By CA Anushri Agrawalanulohia.agrawal@gmail.com

www.anushriagrawal.com

By CA Anushri Agrawalanulohia.agrawal@gmail.com

www.anushriagrawal.com

Power capacity

To dosomething

To carry outone’s own will

P.M.Blau, “Power is anexchange process. A

person who commandsservices needed by

others exchange them forcompliance with his/herrequest due to power.”

MAX WEBER, “Power is the probability that one actor in a relationship will be ina position to carry out his own will despite resistance.”

S. P. Robbins, "Power refers to capacity which Mr. A has to influence behaviorof Mr. B so that Mr. B does that which he otherwise would not do.”

To dosomething

To carry outone’s own will

Despite resistence

To get intended results

P.M.Blau, “Power is anexchange process. A

person who commandsservices needed by

others exchange them forcompliance with his/herrequest due to power.”

Salancik and Pffifner ,“Power is the ability toget things done by wayone wants them to be

done.”

2CA ANUSHRI AGRAWAL

1. It arises in a relationship i.e excercisor& subject.

2. It arises from dependency3. Power needs to be operationalised4. Power springs from variety of sources.5. Power have the potential to be

dysfunctional6. Power is only one of the means of

making influence. ( two connotation)7. Contingencies of Power

subjective

RobertMichel’s Iron

law ofoligarchy

1. It arises in a relationship i.e excercisor& subject.

2. It arises from dependency3. Power needs to be operationalised4. Power springs from variety of sources.5. Power have the potential to be

dysfunctional6. Power is only one of the means of

making influence. ( two connotation)7. Contingencies of Power

3CA ANUSHRI AGRAWAL

H Mintzberg has opined that degree of dependencedepends upon :

1. Importance of resource to end uncertainity faced byanother person

2. Resource is scarce and its supply cannot be increased3. Resource cannot be substituted

“When you possess what others requires, you would gain power over themas they are dependent on you”, EMERSON.

“ Power is a function of ties of mutual dependence in social relationships.Greater the dependence more will be the power or

PXY = DYXi.E more dependency of Y upon X more the power X will have on Y)

“When you possess what others requires, you would gain power over themas they are dependent on you”, EMERSON.

“ Power is a function of ties of mutual dependence in social relationships.Greater the dependence more will be the power or

PXY = DYXi.E more dependency of Y upon X more the power X will have on Y)

1. Substitutability2. Centrality3. Discretion4. Visibility5. Coping with uncetainities6. pervasiveness

4CA ANUSHRI AGRAWAL

CAUSES1. Position2. Personality

IMPACT1. Positive2. Negative

Power can go in any direction – upward ordownward.

• Order in organization•Source of motivation

•Basis of responsibility•Ensure compliance 5CA ANUSHRI AGRAWAL

Two faces of power as per Mcclelland

• Positive : use of power for meeting socialneeds, to influence, to take initiative or dosocial good.

• Negative : Power is a primitive andunsocialized need to dominate andcontrol others.

( corruption, sexual harrassment)

Two faces of power as per Mcclelland

• Positive : use of power for meeting socialneeds, to influence, to take initiative or dosocial good.

• Negative : Power is a primitive andunsocialized need to dominate andcontrol others.

( corruption, sexual harrassment)

6CA ANUSHRI AGRAWAL

French & RavenRaven &

KruglinskiHersey &

Goldsmith

A base of power refers to thething controlled by anyperson due to which heexercises influence over

others.

1. Coercivepower

2. Legitimatepower

3. Rewardpower

4. Expert power5. Referent

Power

type tool

what

1. Coercivepower

2. Legitimatepower

3. Rewardpower

4. Expert power5. Referent

Power

Information power Connectionpower

7CA ANUSHRI AGRAWAL

BASIS OFPOWER

BASED ON HOW WHY EXAMPLE POSITIVE NEGATIVE

COERCIVE FEAR Through threatof negativeconsequences

Avoid negativeconsequences

Trade unionleader tomanagement

Quickcompliance

Non voluntarycompliance

LEGITIMATE(Authority)

Position Throughlegitimate right

Duty Superiorsubordinate

•Ensuredcompliance•Responsibilityfixation

•Non voluntary•Complianceoriented

REWARD Possession Rewards Out ofexpectation

Superiorsubordinate

•Voluntarycompliance•Motivatedcompliance

•Increasesundueexpectation

EXPERT Expertise orspecialization

Ability to guideor impartknowledge

To benefit fromthe expertise

professionals •Voluntarycompliance

Increasesdependency

EXPERT Expertise orspecialization

Ability to guideor impartknowledge

To benefit fromthe expertise

professionals •Voluntarycompliance

Increasesdependency

REFERENT Personality orcharismatic

Magnetism orcharisma

Out of respector admiration

A fatherlyfigure

Unquestionedfollowing/willing

Manipulationpossible

INFORMATION

Access toinformation

Throughuncertainty thathe can absolveof others

To have accessto information

•Journalist•Politician

Opens up newchannels ofcommunication

blackmailing

CONNECTION

Connection withpowerful people

By showingproximity topowerfulpeople

In the hope offavours

Relatives ofpowerful

Quick means ofredressal

Misuse ofpower

8CA ANUSHRI AGRAWAL

1. Position2. Personality3. Perception4. Dependency5. Communication

fromwhere

1. Position2. Personality3. Perception4. Dependency5. Communication

AMITAI ETZIONI, “ for a leader, it is best to be both,hated and loved at the same time.”

9CA ANUSHRI AGRAWAL

Network of power relationships toinfluence

Dimensions of power structurei. Positional Power versus personality powerii. Power allocation ( line format or functional format )iii. Power dispersal ( centralized or decentralized )iv. Power points ( where and in whose hands the power points are )v. Power struggle ( power coalition, coterie building, competition

for power )10CA ANUSHRI AGRAWAL

Concept Arises from Used for

Authority Position Organizational Goals

Leadership Personality Organizational Goals

Power Positional Personality Personal Goals

POWER

Authority

Leadership

According to Max Weber, “ Authority is legitimatepower as the holder of position gets legitimate right

to give command, to seek compliance andobedience.” 11CA ANUSHRI AGRAWAL