalić, Merim , Robert Langner, Michael Erb, and Wolfgang Grodd. "Mechanisms and Neural Basis of Object and Pattern Recognition: A Study with Chess Experts." Journal of

Experimental Psychology: General 139, no. 4 (2010): 728‐42.• Bilalić, Merim , P. McLeod, and F. Gobet. "Why Good Thoughts Block Better Ones: The Mechanism of the Pernicious Einstellung (Set) Effect." Cognition 108, no. 3 (Sep 2008): 652‐

61.• Bilalić, Merim, A. Kiesel, C. Pohl, M. Erb, and W. Grodd. "It Takes Two—Skilled Recognition of Objects Engages Lateral Areas in Both Hemispheres." [In eng]. PLoS ONE 6, no. 1

(2011): e16202.• Bilalić, Merim, Peter McLeod, and Fernand Gobet. "Does Chess Need Intelligence? — a Study with Young Chess Players." Intelligence 35, no. 5 (2007): 457‐70.• Carson, Shelley H, Jordan B Peterson, and Daniel M Higgins. "Decreased Latent Inhibition Is Associated with Increased Creative Achievement in High‐Functioning Individuals."

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 85, no. 3 (2003): 499‐506.• Chase, W.G., and H.A. Simon. "Perception in Chess." Cognitive Psychology 4, no. 1 (1973): 55‐81.• Ericsson, Karl Anders. Development of Professional Expertise. NY: Cambridge University Press, 2009.• Felder, R. "Impostors Everywhere." Chemical Engineering Education 22, no. 4 (1988): 168‐69.• Gobet, F., and N. Charness, eds. Chess and Games. edited by K. Anders Ercisson, Neil Charness, Paul Feltovich and Robert R. Hoffman, Cambridge Handbook on Expertise and Expert

Performance: Cambridge University Press, 2006.• Gobet, F., and G. Clarkson. "Chunks in Expert Memory: Evidence for the Magical Number Four… or Is It Two?". Memory 12, no. 6 (2004): 732‐47.• Gobet, F., P.C.R. Lane, S. Croker, P.C.H. Cheng, G. Jones, I. Oliver, and J.M. Pine. "Chunking Mechanisms in Human Learning." Trends in Cognitive Sciences 5, no. 6 (2001): 236‐43.• Gobet, Fernand. "Chunking Models of Expertise: Implications for Education." Applied Cognitive Psychology 19, no. 2 (2005): 183‐204.• Guida, A., F. Gobet, H. Tardieu, and S. Nicolas. "How Chunks, Long‐Term Working Memory and Templates Offer a Cognitive Explanation for Neuroimaging Data on Expertise

Acquisition: A Two‐Stage Framework." Brain and Cognition 79, no. 3 (Aug 2012): 221‐44.• Klein, G. Sources of Power. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999.• Klein, HA, and GA Klein. "Perceptual/Cognitive Analysis of Proficient Cardio‐Pulmonary Resuscitation (Cpr) Performance." Paper presented at the Midwestern Psychological

Association Conference, Detroit, MI, 1981.• Linhares, Alexandre, and Anna Elizabeth T. A. Freitas. "Questioning Chase and Simon's (1973) “Perception in Chess”: The “Experience Recognition” Hypothesis." New ideas in

psychology 28, no. 1 (2010): 64‐78.• Partnoy, F. Wait. NY: PublicAffairs, 2012.• Simon, H.A., and W.G. Chase. "Skill in Chess: Experiments with Chess‐Playing Tasks and Computer Simulation of Skilled Performance Throw Light on Some Human Perceptual and

Memory Processes." American Scientist 61, no. 4 (1973): 394‐403.• White, H.A., and P. Shah. "Uninhibited Imaginations: Creativity in Adults with Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder." Personality and Individual Differences 40, no. 6 (2006): 1121‐

31.• White, Holly A, and Priti Shah. "Creative Style and Achievement in Adults with Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder." Personality and Individual Differences 50, no. 5 (2011): 673‐

77.

4‐3: Change your thoughts, change your life


Comparative study of the sensory areas of the human cortex, hand drawn by

Santiago Ramón y Cajal, 1899

Drawing of a section through the optic tectum of a sparrow, hand drawn by

Santiago Ramón y Cajal, 1905

The voyage of the Beagle, 1831 - 1836

Charles Darwin, aged 46 in 1855,

A path in the grounds of Down House. Darwin regularly walked along this path

for exercise of body and mind. He called it his "Thinking Path."

Illustration credits• España provincial 1850Public Domain, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-

nineteenth_century_Spain#mediaviewer/File:Espa%C3%B1a_provincial_1850.jpg• Anonymous photo of Santiago Ramón y Cajal published by Clark University in 1899.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal#mediaviewer/File:Cajal-Restored.jpg• Shannon, B. J., M. E. Raichle, A. Z. Snyder, D. A. Fair, K. L. Mills, D. Zhang, K. Bache, et al. "Premotor Functional Connectivity Predicts

Impulsivity in Juvenile Offenders." PNAS 108, no. 27 (Jul 5 2011): 11241-5.• Bengtsson, Sara L, Zoltán Nagy, Stefan Skare, Lea Forsman, Hans Forssberg, and Fredrik Ullén. "Extensive Piano Practicing Has

Regionally Specific Effects on White Matter Development." Nature Neuroscience 8, no. 9 (2005): 1148-50.• Structure of typical neuron, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelin, Original uploader was Quasar Jarosz.• Santiago Ramón y Cajal in his laboratory, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal#mediaviewer/File:Cajal-

mi.jpg• Three drawings by Santiago Ramon y Cajal, taken from the book "Comparative study of the sensory areas of the human cortex",

pages 314, 361, and 363, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal#mediaviewer/File:Cajal_cortex_drawings.png• Drawing of a section through the optic tectum of a sparrow, by Santiago Ramón y Cajal from "Estructura de los centros nerviosos

de las aves", Madrid, 1905. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal#mediaviewer/File:SparrowTectum.jpg• Charles Darwin by Maull and Polyblank, 1855-crop,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin#mediaviewer/File:Charles_Darwin_by_Maull_and_Polyblank,_1855-crop.png• Voyage of the Beagle-en Sémhur - Image:Voyage of the Beagle.jpg by Kipala, Samsara and Dave souza, from a map

by User:WEBMASTER, under licence CC-BY-SA. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin#mediaviewer/File:Voyage_of_the_Beagle-en.svg

• Photo by Tedgrant: A path in the grounds of Down House. Darwin regularly walked along this path for exercise of body and mind. He called it his "Thinking Path". http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin#mediaviewer/File:Darwins_Thinking_Path.JPG

Relevant Readings• Armstrong, J Scott. "Natural Learning in Higher Education." In Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning, 2426‐33: Springer, 2012.• Bengtsson, Sara L, Zoltán Nagy, Stefan Skare, Lea Forsman, Hans Forssberg, and Fredrik Ullén. "Extensive Piano Practicing Has Regionally Specific

Effects on White Matter Development." Nature Neuroscience 8, no. 9 (2005): 1148‐50.• Colvin, Geoff. Talent Is Overrated. NY: Portfolio, 2008.• DeFelipe, Javier. "Brain Plasticity and Mental Processes: Cajal Again." Nature Reviews Neuroscience 7, no. 10 (2006): 811‐17.• ———. "Sesquicentenary of the Birthday of Santiago Ramón Y Cajal, the Father of Modern Neuroscience." Trends in Neurosciences 25, no. 9 (2002):

481‐84.• DeFelipe, Javier Cajal's Butterflies of the Soul: Science and Art [in English Action Note: Actions: cat Interval: 20090415 Agent: asg/mpl MARC code of

institution: BUPB]. NY: Oxford University Press, 2010.• Doidge, N. The Brain That Changes Itself. NY: Penguin, 2007.• Fields, R Douglas. "White Matter in Learning, Cognition and Psychiatric Disorders." Trends in Neurosciences 31, no. 7 (2008): 361‐70.• McCord, Joan. "A Thirty‐Year Follow‐up of Treatment Effects." American Psychologist 33, no. 3 (1978): 284.• Oakley, Barbara A. "Concepts and Implications of Altruism Bias and Pathological Altruism." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110, no.

Supplement 2 (2013): 10408‐15.• Ramón y Cajal, Santiago. Advice for a Young Investigator. Translated by Neely Swanson and Larry W. Swanson. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999

[1897].• ———. Recollections of My Life. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1937. Originally published as Recuerdos De Mi Vida in Madrid, 1901‐1917, translated by

Craigie, E. Horne.• Shannon, B. J., M. E. Raichle, A. Z. Snyder, D. A. Fair, K. L. Mills, D. Zhang, K. Bache, et al. "Premotor Functional Connectivity Predicts Impulsivity in

Juvenile Offenders." PNAS 108, no. 27 (Jul 5 2011): 11241‐5.• Shaw, Christopher A., and Jill C. McEachern, eds. Toward a Theory of Neuroplasticity. NY: Psychology Press, 2001.• Sherrington, C. S. "Santiago Ramon Y Cajal 1852‐1934." Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 1, no. 4 (1935): 424‐44.• Spear, Linda Patia. "Adolescent Neurodevelopment." Journal of Adolescent Health 52, no. 2 (2013): S7‐S13.• Thomas, C., and C. I. Baker. "Teaching an Adult Brain New Tricks: A Critical Review of Evidence for Training‐Dependent Structural Plasticity in

Humans." [In eng]. NeuroImage 73 (Jun 2013): 225‐36.

4‐4: The value of teamwork


“Broad‐perspective perceptual disorder of the right hemisphere”

Vilayanur S. Ramachandran


• Ischemic stroke, CT scan of the brain with an MCA infarct, by Lucien Monfils, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MCA_Territory_Infarct.svg

• University of Utah Health Care Office of Public Affairs. "Researchers Debunk Myth of 'Right‐Brain' and 'Left‐Brain' Personality Traits." Science Daily (2013). http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/08/130814190513.htm.

• Mihov, K. M., M. Denzler, and J. Forster. "Hemispheric Specialization and Creative Thinking: A Meta‐Analytic Review of Lateralization of Creativity." Brain and Cognition 72, no. 3 (Apr 2010): 442‐8.

• Vilayanur S Ramachandran at the 2011 Time 100 gala, by David Shankbone, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilayanur_S._Ramachandran#mediaviewer/File:Vilayanur_S_Ramachandran_2011_Shankbone.JPG

• Gazzaniga, M.S. "Forty‐Five Years of Split‐Brain Research and Still Going Strong." Nature Reviews Neuroscience 6, no. 8 (2005): 653‐59.

• Earth Eastern Hemisphere, NASA ‐http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth#mediaviewer/File:Earth_Eastern_Hemisphere.jpg• Cover from McGilchrist, Iain. The Master and His Emissary: The Divided Brain and the Making of the Western World. New

Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2010.• Oakley, Barbara, Richard M. Felder, Rebecca Brent, and Imad Elhajj. "Turning Student Groups into Effective Teams." Journal of

Student Centered Learning 2, no. 1 (2003): 9‐34.• Granovetter, Mark. "The Strength of Weak Ties: A Network Theory Revisited." Sociological Theory 1, no. 1 (1983): 201‐33.

Relevant Readings

• Bilalić, Merim, A. Kiesel, C. Pohl, M. Erb, and W. Grodd. "It Takes Two—Skilled Recognition of Objects Engages Lateral Areas in Both Hemispheres." PLoS ONE 6, no. 1 (2011): e16202.

• Christman, S.D., B.R. Henning, A.L. Geers, R.E. Propper, and C.L. Niebauer. "Mixed‐Handed Persons Are More Easily Persuaded and Are More Gullible: Interhemispheric Interaction and Belief Updating." Laterality 13, no. 5 (2008): 403‐26.

• Efron, Robert. The Decline and Fall of Hemispheric Specialization. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1990.• Ellis, Aleksander PJ, John R Hollenbeck, Daniel R Ilgen, Christopher OLH Porter, Bradley J West, and Henry Moon. "Team Learning:

Collectively Connecting the Dots." Journal of Applied Psychology 88, no. 5 (2003): 821.• Feynman, Richard. "Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman". NY: W. W. Norton, 1985.• Gazzaniga, M.S. "Forty‐Five Years of Split‐Brain Research and Still Going Strong." Nature Reviews Neuroscience 6, no. 8 (2005): 653‐59.• Granovetter, Mark. "The Strength of Weak Ties: A Network Theory Revisited." Sociological Theory 1, no. 1 (1983): 201‐33.• Granovetter, Mark S. "The Strength of Weak Ties." American Journal of Sociology (1973): 1360‐80.• Houdé, Olivier. "Consciousness and Unconsciousness of Logical Reasoning Errors in the Human Brain." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25,

no. 3 (2002): 341‐41.• McGilchrist, Iain. The Master and His Emissary: The Divided Brain and the Making of the Western World. New Haven, CT: Yale University

Press, 2010.• ———. "Reciprocal Organization of the Cerebral Hemispheres." Dialogues in Cinical Neuroscience 12, no. 4 (2010): 503‐15.• Mihov, K. M., M. Denzler, and J. Forster. "Hemispheric Specialization and Creative Thinking: A Meta‐Analytic Review of Lateralization of

Creativity." Brain and Cognition 72, no. 3 (Apr 2010): 442‐8.• Nielsen, Jared A. , Brandon A. Zielinski, Michael A. Ferguson, Janet E. Lainhart, and Jeffrey S. Anderson. "An Evaluation of the Left‐Brain

Vs. Right‐Brain Hypothesis with Resting State Functional Connectivity Magnetic Resonance Imaging." PLOS ONE 8, no. 8 (2013).• Oakley, Barbara, Richard M. Felder, Rebecca Brent, and Imad Elhajj. "Turning Student Groups into Effective Teams." Journal of Student

Centered Learning 2, no. 1 (2003): 9‐34.• Ramachandran, Vilayanur S. Phantoms in the Brain. NY: Harper Perennial, 1999.• Schutz, Larry E. "Broad‐Perspective Perceptual Disorder of the Right Hemisphere." Neuropsychology Review 15, no. 1 (2005/03/01 2005):

11‐27.• University of Utah Health Care Office of Public Affairs. "Researchers Debunk Myth of 'Right‐Brain' and 'Left‐Brain' Personality Traits."

Science Daily (2013). http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/08/130814190513.htm.

4‐5: A test checklist,video by Barbara Oakley, PhD, featuring the “Test checklist” of

Richard Felder, PhD

Test Preparation Checklist, by Richard Felder, PhD.

The answer to the question “How should I prepare for the test? Is ‐‐ Do whatever it takes to be able to answer “Yes” (meaning “usually”) to most of the questions on this list.

1. Did you make a serious effort to understand the text? (Just hunting for relevant worked‐out examples doesn’t count.)2. Did you work with classmates on homework problems, or at least check your solutions with others?3. Did you attempt to outline every homework problem solution before working with classmates?4. Did you participate actively in homework group discussions (contributing ideas, asking questions)?5. Did you consult with the instructor or teaching assistants when you were having trouble with something?6. Did you understand ALL of your homework problem solutions when they were handed in?7. Did you ask in class for explanations of homework problem solutions that weren’t clear to you?8. If you had a study guide, did you carefully go through it before the test and convince yourself that you could do everything on it?9. Did you attempt to outline lots of problem solutions quickly, without spending time on the algebra and calculations?10. Did you go over the study guide and problems with classmates and quiz one another?11. If there was a review session before the test, did you attend it and ask questions about anything you weren’t sure about?12. Did you get a reasonable night’s sleep before the test? (If your answer is no, your answers to 1–11 may not matter.)Yes No TOTAL

Credits• Richard M. Felder, courtesy Richard M. Felder.• Checklist courtesy Chemical Engineering Education and Richard

Felder; Felder, Richard M. "Memo to Students Who Have Been Disappointed with Their Test Grades." Chemical Engineering Education 33, no. 2 (1999): 136‐37.

Relevant Readings• Felder, Richard M. "Memo to Students Who Have Been

Disappointed with Their Test Grades." Chemical Engineering Education 33, no. 2 (1999): 136‐37.

4‐6: Hard start jump to easyBy Barbara Oakley, PhD

• Hard‐start‐jump‐to‐easy technique

Focused mode Diffuse mode

Hard start – jump to easy


• Focused and diffuse mode, ©Kevin Mendez, 2014.• Zombie ©Kevin Mendez, 2014.• Chef at work courtesy Philip Oakley, ©Philip Oakley, 2014.• Neural ribbons ©Barbara Oakley• Clip art courtesy Microsoft Corporation

Relevant readings

• Oakley, Barbara (2014). A Mind for Numbers: How to Excel at Math and Science (Even If You Flunked Algebra). New York, NY: Penguin-Random House. See in particular chapter 17.

4‐7: Final helpful hints for tests


Chemical structure of cortisol

How you interpret!

This test has made me excited to do my best!

This test has made me afraid

Face your fears

Have a “Plan B”! “Bad worry”

“Good worry”

Illustration credits• Chemical structure of cortisol, by Calvero, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortisol#mediaviewer/File:Cortisol2.svg• Breathing, ©Rachel Oakley, 2014.• Hands courtesy Barb Oakley• Various neural pinball images ©Kevin Mendez, 2014.• Clip art courtesy Microsoft Corporation

Relevant Readings• Beilock, S. (2010). Choke. NY: Free Press.• Jerath, R., Edry, J. W., Barnes, V. A., & Jerath, V. (2006). Physiology of long pranayamic breathing: neural respiratory elements may provide a mechanism that explains how slow deep breathing shifts the autonomic nervous system. Medical Hypotheses, 67(3), 566‐571.

• Nakano, T., Kato, M., Morito, Y., Itoi, S., & Kitazawa, S. (2012). Blink‐related momentary activation of the default mode network while viewing videos. PNAS, 110(2), 702‐706. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1214804110

• Paul, G., Elam, B., & Verhulst, S. J. (2007). A longitudinal study of students' perceptions of using deep breathing meditation to reduce testing stresses. Teaching and Learning in Medicine, 19(3), 287‐292.

•

4‐8: Summing up week 4


Hard start –jump to easy

This test as made me afraid. This test has got me determined to do my best!


• Allegory of Music by Filippino Lippi, (between 1475 and 1500), http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegory#mediaviewer/File:Filippino_Lippi_001.jpg

• Monkeys in a ring, from Berichte der Durstigen Chemischen Gesellschaft (1886), p. 3536; benzene ring, modified from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Benzene-2D-full.svg

• Water flow analogy for electrical current by Professor Richard Vawter, http://faculty.wwu.edu/vawter/PhysicsNet/Topics/DC-Current/WaterFlowAnalog.html.

• Anonymous photo of Santiago Ramón y Cajal published by Clark University in 1899. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal#mediaviewer/File:Cajal-Restored.jpg

• Structure of typical neuron, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelin, Original uploader was Quasar Jarosz.• Clip art courtesy Microsoft Corporation• Focused and diffuse mode pinballs, ©Kevin Mendez, 2014.• Chemical structure of cortisol, by Calvero, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortisol#mediaviewer/File:Cortisol2.svg• Breathing, ©Rachel Oakley, 2014.• Sleep image ©Kevin Mendez, 2014.

by barbara oakley, phd - amazon s3 · by barbara oakley, phd. 104 105= 109. einstellung •imposter...

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